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Foltz JA, Somanchi SS, Yang Y, Aquino-Lopez A, Bishop EE, Lee DA. NCR1 Expression Identifies Canine Natural Killer Cell Subsets with Phenotypic Similarity to Human Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:521. [PMID: 27933061 PMCID: PMC5120128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Canines spontaneously develop many cancers similar to humans - including osteosarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma - offering the opportunity to study immune therapies in a genetically heterogeneous and immunocompetent environment. However, a lack of antibodies recognizing canine NK cell markers has resulted in suboptimal characterization and unknown purity of NK cell products, hindering the development of canine models of NK cell adoptive immunotherapy. To this end, we generated a novel antibody to canine NCR1 (NKp46), the putative species-wide marker of NK cells, enabling purification of NK cells for further characterization. We demonstrate that CD3-/NKp46+ cells in healthy and osteosarcoma-bearing canines have phenotypic similarity to human CD3-/NKp46+ NK cells, expressing mRNA for CD16 and the natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp30, NKp44, and NKp80. Functionally, we demonstrate with the calcein release assay that canine CD3-/NKp46+ cells kill canine tumor cell lines without prior sensitization and secrete IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as measured by Luminex. Similar to human NK cells, CD3-/NKp46+ cells expand rapidly on feeder cells expressing 4-1BBL and membrane-bound IL-21 (median = 20,283-fold in 21 days). Furthermore, we identify a minor Null population (CD3-/CD21-/CD14-/NKp46-) with reduced cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma cells, but similar cytokine secretion as CD3-/NKp46+ cells. Null cells in canines and humans have reduced expression of NKG2D, NKp44, and CD16 compared to NKp46+ NK cells and can be induced to express NKp46 with further expansion on feeder cells. In conclusion, we have identified and characterized canine NK cells, including an NKp46- subset of canine and human NK cells, using a novel anti-canine NKp46 antibody, and report robust ex vivo expansion of canine NK cells sufficient for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Foltz
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Srinivas S Somanchi
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Arianexys Aquino-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erin E Bishop
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Dean A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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Botham R, Roth HS, Book AP, Roady PJ, Fan TM, Hergenrother PJ. Small-Molecule Procaspase-3 Activation Sensitizes Cancer to Treatment with Diverse Chemotherapeutics. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:545-59. [PMID: 27610416 PMCID: PMC4999974 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics remain essential treatments for most cancers, but their combination with other anticancer drugs (including targeted therapeutics) is often complicated by unpredictable synergies and multiplicative toxicities. As cytotoxic anticancer chemotherapeutics generally function through induction of apoptosis, we hypothesized that a molecularly targeted small molecule capable of facilitating a central and defining step in the apoptotic cascade, the activation of procaspase-3 to caspase-3, would broadly and predictably enhance activity of cytotoxic drugs. Here we show that procaspase-activating compound 1 (PAC-1) enhances cancer cell death induced by 15 different FDA-approved chemotherapeutics, across many cancer types and chemotherapeutic targets. In particular, the promising combination of PAC-1 and doxorubicin induces a synergistic reduction in tumor burden and enhances survival in murine tumor models of osteosarcoma and lymphoma. This PAC-1/doxorubicin combination was evaluated in 10 pet dogs with naturally occurring metastatic osteosarcoma or lymphoma, eliciting a biologic response in 3 of 6 osteosarcoma patients and 4 of 4 lymphoma patients. Importantly, in both mice and dogs, coadministration of PAC-1 with doxorubicin resulted in no additional toxicity. On the basis of the mode of action of PAC-1 and the high expression of procaspase-3 in many cancers, these results suggest the combination of PAC-1 with cytotoxic anticancer drugs as a potent and general strategy to enhance therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
C. Botham
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Veterinary
Clinical Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic
Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Howard S. Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Veterinary
Clinical Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic
Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alison P. Book
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Veterinary
Clinical Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic
Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Patrick J. Roady
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Veterinary
Clinical Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic
Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Veterinary
Clinical Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic
Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Veterinary
Clinical Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic
Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- E-mail:
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53
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Human Bone Xenografts: from Preclinical Testing for Regenerative Medicine to Modeling of Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-016-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Background Current studies report that aberrations in epigenetic regulators or chromatin modifications are related to tumor development and maintenance. EZH2 (Enhancer of zeste homolog 2) is one of the catalytic subunits of Polycomb repressive complex 2, a crucial epigenetic regulator. EZH2 has a master regulatory function in such processes as cell proliferation, stem cell differentiation, and early embryogenesis. In humans, EZH2 is linked to oncogenic function in several carcinomas, including breast cancer, and dysregulation of EZH2 has been particularly associated with loss of differentiation and the development of poorly differentiated breast cancer. In our present study, we were interested in determining whether EZH2 is increased in canine mammary tumors, which show similarities to human breast cancer. Results Investigation of the expression of EZH2 in canine mammary tumors revealed that EZH2 protein was overexpressed in canine mammary carcinomas, as in human breast cancer. In addition, the immunohistochemical expression level of EZH2 was associated with the degree of malignancy in canine mammary carcinoma. This is the first report to describe EZH2 expression in canine mammary tumors. Conclusions Because the expression of EZH2 was similar in canine mammary carcinoma and human breast cancer, spontaneous canine mammary tumors may be a suitable model for studying EZH2 and treatment development.
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Diab M, Nguyen F, Berthaud M, Maurel C, Gaschet J, Verger E, Ibisch C, Rousseau C, Chérel M, Abadie J, Davodeau F. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for canine CD138 (syndecan-1) for nuclear medicine preclinical trials on spontaneous tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:932-951. [PMID: 27076401 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We isolated 11 antibodies specific for canine CD138 (cCD138) to validate the interest of CD138 antigen targeting in dogs with spontaneous mammary carcinoma. The affinity of the monoclonal antibodies in the nanomolar range is suitable for immunohistochemistry and nuclear medicine applications. Four distinct epitopes were recognized on cCD138 by this panel of antibodies. CD138 expression in canine healthy tissues is comparable to that reported in humans. CD138 is frequently expressed in canine mammary carcinomas corresponding to the human triple negative breast cancer subtype, with cytoplasmic and membranous expression. In canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, CD138 expression is associated with the 'non-germinal center' phenotype corresponding to the most aggressive subtype in humans. This homology of CD138 expression between dogs and humans confirms the relevance of tumour-bearing dogs as spontaneous models for nuclear medicine applications, especially for the evaluation of new tumour targeting strategies for diagnosis by phenotypic imaging and radio-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diab
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCNA/INSERM UMR892, Nantes, France
| | - F Nguyen
- ONIRIS Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - M Berthaud
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCNA/INSERM UMR892, Nantes, France
| | - C Maurel
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCNA/INSERM UMR892, Nantes, France
| | - J Gaschet
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCNA/INSERM UMR892, Nantes, France
| | - E Verger
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCNA/INSERM UMR892, Nantes, France
| | - C Ibisch
- ONIRIS Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - C Rousseau
- ICO Integrated Center for Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - M Chérel
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCNA/INSERM UMR892, Nantes, France.,ICO Integrated Center for Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - J Abadie
- ONIRIS Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - F Davodeau
- Nantes-Angers Cancer Research Center CRCNA/INSERM UMR892, Nantes, France
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CanisOme — The protein signatures of Canis lupus familiaris diseases. J Proteomics 2016; 136:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jain S, Aresu L, Comazzi S, Shi J, Worrall E, Clayton J, Humphries W, Hemmington S, Davis P, Murray E, Limeneh AA, Ball K, Ruckova E, Muller P, Vojtesek B, Fahraeus R, Argyle D, Hupp TR. The Development of a Recombinant scFv Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Canine CD20 for Use in Comparative Medicine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148366. [PMID: 26894679 PMCID: PMC4760772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are leading agents for therapeutic treatment of human diseases, but are limited in use by the paucity of clinically relevant models for validation. Sporadic canine tumours mimic the features of some human equivalents. Developing canine immunotherapeutics can be an approach for modeling human disease responses. Rituximab is a pioneering agent used to treat human hematological malignancies. Biologic mimics that target canine CD20 are just being developed by the biotechnology industry. Towards a comparative canine-human model system, we have developed a novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (NCD1.2) that binds both human and canine CD20. NCD1.2 has a sub-nanomolar Kd as defined by an octet red binding assay. Using FACS, NCD1.2 binds to clinically derived canine cells including B-cells in peripheral blood and in different histotypes of B-cell lymphoma. Immunohistochemical staining of canine tissues indicates that the NCD1.2 binds to membrane localized cells in Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma, Marginal Zone Lymphoma, and other canine B-cell lymphomas. We cloned the heavy and light chains of NCD1.2 from hybridomas to determine whether active scaffolds can be acquired as future biologics tools. The VH and VL genes from the hybridomas were cloned using degenerate primers and packaged as single chains (scFv) into a phage-display library. Surprisingly, we identified two scFv (scFv-3 and scFv-7) isolated from the hybridoma with bioactivity towards CD20. The two scFv had identical VH genes but different VL genes and identical CDR3s, indicating that at least two light chain mRNAs are encoded by NCD1.2 hybridoma cells. Both scFv-3 and scFv-7 were cloned into mammalian vectors for secretion in CHO cells and the antibodies were bioactive towards recombinant CD20 protein or peptide. The scFv-3 and scFv-7 were cloned into an ADEPT-CPG2 bioconjugate vector where bioactivity was retained when expressed in bacterial systems. These data identify a recombinant anti-CD20 scFv that might form a useful tool for evaluation in bioconjugate-directed anti-CD20 immunotherapies in comparative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Jain
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Aresu
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione (BCA) Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università di Padova 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jianguo Shi
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Worrall
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - John Clayton
- Mologic, Ltd, Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, MK44 2YP, United Kingdom
| | - William Humphries
- Mologic, Ltd, Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, MK44 2YP, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Hemmington
- Mologic, Ltd, Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, MK44 2YP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Davis
- Mologic, Ltd, Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, MK44 2YP, United Kingdom
| | - Euan Murray
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
- INSERM Unité 940, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St Louis, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, Paris, France
| | - Asmare A. Limeneh
- Bahit Dar University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Kathryn Ball
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ruckova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Muller
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- INSERM Unité 940, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St Louis, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, Paris, France
| | - David Argyle
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Ted R. Hupp
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Saba C, Paoloni M, Mazcko C, Kisseberth W, Burton JH, Smith A, Wilson-Robles H, Allstadt S, Vail D, Henry C, Lana S, Ehrhart EJ, Charles B, Kent M, Lawrence J, Burgess K, Borgatti A, Suter S, Woods P, Gordon I, Vrignaud P, Khanna C, LeBlanc AK. A Comparative Oncology Study of Iniparib Defines Its Pharmacokinetic Profile and Biological Activity in a Naturally-Occurring Canine Cancer Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149194. [PMID: 26866698 PMCID: PMC4751284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of iniparib as an anti-cancer agent was hindered in part by lingering questions regarding its mechanism of action, the activity of its metabolites, and their potential accumulation in tumors. Due to strong similarities in metabolism of iniparib between humans and dogs, a veterinary clinical trial in pet dogs with spontaneous cancers was designed to answer specific questions pertaining to pharmacokinetic exposures and tolerability of iniparib. Dogs were treated with iniparib alone and in combination with carboplatin chemotherapy. Iniparib doses ranged between 10-70 mg/kg intravenously (IV). Plasma, tumor and normal tissue samples were collected before and at various time points scheduled after exposure for pharmacokinetic and biologic analysis. The primary endpoints included characterization of dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and determination of the drug exposures that could be achieved in both normal and tumor tissues. Nineteen dogs were treated. DLT included fever, anorexia, diarrhea, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia; most effects were attributable to carboplatin based on the timing of adverse event onset. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of iniparib was not identified. Moderate to high variability in plasma exposure was noted for iniparib and all metabolites between animals. When quantifiable, iniparib and metabolite plasma:tumor ratios were < 0.088 and <1.7, respectively. In this study, iniparib was well tolerated as a single agent and in combination with carboplatin over a range of doses. However, clinically relevant concentrations of the parent drug and selected metabolites were not detectable in canine tumor tissues at any studied dose, thus eliminating expectations for clinical responses in dogs or humans. Negative clinical trials in humans, and the uncertainties of its mechanism of action, ultimately led to the decision to stop clinical development of the drug. Nevertheless, the questions that can be asked and answered within the comparative oncology approach are evident from this successfully executed comparative clinical trial and exemplify the value of such studies in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Saba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa Paoloni
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William Kisseberth
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jenna H. Burton
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Annette Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara Allstadt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David Vail
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Henry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan Lana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - E. J. Ehrhart
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brad Charles
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Kent
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Lawrence
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kristine Burgess
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Steve Suter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul Woods
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ira Gordon
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy K. LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Knapp DW, Dhawan D, Ostrander E. "Lassie," "Toto," and fellow pet dogs: poised to lead the way for advances in cancer prevention. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016:e667-72. [PMID: 25993240 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer causes substantial morbidity and takes the lives of over 8 million people worldwide each year. Advances in cancer prevention research are crucial, and animal models are key to this. There are many valuable experimentally induced cancer models, but these do not fully meet the needs for cancer prevention studies. Pet dogs with risks for naturally occurring cancer can fill important gaps in cancer prevention research. Using invasive urothelial carcinoma (iUC) as an example, the advantages of utilizing pet dogs include: (1) close similarities between dogs and humans in carcinogenesis, molecular and cellular features, invasive and metastatic behavior, and response to treatment, thus providing high relevance for comparative studies, (2) shared environment between dogs and humans to help identify not-yet-known environmental iUC risks, (3) strong breed-associated risk (5- to 21-fold increased risk compared with mixed breeds) that facilitates investigation of gene-environment interactions, screening, and early intervention, (4) large size of dogs (versus rodents) that allows collection of fluids and tissues via cystoscopy, and detailed imaging at multiple time points, and (5) acceptance for studies in which each participating dog can benefit while enjoying life in their family environment, and in which findings will help other dogs and humans. An ongoing 3-year study in Scottish Terriers (comparable to a 15- to 20-year study in humans) is aimed at defining genetic and environmental risk factors for iUC, effective methods for screening/early detection, and a successful secondary cancer prevention approach with very promising results to date. Pet dogs can indeed propel cancer prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah W Knapp
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elaine Ostrander
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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60
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Galac S. Cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in dogs and their relevance for human medicine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:34-9. [PMID: 26123587 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in pet dogs are an attractive animal model for their human counterparts. Adrenal morphology and function are similar in dogs and humans, and adrenocortical tumours have comparable clinical and pathological characteristics. Their relatively high incidence in pet dogs represents a potential source of adrenocortical tumour tissue to facilitate research. The molecular characteristics of canine cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours suggest that they will be useful for the study of angiogenesis, the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, and the role of Steroidogenic Factor-1 in adrenal tumourigenesis. Pet dogs with spontaneous cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours may also be useful in clinical testing of new drugs and in investigating the molecular background of adrenocortical tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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61
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Dervisis N, Klahn S. Therapeutic Innovations: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3010004. [PMID: 29056714 PMCID: PMC5644617 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy involving DNA-interacting agents and indiscriminate cell death is no longer the future of cancer management. While chemotherapy is not likely to completely disappear from the armamentarium; the use of targeted therapies in combination with conventional treatment is becoming the standard of care in human medicine. Tyrosine kinases are pivotal points of functional cellular pathways and have been implicated in malignancy, inflammatory, and immune-mediated diseases. Pharmaceutical interventions targeting aberrant tyrosine kinase signaling has exploded and is the second most important area of drug development. The “Valley of Death” between drug discovery and approval threatens to blunt the enormous strides in cancer management seen thus far. Kinase inhibitors, as targeted small molecules, hold promise in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the use of kinase inhibitors in the interpretation and management of cancer. Comparative oncology has the potential to address restrictions and limitations in the advancement in kinase inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dervisis
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 245 Duck Pond Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 245 Duck Pond Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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62
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Funatsu Y, Hirayama M, Shiraishi J, Asakura T, Wakaki M, Yamada E, Fujimoto K, Satomi R, Inaki S, Murata Y, Oyamada Y. Intimal Sarcoma of the Pulmonary Artery Treated with Pazopanib. Intern Med 2016; 55:2197-202. [PMID: 27522994 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimal sarcoma is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. We herein report the case of a 71-year-old man with intimal sarcoma of the pulmonary artery treated with pazopanib. The tumor showed regression after 1 month of treatment. Hand-foot syndrome led to cessation of pazopanib, which triggered a disease flare. Pazopanib should be considered in patients with intimal sarcoma of the pulmonary artery that is unresectable or recurrent after surgery or cytotoxic chemotherapy. We must be careful about drug cessation, as it can lead to a disease flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Funatsu
- Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Japan
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63
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Mellanby RJ. Our time is now - how companion animal veterinarians can transform biomedical science. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:689-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
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64
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Jaillardon L, Abadie J, Godard T, Campone M, Loussouarn D, Siliart B, Nguyen F. The dog as a naturally-occurring model for insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor-overexpressing breast cancer: an observational cohort study. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:664. [PMID: 26449867 PMCID: PMC4598970 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs spontaneously develop invasive mammary carcinoma with a high prevalence of the triple-negative (TN) subtype (lack of ER-Estrogen Receptor and PR-Progesterone Receptor expression, lack of HER2-Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 overexpression), making this animal model relevant for investigating new therapeutic pathways. Insulin-like growth factor Type-1 receptor (IGF1R) is frequently overexpressed in primary human breast cancers, with a growing role in the TN phenotype. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Dog as a candidate model for IGF1R-overexpressing mammary carcinoma. METHODS 150 bitches with canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) and a known 2-year follow-up were retrospectively included. IGF1R expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a similar scoring system as for HER2 in breast cancer. The prognostic value of the IGF1R expression was assessed in terms of overall and specific survival as well as disease-free interval (DFI). RESULTS 47 CMC (31 %) were classified as luminal and 103 (69 %) as triple-negative (TN-CMC). 41 % of CMC overexpressed IGF1R (IHC score 3+) of which 76 % were TN-CMC and 62 % grade III. IGF1R overexpression was associated with aggressive features including lymphovascular invasion, histological grade III, low ER expression and the TN phenotype. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that IGF1R overexpression was associated with shorter overall and specific survivals and shorter DFI in TN-CMC. CONCLUSIONS IGF1R overexpression is common and related to a poor outcome in canine invasive mammary carcinoma, particularly in the triple negative subtype, as in human breast cancer. Preclinical studies using the Dog as a spontaneous animal model could be considered to investigate new therapies targeting IGF1R in triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Jaillardon
- Oniris, Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans, Department of Human Health, Biomedical Research and Animal Models, AMaROC Unit and LDHvet laboratory, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, Nantes, F-44307, France.
| | - Jérome Abadie
- Oniris, Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans, Department of Human Health, Biomedical Research and Animal Models, AMaROC Unit and LDHvet laboratory, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, Nantes, F-44307, France.
| | - Tiffanie Godard
- Oniris, Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans, Department of Human Health, Biomedical Research and Animal Models, AMaROC Unit and LDHvet laboratory, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, Nantes, F-44307, France.
| | - Mario Campone
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Boulevard Jacques Monod Saint Herblain-Nantes cedex, Centre de Recherche du Cancer Nantes-Angers, UMR-INSERM U892/CNRS 6299, Nantes, F-44805, France.
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- Hopital G&R Laënnec, Boulevard Jacques Monod, Saint Herblain-Nantes cedex, Nantes, F-44093, France.
| | - Brigitte Siliart
- Oniris, Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans, Department of Human Health, Biomedical Research and Animal Models, AMaROC Unit and LDHvet laboratory, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, Nantes, F-44307, France.
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- Oniris, Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans, Department of Human Health, Biomedical Research and Animal Models, AMaROC Unit and LDHvet laboratory, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, Nantes, F-44307, France.
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65
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Achanta S, Sewell A, Ritchey JW, Broaddus K, Bourne DWA, Clarke CR, Maxwell LK. Anatomical and physiological basis for the allometric scaling of cisplatin clearance in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:224-36. [PMID: 26440900 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-containing cytotoxic drug indicated for the treatment of solid tumors in veterinary and human patients. Several of the algorithms used to standardize the doses of cytotoxic drugs utilize allometry, or the nonproportional relationships between anatomical and physiological variables, but the underlying basis for these relationships is poorly understood. The objective of this proof of concept study was to determine whether allometric equations explain the relationships between body weight, kidney weight, renal physiology, and clearance of a model, renally cleared anticancer agent in dogs. Postmortem body, kidney, and heart weights were collected from 364 dogs (127 juveniles and 237 adults, including 51 dogs ≥ 8 years of age). Renal physiological and cisplatin pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in ten intact male dogs including two juvenile and eight adult dogs (4-55 kg). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow, effective renal blood flow, renal cisplatin clearance, and total cisplatin clearance were allometrically related to body weight with powers of 0.75, 0.59, 0.61, 0.71, and 0.70, respectively. The similar values of these diverse mass exponents suggest a common underlying basis for the allometry of kidney size, renal physiology, and renal drug handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Achanta
- Departments of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - A Sewell
- Departments of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - J W Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - K Broaddus
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - D W A Bourne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - C R Clarke
- Departments of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - L K Maxwell
- Departments of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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66
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Leporini C, Ammendola M, Marech I, Sammarco G, Sacco R, Gadaleta CD, Oakley C, Russo E, De Sarro G, Ranieri G. Targeting mast cells in gastric cancer with special reference to bone metastases. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10493-10501. [PMID: 26457010 PMCID: PMC4588072 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i37.10493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases from gastric cancer (GC) are considered a relatively uncommon finding; however, they are related to poorer prognosis. Both primary GC and its metastatic progression rely on angiogenesis. Several lines of evidence from GC patients strongly support the involvement of mast cells (MCs) positive to tryptase (MCPT) in primary gastric tumor angiogenesis. Recently, we analyzed infiltrating MCs and neovascularization in bone tissue metastases from primary GC patients, and observed a significant correlation between infiltrating MCPT and angiogenesis. Such a finding suggested the involvement of peritumoral MCPT by infiltrating surrounding tumor cells, and in bone metastasis angiogenesis from primary GC. Thus, an MCPT-stimulated angiogenic process could support the development of metastases in bone tissue. From this perspective, we aim to review the hypothetical involvement of tumor-infiltrating, peritumoral MCPT in angiogenesis-mediated GC cell growth in the bone microenvironment and in tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. We also focus on the potential use of MCPT targeting agents, such as MCs tryptase inhibitors (gabexate mesylate, nafamostat mesylate) or c-KitR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, masitinib), as possible new anti-angiogenic and anti-resorptive strategies for the treatment of GC patients affected by bone metastases.
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67
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Scott MC, Sarver AL, Tomiyasu H, Cornax I, Van Etten J, Varshney J, O'Sullivan MG, Subramanian S, Modiano JF. Aberrant Retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F Transcriptional Regulation Defines Molecular Phenotypes of Osteosarcoma. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28070-28083. [PMID: 26378234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified two distinct molecular subtypes of osteosarcoma through gene expression profiling. These subtypes are associated with distinct tumor behavior and clinical outcomes. Here, we describe mechanisms that give rise to these molecular subtypes. Using bioinformatic analyses, we identified a significant association between deregulation of the retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F pathway and the molecular subtype with worse clinical outcomes. Xenotransplantation models recapitulated the corresponding behavior for each osteosarcoma subtype; thus, we used cell lines to validate the role of the RB-E2F pathway in regulating the prognostic gene signature. Ectopic RB resets the patterns of E2F regulated gene expression in cells derived from tumors with worse clinical outcomes (molecular phenotype 2) to those comparable with those observed in cells derived from tumors with less aggressive outcomes (molecular phenotype 1), providing a functional association between RB-E2F dysfunction and altered gene expression in osteosarcoma. DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors similarly reset the transcriptional state of the molecular phenotype 2 cells from a state associated with RB deficiency to one seen with RB sufficiency. Our data indicate that deregulation of RB-E2F pathway alters the epigenetic landscape and biological behavior of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milcah C Scott
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center
| | - Ingrid Cornax
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Veterinary Population Medicine
| | - Jamie Van Etten
- Masonic Cancer Center; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine
| | - Jyotika Varshney
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Veterinary Population Medicine
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center; Stem Cell Institute; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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68
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Autio KPM, Ruotsalainen JJ, Anttila MO, Niittykoski M, Waris M, Hemminki A, Vähä-Koskela MJV, Hinkkanen AE. Attenuated Semliki Forest virus for cancer treatment in dogs: safety assessment in two laboratory Beagles. BMC Vet Res 2015. [PMID: 26215394 PMCID: PMC4515883 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs suffer from spontaneous tumors which may be amenable to therapies developed for human cancer patients, and dogs may serve as large-animal cancer models. A non-pathogenic Semliki Forest virus vector VA7-EGFP previously showed promise in targeting human tumor xenografts in mice, but the oncolytic capacity of the virus in canine cancer cells and the safety of the virus in higher mammals such as dogs, are not known. We therefore assessed the oncolytic potency of VA7-EGFP against canine cancer cells by infectivity and viability assays in two dog solid tumor cell lines. Furthermore we performed a 3-week safety study in two adult Beagles which received a single intravenous injection of ~2 × 105 plaque forming units of parental A7(74) strain. Results VA7-EGFP was able to replicate in and kill both canine cancer cell lines tested. No adverse events were observed in either of the two virus-injected adult Beagles and no infective virus could be recovered from any of the biological samples collected over the course of the study. Neutralizing antibodies to Semliki Forest virus became detectable in the dogs at 5 days post infection and remained elevated until study termination. Conclusions Based on these results, testing of the oncolytic potential of attenuated Semliki Forest virus in canine cancer patients appears feasible. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0498-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina P M Autio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Janne J Ruotsalainen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Marjukka O Anttila
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Pathology Unit, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna Niittykoski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Matti Waris
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Ari E Hinkkanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Tierny D, Serres F, Segaoula Z, Bemelmans I, Bouchaert E, Pétain A, Brel V, Couffin S, Marchal T, Nguyen L, Thuru X, Ferré P, Guilbaud N, Gomes B. Phase I Clinical Pharmacology Study of F14512, a New Polyamine-Vectorized Anticancer Drug, in Naturally Occurring Canine Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5314-23. [PMID: 26169968 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE F14512 is a new topoisomerase II inhibitor containing a spermine moiety that facilitates selective uptake by tumor cells and increases topoisomerase II poisoning. F14512 is currently in a phase I/II clinical trial in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The aim of this study was to investigate F14512 potential in a new clinical indication. Because of the many similarities between human and dog lymphomas, we sought to determine the tolerance, efficacy, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of F14512 in this indication, and potential biomarkers that could be translated into human trials. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-three dogs with stage III-IV naturally occurring lymphomas were enrolled in the phase I dose-escalation trial, which consisted of three cycles of F14512 i.v. injections. Endpoints included safety and therapeutic efficacy. Serial blood samples and tumor biopsies were obtained for PK/PD and biomarker studies. RESULTS Five dose levels were evaluated to determine the recommended dose. F14512 was well tolerated, with the expected dose-dependent hematologic toxicity. F14512 induced an early decrease of tumoral lymph node cells, and a high response rate of 91% (21/23) with 10 complete responses, 11 partial responses, 1 stable disease, and 1 progressive disease. Phosphorylation of histone H2AX was studied as a potential PD biomarker of F14512. CONCLUSIONS This trial demonstrated that F14512 can be safely administered to dogs with lymphoma resulting in strong therapeutic efficacy. Additional evaluation of F14512 is needed to compare its efficacy with standards of care in dogs, and to translate biomarker and efficacy findings into clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Tierny
- Oncovet Clinical Research, SIRIC ONCOLille, Avenue Paul Langevin, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - François Serres
- Oncovet Clinical Research, SIRIC ONCOLille, Avenue Paul Langevin, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Zacharie Segaoula
- Oncovet Clinical Research, SIRIC ONCOLille, Avenue Paul Langevin, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. Inserm, UMR-S1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France. Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ingrid Bemelmans
- Oncovet Clinical Research, SIRIC ONCOLille, Avenue Paul Langevin, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Emmanuel Bouchaert
- Oncovet Clinical Research, SIRIC ONCOLille, Avenue Paul Langevin, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Aurélie Pétain
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Oncology Pharmacokinetics, Toulouse, France
| | - Viviane Brel
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Experimental Oncology Research Center, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Couffin
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Pharmacokinetics, Bel Air de Campans, Castres, France
| | - Thierry Marchal
- UPSP 2011-03-101, Interaction Cellules Environnement, Campus Vétérinaire de VetAgro-Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Oncology Pharmacokinetics, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Inserm, UMR-S1172, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France. Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Ferré
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Oncology Pharmacokinetics, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Guilbaud
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Experimental Oncology Research Center, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Gomes
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Experimental Oncology Research Center, Toulouse, France.
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The Role of Mast Cell Specific Chymases and Tryptases in Tumor Angiogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:142359. [PMID: 26146612 PMCID: PMC4471246 DOI: 10.1155/2015/142359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An association between mast cells and tumor angiogenesis is known to exist, but the exact role that mast cells play in this process is still unclear. It is thought that the mediators released by mast cells are important in neovascularization. However, it is not known how individual mediators are involved in this process. The major constituents of mast cell secretory granules are the mast cell specific proteases chymase, tryptase, and carboxypeptidase A3. Several previous studies aimed to understand the way in which specific mast cell granule constituents act to induce tumor angiogenesis. A body of evidence indicates that mast cell proteases are the pivotal players in inducing tumor angiogenesis. In this review, the likely mechanisms by which tryptase and chymase can act directly or indirectly to induce tumor angiogenesis are discussed. Finally, information presented here in this review indicates that mast cell proteases significantly influence angiogenesis thus affecting tumor growth and progression. This also suggests that these proteases could serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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71
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Gene Electrotransfer of Canine Interleukin 12 into Canine Melanoma Cell Lines. J Membr Biol 2015; 248:909-17. [PMID: 25840833 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A gene electrotransfer (GET) of interleukin 12 (IL-12) had already given good results when treating tumors in human and veterinary clinical trials. So far, plasmids used in veterinary clinical studies encoded a human or a feline IL-12 and an ampicillin resistance gene, which is not recommended by the regulatory agencies to be used in clinical trials. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to construct the plasmid encoding a canine IL-12 with kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene that could be used in veterinary clinical oncology. The validation of the newly constructed plasmid was carried out on canine malignant melanoma cells, which have not been used in GET studies so far, and on human malignant melanoma cells. Canine and human malignant melanoma cell lines were transfected with plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescence protein at different pulse parameter conditions to determine the transfection efficiency and cell survival. The IL-12 expression of the most suitable conditions for GET of the plasmid encoding canine IL-12 was determined at mRNA level by the qRT-PCR and at protein level with the ELISpot assay. The obtained results showed that the newly constructed plasmid encoding canine IL-12 had similar or even higher expression capacity than the plasmid encoding human IL-12. Therefore, it represents a promising therapeutic plasmid for further IL-12 gene therapy in clinical studies for spontaneous canine tumors. Additionally, it also meets the main regulatory agencies' (FDA and EMA) criteria.
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72
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Decker B, Parker HG, Dhawan D, Kwon EM, Karlins E, Davis BW, Ramos-Vara JA, Bonney PL, McNiel EA, Knapp DW, Ostrander EA. Homologous Mutation to Human BRAF V600E Is Common in Naturally Occurring Canine Bladder Cancer--Evidence for a Relevant Model System and Urine-Based Diagnostic Test. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:993-1002. [PMID: 25767210 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Targeted cancer therapies offer great clinical promise, but treatment resistance is common, and basic research aimed at overcoming this challenge is limited by reduced genomic and biologic complexity in artificially induced rodent tumors compared with their human counterparts. Animal models that more faithfully recapitulate genotype-specific human pathology could improve the predictive value of these investigations. Here, a newly identified animal model for oncogenic BRAF-driven cancers is described. With 20,000 new cases in the United States each year, canine invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (InvTCC) is a common, naturally occurring malignancy that shares significant histologic, biologic, and clinical phenotypes with human muscle invasive bladder cancer. In order to identify somatic drivers of canine InvTCC, the complete transcriptome for multiple tumors was determined by RNAseq. All tumors harbored a somatic mutation that is homologous to the human BRAF(V600E) mutation, and an identical mutation was present in 87% of 62 additional canine InvTCC tumors. The mutation was also detectable in the urine sediments of all dogs tested with mutation-positive tumors. Functional experiments suggest that, like human tumors, canine activating BRAF mutations potently stimulate the MAPK pathway. Cell lines with the mutation have elevated levels of phosphorylated MEK, compared with a line with wild-type BRAF. This effect can be diminished through application of the BRAF(V600E) inhibitor vemurafenib. These findings set the stage for canine InvTCC as a powerful system to evaluate BRAF-targeted therapies, as well as therapies designed to overcome resistance, which could enhance treatment of both human and canine cancers IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates the activating BRAF mutation (V600E), which is found in multiple human cancers, is a driver of canine InvTCC, and highlights a urine-based test for quick diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Decker
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi G Parker
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Purdue Comparative Oncology Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Erika M Kwon
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric Karlins
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian W Davis
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - José A Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Patty L Bonney
- Purdue Comparative Oncology Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Elizabeth A McNiel
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Purdue Comparative Oncology Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Grüntzig K, Graf R, Hässig M, Welle M, Meier D, Lott G, Erni D, Schenker N, Guscetti F, Boo G, Axhausen K, Fabrikant S, Folkers G, Pospischil A. The Swiss Canine Cancer Registry: A Retrospective Study on the Occurrence of Tumours in Dogs in Switzerland from 1955 to 2008. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:161-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Riccardo F, Aurisicchio L, Impellizeri JA, Cavallo F. The importance of comparative oncology in translational medicine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:137-48. [PMID: 25548094 PMCID: PMC11029667 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human cancer is so complex that in vivo preclinical models are needed if effective therapies are to be developed. Naturally occurring cancers in companion animals are therefore a great resource, as shown by the remarkable growth that comparative oncology has seen over the last 30 years. Cancer has become a leading cause of death in companion animals now that more pets are living long enough to develop the disease. Furthermore, more owners are seeking advanced and novel therapies for their pets as they are very much considered family members. Living in the same environments, pets and humans are often afflicted by the same types of cancer which show similar behavior and, in some species, express the same antigen molecules. The treatment of pet tumors using novel therapies is of compelling translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
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75
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Henry CJ. Unleashing the power of comparative oncology models in nanomedicine research. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2014-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe pathway from discovery of novel candidate drugs, including nanomedicine compounds, to FDA approval is lengthy and may be difficult to navigate. Oftentimes, investigational drugs are appropriately abandoned early in the development pathway due to preclinical failure. Other novel compounds may look quite promising in rodent models and preclinical trials, but prove disappointing when tested in human patients. In fact, only 5% of drugs entering Phase I human cancer clinical trials in the US are ultimately approved. Given the enormous cost, in terms of both financial investment and delay in progress toward improved patient outcome, there is a critical need for a more reliable and efficient process. One solution may be to improve translatability of our preclinical data by including trials in cancer-bearing pet dogs in the drug development pathway.
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76
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Malhaire H, Lagarce F. Is the translational approach becoming a reality in nanomedicine? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2014-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper summarizes the key points discussed at the international conference held in Angers (France) on translational nanomedicine. During 3 days, more than 150 attendees presented their works and discussed through plenary sessions on how to translate to the clinics the discoveries found at lab scale. The importance of interdisciplinary works has been emphasized. New promising strategies inspired by biology were presented, such as bacteriophage associated silicon particles (BASP) in cancer therapy. Green nanotechnology, which limits the use of potentially toxic excipients to the benefit of natural compounds, is growing. Although there are various financial helps for the research and the training of next generations of researchers, the difficulties to find funding to go to the clinics has been illustrated by the squalene-conjugated nanoparticles that find no industrial support. Large-scale production of nanomedicines is also challenging to implement and pharmaceutical companies are developing new large-scale production tools to reach the patient bedside. Last but not least, regulation requirements and patenting have been forced to evolve and adapt to these particular vectors. As a conclusion, transversal collaborative research and a design of nanomedicine based on simplicity are two important levers to help these promising drugs to reach the patient.
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77
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Forster GM, Brown DG, Dooley GP, Page RL, Ryan EP. Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in urine of healthy adult companion dogs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14677-14685. [PMID: 25365583 DOI: 10.1021/es503764s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the background exposures to pesticides as detected in urine from 21 healthy companion dogs in Northern Colorado. A panel of 301 pesticides was used to screen urine samples collected from dogs using an established ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) platform. Canine food intakes were controlled for one month on diets that were also screened for pesticide contents. Fifteen distinct pesticides were detected in urine. The most frequently detected compounds in canine urine samples collected over a 1 month period were atrazine, fuberidazole, imidacloprid, terbumeton, and clopyralid. Fuberidazole was the only pesticide detected in both the diets and urine. Companion dogs develop many similar chronic diseases as humans and represent a relevant model for biomonitoring combinations of environmental pesticide exposures, as well as for evaluating the potential relationships between environmental exposures and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Forster
- Department of Clinical Sciences and ‡Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1680, United States
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Autio K, Knuuttila A, Kipar A, Pesonen S, Guse K, Parviainen S, Rajamäki M, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O, Vähä-Koskela M, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Safety and biodistribution of a double-deleted oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding CD40 ligand in laboratory Beagles. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2014; 1:14002. [PMID: 27119092 PMCID: PMC4782937 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated adverse events, biodistribution and shedding of oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding CD40 ligand in two Beagles, in preparation for a phase 1 trial in canine cancer patients. Dog 1 received one dose of vaccinia virus and was euthanized 24 hours afterwards, while dog 2 received virus four times once weekly and was euthanized 7 days after that. Dogs were monitored for adverse events and underwent a detailed postmortem examination. Blood, saliva, urine, feces, and organs were collected for virus detection. Dog 1 had mild fever and lethargy while dog 2 experienced a possible seizure 5.5 hours after first virus administration. Viral DNA declined quickly in the blood after virus administration in both dogs but was still detectable 1 week later by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Only samples taken directly after virus infusion contained infectious virus. Small amounts of viral DNA, but no infectious virus, were detected in a few saliva and urine samples. Necropsies did not reveal any relevant pathological changes and virus DNA was detected mainly in the spleen. The dogs in the study did not have cancer, and thus adverse events could be more common and viral load higher in dogs with tumors which allow viral amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Autio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Knuuttila
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Pesonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kilian Guse
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Parviainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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79
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Clinical trials of immunogene therapy for spontaneous tumors in companion animals. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:718520. [PMID: 25506617 PMCID: PMC4251357 DOI: 10.1155/2014/718520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the important progress obtained in the treatment of some pets' malignancies, new treatments need to be developed. Being critical in cancer control and progression, the immune system's appropriate modulation may provide effective therapeutic options. In this review we summarize the outcomes of published immunogene therapy veterinary clinical trials reported by many research centers. A variety of tumors such as canine melanoma, soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcoma and lymphoma, feline fibrosarcoma, and equine melanoma were subjected to different treatment approaches. Both viral and mainly nonviral vectors were used to deliver gene products as cytokines, xenogeneic tumor associated antigens, specific ligands, and proapoptotic regulatory factors. In some cases autologous, allogenic, or xenogeneic transgenic cytokine producing cells were assayed. In general terms, minor or no adverse collateral effects appeared during this kind of therapies and treated patients usually displayed a better course of the disease (longer survival, delayed or suppressed recurrence or metastatic spread, and improvement of the quality of life). This suggests the utility of these methodologies as standard adjuvant treatments. The encouraging outcomes obtained in companion animals support their ready application in veterinary clinical oncology and serve as preclinical proof of concept and safety assay for future human gene therapy trials.
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80
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Autio K, Knuuttila A, Kipar A, Ahonen M, Parviainen S, Diaconu I, Kanerva A, Hakonen T, Vähä-Koskela M, Hemminki A. Anti-tumour activity of oncolytic Western Reserve vaccinia viruses in canine tumour cell lines, xenografts, and fresh tumour biopsies. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:395-408. [PMID: 25302859 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common reasons for death in dogs. One promising approach is oncolytic virotherapy. We assessed the oncolytic effect of genetically modified vaccinia viruses in canine cancer cells, in freshly excised tumour biopsies, and in mice harbouring canine tumour xenografts. Tumour transduction efficacy was assessed using virus expressing luciferase or fluorescent marker genes and oncolysis was quantified by a colorimetric cell viability assay. Oncolytic efficacy in vivo was evaluated in a nude mouse xenograft model. Vaccinia virus was shown to infect most tested canine cancer cell lines and primary surgical tumour tissues. Virus infection significantly reduced tumour growth in the xenograft model. Oncolytic vaccinia virus has antitumour effects against canine cancer cells and experimental tumours and is able to replicate in freshly excised patient tumour tissue. Our results suggest that oncolytic vaccinia virus may offer an effective treatment option for otherwise incurable canine tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Autio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Knuuttila
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kipar
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Ahonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Parviainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Diaconu
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Hakonen
- Oncos Therapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
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81
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Caliari D, Zappulli V, Rasotto R, Cardazzo B, Frassineti F, Goldschmidt MH, Castagnaro M. Triple-negative vimentin-positive heterogeneous feline mammary carcinomas as a potential comparative model for breast cancer. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:185. [PMID: 25249140 PMCID: PMC4180584 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease classified by molecular subtyping into luminal A, luminal B, HER2-overexpressing, basal-like, claudin-low and normal-breast like. The routinely applied and standardized immunohistochemical-based surrogates of this classification group together the last three entities as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBCs) that show the most diverse and complex heterogeneity and represent a therapeutic challenge. In the present work 156 feline mammary lesions consisting of feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs), benign neoplasms, and hyperplastic/dysplastic tissues were evaluated histologically and by immunohistochemistry for expression of basal and luminal cytokeratins (CK), vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, calponin, estrogen receptor (ER) alpha (a), and progesterone receptor (PR). Thirty-seven FMCs with 27 matched non-neoplastic controls were also investigated for gene expression of ERa, ER beta, PR, and HER2. RESULTS A large group of hormone receptors (HRs)-negative aggressive carcinomas - that did not overexpress HER2 - could be distinguished from the less aggressive (10.8%) and benign (8%) HRs + tumors, that showed bilineage (luminal and myoepithelial) differentiation. Immunohistochemical evaluations of cytoplasmic filaments indicated that HRs- FMCs are vimentin+, CK14+, and CK5_6+ carcinomas that may resemble the TNBCs (basal like/claudin low) described in women. The identification of luminal and myoepithelial progenitors within the mammary ductal system suggested potential cells/sites of origin of these tumors. A diffuse and never previously described CKs/vimentin luminal cell co-expression was detected in the non-neoplastic ducts, indicating a potential bilineage progenitor. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate and potentially explain the high incidence of triple-negative, vimentin + aggressive tumors in cats that may used to elucidate some of the challenging features of TNBCs in women.
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82
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Ammendola M, Leporini C, Marech I, Gadaleta CD, Scognamillo G, Sacco R, Sammarco G, De Sarro G, Russo E, Ranieri G. Targeting mast cells tryptase in tumor microenvironment: a potential antiangiogenetic strategy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:154702. [PMID: 25295247 PMCID: PMC4177740 DOI: 10.1155/2014/154702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex process finely regulated by the balance between angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors. As a result of proangiogenic factors overexpression, it plays a crucial role in cancer development. Although initially mast cells (MCs) role has been defined in hypersensitivity reactions and in immunity, it has been discovered that MCs have a crucial interplay on the regulatory function between inflammatory and tumor cells through the release of classical proangiogenic factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor) and nonclassical proangiogenic mediators granule-associated (mainly tryptase). In fact, in several animal and human malignancies, MCs density is highly correlated with tumor angiogenesis. In particular, tryptase, an agonist of the proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), represents one of the most powerful angiogenic mediators released by human MCs after c-Kit receptor activation. This protease, acting on PAR-2 by its proteolytic activity, has angiogenic activity stimulating both human vascular endothelial and tumor cell proliferation in paracrine manner, helping tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Based on literature data it is shown that tryptase may represent a promising target in cancer treatment due to its proangiogenic activity. Here we focused on molecular mechanisms of three tryptase inhibitors (gabexate mesylate, nafamostat mesylate, and tranilast) in order to consider their prospective role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II,” Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II,” Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scognamillo
- Radiotherapy Unit, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II,” Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II,” Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
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83
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Pinheiro D, Chang YM, Bryant H, Szladovits B, Dalessandri T, Davison LJ, Yallop E, Mills E, Leo C, Lara A, Stell A, Polton G, Garden OA. Dissecting the regulatory microenvironment of a large animal model of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: evidence of a negative prognostic impact of FOXP3+ T cells in canine B cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105027. [PMID: 25119018 PMCID: PMC4132014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer microenvironment plays a pivotal role in oncogenesis, containing a number of regulatory cells that attenuate the anti-neoplastic immune response. While the negative prognostic impact of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the context of most solid tissue tumors is well established, their role in lymphoid malignancies remains unclear. T cells expressing FOXP3 and Helios were documented in the fine needle aspirates of affected lymph nodes of dogs with spontaneous multicentric B cell lymphoma (BCL), proposed to be a model for human non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Multivariable analysis revealed that the frequency of lymph node FOXP3+ T cells was an independent negative prognostic factor, impacting both progression-free survival (hazard ratio 1.10; p = 0.01) and overall survival (hazard ratio 1.61; p = 0.01) when comparing dogs showing higher than the median FOXP3 expression with those showing the median value of FOXP3 expression or less. Taken together, these data suggest the existence of a population of Tregs operational in canine multicentric BCL that resembles thymic Tregs, which we speculate are co-opted by the tumor from the periphery. We suggest that canine multicentric BCL represents a robust large animal model of human diffuse large BCL, showing clinical, cytological and immunophenotypic similarities with the disease in man, allowing comparative studies of immunoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dammy Pinheiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Immune Regulation Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Office, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Bryant
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Immune Regulation Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Balazs Szladovits
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Dalessandri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Immune Regulation Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J. Davison
- Henry Wellcome Building, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Yallop
- Clinical Investigation Centre, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Mills
- Clinical Investigation Centre, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Leo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Lara
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anneliese Stell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Polton
- Oncology Service, North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A. Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Immune Regulation Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Tumor immunology and immunotherapy is one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. The immune system is divided into 2 primary components: the innate immune response and the highly specific, but more slowly developing, adaptive or acquired immune response. Immune responses are separated by whether they are induced by exposure to a foreign antigen (active response) or transferred through serum or lymphocytes from an immunized individual (passive response). The ideal cancer immunotherapy agent should discriminate between cancer and normal cells (specificity), be potent enough to kill small or large numbers of tumor cells (sensitivity), and prevent recurrence of a tumor (durability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA, 546 Bedford Road, Bedford Hills, New York, NY 10507, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Marech I, Ammendola M, Gadaleta C, Zizzo N, Oakley C, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. Possible biological and translational significance of mast cells density in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8910-8920. [PMID: 25083063 PMCID: PMC4112891 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), located ubiquitously near blood vessels, are descended from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Initially, although their role has been well defined in hypersensitivity reactions, the discovery of their sharing in both innate and adaptive immunity has allowed to redefine their crucial interplay on the regulatory function between inflammatory and tumor cells through the release of mediators granule-associated (mainly tryptase and vascular endothelial growth factor). In particular, in several animal and human malignancies it has been well demonstrated that activated c-Kit receptor (c-KitR) and tryptase (an agonist of the proteinase-activated receptor-2) take pivotal part in tumor angiogenesis after the MCs activation, contributing to tumor cells invasion and metastasis. In this review, we focused on crucial MCs density (MCD) role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression angiogenesis-mediated; then, we will analyze the principal studies that have focused on MCD as possible prognostic factor. Finally, we will consider a possible role of MCD as novel therapeutic target mainly by c-KitR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, masitinib) and tryptase inhibitors (gabexate and nafamostat mesylate) with the aim to prevent CRC progression.
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Abstract
Although most modern dog breeds are less than 200 years old, the symbiosis between man and dog is ancient. Since prehistoric times, repeated selection events have transformed the wolf into man's guardians, laborers, athletes, and companions. The rapid transformation from pack predator to loyal companion is a feat that is arguably unique among domesticated animals. How this transformation came to pass remained a biological mystery until recently: Within the past decade, the deployment of genomic approaches to study population structure, detect signatures of selection, and identify genetic variants that underlie canine phenotypes is ushering into focus novel biological mechanisms that make dogs remarkable. Ironically, the very practices responsible for breed formation also spurned morbidity; today, many diseases are correlated with breed identity. In this review, we discuss man's best friend in the context of a genetic model to understand paradigms of heritable phenotypes, both desirable and disadvantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Schoenebeck
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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87
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Alvarez CE. Naturally Occurring Cancers in Dogs: Insights for Translational Genetics and Medicine. ILAR J 2014; 55:16-45. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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88
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Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Donato G, Montemurro S, Ruggieri E, Patruno R, Marech I, Cariello M, Vacca A, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. Correlation between serum tryptase, mast cells positive to tryptase and microvascular density in colo-rectal cancer patients: possible biological-clinical significance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99512. [PMID: 24915568 PMCID: PMC4051753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tryptase is a serin protease stored and released from mast cells (MCs) that plays a role in tumour angiogenesis. In this study we aimed to evaluate serum tryptase levels in colo-rectal cancer (CRC) patients before (STLBS) and after (STLAS) radical surgical resection. We also evaluated mast cell density positive to tryptase (MCDPT) and microvascular density (MVD) in primary tumour tissue. Methods A series of 61 patients with stage B and C CRC (according to the Astler and Coller staging system) were selected. Serum blood samples were collected from patients one day before and one day after surgery. Tryptase levels were measured using the UniCAP Tryptase Fluoroenzymeimmunoassay (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). Tumour sections were immunostained with a primary anti-tryptase antibody (clone AA1; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and an anti CD-34 antibody (QB-END 10; Bio-Optica Milan, Italy) by means of immunohistochemistry and then evaluated by image analysis methods. Results The mean ± s.d. STLBS and STLAS was 5.63±2.61 µg/L, and 3.39±1.47 µg/L respectively and a significant difference between mean levels was found: p = 0.000 by t-test. The mean ± s.d. of MCDPT and MVD was 8.13±3.28 and 29.16±7.39 respectively. A strong correlation between STLBS and MVD (r = 0.83, p = 0.000); STLBS and MCDPT (r = 0.60, p = 0.003); and MCDPT and MVD (r = 0.73; p = 0.001) was found. Conclusion Results demonstrated higher STLBS in CRC patients, indicating an involvement of MC tryptase in CRC angiogenesis. Data also indicated lower STLAS, suggesting the release of tryptase from tumour-infiltrating MCs. Serum tryptase levels may therefore play a role as a novel bio-marker predictive of response to radical surgery. In this context tryptase inhibitors such as Gabexate and Nafamostat Mesilate might be evaluated in adjuvant clinical trials as a new anti-angiogenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
- Surgery Unit, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Pathology Unit, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia” Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Severino Montemurro
- Surgery Unit, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Eustachio Ruggieri
- Surgery Unit, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Marech
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Cariello
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology Clinica Medica “G. Baccelli”, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Miller I, Preßlmayer-Hartler A, Wait R, Hummel K, Sensi C, Eberini I, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Gianazza E. In between — Proteomics of dog biological fluids. J Proteomics 2014; 106:30-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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90
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c-Kit expression, angiogenesis, and grading in canine mast cell tumour: a unique model to study c-Kit driven human malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:730246. [PMID: 24900982 PMCID: PMC4036613 DOI: 10.1155/2014/730246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumour (CMCT) is a c-Kit driven tumour sharing similar c-Kit aberrations found in human gastrointestinal stromal tumour. CMCT is classified into three forms: well- (G1), intermediately (G2) (more benign diseases), and poorly (G3) differentiated (malignant) forms. We assess a correlation between c-Kit status, grading, and angiogenesis in CMCTs to explore their potential significance in humans. C-Kit receptor (c-KitR) expression, microvascular density (MVD), and mast cell granulated and degranulated status density (MCGD and MCDD, resp.) were analyzed in 97 CMCTs, by means of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry double staining, and image analysis system. Data showed that predominantly diffuse cytoplasmic- and predominantly focal paranuclear- (Golgi-like) c-Kit protein (PDC-c-Kit and PFP-c-Kit, resp.) expression correlate with high MVD, G3 histopathological grade, and MCDD. Moreover, predominant cell membrane-c-KitR (PCM-c-KitR) expression status correlates with low MVD, G1-G2 histopathological grade, and MCGD. These findings underline the key role of c-Kit in the biopathology of canine MCTs, indicating a link between aberrant c-Kit expression, increased angiogenesis, and higher histopathological grade. CMCT seems to be a model to study contributions of c-Kit activated MCs in tumour angiogenesis and to evaluate the inhibition of MCs activation by means of c-Kit tyrosine kinase inhibitors, currently translated in humans.
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91
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Gavazza A, Lubas G, Fridman A, Peruzzi D, Impellizeri JA, Luberto L, Marra E, Roscilli G, Ciliberto G, Aurisicchio L. Safety and efficacy of a genetic vaccine targeting telomerase plus chemotherapy for the therapy of canine B-cell lymphoma. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:728-38. [PMID: 23902422 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Client-owned pet dogs represent exceptional translational models for advancement of cancer research because they reflect the complex heterogeneity observed in human cancer. We have recently shown that a genetic vaccine targeting dog telomerase reverse transcriptase (dTERT) and based on adenovirus DNA electro-gene-transfer (Ad/DNA-EGT) technology can induce strong cell-mediated immune responses against this tumor antigen and increase overall survival of dogs affected by B-cell lymphosarcoma (LSA) in comparison with historical controls when combined with a cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) chemotherapy regimen. Here, we have conducted a double-arm clinical trial with an extended number of LSA patients, measured the antigen-specific immune response, and evaluated potential toxic effects of the immunotherapy along with a follow-up of patients survival for 3.5 years. The immune response was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The expression of dTERT was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Changes in hematological parameters, local/systemic toxicity or organic dysfunction and fever were monitored over time during the treatment. dTERT-specific cell-mediated immune responses were induced in almost all treated animals. No adverse effects were observed in any dog patient that underwent treatment. The overall survival time of vaccine/COP-treated dogs was significantly increased over the COP-only cohort (>76.1 vs. 29.3 weeks, respectively, p<0.0001). There was a significant association between dTERT expression levels in LSA cells and overall survival among vaccinated patients. In conclusion, Ad/DNA-EGT-based cancer vaccine against dTERT in combination with COP chemotherapy is safe and significantly prolongs the survival of LSA canine patients. These data confirm the therapeutic efficacy of dTERT vaccine and support the evaluation of this approach for other cancer types as well as the translation of this approach to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gavazza
- University of Pisa, Department of Veterinary Sciences, San Piero a Grado 56122, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapies are important therapy options in human oncology. Although human humoral specific immunity is constituted of five different immunoglobulin classes, currently only IgG-based immunotherapies have proceeded to clinical application. This review, however, discusses the benefits and difficulties of IgE-based immunotherapy of cancer, with special emphasis on how to translate promising preclinical results into clinical studies. Pursuing the “Comparative Oncology” approach, novel drug candidates are investigated in clinical trials with veterinary cancer patients, most often dogs. By this strategy drug development could be speeded up, animal experiments could be reduced and novel therapy options could be introduced benefitting humans as well as man’s best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Singer
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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93
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Marech I, Patruno R, Zizzo N, Gadaleta C, Introna M, Zito AF, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. Masitinib (AB1010), from canine tumor model to human clinical development: where we are? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 91:98-111. [PMID: 24405856 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Masitinib mesylate (AB1010) is a novel potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, targeting mainly wild-type and mutated c-Kit receptor (c-KitR), Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor-alfa/beta (PDGFRa/ß), Lymphocyte-specific kinase (Lck), Lck/Yes-related protein (LYn), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK). It is the first anticancer therapy approved in veterinary medicine for the treatment of unresectable canine mast cell tumors (CMCTs), harboring activating c-KitR mutations, at dose of 12.5mg/kg once daily. Considering its anti-proliferative action, principally given by inhibiting the MCs c-KitR anti-angiogenic pathway that leads cancer progression, and its role as chemosensitizer, masitinib is under clinical investigation in several human malignancies (Gastro-Intestinal Stromal Tumors, acute myeloid leukemia, systemic mastocytosis, pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, ovarian and prostate cancer), which are characterized by similar canine c-KIT proto-oncogene mutations. Here, we analyze masitinib structure activity, its pharmacokinetics compared to imatinib, the c-KitR pathway referring to the most frequent c-KIT mutations sensitive or resistant to this novel drug compared to imatinib, and masitinib safety profile. We, also, explore preclinical and clinical (completed and ongoing) trials with the aim to emphasize as this recent anti-angiogenic therapy, at first approved in CMCTs and, currently in development for the treatment of several human neoplasms, could be represent a milestone in translational oncology, in which the murine experimental model of cancer research could be integrated by canine spontaneous tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Department of Prevention and Animal Health, ASL BAT, Barletta, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Gadaleta
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Introna
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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94
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Breed-specific hematological phenotypes in the dog: a natural resource for the genetic dissection of hematological parameters in a mammalian species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81288. [PMID: 24282579 PMCID: PMC3840015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkably little has been published on hematological phenotypes of the domestic dog, the most polymorphic species on the planet. Information on the signalment and complete blood cell count of all dogs with normal red and white blood cell parameters judged by existing reference intervals was extracted from a veterinary database. Normal hematological profiles were available for 6046 dogs, 5447 of which also had machine platelet concentrations within the reference interval. Seventy-five pure breeds plus a mixed breed control group were represented by 10 or more dogs. All measured parameters except mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) varied with age. Concentrations of white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils and platelets, but not red blood cell parameters, all varied with sex. Neutering status had an impact on hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCHC, and concentrations of WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets. Principal component analysis of hematological data revealed 37 pure breeds with distinctive phenotypes. Furthermore, all hematological parameters except MCHC showed significant differences between specific individual breeds and the mixed breed group. Twenty-nine breeds had distinctive phenotypes when assessed in this way, of which 19 had already been identified by principal component analysis. Tentative breed-specific reference intervals were generated for breeds with a distinctive phenotype identified by comparative analysis. This study represents the first large-scale analysis of hematological phenotypes in the dog and underlines the important potential of this species in the elucidation of genetic determinants of hematological traits, triangulating phenotype, breed and genetic predisposition.
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