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Influence of functional genetic polymorphism (−590C/T) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development: The paradoxal role of IL-4. Gene 2012; 504:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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52
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Lin CC, Lee IT, Wu WL, Lin WN, Yang CM. Adenosine triphosphate regulates NADPH oxidase activity leading to hydrogen peroxide production and COX-2/PGE2 expression in A549 cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L401-12. [PMID: 22773695 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00090.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for most of all lung cancers, which is the leading cause of mortality in human beings. High level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is one of the features of NSCLC and related to the low survival rate of NSCLC. However, whether extracellular nucleotides releasing from stressed resident tissues contributes to the expression of COX-2 remains unclear. Here, we showed that stimulation of A549 cells by adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) led to an increase in COX-2 gene expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis, revealed by Western blotting, RT-PCR, promoter assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, ATPγS induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through the activation of NADPH oxidase. The increase of ROS level resulted in activation of the c-Src/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB cascade. We also found that activated Akt was translocated into the nucleus and recruited with NF-κB and p300 to form a complex. Thus, activation of p300 modulated the acetylation of histone H4 via the NADPH oxidase/c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB cascade stimulated by ATPγS. Our results are the first to show a novel role of NADPH oxidase-dependent Akt/p65/p300 complex formation that plays a key role in regulating COX-2/PGE(2) expression in ATPγS-treated A549 cells. Taken together, we demonstrated that ATPγS stimulated activation of NADPH oxidase, resulting in generation of ROS, which then activated the downstream c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/p300 cascade to regulate the expression of COX-2 and synthesis of PGE(2) in A549 cells. Understanding the regulation of COX-2 expression and PGE(2) release by ATPγS on A549 cells may provide potential therapeutic targets of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Dept. of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Univ., Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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53
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and small cell lung cancer risk in the VITAL study. Lung Cancer 2012; 77:260-4. [PMID: 22608142 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the association between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and risk of small cell lung cancer (SCLC); among them, findings are mixed. Recently, we found that use of NSAIDs was differentially associated with lung cancer risk by histology. Here, we examine, more comprehensively, the association between individual NSAIDs and SCLC risk. 75,546 residents of western Washington State, ages 50-76, completed a baseline questionnaire in 2000-2002 and reported on their use of individual NSAIDs over the past 10 years. NSAID use was categorized as non-users, low (<4 days/week or <4 years), and high (≥4 days/week and ≥4 years). 111 SCLC were identified through linkage to a population-based cancer registry. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models including strong adjustment for smoking were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Compared to non-use, high use of regular-strength aspirin was associated with an elevated risk of SCLC (HR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.05-3.02; P-trend=0.03). Findings for low-dose aspirin were elevated but did not reach statistical significance. Use of non-aspirin NSAIDs was not associated with SCLC risk. Our findings provide further indication of heterogeneity in the association between aspirin and lung cancer morphologies. Large, prospective studies with comprehensive assessments of NSAID use and smoking history and data on both men and women, are needed in order to better understand the association between use of aspirin and SCLC.
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54
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Xu Y, Zhang J, Han J, Pan X, Cao Y, Guo H, Pan Y, An Y, Li X. Curcumin inhibits tumor proliferation induced by neutrophil elastase through the upregulation of α1-antitrypsin in lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:405-17. [PMID: 22507634 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinogenesis is a complex process in an unregulated inflammatory environment. Curcumin has been extensively investigated as a multi-target anti-tumor and anti-inflammation compound. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel inflammation-related mechanism for curcumin-induced inhibition of lung tumor growth. We found that neutrophil elastase, an important regulator of inflammatory processes, directly triggered tumor cell proliferation in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, and curcumin could completely suppress the excess tumor proliferation induced by neutrophil elastase. α1-antitrypsin is synthesized by tumor cells and is the natural inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. We found that curcumin counteracted the decrease of α1-antitrypsin induced by neutrophil elastase by inducing the promoter activity of α1-antitrypsin and promoting its expression in A549 cells. The inhibition of neutrophil elastase-induced proliferation by curcumin was dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathway. Knockdown of α1-antitrypsin by siRNA further enhanced the tumor cell proliferation induced by neutrophil elastase and significantly blocked the anti-proliferation effect of curcumin against neutrophil elastase. Curcumin remarkably inhibited the primary tumor growth of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in C57BL/6 mice. We further showed that curcumin upregulated the level of α1-antitrypsin in primary tumor tissue by promoting its local expression, and the protein level of neutrophil elastase in tumor tissue was obviously decreased in mice treated with curcumin. Overall, our results suggest that neutrophil elastase and α1-antitrypsin play important roles in modulating lung tumor proliferation in inflammatory microenvironment and curcumin inhibits neutrophil elastase-induced tumor proliferation via upregulating α1-antitrypsin expression in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Institute of System Biomedicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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55
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Zhang Y, Gu C, Shi H, Zhang A, Kong X, Bao W, Deng D, Ren L, Gu D. Association between C3orf21, TP63 polymorphisms and environment and NSCLC in never-smoking Chinese population. Gene 2012; 497:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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56
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Nolen BM, Lokshin AE. Protein biomarkers of ovarian cancer: the forest and the trees. Future Oncol 2012; 8:55-71. [PMID: 22149035 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of effective population-based screening for ovarian cancer remains elusive despite intense efforts aimed at improving upon biomarker and imaging modalities. While dozens of potential serum biomarkers for ovarian cancer have been identified in recent years, none have yet overcome the limitations that have hindered the clinical use of CA-125. Avenues of opportunity in biomarker development are emerging as investigators are beginning to appreciate the significance of remote, as well as local or regional, sources of biomarkers in the construction of diagnostic panels, as well as the importance of evaluating biomarkers in prediagnostic settings. As the list of candidate biomarkers of ovarian cancer continues to grow, refinements in the methods through which specific proteins are selected for further development as components of diagnostic panels are desperately sought. Such refinements must take into account both the bioinformatic and biological significance of each candidate. Approaches incorporating these considerations may potentially overcome the challenges to early detection posed by the histological heterogeneity of ovarian cancer. Here, we review the recent progress achieved in efforts to develop diagnostic biomarker panels for ovarian cancer and discuss the challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Nolen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue 1.18, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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57
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Prevot G, Plat G, Mazieres J. [COPD and lung cancer: epidemiological and biological links]. Rev Mal Respir 2012; 29:545-56. [PMID: 22542412 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) are two common fatal diseases. Apart from their common link to tobacco, these two diseases are usually considered to be the result of separate distinct mechanisms. In the past 15 years, numerous studies have produced arguments in favour of a relationship between these two pathologies that goes beyond a simple addition of risk factors. At the epidemiological level, there are data that demonstrate an increased incidence of bronchial carcinoma in patients with COPD. The links between these two pathologies are still unexplained but there are numerous arguments supporting a common physiopathology. Common genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, mechanical factors and signalisation pathways have been quoted. COPD and lung cancer appear to be two diseases possessing a genetic basis that creates a predisposition to environmental or toxic assaults, resulting in a different clinical manifestation in each disease. Consequently, improvements in the management of these two diseases will involve a more intensive investigation of their physiopathology, and require a closer collaboration between research centres and clinical units.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prevot
- Service de pneumologie, clinique des voies respiratoires, hôpital Larrey, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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58
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Zu Y, Zhao Q, Zhao X, Zu S, Meng L. Process optimization for the preparation of oligomycin-loaded folate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles as a tumor-targeted drug delivery system using a two-level factorial design method. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3429-41. [PMID: 22267927 PMCID: PMC3260036 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s27157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomycin-A (Oli-A), an anticancer drug, was loaded to the folate (FA)-conjugated chitosan as a tumor-targeted drug delivery system for the purpose of overcoming the nonspecific targeting characteristics and the hydrophobicity of the compound. The two-level factorial design (2-LFD) was applied to modeling the preparation process, which was composed of five independent variables, namely FA-conjugated chitosan (FA-CS) concentration, Oli-A concentration, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentration, the mass ratio of FA-CS to TPP, and crosslinking time. The mean particle size (MPS) and the drug loading rate (DLR) of the resulting Oli-loaded FA-CS nanoparticles (FA-Oli-CSNPs) were used as response variables. The interactive effects of the five independent variables on the response variables were studied. The characteristics of the nanoparticles, such as amount of FA conjugation, drug entrapment rate (DER), DLR, surface morphology, and release kinetics properties in vitro were investigated. The FA-Oli-CSNPs with MPS of 182.6 nm, DER of 17.3%, DLR of 58.5%, and zeta potential (ZP) of 24.6 mV were obtained under optimum conditions. The amount of FA conjugation was 45.9 mg/g chitosan. The FA-Oli-CSNPs showed sustained-release characteristics for 576 hours in vitro. The results indicated that FA-Oli-CSNPs obtained as a targeted drug delivery system could be effective in the therapy of leukemia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangang Zu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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59
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Reppert S, Boross I, Koslowski M, Türeci Ö, Koch S, Lehr HA, Finotto S. A role for T-bet-mediated tumour immune surveillance in anti-IL-17A treatment of lung cancer. Nat Commun 2011; 2:600. [PMID: 22186896 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The cytokine interleukin-17A supports tumour vascularization and growth, however, its role in lung cancer is unknown. Here we show, in the lungs of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, an increase in interleukin-17A that is inversely correlated with the expression of T-bet and correlated with the T regulatory cell transcription factor Foxp3. Local targeting of interleukin-17A in experimental lung adenocarcinoma results in a reduction in tumour load, local expansion of interferon-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells and a reduction in lung CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. T-bet((-/-)) mice have a significantly higher tumour load compared with wild-type mice. This is associated with the local upregulation of interleukin-23 and induction of interleukin-17A/interleukin-17R-expressing T cells infiltrating the tumour. Local anti-interleukin-17A antibody treatment partially improves the survival of T-bet((-/-)) mice. These results suggest that local anti-interleukin-17A antibody therapy could be considered for the treatment of lung tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reppert
- Department of Anesthesia, Laboratories of Cellular and Molecular Lung Immunology, Institute of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, Erlangen 91052, Germany
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60
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Jeong SJ, Koh W, Kim B, Kim SH. Are there new therapeutic options for treating lung cancer based on herbal medicines and their metabolites? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:652-661. [PMID: 22032843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ETHONOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancers in terms of mortality and incidence worldwide. Despite intensive research and investigation, treatment of lung cancer is still unsatisfactory due to adverse effects and multidrug resistance. Recently, herbal drugs have been recognized as one of attractive approaches for lung cancer therapy with little side effects. Furthermore, there are evidences that various herbal medicines have proven to be useful and effective in sensitizing conventional agents, prolonging survival time, preventing side effects of chemotherapy, and improving quality of life (QoL) in lung cancer patients. AIM AND METHODS OF THE STUDY Nevertheless, the underlying molecular targets and efficacy of herbal medicines in lung cancer treatment still remain unclear. Thus, we reviewed traditionally used herbal medicines and their phytochemicals with antitumor activity against lung cancer from peer-reviewed papers through Scientific Database Medline, Scopus and Google scholar. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that herbal medicines and phytochemicals can be useful anti-cancer agents for lung cancer treatment by targeting molecular signaling involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, metastasis and severe side effects, only provided quality control and reproducibility issues were solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Jeong
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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61
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Moussalli MJ, Wu Y, Zuo X, Yang XL, Wistuba II, Raso MG, Morris JS, Bowser JL, Minna JD, Lotan R, Shureiqi I. Mechanistic contribution of ubiquitous 15-lipoxygenase-1 expression loss in cancer cells to terminal cell differentiation evasion. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1961-72. [PMID: 21881028 PMCID: PMC3232310 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss of terminal cell differentiation promotes tumorigenesis. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) contributes to terminal cell differentiation in normal cells. The mechanistic significance of 15-LOX-1 expression loss in human cancers to terminal cell differentiation suppression is unknown. In a screen of 128 cancer cell lines representing more than 20 types of human cancer, we found that 15-LOX-1 mRNA expression levels were markedly lower than levels in terminally differentiated cells. Relative expression levels of 15-LOX-1 (relative to the level in terminally differentiated primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells) were lower in 79% of the screened cancer cell lines than relative expression levels of p16 (INK4A), which promotes terminal cell differentiation and is considered one of the most commonly lost tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells. 15-LOX-1 was expressed during terminal differentiation in three-dimensional air-liquid interface cultures, and 15-LOX-1 expression and terminal differentiation occurred in immortalized nontransformed bronchial epithelial but not in lung cancer cell lines. 15-LOX-1 expression levels were lower in human tumors than in paired normal lung epithelia. Short hairpin RNA-mediated downregulation of 15-LOX-1 in Caco-2 cells blocked enterocyte-like differentiation, disrupted tight junction formation, and blocked E-cadherin and ZO-1 localization to the cell wall membrane. 15-LOX-1 episomal expression in Caco-2 and HT-29 colon cancer cells induced differentiation. Our findings indicate that 15-LOX-1 downregulation in cancer cells is an important mechanism for terminal cell differentiation dysregulation and support the potential therapeutic utility of 15-LOX-1 reexpression to inhibit tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline J. Moussalli
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuanqing Wu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiu L. Yang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ignacio Ivan Wistuba
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria G. Raso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Morris
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica L. Bowser
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Reuben Lotan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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62
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Benzo[a]pyrene and tumor necrosis factor-α coordinately increase genotoxic damage and the production of proinflammatory mediators in alveolar epithelial type II cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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63
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Heinrich EL, Walser TC, Krysan K, Liclican EL, Grant JL, Rodriguez NL, Dubinett SM. The inflammatory tumor microenvironment, epithelial mesenchymal transition and lung carcinogenesis. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 5:5-18. [PMID: 21922183 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) has many roles in tumor progression and metastasis, including creation of a hypoxic environment, increased angiogenesis and invasion, changes in expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and an increase in a stem cell phenotype. Each of these has an impact on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), particularly through the downregulation of E-cadherin. Here we review seminal work and recent findings linking the role of inflammation in the TME, EMT and lung cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the potential of targeting aspects of inflammation and EMT in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Heinrich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 37-131 CHS Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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64
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Tyagi A, Agarwal C, Dwyer-Nield LD, Singh RP, Malkinson AM, Agarwal R. Silibinin modulates TNF-α and IFN-γ mediated signaling to regulate COX2 and iNOS expression in tumorigenic mouse lung epithelial LM2 cells. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:832-42. [PMID: 21882257 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin inhibits mouse lung tumorigenesis in part by targeting tumor microenvironment. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) can be pro- or anti-tumorigenic, but in lung cancer cell lines they induce pro-inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Accordingly, here we examined mechanism of silibinin action on TNF-α + IFN-γ (hereafter referred as cytokine mixture) elicited signaling in tumor-derived mouse lung epithelial LM2 cells. Both signal transducers and activators of the transcription (STAT)3 (tyr705 and ser727) and STAT1 (tyr701) were activated within 15 min of cytokine mixture exposure, while STAT1 (ser727) activated after 3 h. Cytokine mixture also activated Erk1/2 and caused an increase in both COX2 and iNOS levels. Pretreatment of cells with a MEK, NF-κB, and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor inhibited cytokine mixture-induced activation of Erk1/2, NF-κB, or EGFR, respectively, and strongly decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT1 and expression of COX2 and iNOS. Also, janus family kinases (JAK)1 and JAK2 inhibitors specifically decreased cytokine-induced iNOS expression, suggesting possible roles of JAK1, JAK2, Erk1/2, NF-κB, and EGFR in cytokine mixture-caused induction of COX2 and iNOS expression via STAT3/STAT1 activation in LM2 cells. Importantly, silibinin pretreatment inhibited cytokine mixture-induced phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT1, and Erk1/2, NF-κB-DNA binding, and expression of COX2, iNOS, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)2, and MMP9, which was mediated through impairment of STAT3 and STAT1 nuclear localization. Silibinin also inhibited cytokine mixture-induced migration of LM2 cells. Together, we showed that STAT3 and STAT1 could be valuable chemopreventive and therapeutic targets within the lung tumor microenvironment in addition to being targets within tumor itself, and that silibinin inhibits their activation as a plausible mechanism of its efficacy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpna Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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65
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Lemmon CRM, Woo JH, Tully E, Wilsbach K, Gabrielson E. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) mediates a protective response in cancer cells treated with inhibitors of fatty acid synthase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31457-65. [PMID: 21768098 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of drugs used to treat cancer can be significantly attenuated by adaptive responses of neoplastic cells to drug-induced stress. To determine how cancer cells respond to inhibition of the enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS), we focused on NF-κB-mediated pathways, which can be activated by various cellular stresses. Treating lung cancer cells with C93, a pharmacological inhibitor of FAS, results in changes indicative of a rapid initiation of NF-κB signaling, including translocation of RelA/p65 NF-κB to the nucleus, activation of a transfected NF-κB-luciferase reporter, and increased expression of NF-κB-dependent transcripts, IL-6, IL-8, and COX-2. Verifying that these responses to C93 are specifically related to inhibition of FAS, we confirmed that levels of these same transcripts increase in response to siRNA targeting FAS. Inhibiting this NF-κB response (either by transfecting a mutant IκBα or treating with bortezomib) resulted in increased cell killing by C93, indicating that the NF-κB response is protective in this setting. Because inhibiting FAS leads to accumulation of intermediate metabolites of fatty acid biosynthesis, we then questioned whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in this response to metabolic stress. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that C93 treatment results in cellular translocation of PKCα and PKCβ isoforms and increased PKCα-dependent phosphorylation of the IκBα subunit of NF-κB. Furthermore, inhibiting PKC activity with RO-31-8220 or PKCα isoform-specific siRNA attenuates C93-induced IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB activation and also potentiates C93-induced cell killing. These results suggest a link between PKC and NF-κB in protecting cancer cells from metabolic stress induced by inhibiting FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R M Lemmon
- Department of Pathology and Johns Hopkins Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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66
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Caramori G, Casolari P, Cavallesco GN, Giuffrè S, Adcock I, Papi A. Mechanisms involved in lung cancer development in COPD. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1030-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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67
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Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Slatore CG, White E. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin and lung cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1333-42. [PMID: 21706174 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation plays an important role in lung carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic studies have reported inverse associations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and lung cancer risk. Previously, we found that ever use of glucosamine and chondroitin, which have anti-inflammatory properties, were inversely associated with lung cancer risk. After an additional year of follow-up, we further examined the association including frequency/duration of use, interaction with factors associated with inflammation, and lung cancer histology. METHODS Participants were members of the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort. Adults, aged 50-76 years, who were residents of western Washington State, completed a baseline questionnaire in 2000-2002 (n = 76,904). Participants were queried on their use of glucosamine and chondroitin, over the 10 years prior to baseline, and categorized as nonuser, low use < 4 days/week or < 3 years, or high use ≥ 4 days/week and ≥ 3 years. Lung cancer cases (n = 808) were ascertained through linkage to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry. RESULTS High 10-year use of glucosamine [hazard ratio (HR), 0.77; 95% CI: 0.56-1.07; p trend = 0.04] but not chondroitin was associated with a reduction in lung cancer risk. The association with glucosamine was limited to adenocarcinoma (HR, 0.49; 95% CI: 0.27-0.90; p trend <0.01) and was not modified by NSAID use or smoking status. CONCLUSIONS Our results for glucosamine use are similar to the prior human studies of NSAID use and lung cancer, both in magnitude and the limitation of the association to adenocarcinoma. Unlike NSAIDs, glucosamine has no known adverse effects. Although confirmatory studies are needed, glucosamine is an attractive candidate for lung cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore M Brasky
- Cancer Prevention Unit, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Fritz JM, Dwyer-Nield LD, Malkinson AM. Stimulation of neoplastic mouse lung cell proliferation by alveolar macrophage-derived, insulin-like growth factor-1 can be blocked by inhibiting MEK and PI3K activation. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:76. [PMID: 21699731 PMCID: PMC3135566 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, lung cancer kills more people than breast, colon and prostate cancer combined. Alterations in macrophage number and function during lung tumorigenesis suggest that these immune effector cells stimulate lung cancer growth. Evidence from cancer models in other tissues suggests that cancer cells actively recruit growth factor-producing macrophages through a reciprocal signaling pathway. While the levels of lung macrophages increase during tumor progression in mouse models of lung cancer, and high pulmonary macrophage content correlates with a poor prognosis in human non-small cell lung cancer, the specific role of alveolar macrophages in lung tumorigenesis is not clear. Methods After culturing either an immortalized lung macrophage cell line or primary murine alveolar macrophages from naïve and lung-tumor bearing mice with primary tumor isolates and immortalized cell lines, the effects on epithelial proliferation and cellular kinase activation were determined. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was quantified by ELISA, and macrophage conditioned media IGF-1 levels manipulated by IL-4 treatment, immuno-depletion and siRNA transfection. Results Primary macrophages from both naïve and lung-tumor bearing mice stimulated epithelial cell proliferation. The lungs of tumor-bearing mice contained 3.5-times more IGF-1 than naïve littermates, and media conditioned by freshly isolated tumor-educated macrophages contained more IGF-1 than media conditioned by naïve macrophages; IL-4 stimulated IGF-1 production by both macrophage subsets. The ability of macrophage conditioned media to stimulate neoplastic proliferation correlated with media IGF-1 levels, and recombinant IGF-1 alone was sufficient to induce epithelial proliferation in all cell lines evaluated. Macrophage-conditioned media and IGF-1 stimulated lung tumor cell growth in an additive manner, while EGF had no effect. Macrophage-derived factors increased p-Erk1/2, p-Akt and cyclin D1 levels in neoplastic cells, and the combined inhibition of both MEK and PI3K ablated macrophage-mediated increases in epithelial growth. Conclusions Macrophages produce IGF-1 which directly stimulates neoplastic proliferation through Erk and Akt activation. This observation suggests that combining macrophage ablation therapy with IGF-1R, MEK and/or PI3K inhibition could improve therapeutic response in human lung cancer. Exploring macrophage-based intervention could be a fruitful avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skagg School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E, Montview Blvd, C-238 V20-4460, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Choo EJ, Rhee YH, Jeong SJ, Lee HJ, Kim HS, Ko HS, Kim JH, Kwon TR, Jung JH, Kim JH, Lee HJ, Lee EO, Kim DK, Chen CY, Kim SH. Anethole exerts antimetatstaic activity via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 and AKT/mitogen-activated kinase/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:41-6. [PMID: 21212515 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anethole is known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities and to be a main constituent of fennel, anise, and camphor. In the present study, we evaluated anti-metastatic and apoptotic effects of anethole on highly-metastatic HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma tumor cells. Despite weak cytotoxicity against HT-1080 cells, anethole inhibited the adhesion to Matrigel and invasion of HT-1080 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Anethole was also able to down-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 and up-regulate the gene expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. The similar inhibitory effect of anethole on MMP-2 and -9 activities was confirmed by zymography assay. Furthermore, anethole significantly decreased mRNA expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), but not uPA receptor (uPAR). In addition, anethole suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) in HT-1080 cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that anethole is a potent anti-metastatic drug that functions through inhibiting MMP-2/9 and AKT/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB signal transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Choo
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130–701, South Korea
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Li F, Liu Y, Chen H, Liao D, Shen Y, Xu F, Wang J. EGFR and COX-2 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer and the correlation with clinical features. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011; 30:27. [PMID: 21385353 PMCID: PMC3063193 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the expression of EGFR and COX-2 and their correlation with prognosis in NSCLC Methods The paraffin embedded tumor samples of 50 NSCLC patients receiving radical resection were analyzed immunohistochemically for EGFR and COX-2 expression and their prognostic values were explored. Results The positive rate of EGFR protein in NSCLC tumor cells was 46%, which was significantly higher than its expression in normal lung (p = 0.0234) and paracancerous tissues (p = 0.020). EGFR expression was significantly higher in nodal positive than in nodal negative patients (p = 0.04). The mean survival time for EGFR positive patients (31 months) was significantly lower than that for patients with EGFR negative expression (48 months) (p = 0.008,). In patients receiving post-operation thoracic irradiation, the mean survival time for EGFR positive patients was significantly lower than that for patients without EGFR positive expression (25 vs. 48 months, P = 0.004). The positive rate of COX-2 protein expression in NSCLC tumor cells was 90%, which was significantly higher than that in normal tissue(p = 0.00) and paracancerous tissue (p = 0.00). There was no correlation between COX-2 expression and patient survival, and no correlation between COX-2 and EGFR protein expression (P = 0.555). Conclusions COX-2 and EGFR are over-expressed in NSCLC. EGFR is an independent prognostic factor and a predictive factor for radiotherapy response in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Radiation Oncology, Tumor Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
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Elmets CA, Viner JL, Pentland AP, Cantrell W, Lin HY, Bailey H, Kang S, Linden KG, Heffernan M, Duvic M, Richmond E, Elewski BE, Umar A, Bell W, Gordon GB. Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer with celecoxib: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1835-44. [PMID: 21115882 PMCID: PMC3001966 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preclinical studies indicate that the enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 plays an important role in ultraviolet-induced skin cancers. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, as a chemopreventive agent for actinic keratoses, the premalignant precursor of nonmelanoma skin cancers, and for nonmelanoma skin cancers, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Methods A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial involving 240 subjects aged 37–87 years with 10–40 actinic keratoses was conducted at eight US academic medical centers. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 200 mg of celecoxib or placebo administered orally twice daily for 9 months. Subjects were evaluated at 3, 6, 9 (ie, completion of treatment), and 11 months after randomization. The primary endpoint was the number of new actinic keratoses at the 9-month visit as a percentage of the number at the time of randomization. In an intent-to-treat analysis, the incidence of actinic keratoses was compared between the two groups using t tests. In exploratory analyses, we evaluated the number of nonmelanoma skin cancers combined and SCCs and BCCs separately per patient at 11 months after randomization using Poisson regression, after adjustment for patient characteristics and time on study. The numbers of adverse events in the two treatment arms were compared using χ2 or Fisher exact tests. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results There was no difference in the incidence of actinic keratoses between the two groups at 9 months after randomization. However, at 11 months after randomization, there were fewer nonmelanoma skin cancers in the celecoxib arm than in the placebo arm (mean cumulative tumor number per patient 0.14 vs 0.35; rate ratio [RR] = .43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24 to 0.75; P = .003). After adjusting for age, sex, Fitzpatrick skin type, history of actinic keratosis at randomization, nonmelanoma skin cancer history, and patient time on study, the number of nonmelanoma skin cancers was lower in the celecoxib arm than in the placebo arm (RR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.72, P = .002) as were the numbers of BCCs (RR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.93, P = .032) and SCCs (RR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.93, P = .032). Serious and cardiovascular adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions Celecoxib may be effective for prevention of SCCs and BCCs in individuals who have extensive actinic damage and are at high risk for development of nonmelanoma skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, 1530 3rd Ave South, EFH 414, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Ho MY, Tang SJ, Ng WV, Yang W, Leu SJJ, Lin YC, Feng CK, Sung JS, Sun KH. Nucleotide-binding domain of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 reduces tumor growth by suppressing COX-2 expression. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2411-6. [PMID: 20731664 PMCID: PMC11158437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK-1) is a multifunctional protein that is involved in the glycolytic pathway and the generation of the angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin. In a previous study, we showed that the overexpression of full-length PGK-1 in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-1) can reduce tumor growth in vivo by downregulation of COX-2 expression. Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 has two functional domains: a catalytic domain (CD); and a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). To identify the functional domain of PGK-1 responsible for its antitumor effects, we evaluated the tumorigenicity of LLC-1 cells overexpressing full-length PGK-1 (LLC-1/PGK), CD (LLC-1/CD), and NBD (LLC-1/NBD). Although no difference in tumor cell growth was observed in vitro, the tumor invasiveness was reduced in the LLC-1/PGK, LLC-1/CD, and LLC-1/NBD cells compared to parental LLC-1 cells in vivo. In addition, in vivo tumor growth retardation by LLC-1/CD and LLC-1/NBD cells was observed, similar to that by LLC-1/PGK cells. However, the reduced stability of COX-2 mRNA and downregulation of the COX-2 protein and its metabolite, prostaglandin E2, was only found in LLC-1/PGK and LLC-1/NBD cells. Low levels of COX-2 were also observed in the tumor mass formed by the modified cells when injected into mice. The results indicate that COX-2 suppression by PGK-1 is independent of its catalytic activity. COX-2 targeting by PGK-1 can be attributed to its NBD and is probably a result of the destabilization of COX-2 gene transcripts brought about by the mRNA-binding property of PGK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Ho
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ratovitski EA. LKB1/PEA3/ΔNp63 pathway regulates PTGS-2 (COX-2) transcription in lung cancer cells upon cigarette smoke exposure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:317-24. [PMID: 21150337 PMCID: PMC3154041 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.5.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to show that cigarette smoking induced the LKB1/PEA 3/ΔNp63-dependent transcriptional regulation of inflammatory molecules, such as COX-2/PTGS-2. Using mainstream smoke extract (MSE) and sidestream smoke extract (SSE) as modeling tools for primary and secondhand smoking, we found that both MSE and SSE downregulated protein levels for LKB1, while upregulated protein levels for PEA 3 and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Using the endogenous ChIP analysis, we further found that the C/EBPβ, NFκB, NF-Y (CHOP), PEA 3 (ETS) and ΔNp63 proteins bound to the specific area (-550 to -130) of the COX-2 promoter, while forming multiple protein complexes in lung cancer cells exposed to MSE and SSE. Our results define a novel link between various transcription factors occupying the COX-2 promoter and cellular response to cigarette smoke exposure bringing a new component, ΔNp63α, showing a critical role for cooperation between various chromatin components in regulation of COX-2 expression and, therefore strengthening the central role of inflammatory process in tumorigenesis of epithelial cells, especially after cigarette smoke exposure (both primary and secondhand).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Ratovitski
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.
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Thakur P, Sanyal S. Induction of pulmonary carcinogenesis in Wistar rats by a single dose of 9, 10 Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and the chemopreventive role of Diclofenac. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:394-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Darbufelone, a novel anti-inflammatory drug, induces growth inhibition of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 66:277-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gomperts BN, Spira A, Elashoff DE, Dubinett SM. Lung cancer biomarkers: FISHing in the sputum for risk assessment and early detection. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:420-3. [PMID: 20332300 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This perspective on Varella-Garcia et al. (beginning on p. 447 in this issue of the journal) discusses the role of sputum-based biomarkers in the risk assessment and early detection of lung cancer. The importance of the detection of sputum epithelial chromosomal aneusomy by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as a potential risk or early-detection biomarker is discussed in the context of other biomarkers and models in lung carcinogenesis. The presently reported findings on FISH in sputum cells are an important contribution worthy of further investigation in defined clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte N Gomperts
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Kim SC, Magesh V, Jeong SJ, Lee HJ, Ahn KS, Lee HJ, Lee EO, Kim SH, Lee MH, Kim JH, Kim SH. Ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum exerts anti-metastatic activity through inactivation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and enhancement of anti-oxidant enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1478-82. [PMID: 20233602 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ocimum sanctum has been known to possess various beneficial properties including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. In the present study, we investigated that ethanol extracts of O. sanctum (EEOS) had anti-metastatic activity through activation of anti-oxidative enzymes. EEOS exerted cytotoxicity against Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. Also, EEOS significantly inhibited cell adhesion and invasion as well as activities of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), but not MMP-2, indicating the important role of MMP-9 in anti-metastatic regulation of EEOS. In addition, EEOS significantly reduced the tumor nodule formation and lung weight in LLC-injected mice. Inhibitory effect of EEOS on metastasis was further confirmed by using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Notably, we also found that EEOS enhanced activities of anti-oxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings support that EEOS can be a potent anti-metastatic candidate through inactivation of MMP-9 and enhancement of anti-oxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Chae Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Walser TC, Yanagawa J, Garon E, Lee JM, Dubinett SM. Tumor Microenvironment. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chen W, Bai L, Wang X, Xu S, Belinsky SA, Lin Y. Acquired activation of the Akt/cyclooxygenase-2/Mcl-1 pathway renders lung cancer cells resistant to apoptosis. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:416-23. [PMID: 19933775 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired apoptosis resistance plays an important role in acquired chemoresistance in cancer cells during chemotherapy. Our previous observations demonstrated that acquired tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand resistance in lung cancer cells was associated with Akt-mediated stabilization of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and Mcl-1. In this report, we determined that these cells also have acquired resistance to apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin and doxorubicin (Adriamycin), which was detected in vitro in cell cultures and in vivo in xenografted tumors. We further found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is dramatically overexpressed in cells with acquired apoptosis resistance. COX-2 seems to be a crucial mediator in acquired apoptosis resistance because suppressing COX-2 activity with a chemical inhibitor or reducing COX-2 protein expression level with COX-2 small interfering RNA dramatically alleviated resistance to therapeutic-induced apoptosis. Inhibiting Akt markedly suppressed COX-2 expression, suggesting COX-2 is a downstream effector of this cell survival kinase-mediated apoptosis resistance. Furthermore, the expression of Mcl-1 but not c-FLIP was significantly reduced when COX-2 was suppressed, and knockdown of Mcl-1 substantially sensitized the cells to apoptosis. Our results establish a novel pathway that consists of Akt, COX-2, and Mcl-1 for acquired apoptosis resistance, which could be a molecular target for circumventing acquired chemoresistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Chen
- Molecular Biology and Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr., SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Cancer stem cells. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4:S1079-81. [PMID: 19861925 DOI: 10.1097/01.jto.0000361758.17413.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li J, Tharappel JC, Han SG, Cantor AH, Lee EY, Gairola CG, Glauert HP. Effect of dietary selenium and cigarette smoke on pulmonary cell proliferation in mice. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:247-53. [PMID: 19597004 PMCID: PMC2742582 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if dietary selenium could inhibit pulmonary cell proliferation in control and cigarette smoke-exposed female A/J mice. Selenium in the form of sodium selenite was supplemented to purified diets similar to the AIN-93M diet to yield 0.15, 0.5, or 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet. After 3 weeks, mice in each dietary group were divided into two subgroups; one used as control, whereas the other was exposed to cigarette smoke for five consecutive days. Mice from both groups were euthanized 3 days later. Mice were administered bromodeoxyuridine in the drinking water starting 5 days before the initiation of the smoke exposure and continuing until they were euthanized. After euthanasia, the left lung lobe was processed for histology and cell proliferation analysis. Cigarette smoke increased cell proliferation in the terminal bronchioles and large airways, but not in alveoli. High-selenium diets inhibited cell proliferation in the alveoli, terminal bronchioles and large airways areas in both control and smoke-exposed mice. Increasing the dietary selenium level led to increased selenium levels in the blood and lung, and increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the lung. Cytochrome P-450 1A1 protein levels in the lung were increased by cigarette smoke but were not affected by dietary selenium. It is concluded that dietary selenium inhibits pulmonary cell proliferation in both control and cigarette smoke-exposed mice, indicating that selenium is inhibiting cell proliferation independently of smoke exposure, and that this inhibition may be related to selenium concentration and GPx activity in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
- Health Supervision Institute of Chongqing Municipal Health Bureau, Chongqing, China
| | - Job C. Tharappel
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Graduate Center for Toxicology
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | | | - Eun Y. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | | | - Howard P. Glauert
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
- Graduate Center for Toxicology
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Armstrong DA, Phelps LN, Vincenti MP. CCAAT enhancer binding protein-beta regulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in interleukin-1beta-stimulated A549 lung carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1517-24. [PMID: 19723873 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is an inflammation-inducible neutral protease that mediates extracellular matrix remodeling and promotes tumor invasion. In this study, we examined the activation of MMP-1 gene expression in A549 lung carcinoma cells stimulated with the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). We found that MMP-1 mRNA levels were maximal following 16 hours of IL-1beta stimulation and that this correlated with the expression of the transcription factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-beta (CEBPB). Knockdown of CEBPB expression with short hairpin RNA abrogated the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-10 in IL-1beta-stimulated A549 cells. An established CEBP element in the MMP-1 promoter was found to be required for basal and IL-1beta-induced transcription. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays showed that CEBPB binds to this promoter element maximally 16 hours after IL-1beta stimulation. DNA affinity chromatography studies showed that the LAP1, LAP2, and LIP isoforms of CEBPB bind to the IL-1beta-responsive CEBPB site in the MMP-1 promoter. Exogenous expression of the LAP1 and LAP2 isoforms stimulated the MMP-1 promoter, whereas LIP had no effect. Phosphorylation of CEBPB at Thr(235) peaked at 16 hours in IL-1beta-stimulated cells. The MEK inhibitor U0126 inhibited this phosphorylation and reduced MMP-1 gene induction. These studies establish CEBPB as an important mediator of metalloproteinase gene activation during inflammatory responses in lung cancer cells and highlight the different regulatory roles of CEBPB isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Armstrong
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA
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Gordon IO, Sitterding S, Mackinnon AC, Husain AN. Update in neoplastic lung diseases and mesothelioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133:1106-15. [PMID: 19642737 DOI: 10.5858/133.7.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lung cancer is a common disease frequently seen by the surgical pathologist. Although secondary to improvements in screening and radiologic techniques and aggressive resection of small pulmonary nodules, the diagnosis of preneoplastic lesions is increasing in frequency and importance. Consequently, a greater understanding of their role in the development of lung carcinoma is needed for optimal patient care. Two lesions often encountered as small pulmonary nodules are bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which can be challenging to distinguish. Recently, updates to the TNM classification of non-small cell lung carcinoma have been reported that directly impact prognosis and treatment algorithms. Identification of new molecular targets in pleural mesothelioma and in preneoplastic lesions may lead to improved therapeutic strategies. OBJECTIVE To present recent advances in our understanding of neoplastic lung diseases and mesothelioma and to describe how these advances relate to the current practice of pulmonary pathology. DATA SOURCES Published literature from PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and primary material from the authors' institution. CONCLUSIONS It is important for the surgical pathologist to understand current diagnostic classifications of non-small cell lung cancer and to be aware of the range of preneoplastic lesions, as well as the features useful for distinguishing bronchioloalveolar carcinoma from adenocarcinoma in small pulmonary nodules. Although pleural mesothelioma has distinct features, it can also overlap histologically with adenocarcinoma, and immunohistochemistry can greatly aid in accurate diagnosis. New therapies targeting molecular markers in both non-small cell lung cancer and mesothelioma rely on accurate histopathologic diagnosis of these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyssa O Gordon
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Sorrentino C, Di Carlo E. Expression of IL-32 in human lung cancer is related to the histotype and metastatic phenotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:769-79. [PMID: 19628777 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200903-0400oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A strong link has been recently demonstrated between inflammation and lung cancer. Thus, we investigated whether the proinflammatory cytokine IL-32 may be involved in lung carcinogenesis and hence provide a novel therapeutic target. OBJECTIVES Lung cancer subtypes display different clinical outcomes. We have set out to clarify the role of IL-32 in the physiopathology of the main histotypes. METHODS IL-32 expression, as visualized by immunohistochemistry on 23 premalignant and 148 malignant lesions, was correlated with clinicopathological and survival data. Confocal microscopy, microdissection, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to identify cell sources and expression levels of IL-32. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS IL-32 expression was lacking in the majority of squamous-cell carcinomas (SCC) (76%) and their precursor lesions, but strongly up-regulated in most adenocarcinomas (AC) (73%) and their precursors, 64% of large-cell carcinomas, and 77% of small-cell lung cancers. Lymph node metastases frequently developed from IL-32-expressing lung cancers, and especially (82%) from those endowed with an IL-32-expressing leukocyte infiltrate (TIL) mainly composed of CD68(+) macrophages, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, and DC-SIGN(+) dendritic cells. Expression levels of IL-32 by both TIL and tumor cells (TC), particularly in AC and SCC, were paralleled by those of IL-6, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the same cell population and correlated with high intratumor microvessel density and poor clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS IL-32 is probably implicated in the pathogenesis of most lung cancer histotypes but unlikely in that of SCC. Its TIL and TC expression are both associated with acquisition of an invasive and metastatic phenotype and may be a useful prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sorrentino
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Anatomic Pathology Section, G. d'Annunzio University, Italy.
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85
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Hecht SS, Kassie F, Hatsukami DK. Chemoprevention of lung carcinogenesis in addicted smokers and ex-smokers. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:476-88. [PMID: 19550424 PMCID: PMC3876956 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention of lung carcinogenesis is one approach to controlling the epidemic of lung cancer caused by cigarette smoking. The target for chemoprevention should be the activities of the multiple carcinogens, toxicants, co-carcinogens, tumour promoters and inflammatory compounds in cigarette smoke. At present there are many agents, both synthetic and naturally occurring, that prevent lung tumour development in well-established animal models. It seems likely that logically constructed mixtures of these agents, developed from the ground up, will be necessary for the prevention of lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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86
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Xiao H, Yang CS, Li S, Jin H, Ho CT, Patel T. Monodemethylated polymethoxyflavones from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel inhibit growth of human lung cancer cells by apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:398-406. [PMID: 19065586 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are almost exclusively found in the Citrus genus, particularly in the peels of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and mandarin (C. reticulate Blanco). We studied the effects of two major PMFs, namely, nobiletin and 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), and two major monodemethylated PMFs, namely 5-hydroxy-3,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (5HPMF), and 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone (5HHMF), on the growth of human lung cancer H1299, H441, and H460 cells. Monodemethylated PMFs were much more potent in growth inhibition of lung cancer cells than their permethoxylated counterpart PMFs. In H1299 cells, cell cycle analyses further revealed that monodemethylated PMFs caused significant increase in sub-G0/G1 phase, suggesting possible role of apoptosis in the growth inhibition observed, whereas the permethoxylated counterpart PMFs did not affect cell cycle distribution at same concentrations tested. These results strongly suggested that the phenolic group is essential for the growth inhibitory activity of monodemethylated PMFs. Further studies in H1299 cells demonstrated that monodemethylated PMFs downregulated oncogenic proteins, such as iNOS, COX-2, Mcl-1, and K-ras, as well as induced apoptosis evidenced by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. Our results provide rationale to develop orange peel extract enriched with monodemethylated PMFs into value-added nutraceutical products for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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87
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Punturieri A, Szabo E, Croxton TL, Shapiro SD, Dubinett SM. Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: needs and opportunities for integrated research. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:554-9. [PMID: 19351920 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. They share a common environmental risk factor in cigarette smoke exposure and a genetic predisposition represented by the incidence of these diseases in only a fraction of smokers. The presence of COPD increases the risk of lung cancer up to 4.5-fold. To investigate commonalities in disease mechanisms and perspectives for disease chemoprevention, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) held a workshop. The participants identified four research objectives: 1) clarify common epidemiological characteristics of lung cancer and COPD; 2) identify shared genetic and epigenetic risk factors; 3) identify and validate biomarkers, molecular signatures, and imaging-derived measurements of each disease; and 4) determine common and disparate pathogenetic mechanisms. These objectives should be reached via four research approaches: 1) identify, publicize, and enable the evaluation and analysis of existing datasets and repositories of biospecimens; 2) obtain phenotypic and outcome data and biospecimens from large studies of subjects with and/or at risk for COPD and lung cancer; 3) develop and use animal and other preclinical models to investigate pathogenetic links between the diseases; and 4) conduct early-phase clinical trials of potential chemopreventive agents. To foster much needed research interactions, two final recommendations were made by the participants: 1) incorporate baseline phenotyping and outcome measures for both diseases in future longitudinal studies of each disease and 2) expand collaborative efforts between the NCI and NHLBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Punturieri
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7952, USA.
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88
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Slatore CG, Au DH, Littman AJ, Satia JA, White E. Association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with lung cancer: results from a large cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1203-7. [PMID: 19293309 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Smoking cessation is crucial to decrease risk, but additional prevention modalities are needed. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) may be promising. METHODS The study was a prospective cohort of 77,125 men and women, ages 50 to 76 years, from Washington state recruited in 2000 to 2002 (the VITamin And Lifestyle study). Lung cancer cases were identified through the Seattle-Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry during 5 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HR) associated with 10-year average use of total NSAIDs (excluding low-dose aspirin) and specific categories of NSAIDs were calculated for total incident lung cancer and specific morphologies. RESULTS A total of 665 lung cancer cases were identified. After adjusting for smoking, age, gender, and acetaminophen use, there was a borderline-significant inverse trend with total NSAID use [>4.2 d/wk for >10 years versus none: HR, 0.82; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.64-1.04; P for trend = 0.05]. The association was strongest for adenocarcinoma (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.94; P for trend = 0.01) and seemed to be limited to men (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47-0.92; P for trend = 0.01) and to long-term (> or =10 years) former smokers (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.96; P for trend = 0.04). There were no appreciable differences by NSAID type. CONCLUSIONS Total NSAID use was associated with a small reduced risk of lung cancer, which was strongest for adenocarcinoma, men, and long-term former smokers. These findings are supported by known lung carcinogenesis mechanisms and suggest that NSAIDS may be useful for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Slatore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6522, USA.
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89
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Dubinett SM, Mao JT, Hazra S. Focusing downstream in lung cancer prevention: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:223-5. [PMID: 19138963 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UCLA Lung Cancer Research Program, Johnsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA.
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90
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Abstract
Inflammation is closely linked to cancer, and many anti-cancer agents are also used to treat inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, chronic inflammation increases the risk for various cancers, indicating that eliminating inflammation may represent a valid strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. This article explores the relationship between inflammation and cancer with an emphasis on epidemiological evidence, summarizes the current use of anti-inflammatory agents for cancer prevention and therapy, and describes the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of anti-inflammatory agents. Since monotherapy is generally insufficient for treating cancer, the combined use of anti-inflammatory agents and conventional cancer therapy is also a focal point in discussion. In addition, we also briefly describe future directions that should be explored for anti-cancer anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Rayburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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91
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Ruibal A, Abdulkader I, Gude F, Pombo M, León L, Barandela J, Sánchez-Salmón A. La expresión inmunohistoquímica intensa de ciclooxigenasa 2 se asocia inversamente con los valores máximos de SUV en la 18F-FDG-PET de pacientes afectados de carcinomas no microcíticos de pulmón. Relación con otros factores biológicos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0212-6982(09)70209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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92
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Enhanced electrostatic interaction between chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticle and tumor. Int J Pharm 2008; 371:142-7. [PMID: 19118614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, lung tumor-specific targeting of paclitaxel was achieved in mice by intravenous administration of chitosan-modified paclitaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (C-NPs-paclitaxel). Transient formation of aggregates in the blood stream followed by enhanced trapping in the capillaries was proposed as a mechanism of the lung-specific accumulation of paclitaxel. In the present study, the mechanism of tumor lung preferential accumulation of paclitaxel from C-NPs-paclitaxel was investigated. Zeta potential and in vitro cellular cytotoxicity (A549 cells and CT-26 cells) of C-NPs-paclitaxel, and in vitro uptake of coumarin 6 to these cells from chitosan-modified coumarin 6 containing PLGA nanoparticles (C-NPs-coumarin 6) were examined as a function of pH (6.8, 7.4 and 8.0). The zeta potential of C-NPs-paclitaxel increased as the medium pH became more acidic. In vitro uptake of coumarin 6 by A549 cells and CT-26 cells was enhanced at lower pH for C-NPs-coumarin 6. In vitro cytotoxicity experiment with C-NPs-paclitaxel demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity as the pH became more acidic. Therefore, enhanced electrostatic interaction between chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticles and acidic microenvironment of tumor cells appears to be an underlying mechanism of lung tumor-specific accumulation of paclitaxel from C-NPs-paclitaxel.
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93
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Dubinett SM, Aberle DR, Tashkin DP, Mao JT. The Partners—Airflow Obstruction, Emphysema, and Lung Cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:665-6. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200806-902ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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