51
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Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Texas bulls based on state-wide diagnostic laboratory data. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:450-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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52
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Jimenez D, Perez A, Carpenter T, Martinez A. Factors associated with infection by Campylobacter fetus in beef herds in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Prev Vet Med 2011; 101:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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53
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Vilela RC, Benchimol M. Interaction of Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus with keratin: an important role in parasite infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:701-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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54
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Ultrastructural features of Tritrichomonas mobilensis and comparison with Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:171-80. [PMID: 21664052 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas mobilensis is an intestinal parasite of squirrel monkeys. There are few reports concerning the morphological aspects of this parasite. In addition, the taxonomic relationship between T. mobilensis and Tritrichomonas foetus, a serious pathogen that causes bovine and feline trichomonosis, has been questioned. For this reason, in the present study, we examined and compared both tritrichomonads with regard to their morphology, ultrastructure, endocytic activity and cytotoxicity when in the presence of host cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated consistent morphological differences between the hydrogenosomes of both parasites. Moreover, T. mobilensis and T. foetus had striking differences in their endocytic behavior. Thus, this work provides additional data that support the hypothesis that T. mobilensis is a distinct species from T. foetus.
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55
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Alves T, Stynen A, Miranda K, Lage A. Campilobacteriose genital bovina e tricomonose genital bovina: epidemiologia, diagnóstico e controle. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A presente atualização trata de duas das mais importantes doenças sexualmente transmitidas de bovinos, a campilobacteriose genital bovina e a tricomonose genital bovina. São abordados aspectos relacionados à epidemiologia destas doenças, principalmente em relação a sua distribuição no Brasil. Também são revisados aspectos importantes de diagnóstico, incluindo as técnicas e interpretação dos resultados, além de medidas de controle para ambas as doenças.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.M. Alves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | - A.P. Lage
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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56
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Abstract
The incidences of reproductive disorders in bovine are increasing over years. This scenario is further aggravating due to more emphasis on selection and rearing of animal for specific commercial purposes which compromises livestock reproduction. Reproductive disorders like infertility and abortions in cattle are major problems in the bovine industry. The reproductive disorders might be caused by several different agents such as physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents, etc. Also, the causative agent and pathogenesis of reproductive disorders are influenced by various factors including environmental factor. The exact causes may not be evident and are often complicated with multiple causative agents. Thus, there is a need for multi-faceted approach to understand correlation of various factors with reproductive performance. Of the agents, infectious biological agents are significant cause of reproductive disorder and are of high priority in the bovine industry. These factors are not only related to the prosperity of bovine industry but are also important from public health point of view because of their zoonotic potentials. Several infectious agents like bacterial, viral, protozoon, chlamydial and fungal agents are known to have direct impact on reproductive health of cattle. These diseases can be arranged and discussed in different groups based on the causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, BK21 for Veterinary Science and KRF Priority Zoonotic Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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57
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Warnick AC, Hansen PJ. Comparison of ovulation, fertilization and embryonic survival in low-fertility beef cows compared to fertile females. Theriogenology 2010; 73:1306-10. [PMID: 20188406 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine physiological causes of low fertility in beef cows. Fertility was compared between low-fertility cows (34 British cows and 64 Brahman crossbred cows; cows that did not get pregnant when mated to fertile bulls in one or two previous breeding seasons); fertile cows (16 Brahman crossbreds; cows having a calf in several of the preceding breeding seasons), and virgin heifers (45 Brahman crossbreds, 2 yr of age). Females were mated to fertile bulls and killed 3 or 34 d after breeding to obtain reproductive tracts. There were no significant differences among groups in rates of ovulation or fertilization. Overall, 14% of females failed to ovulate and 24% that ovulated failed to undergo fertilization. The proportion of cows that were not detected in estrus before Day 34 of pregnancy was lower (P<0.01) for low-fertility British cows (5 of 16 cows, 31%) than for other groups, including low-fertility Brahman crossbred cows (23/32, 72%), fertile cows (8/9, 89%), and heifers (21/24, 88%). All cows that did not return to estrus by Day 34 had an identifiable conceptus. The proportion of conceptuses recovered at Day 34 that were classified as normal (weight and length) was lower (P<0.05) for cows with low fertility (British: 2/5, 40%; Brahman crossbred: 9/23, 39%) than for fertile cows (8/8, 100%) or heifers (18/21; 86%). Similarly, the proportion of cows in which a normal embryo was recovered (cows with normal embryos/number of cows mated) was lower (P<0.001) for low-fertility British cows (2/16, 13%) and low-fertility Brahman crossbred cows (9/32, 28%) than for fertile cows (8/9, 89%) and heifers (18/24, 75%). In conclusion, cows that were infertile in previous breeding seasons did not experience reduced ovulation or fertilization rates, but had greater embryonic mortality. These data highlighted the importance of ovulation and fertilization failure and embryonic mortality as important determinants of pregnancy success. Moreover, increased embryonic loss after Day 34 contributed to infertility in low-fertility cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Warnick
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
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58
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Huby-Chilton F, Scandrett BW, Chilton NB, Gajadhar AA. Detection and identification of Tetratrichomonas in a preputial wash from a bull by PCR and SSCP. Vet Parasitol 2009; 166:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Development of cpn60-based real-time quantitative PCR assays for the detection of 14 Campylobacter species and application to screening of canine fecal samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3055-61. [PMID: 19304828 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00101-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species are important organisms in both human and animal health. The identification of Campylobacter currently requires the growth of organisms from complex samples and biochemical identification. In many cases, the condition of the sample being tested and/or the fastidious nature of many Campylobacter species has limited the detection of campylobacters in a laboratory setting. To address this, we have designed a set of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays to detect and quantify 14 Campylobacter species, C. coli, C. concisus, C. curvus, C. fetus, C. gracilis, C. helveticus, C. hyointestinalis, C. jejuni, C. lari, C. mucosalis, C. rectus, C. showae, C. sputorum, and C. upsaliensis, directly from DNA extracted from feces. By use of a region of the cpn60 (also known as hsp60 or groEL) gene, which encodes the universally conserved 60-kDa chaperonin, species-specific assays were designed and validated. These assays were then employed to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species in fecal samples from dogs. Fecal samples were found to contain detectable and quantifiable levels of C. fetus, C. gracilis, C. helveticus, C. jejuni, C. showae, and C. upsaliensis, with the majority of samples containing multiple Campylobacter species. This study represents the first report of C. fetus, C. gracilis, C. mucosalis, and C. showae detection in dogs and implicates dogs as a reservoir for these species. The qPCR assays described offer investigators a new tool to study many Campylobacter species in a culture-independent manner.
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60
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Agnew DW, Corbeil LB, Munson L, Byrne BA, BonDurant RH. A pregnant mouse model for bovine Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:849-64. [PMID: 18984788 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-6-849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The economically important effects of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle are abortion and infertility, yet there has not been an animal model to examine the parasite-host interactions during gestation. In this study, 5- and 7- to 8-week-old BALB/cAnNCr, BALB/cJ, and SCID/NCr mice on a BALB/c background were intravaginally infected with T. foetus. All BALB/cAnNCr and BALB/cJ mice, and 89% of SCID/NCr mice sustained infections for 13 weeks, if inoculated before 5 weeks of age. Infection rates were lower in all mouse strains inoculated at 7 weeks of age, although BALB/cAnNCr mice were significantly more susceptible than BALB/cJ or SCID/NCr mice. Vaginal bacterial flora did not account for the variation in mouse-strain susceptibility, although coagulase-negative staphylococci in vaginal flora were associated with failure of T. foetus to infect. As with infected cattle, T. foetus-specific vaginal immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA antibodies were elevated after infection. The number and viability of day-10 fetuses were reduced in mice infected at 5 weeks of age and bred 12 weeks after infection. Lesions in pregnant and nonpregnant infected mice, including suppurative and eosinophilic vaginitis; cervicitis; endometritis with distension of the uterine lumen; endometrial ulceration; and glandular ectasia, with neutrophils in the glandular lumen and loss of gland epithelium, were similar to those in cattle. The decidua and placenta were multifocally necrotic. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated trichomonads in vaginal folds and uterine glands, and adjacent to fetal tissues. In summary, experimentally infected BALB/cAnNCr mice showed many pathologic similarities to cattle and may serve as a model to study host-trichomonad interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Agnew
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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61
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Kennedy JA, Pearl D, Tomky L, Carman J. Pooled polymerase chain reaction to detect Tritrichomonas foetus in beef bulls. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:97-9. [PMID: 18182520 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preputial scraping samples from 305 mixed breed beef bulls were examined for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus infection. All samples were collected by veterinarians and transported in commercial media to an accredited lab. Upon arrival samples underwent microscopic examination for the presence of Tritrichomonas foetus and were then incubated until 5 days postcollection before final microscopic examination. Culture detected 14 samples with Trichomonad spp.; all were confirmed to be Tritrichomonas foetus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After final examination samples were randomly placed in groups of 5 samples; technicians were blinded as to culture results of the individual samples constituting each pool. From each sample within a group, a portion of the fluid sediment was removed and pooled with the other samples of the group to form 61 pools. From each of the formed pools an aliquot was removed for PCR. PCR detected 16 positive pools; an additional 2 positive samples were then identified on individual PCR on samples previously diagnosed as culture negative. Relative to culture, the 95% confidence intervals for sensitivity and specificity of PCR pools to detect Tritrichomonas foetus were 76.8% to 100% (mean value: 100%) and 85.5 to 99.5% (mean value: 93.4%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Kennedy
- Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Rocky Ford Branch, 27847 Road 21, Rocky Ford, CO 81067, USA.
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62
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Petrópolis DB, Fernandes Rodrigues JC, da Rocha-Azevedo B, Silva-Filho FCE. The binding of Tritrichomonas foetus to immobilized laminin-1 and its role in the cytotoxicity exerted by the parasite. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:2283-2290. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/015941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno da Rocha-Azevedo
- UFRJ – Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS – Bloco G, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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63
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64
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Corbeil LB, Campero CM, Van Hoosear K, BonDurant RH. Detection of trichomonad species in the reproductive tracts of breeding and virgin bulls. Vet Parasitol 2008; 154:226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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65
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Mardones F, Perez A, Martínez A, Carpenter T. Risk factors associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef herds in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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66
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BonDurant RH. Selected diseases and conditions associated with bovine conceptus loss in the first trimester. Theriogenology 2007; 68:461-73. [PMID: 17548105 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of insults to the bovine conceptus depend on the predilection of the insulting agent for the gravid reproductive tract, the virulence of the insult, and the developmental maturity/immune competence of the conceptus at the time of the insult. Agents that are lethal at one time during gestation may be harmless at another, or may have completely different effects (some not so harmless) at different gestational ages. This review discusses some of the known physical-mechanical, physiological, and infectious causes of first trimester bovine conceptus losses, including three infectious agents that have been the subject of recent studies for their potential to transmit disease via embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H BonDurant
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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67
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Rutkowski MR, McNamee LA, Harmsen AG. Neutrophils and inducible nitric-oxide synthase are critical for early resistance to the establishment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection. J Parasitol 2007; 93:562-74. [PMID: 17626348 DOI: 10.1645/ge-976r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is the cause of trichomoniasis in cattle. Severe infection is often associated with heavy neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, although it is not known how this response protects during early parasite colonization. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of an early host response upon initial T. foetus colonization within the murine reproductive tract. Mice depleted of neutrophils before T. foetus infection had a significantly higher parasite burden within the reproductive tract compared with mock-depleted control mice. Additionally, gp91(phox-/-)/ iNOS(-/-), and iNOS(-/-) mice had substantially larger parasite burdens than C57BL/6 control mice, whereas gp91l(Phox-/-) mice had similar parasite burden to C57BL/6 control mice. Interestingly, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophils and macrophages isolated from all groups of mice were unable to kill T. foetus in vitro. However, macrophages isolated from gp91l(phox-/-) and C57BL/6 mice stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide were able to kill T. foetus in vitro, whereas macrophages isolated from gp91(phox(-/-)/ iNOS(-/-) and iNOS(-/-) mice were unable to kill T. foetus, suggesting the ability of macrophages to produce reactive nitrogen species but not reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for parasite killing during early infection in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, neutrophils seem to control early dissemination of T. foetus throughout the reproductive tract, although production of ROS is not critical for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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68
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Rutkowski MR, Harmsen AG. Tritrichomonas foetus: Pathogenesis of acute infection in normal, estradiol-treated, and stressed mice. Exp Parasitol 2007; 115:143-59. [PMID: 17014850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress and endocrine control can affect pathogenesis of sexually transmitted diseases such as trichomoniasis. Acute Tritrichomonas foetus infection was compared in female BALB/c mice to infections in mice treated with high doses of estradiol or housed in constant bright illumination (stressed). In untreated mice, T. foetus readily colonized the reproductive tract, causing minimal epithelial damage and inflammation. Several fold increases of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-6 cytokines were detected after estradiol-treatment of mice, resulting in greatly enhanced inflammation and tissue damage throughout the reproductive tract. Interestingly, estradiol-treatment of mice resulted in reduced T. foetus colonization compared to untreated mice. Infection in stressed mice resulted in increased tissue damage, inflammation, and inflammatory cytokine expression, although parasite colonization within the reproductive tract was similar to that in untreated mice. These results indicate that either estradiol-treatment or stress result in pathogenesis often observed during severe disease. Alternatively, infection in non-treated mice results in chronic colonization, with little inflammation or pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Molecular Biosciences Building, 960 Technology Blvd., Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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69
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McMillen L, Lew AE. Improved detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in bovine diagnostic specimens using a novel probe-based real time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:204-15. [PMID: 16860481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A Tritrichomonas foetus-specific 5' Taq nuclease assay using a 3' minor groove binder-DNA probe (TaqMan MGB) targeting conserved regions of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) was developed and compared to established diagnostic procedures. Specificity of the assay was evaluated using bovine venereal microflora and a range of related trichomonad species. Assay sensitivity was evaluated with log(10) dilutions of known numbers of cells, and compared to that for microscopy following culture (InPouch TF test kit) and the conventional TFR3-TFR4 PCR assay. The 5' Taq nuclease assay detected a single cell per assay from smegma or mucus which was 2500-fold or 250-fold more sensitive than microscopy following selective culture from smegma or mucus respectively, and 500-fold more sensitive than culture followed by conventional PCR assay. The sensitivity of the conventional PCR assay was comparable to the 5' Taq nuclease assay when testing purified DNA extracted from clinical specimens, whereas the 5' Taq nuclease assay sensitivity improved using crude cell lysates, which were not suitable as template for the conventional PCR assay. Urine was evaluated as a diagnostic specimen providing improved and equivalent levels of T. foetus detection in spiked urine by both microscopy following culture and direct 5' Taq nuclease detection, respectively, compared with smegma and mucus, however inconclusive results were obtained with urine samples from the field study. Diagnostic specimens (n=159) were collected from herds with culture positive animals and of the 14 animals positive by 5' Taq nuclease assay, 3 were confirmed by selective culture/microscopy detection (Fisher's exact test P<0.001). The 5' Taq nuclease assay described here demonstrated superior sensitivity to traditional culture/microscopy and offers advantages over the application of conventional PCR for the detection of T. foetus in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle McMillen
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Locked Mail Bag No. 4, Moorooka, 4105 Qld, Australia
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70
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Abstract
Infertility is the diminished or absent capacity to produce viable offspring. Infections that reduce ovulation rates, fertilization rates, embryonic survival rates, fetal survival rates or perinatal survival rates result in observed infertility in beef cows. Reproductive pathogens include Leptospira, Campylobacter, Hemophilus, Brucella, bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Tritrichomonas foetus, and Neospora caninum. Infectious infertility can be prevented or controlled with appropriate surveillance, biosecurity, and/or vaccination. The objective of this review is to briefly summarize current scientific information to assist with adoption of surveillance methods, implementation of biosecurity and selection of appropriate commercially available vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniel Givens
- Department of Pathobiology, 127 Sugg Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5516, USA.
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