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Elliott Williams M, Hardnett FP, Sheth AN, Wein AN, Li ZRT, Radzio-Basu J, Dinh C, Haddad LB, Collins EMB, Ofotokun I, Antia R, Scharer CD, Garcia-Lerma JG, Kohlmeier JE, Swaims-Kohlmeier A. The menstrual cycle regulates migratory CD4 T-cell surveillance in the female reproductive tract via CCR5 signaling. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:41-53. [PMID: 37866719 PMCID: PMC10990418 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite their importance for immunity against sexually transmitted infections, the composition of female reproductive tract (FRT) memory T-cell populations in response to changes within the local tissue environment under the regulation of the menstrual cycle remains poorly defined. Here, we show that in humans and pig-tailed macaques, the cycle determines distinct clusters of differentiation 4 T-cell surveillance behaviors by subsets corresponding to migratory memory (TMM) and resident memory T cells. TMM displays tissue-itinerant trafficking characteristics, restricted distribution within the FRT microenvironment, and distinct effector responses to infection. Gene pathway analysis by RNA sequencing identified TMM-specific enrichment of genes involved in hormonal regulation and inflammatory responses. FRT T-cell subset fluctuations were discovered that synchronized to cycle-driven CCR5 signaling. Notably, oral administration of a CCR5 antagonist drug blocked TMM trafficking. Taken together, this study provides novel insights into the dynamic nature of FRT memory CD4 T cells and identifies the menstrual cycle as a key regulator of immune surveillance at the site of STI pathogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elliott Williams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felica P Hardnett
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anandi N Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander N Wein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zheng-Rong Tiger Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Radzio-Basu
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chuong Dinh
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa B Haddad
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M B Collins
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Gerardo Garcia-Lerma
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alison Swaims-Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Sobia P, Pillay T, Liebenberg LJP, Sivro A, Mansoor LE, Osman F, Passmore JAS, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Baxter C, McKinnon LR, Archary D. Higher mucosal antibody concentrations in women with genital tract inflammation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23514. [PMID: 34873252 PMCID: PMC8648917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines augment humoral responses by stimulating antibody production and inducing class-switching. In women, genital inflammation (GI) significantly modifies HIV risk. However, the impact of GI on mucosal antibodies remains undefined. We investigated the impact of GI, pre-HIV infection, on antibody isotypes and IgG subclasses in the female genital tract. Immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, IgG subclasses and 48 cytokines were measured prior to HIV infection in cervicovaginal lavages (CVL) from 66 HIV seroconverters (cases) and 66 matched HIV-uninfected women (controls) enrolled in the CAPRISA 004 and 008 1% tenofovir gel trials. Pre-HIV infection, cases had significantly higher genital IgM (4.13; IQR, 4.04-4.19) compared to controls (4.06; IQR, 3.90-4.20; p = 0.042). More than one-quarter of cases (27%) had GI compared to just over one-tenth (12%) in controls. Significantly higher IgG1, IgG3, IgG4 and IgM (all p < 0.05) were found in women stratified for GI compared to women without. Adjusted linear mixed models showed several pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, growth factors, and adaptive cytokines significantly correlated with higher titers of IgM, IgA and IgG subclasses (p < 0.05). The strong and significant positive correlations between mucosal antibodies and markers of GI suggest that GI may impact mucosal antibody profiles. These findings require further investigation to establish a plausible biological link between the local inflammatory milieu and its consequence on these genital antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Sobia
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Thevani Pillay
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Lenine J P Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leila E Mansoor
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Farzana Osman
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2nd Floor, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Stinn T, Kuntz S, Varon D, Huang ML, Selke S, Njikan S, Ford ES, Dragavon J, Coombs RW, Johnston C, Bull ME. Subclinical Genital Herpes Shedding in HIV/Herpes Simplex Virus 2-Coinfected Women during Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated with an Increase in HIV Tissue Reservoirs and Potentially Promotes HIV Evolution. J Virol 2020; 95:e01606-20. [PMID: 33028713 PMCID: PMC7737750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01606-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-specific immune responses to chronic infections, such as herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in HIV/HSV-coinfected persons, may sustain HIV tissue reservoirs by promoting T-cell proliferation but are poorly studied in women on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Mixed anogenital swabs and cervical secretions were self-collected by nine HIV/HSV-2-coinfected women during ART for 28 days to establish subclinical HSV DNA shedding rates and detection of HIV RNA by real-time PCR. Typical herpes lesion site biopsy (TLSB) and cervical biopsy specimens were collected at the end of the daily sampling period. Nucleic acids (NA) isolated from biopsy specimens had HIV quantified and HIV envC2-V5 single-genome amplification (SGA) and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires assessed. Women had a median CD4 count of 537 cells/μl (IQR: 483 to 741) at enrollment and HIV plasma viral loads of <40 copies/ml. HSV DNA was detected on 12% of days (IQR: 2 to 25%) from anogenital specimens. Frequent subclinical HSV DNA shedding was associated with increased HIV DNA tissue concentrations and increased divergence from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), an indicator of HIV replication. Distinct predominant TCR clones were detected in cervical and TLSB specimens in a woman with frequent HSV DNA shedding, with mixing of minor variants between her tissues. In contrast, more limited TCR repertoire mixing was observed in two women with less frequent subclinical HSV DNA shedding. Subclinical HSV shedding in HIV/HSV-coinfected women during ART may sustain HIV tissue reservoirs via Ag exposure or HIV replication. This study provides evidence supporting further study of interventions targeting suppression of Ag-specific immune responses as a component of HIV cure strategies.IMPORTANCE Persons with HIV infection are frequently coinfected with chronic herpesviruses, which periodically replicate and produce viable herpes virions, particularly in anogenital and cervical tissues. Persistent protein expression results in proliferation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and the latter could potentially expand and sustain HIV tissue reservoirs. We found HSV genital shedding rates were positively correlated with HIV DNA concentrations and HIV divergence from ancestral sequences in tissues. Our work suggests that immune responses to common coinfections, such as herpesviruses, may sustain HIV tissue reservoirs during suppressive ART, suggesting future cure strategies should study interventions to suppress replication or reactivation of chronic herpes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajanna Stinn
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steve Kuntz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel Njikan
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily S Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joan Dragavon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert W Coombs
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marta E Bull
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Anderson SM, Thurman AR, Chandra N, Jackson SS, Asin S, Rollenhagen C, Ghosh M, Daniels J, Vann NC, Clark MR, Doncel GF. Vitamin D Status Impacts Genital Mucosal Immunity and Markers of HIV-1 Susceptibility in Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103176. [PMID: 33080839 PMCID: PMC7602985 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While vitamin D insufficiency is known to impact a multitude of health outcomes, including HIV-1, little is known about the role of vitamin D-mediated immune regulation in the female reproductive tract (FRT). We performed a pilot clinical study of 20 women with circulating 25(OH)D levels <62.5 nmol/L. Participants were randomized into either weekly or daily high-dose oral vitamin D supplementation groups. In addition to serum vitamin D levels, genital mucosal endpoints, including soluble mediators, immune cell populations, gene expression, and ex vivo HIV-1 infection, were assessed. While systemic vitamin D levels showed a significant increase following supplementation, these changes translated into modest effects on the cervicovaginal factors studied. Paradoxically, post-supplementation vitamin D levels were decreased in cervicovaginal fluids. Given the strong correlation between vitamin D status and HIV-1 infection and the widespread nature of vitamin D deficiency, further understanding of the role of vitamin D immunoregulation in the female reproductive tract is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Anderson
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea R. Thurman
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Neelima Chandra
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Suzanne S. Jackson
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Susana Asin
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA; (S.A.); (C.R.)
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Christiane Rollenhagen
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA; (S.A.); (C.R.)
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Mimi Ghosh
- Milken Institute School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Jason Daniels
- Milken Institute School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Nikolas C. Vann
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Meredith R. Clark
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
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5
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Kooshkaki O, Derakhshani A, Safarpour H, Najafi S, Vahedi P, Brunetti O, Torabi M, Lotfinejad P, Paradiso AV, Racanelli V, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. The Latest Findings of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Application in Gynecologic Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5034. [PMID: 32708748 PMCID: PMC7404077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecologic cancers account for approximately 11% of the newly diagnosed cancers in women in the United States and for 18% globally. The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) influences the clinical outcome of cancer patients and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1), anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4), which have been approved for treating different types of malignancies. Antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint have shown dynamic and durable tumor regressions, suggesting a rebalancing of the host-tumor interaction. There are several the US food and drug administration (FDA)-approved ICIs targeting PD-1, including pembrolizumab and nivolumab, as well as those targeting PD-L1, including avelumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab for melanoma, renal cell cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, cervix cancer, urothelial cancer, and lung cancer. Current pre-clinical and clinical studies assessing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in several gynecologic cancers have reported significant antitumor activity. In this review, we investigate pre-clinical and clinical studies that describe the safety and efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, with a particular focus on ongoing clinical trials, analyzing the oncological outcome and adverse effects of ICIs in gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Kooshkaki
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
- Department of Immunology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (A.D.); (S.N.); (P.L.)
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (A.D.); (S.N.); (P.L.)
| | - Parviz Vahedi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh 5165665931, Iran;
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mitra Torabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran;
| | - Parisa Lotfinejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (A.D.); (S.N.); (P.L.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
| | - Angelo Virgilio Paradiso
- Institutional BioBank, Experimental Oncology and Biobank Management Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran; (A.D.); (S.N.); (P.L.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
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Abstract
Our barrier surfaces are fundamental in protecting us from the outside world and segregating key biological processes. The immunological fortifications found at these sites therefore possess many distinct qualities, which are discussed in Immunology's series of reviews on Barrier Immunity. Together these reviews showcase novel biological processes identified through the use of state-of-the-art technologies, and specifically highlight how these change throughout our lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Harker
- Faculty of MedicineNational Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and ImmunityInstitute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Fourcade L, Sabourin-Poirier C, Perraud V, Faucher MC, Chagnon-Choquet J, Labbé AC, Alary M, Guédou F, Poudrier J, Roger M. Natural Immunity to HIV is associated with Low BLyS/BAFF levels and low frequencies of innate marginal zone like CD1c+ B-cells in the genital tract. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007840. [PMID: 31173604 PMCID: PMC6583986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BLyS/BAFF is recognized for its role in B-cell ontogenesis, as well as cell fate decision towards the first-line/innate marginal zone (MZ) B-cell pool. Excess BLyS/BAFF is associated with hyperglobulinemia and increased frequencies of activated precursor-like MZ B-cells. Herein, we show that HIV highly-exposed seronegative (HESN) commercial sex workers (CSWs) had lower soluble BLyS/BAFF levels and relative frequencies of BLyS/BAFF expressing cells in their genital mucosa when compared to those from HIV-infected CSWs and HIV-uninfected non-CSWs. Furthermore, we identified genital innate and/or marginal zone (MZ)-like CD1c+ B-cells that naturally bind to fully glycosylated gp120, which frequencies were lower in HESNs when compared to HIV-infected CSWs and HIV-uninfected non-CSWs. Although genital levels of total IgA were similar between groups, HESNs had lower levels of total IgG1 and IgG3. Interestingly, HIV-gp41 reactive IgG1 were found in some HESNs. Low genital levels of BLyS/BAFF observed in HESNs may allow for controlled first-line responses, contributing to natural immunity to HIV. Worldwide, most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections affect women through heterosexual intercourse. We and others have identified African female commercial sex workers (CSWs), who remain seronegative despite high exposition to HIV (HESNs). Innate marginal zone (MZ) B-cells recirculate in humans and have been found in front-line areas such as the sub-epithelial lamina propria of mucosal associated lymphoid tissues. MZ B-cells can bind to fully glycosylated gp120 and produce specific IgG and IgA, and have a propensity for B regulatory potential, which could help both the fight against HIV and maintenance of low inflammatory conditions reported for HESNs. Here we identify genital MZ-like B-cells, which frequencies are lower in the genital tract of HESNs when compared to HIV-infected CSWs and HIV-uninfected non-CSW women. Furthermore, this coincides with significantly lower genital levels of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS/BAFF), known to shape the MZ pool and which overexpression leads to MZ deregulation in HIV-infected progressors. HESN individuals provide an exceptional opportunity to determine important clues for the development of protective devices. Here we show that contained BLyS/BAFF levels are concomitant with natural immunity against HIV, and may prevent dysregulated first-line responses. MZ-like B-cells could be harnessed in preventive strategies viewed at soliciting quick first-line to be adjunct to matured long term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyvia Fourcade
- Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Catherine Sabourin-Poirier
- Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Victoire Perraud
- Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Faucher
- Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Annie-Claude Labbé
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Infectiologie, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michel Alary
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Johanne Poudrier
- Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail: (JP); (MR)
| | - Michel Roger
- Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail: (JP); (MR)
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Ghosh M, Jais M, Delisle J, Younes N, Benyeogor I, Biswas R, Mohamed H, Daniels J, Wang C, Young M, Kassaye S. Dysregulation in Genital Tract Soluble Immune Mediators in Postmenopausal Women Is Distinct by HIV Status. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:251-259. [PMID: 30618272 PMCID: PMC6909396 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in new HIV diagnoses among older adults is characterized by poor prognosis and reduced survival times. Although heterosexual transmission remains the main route of infection in women, little is known regarding immune functions in the genital tract of postmenopausal women, especially those who are HIV positive. Furthermore, effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the genital tract immune system are unclear. Using the Women's Interagency HIV Study repository, we obtained cervical-vaginal lavage (CVL) samples from premenopausal and postmenopausal HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, some of whom were on HRT. Samples were assayed for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), Elafin, human beta defensin-2 (HBD2), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3α using ELISA. Anti-HIV activity in CVL was measured using TZM-bl indicator cells. Among HIV-positive women, the plasma viral load was significantly higher and CD4 count was significantly lower in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women, irrespective of HIV status, had significantly lower levels of HBD2 compared with premenopausal women. Among the HIV-negative individuals, postmenopausal women had significantly lower levels of MIP-3α, IL-6, and SLPI compared with premenopausal women. In contrast, HIV-positive postmenopausal women had significantly higher levels of TNF-α compared with HIV-positive premenopausal women. In most cases, HRT groups resembled the postmenopausal groups. No significant differences in anti-HIV activity by menopausal or by HIV status were noted. Our findings indicate that the female genital tract immune microenvironment is distinct by menopausal status and HIV status. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of HIV acquisition/transmission in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mariel Jais
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Josie Delisle
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Naji Younes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ifeyinwa Benyeogor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Roshni Biswas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hani Mohamed
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jason Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - CuiWei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mary Young
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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Lajoie J, Birse K, Mwangi L, Chen Y, Cheruiyot J, Akolo M, Mungai J, Boily‐Larouche G, Romas L, Mutch S, Kimani M, Oyugi J, Ho EA, Burgener A, Kimani J, Fowke KR. Using safe, affordable and accessible non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the number of HIV target cells in the blood and at the female genital tract. J Int AIDS Soc 2018; 21:e25150. [PMID: 30047573 PMCID: PMC6060422 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At its basic level, HIV infection requires a replication-competent virus and a susceptible target cell. Elevated levels of vaginal inflammation has been associated with the increased risk of HIV infection as it brings highly activated HIV target cells (CCR5+CD4+ T cells; CCR5+CD4+CD161+ Th17 T cells) to the female genital tract (FGT) where they interact with HIV. Decreased HIV risk has been associated with a phenotype of decreased immune activation, called immune quiescence, described among Kenyan female sex workers who were intensely exposed to HIV yet remain uninfected. Current prevention approaches focus on limiting viral access. We took the novel HIV prevention approach of trying to limit the number of HIV target cells in the genital tract by reducing inflammation using safe, affordable and globally accessible anti-inflammatory drugs. METHODS We hypothesized that the daily administration of low doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA 81 mg) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ 200 mg) would reduce inflammation thereby decreasing HIV target cells at the FGT. Low-risk HIV seronegative women from Nairobi, Kenya were randomized for six weeks therapy of ASA (n = 37) or HCQ (n = 39) and tested to determine the impact on their systemic and mucosal immune environment. RESULTS The results showed that HCQ use was associated with a significant reduction in the proportion of systemic T cells that were CCR5+CD4+ (p = 0.01) and Th17 (p = 0.01). In the ASA arm, there was a 35% and 28% decrease in the proportion of genital T cells that were CD4+CCR5+ (p = 0.017) and Th17 (p = 0.04) respectively. Proteomic analyses of the cervical lavage showed ASA use was associated with significantly reduced amount of proteins involved in the inflammatory response and cell recruitment at the mucosa, although none of the individual proteins passed multiple comparison correction. These changes were more apparent in women with Lactobacillus dominant microbiomes. CONCLUSION Together, these data indicate that taking low-dose ASA daily was associated with significant reduction in HIV target cells at the FGT. This study provides proof-of-concept for a novel HIV-prevention approach that reducing inflammation using safe, affordable and globally accessible non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is associated with significant reduction in the proportion of HIV-target cells at the FGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Kenzie Birse
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- National HIV and Retrovirology LabsJC Wilt Center for Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Agency of CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Lucy Mwangi
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Yufei Chen
- College of PharmacyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
| | | | - Maureen Akolo
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - John Mungai
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Genevieve Boily‐Larouche
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Laura Romas
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- National HIV and Retrovirology LabsJC Wilt Center for Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Agency of CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Sarah Mutch
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- National HIV and Retrovirology LabsJC Wilt Center for Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Agency of CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Makobu Kimani
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Emmanuel A Ho
- College of PharmacyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- School of Pharmacy, University of WaterlooWaterlooONCanada
| | - Adam Burgener
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- National HIV and Retrovirology LabsJC Wilt Center for Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Agency of CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
- Unit of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of Medicine SolnaCenter for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstituteKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
- Department of Community Health ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
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10
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Ghosh M, Daniels J, Pyra M, Juzumaite M, Jais M, Murphy K, Taylor TN, Kassaye S, Benning L, Cohen M, Weber K. Impact of chronic sexual abuse and depression on inflammation and wound healing in the female reproductive tract of HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected women. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198412. [PMID: 29894487 PMCID: PMC5997353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual violence is associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition/transmission in women. Forced sex can result in physical trauma to the reproductive tract as well as severe psychological distress. However, immuno-biological mechanisms linking sexual violence and HIV susceptibility are incompletely understood. Using the Women’s Interagency HIV Study repository, a total of 77 women were selected to form 4 groups, stratified by HIV serostatus, in the following categories: 1) no sexual abuse history and low depressive symptom score (below clinically significant cut-off, scores <16) (Control); 2) no sexual abuse history but high depressive symptom score, ≥16 (Depression); 3) chronic sexual abuse exposure and low depressive symptom score (Abuse); 4) chronic sexual abuse exposure and high depressive symptom score (Abuse+Depression). Inflammation-associated cytokines/chemokines/proteases (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, TGF-β MIP-3α, IP-10, MCP-1, Cathepsin B), anti-inflammatory/anti-HIV mediators (Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), Elafin, beta defensin 2 (HBD2), alpha defensins (HNP 1–3), Thrombospondin (TSP-1), Serpin A1, A5, Cystatin A, B), and wound-healing mediators (Gro-α, VEGF, PDGF, EGF, FGF, IGF), were measured in cervical-vaginal lavage (CVL) using ELISA. Linear regression was used to model association of biomarkers with depression and abuse as predictor variables; the interaction between depression and abuse was also tested. Anti-HIV activity in CVL was tested using TZM-bl indicator cell line. In HIV-uninfected women, median levels of IL-6 (p = 0.04), IL-1α (p<0.01), TGF-β (p = 0.01), IP-10 (p = <0.01), PDGF (p<0.01) and FGF (p<0.01), differed significantly between groups. Specifically, an association was found between chronic sexual abuse and increased IL-1α (p<0.01), MIP-3α (p = 0.04), IP-10 (p<0.01), Serpin B1 (p = 0.01), FGF (p = 0.04) and decreased TGF-β (p<0.01), MCP-1 (p = 0.02), PDGF (p<0.01). Further, there was evidence of significant interactions between chronic sexual abuse and current depression for IL-1α, IP-10, Serpin A1, Cystatin B, and FGF. In HIV-infected women, median levels of TNF-α (p<0.01), IL-6 (p = 0.05), MIP-3α (p<0.01), and MCP-1 (p = 0.01), differed significantly between groups. Specifically, an association was found between chronic sexual abuse and increased MCP-1 (p = 0.03), Gro-α (p = 0.01) and decreased TNF-α (p<0.01), IL-1α (p = 0.02), MIP-3α (p<0.01) and Cathepsin B (p = 0.03). Current depressive symptoms were associated with significantly decreased MIP-3α (p<0.01). There was evidence of significant interactions between chronic sexual abuse and current depression for MCP-1 and FGF. No significant differences were observed in anti-HIV activity among all eight groups. Heat-map analyses revealed distinct immune network patterns, particularly in the Abuse groups for both HIV-infected and uninfected women. Our data indicates a complex relationship between chronic sexual abuse exposure, depressive symptoms, and FRT immune mediators that are also affected by HIV status. Association of chronic sexual abuse with increase in inflammation-associated cytokine/chemokine expression, along with impaired wound-healing associated growth-factors can create a microenvironment that can facilitate HIV infection. Evaluation of longitudinal changes in exposures and biomarkers are needed to untangle the immuno-biological mechanisms that may put women who endure life-long sexual abuse at increased risk for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Maria Pyra
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Monika Juzumaite
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Mariel Jais
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Kerry Murphy
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Tonya N. Taylor
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Lorie Benning
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mardge Cohen
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Weber
- Cook County Health and Hospitals System/ Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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11
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Byrne CM, Gantt S, Coombs D. Effects of spatiotemporal HSV-2 lesion dynamics and antiviral treatment on the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006129. [PMID: 29698393 PMCID: PMC5940244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) infection face a significantly higher risk of contracting HIV-1. This is thought to be due to herpetic lesions serving as entry points for HIV-1 and tissue-resident CD4+ T cell counts increasing during HSV-2 lesional events. We have created a stochastic and spatial mathematical model describing the dynamics of HSV-2 infection and immune response in the genital mucosa. Using our model, we first study the dynamics of a developing HSV-2 lesion. We then use our model to quantify the risk of infection with HIV-1 following sexual exposure in HSV-2 positive women. Untreated, we find that HSV-2 infected women are up to 8.6 times more likely to acquire HIV-1 than healthy patients. However, when including the effects of the HSV-2 antiviral drug, pritelivir, the risk of HIV-1 infection is predicted to decrease by up to 35%, depending on drug dosage. We estimate the relative importance of decreased tissue damage versus decreased CD4+ cell presence in determining the effectiveness of pritelivir in reducing HIV-1 infection. Our results suggest that clinical trials should be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of pritelivir or similar agents in preventing HIV-1 infection in HSV-2 positive women. The risk of contracting HIV-1 is significantly higher in people who have genital HSV-2 infections. Here, we put forward a new mathematical model to describe HSV-2 infection and the process of HIV-1 infection in the genital mucosa surrounding HSV-2 lesions. We determine how the characteristics of HSV-2 infection affect the risk of HIV-1 infection, and determine whether reducing the severity of HSV-2 symptoms with antiviral drugs can be expected to decrease the risk of HIV-1 infection. We find that the risk of HIV-1 infection is dependent on three factors: the amount of HIV-1 the patient is exposed to, the severity of HSV-2 lesions, and the number of CD4+ T immune cells in the genital mucosa. Our model predicts that antiviral drugs targeting HSV-2 can cause a therapeutic decrease in lesion severity and CD4+ T cell count in the genital mucosa. This furthermore causes a significant decrease in the risk of HIV-1 infection but the dose of HSV-2 antiviral drug must be sufficiently high. Our results support further development and testing of new HSV-2 antiviral drugs to help decrease the world-wide burden of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Byrne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
Africa accounts for the majority of global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, most of which affect women through heterosexual intercourse. Currently, there is no cure for HIV and the development of vaccines and microbicides remains the best solution to eradicate the pandemic. We and others have identified HIV highly-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals among African female commercial sex workers (CSWs). Analyses of genital samples from HESNs have demonstrated potent innate and anti-inflammatory conditions, HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells as well as immunoglobulins (Igs), and increased regulatory cell populations, all of which support a delicate balance between strength and control against HIV intrusion. Moreover, we have recently shown that frequencies of innate marginal zone (MZ) B-cells are decreased in the blood of HESNs when compared to HIV-uninfected non-CSW women, suggesting their recruitment to peripheral sites. This coincides with the fact that levels of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS/BAFF), known to shape the MZ pool and whose overexpression leads to MZ deregulation in HIV-infected progressors, are significantly lower in the blood of HESNs when compared to both HIV-infected CSWs and HIV-uninfected non-CSW women. Interestingly, MZ B-cells can bind HIV gp120 and produce specific IgG and IgA, and have a propensity for B regulatory potential, which could help both the fight against HIV and maintenance of low inflammatory conditions in HESNs. HESN individuals provide an exceptional opportunity to identify important clues for the development of protective devices, and efforts should aim at soliciting immune responses observed in the context of their natural immunity to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyvia Fourcade
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Michel Roger
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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13
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Palkola NV, Pakkanen SH, Heikinheimo O, Kantele JM, Kantele A. Circulating pathogen-specific plasmablasts in female patients with upper genital tract infection. J Reprod Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29525428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal antibodies constitute the first line of adaptive immune defence against invaders in the female genital tract (FGT), yet the sequence of events leading to their production is surprisingly poorly characterized. We explored the induction of pathogen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) as a response to an acute infection in the upper FGT. We recruited 12 patients undergoing surgery due to an upper FGT infection (7/12 blood culture positive, 5/12 negative) and six healthy controls. Pathogens were sampled during surgery and PBMC collected in the acute phase of the disease (days 7-10). We searched by ELISPOT circulating pathogen-specific ASC and explored their frequency, immunoglobulin isotype distribution, and expressions of homing receptors (α4β7, L-selectin, and CLA). All patients had circulating ASC specific to the infective bacteria; the geometric mean was 434 (95%CI 155-1234) ASC (IgA + IgG + IgM)/106 PBMC. IgA ASC predominated in 7/12, IgG ASC in 3/12, and IgM ASC in 2/12 cases. Of all the pathogen-specific ASC, 60% expressed α4β7, 67% L-selectin, and 9% CLA. This study is the first to show induction of pathogen-specific ASC in the peripheral blood in bacterial infection in the human FGT. Our findings reveal that such FGT-originating pathogen-specific ASC are predominated by IgA ASC and exhibit a homing receptor profile resembling that of ASC in acute urinary tract infection. The data thus suggest a characteristic profile shared by the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V Palkola
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari H Pakkanen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskari Heikinheimo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi M Kantele
- Occupational Health and Environmental Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Inflammation Center, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine/Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Zaric M, Becker PD, Hervouet C, Kalcheva P, Ibarzo Yus B, Cocita C, O'Neill LA, Kwon SY, Klavinskis LS. Long-lived tissue resident HIV-1 specific memory CD8 + T cells are generated by skin immunization with live virus vectored microneedle arrays. J Control Release 2017; 268:166-175. [PMID: 29056444 PMCID: PMC5735037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tissue resident memory (TRM) cells at the body surfaces to provide a front line defence against invading pathogens represents an important goal in vaccine development for a wide variety of pathogens. It has been widely assumed that local vaccine delivery to the mucosae is necessary to achieve that aim. Here we characterise a novel micro-needle array (MA) delivery system fabricated to deliver a live recombinant human adenovirus type 5 vaccine vector (AdHu5) encoding HIV-1 gag. We demonstrate rapid dissolution kinetics of the microneedles in skin. Moreover, a consequence of MA vaccine cargo release was the generation of long-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that accumulate in mucosal tissues, including the female genital and respiratory tract. The memory CD8+ T cell population maintained in the peripheral mucosal tissues was attributable to a MA delivered AdHu5 vaccine instructing CD8+ T cell expression of CXCR3+, CD103+, CD49a+, CD69+, CD127+ homing, retention and survival markers. Furthermore, memory CD8+ T cells generated by MA immunization significantly expanded upon locally administered antigenic challenge and showed a predominant poly-functional profile producing high levels of IFNγ and Granzyme B. These data demonstrate that skin vaccine delivery using microneedle technology induces mobilization of long lived, poly-functional CD8+ T cells to peripheral tissues, phenotypically displaying hallmarks of residency and yields new insights into how to design and deliver effective vaccine candidates with properties to exert local immunosurveillance at the mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Zaric
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Daniel Becker
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hervouet
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Petya Kalcheva
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ibarzo Yus
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Cocita
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Alexandra O'Neill
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linda Sylvia Klavinskis
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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15
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Iyer SS, Sabula MJ, Mehta CC, Haddad LB, Brown NL, Amara RR, Ofotokun I, Sheth AN. Characteristics of HIV target CD4 T cells collected using different sampling methods from the genital tract of HIV seronegative women. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178193. [PMID: 28570576 PMCID: PMC5453484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the immune profile of CD4 T cells, the primary targets for HIV, in the female genital tract (FGT) is critical for evaluating and developing effective biomedical HIV prevention strategies in women. However, longitudinal investigation of HIV susceptibility markers expressed by FGT CD4 T cells has been hindered by low cellular yield and risk of sampling-associated trauma. We investigated three minimally invasive FGT sampling methods to characterize and compare CD4 T cell yield and phenotype with the goal of establishing feasible sampling strategies for immune profiling of mucosal CD4 T cells. METHODS AND RESULTS FGT samples were collected bimonthly from 12 healthy HIV negative women of reproductive age in the following order: 1) Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL), 2) two sequential endocervical flocked swabs (FS), and 3) two sequential endocervical cytobrushes (CB1, CB2). Cells were isolated and phentoyped via flow cytometry. CD4 T cell recovery was highest from each individual CB compared to either CVL or FS (p < 0.0001). The majority of CD4 T cells within the FGT, regardless of sampling method, expressed CCR5 relative to peripheral blood (p < 0.01). Within the CB, CCR5+ CD4 T cells expressed significantly higher levels of α4β7, CD69, and low levels of CD27 relative to CCR5- CD4 T cells (all p < 0.001). We also identified CD4 Treg lineage cells expressing CCR5 among CB samples. CONCLUSIONS Using three different mucosal sampling methods collected longitudinally we demonstrate that CD4 T cells within the FGT express CCR5 and α4β7 and are highly activated, attributes which could act in concert to facilitate HIV acquisition. FS and CB sampling methods can allow for investigation of strategies to reduce HIV target cells in the FGT and could inform the design and interpretation microbicide and vaccine studies in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S. Iyer
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Sabula
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Christina Mehta
- Department of Biostatistics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa B. Haddad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nakita L. Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Grady Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anandi N. Sheth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Grady Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Anderson DJ, Politch JA. Role of Seminal Plasma in Human Female Reproductive Failure: Immunomodulation, Inflammation, and Infections. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015; 868:159-69. [PMID: 26178849 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human seminal plasma contains factors that can regulate the female immune system and potentially promote reproductive fitness. Adverse effects on fertility and pregnancy may occur when seminal plasma provides insufficient, excessive, or altered signals or when the female partner is incapable of receiving these signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Suite 516, Boston, MA, 02118, USA,
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Chen C, Zibiao H, Ming Z, Shiyi C, Ruixia L, Jie W, SongJia L. Expression pattern of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in different organs and effects of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of TLR 2 and 4 in reproductive organs of female rabbit. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 46:341-348. [PMID: 24858029 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital for innate immunity, and they were expressed in various immune cells, tissues and organs. Moreover, TLRs specific expression pattern in different cells, tissue and organs have been confirmed to have correlation with the ability to resistance to pathogenic challenges. The present study aimed to determine the expression profiles and levels of TLR2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 in the lung, trachea, intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, uterine horn and body, cervix, ovary, oviduct and hypothalamus of female rabbits, and whether the expression level of TLR2 and 4 in the ovary, oviduct, uterine horn and body, and cervix were affected by lipopolyasaccharide (LPS). The tissues of the lung, trachea, intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, uterine horn and body, cervix, ovary, oviduct and hypothalamus were collected from four rabbits which didn't be treated as 0 h. 16 rabbits in LPS group were injected with LPS (according to 0.5mg/kg body weight) and 16 rabbits in control group were injected with saline (LPS carrier), hereafter the tissues of the uterine horn and body, cervix, ovary and oviduct from 32 rabbits were collected after 1.5, 3, 6, and 12h (n=4 each group) postinjection. The expression profiles of TLRs were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and expression level of TLRs were examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results shown: TLR2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 were expressed in lung, trachea, intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, uterine horn and body, cervix, ovary, oviduct and hypothalamus of female rabbits, but their expression level had great difference in the same organs, and each TLR has different expression level in the different organs. After LPS-stimulation, the expression of TLR2 in the uterine body and horn was significantly higher than that in control group by 3h and 12h of postinjection (P<0.05) respectively. The expression of TLR4 in ovary and uterine body was significantly higher than that in control group by 3 and 12h of postinjection (P<0.05), and the expression of TLR4 in uterine body was greater than that in control by 3h postinjection (P<0.05). The results suggested LPS upregulated the expression of TLR2 and 4 in uterine body and horn, and the expression of TLR4 in ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - He Zibiao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Zhang Ming
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China.
| | - Chen Shiyi
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetic, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 6111130, China
| | - Lan Ruixia
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Wang Jie
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Lai SongJia
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetic, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 6111130, China
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Ghosh M, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Wira CR. The immune system in menopause: pros and cons of hormone therapy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 142:171-5. [PMID: 24041719 PMCID: PMC3954964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With aging, a general decline in immune function is observed leading to immune-senescence. Several of these changes are gender specific affecting postmenopausal women. Menopause is a normal part of a woman's lifecycle and consists of a series of body changes that can last from one to ten years. It is known that loss of sex hormones due to aging results in a reduction of immune functions. However, there remains a major gap in our understanding regarding the loss of immune functions particularly in the female reproductive tract (FRT) following menopause and the role of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in protecting against immune senescence. The current review presents an overview of changes in the immune system due to aging, focusing on genital tract immunity in menopausal women and the risks and benefits of using MHT. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Kleppa E, Ramsuran V, Zulu S, Karlsen GH, Bere A, Passmore JAS, Ndhlovu P, Lillebø K, Holmen SD, Onsrud M, Gundersen SG, Taylor M, Kjetland EF, Ndung’u T. Effect of female genital schistosomiasis and anti-schistosomal treatment on monocytes, CD4+ T-cells and CCR5 expression in the female genital tract. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98593. [PMID: 24896815 PMCID: PMC4045760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma haematobium is a waterborne parasite that may cause female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), characterized by genital mucosal lesions. There is clinical and epidemiological evidence for a relationship between FGS and HIV. We investigated the impact of FGS on HIV target cell density and expression of the HIV co-receptor CCR5 in blood and cervical cytobrush samples. Furthermore we evaluated the effect of anti-schistosomal treatment on these cell populations. Design The study followed a case-control design with post treatment follow-up, nested in an on-going field study on FGS. Methods Blood and cervical cytobrush samples were collected from FGS negative and positive women for flow cytometry analyses. Urine samples were investigated for schistosome ova by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results FGS was associated with a higher frequency of CD14+ cells (monocytes) in blood (11.5% in FGS+ vs. 2.2% in FGS-, p = 0.042). Frequencies of CD4+ cells expressing CCR5 were higher in blood samples from FGS+ than from FGS- women (4.7% vs. 1.5%, p = 0.018). The CD14+ cell population decreased significantly in both compartments after anti-schistosomal treatment (p = 0.043). Although the frequency of CD4+ cells did not change after treatment, frequencies of CCR5 expression by CD4+ cells decreased significantly in both compartments (from 3.4% to 0.5% in blood, p = 0.036; and from 42.4% to 5.6% in genital samples, p = 0.025). Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that FGS may increase the risk of HIV acquisition, not only through damage of the mucosal epithelial barrier, but also by affecting HIV target cell populations, and that anti-schistosomal treatment can modify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kleppa
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital (OUH), Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Siphosenkosi Zulu
- School of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Alfred Bere
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jo-Ann S. Passmore
- Division of Medical Virology, IDM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Kristine Lillebø
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital (OUH), Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigve D. Holmen
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital (OUH), Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Svein Gunnar Gundersen
- Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
- Centre for Development Studies, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | - Eyrun F. Kjetland
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital (OUH), Oslo, Norway
- School of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
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20
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Wira CR, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Shen Z, Patel M, Fahey JV. The role of sex hormones and the tissue environment in immune protection against HIV in the female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:171-81. [PMID: 24661500 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies of the mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) and its regulation by sex hormones, relatively little attention has been paid to the tissue environment in the FRT that regulates immune cell function. Consisting of secretions from epithelial cells (EC), stromal fibroblasts, and immune cells in tissues from the upper (Fallopian tubes, uterus, and endocervix) and lower (ectocervix and vagina) tracts, each tissue compartment is unique and precisely regulates immune cells to optimize conditions for successful pregnancy and protection against sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. Our goal in this review is to focus on the mucosal (tissue) environment in the upper and lower FRT. Specifically, this review will identify the contributions of EC and fibroblasts to the tissue environment and examine the impact of this environment on HIV-target cells. Much remains to be learned about the complex interactions with the tissue environment at different sites in the FRT and the ways in which they are regulated by sex hormones and chemical contraceptives. Awareness of the involvement of the tissue environment in determining immune cell function and HIV acquisition is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that lead to HIV prevention, acquisition, and the development of new therapeutic modalities of immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Makinde HM, Zariffard R, Mirmonsef P, Novak RM, Jarrett O, Landay AL, Spear GT. IL-22 levels are associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in the lower genital tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:38-44. [PMID: 23445169 PMCID: PMC3675182 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM IL-22 has important functions at mucosal surfaces, including the induction of antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of epithelium. However, IL-22 has not been investigated in the genital tract during TV infection. METHODS OF STUDY Women who visited an STD clinic and women from a cohort with frequent Trichomoniasis were studied. IL-22, IL-17, and antimicrobial peptides were measured in cervicovaginal lavage by ELISA. RESULTS In women visiting the STD clinic, those without STDs (n = 10) had a median IL-22 of 0 pg/mL, while women with infections (n = 30) had 27 pg/mL (P = 0.04). In the cohort, women with Trichomoniasis (n = 19) had significantly higher IL-22 than women with no infections (n = 21, 74 versus 0 pg/mL, P = 0.0001). IL-17 was also significantly increased in Trichomoniasis, and there was a correlation between IL-22 and IL-17 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION IL-22 is increased in STDs generally and in Trichomoniasis specifically suggesting an antimicrobial response of the mucosa and an epithelial repair process induced by the STDs.
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Roth K, Ferreira VH, Kaushic C. HSV-2 vaccine: current state and insights into development of a vaccine that targets genital mucosal protection. Microb Pathog 2012; 58:45-54. [PMID: 23159485 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HSV-2 is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that result in significant morbidity and financial burden on health systems around the world. Recurrent and asymptomatic re-activation accompanied by viral shedding is common among sero-positive individuals, leading to relatively high efficiency of transmission. Prophylactic HSV-2 vaccines are the best and cheapest option to address the problems associated with HSV-2 infections globally. However, despite persistent efforts, the search for an efficacious vaccine for HSV-2 remains elusive. In this review, the current state of HSV-2 vaccines and the outcome of past human trials are examined. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence and strategies from experimental mouse models that have been successful in inducing protective immunity in the genital tract against HSV-2, following immunization. Future vaccination strategies that focus on induction of robust mucosal immunity in the genital tract may hold the key for a successful vaccine against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Roth
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Chege D, Chai Y, Huibner S, Kain T, Wachihi C, Kimani M, Barasa S, McKinnon LR, Muriuki FK, Kariri A, Jaoko W, Anzala O, Kimani J, Ball TB, Plummer FA, Kaul R. Blunted IL17/IL22 and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in the genital tract and blood of HIV-exposed, seronegative female sex workers in Kenya. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43670. [PMID: 22928014 PMCID: PMC3425491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the immune correlates of reduced susceptibility to HIV remains a key goal for the HIV vaccine field, and individuals who are HIV-exposed, seronegative (HESN) may offer important clues. Reduced systemic immune activation has been described in HESN individuals. Conversely, pro-inflammatory T cell subsets, particularly CD4+ T cells producing the cytokine IL17 (Th17 cells), may represent a highly susceptible target for HIV infection after sexual exposure. Therefore, we characterized the cellular pro-inflammatory and IL17/IL22 cytokine immune milieu in the genital mucosa and blood of HESN female sex workers (FSWs). METHODS AND RESULTS Blinded lab personnel characterized basal and mitogen-induced gene and cytokine immune responses in the cervix and blood of HESN FSWs (n = 116) and non-FSW controls (n = 17) using qPCR and ELISA. IL17 and IL22 production was significantly reduced in both the cervix and blood of HESNs, both in resting cells and after mitogen stimulation. In addition, HESN participants demonstrated blunted production of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and β-chemokines. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We conclude that HIV exposure without infection was associated with blunted IL17/IL22 and pro-inflammatory responses, both systemically and at the site of mucosal HIV exposure. It will be important for further studies to examine the causal nature of the association and to define the cell subsets responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Chege
- Departments of Medicine/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yijie Chai
- Departments of Medicine/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanja Huibner
- Departments of Medicine/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Kain
- Departments of Medicine/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Wachihi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Makubo Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samson Barasa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lyle R. McKinnon
- Departments of Medicine/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Festus K. Muriuki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Kariri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Anzala
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - T. Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Laboratory for HIV Immunology, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Francis A. Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Laboratory for HIV Immunology, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Departments of Medicine/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Lahey T, Ghosh M, Fahey JV, Shen Z, Mukura LR, Song Y, Cu-Uvin S, Mayer KH, Wright PF, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C, Wira CR. Selective impact of HIV disease progression on the innate immune system in the human female reproductive tract. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38100. [PMID: 22675510 PMCID: PMC3366961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated intrinsic anti-HIV activity in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) from HIV-infected women with high CD4 counts and not on antiretroviral therapy. However, the impact of HIV disease progression on CVL innate immune responses has not been delineated. METHODS CVL from 57 HIV-infected women not on antiretroviral therapy were collected by washing the cervicovaginal area with 10 ml of sterile normal saline. We characterized subject HIV disease progression by CD4 count strata: >500 cells/µl, 200-500 cells/µl, or <200 cells/µl of blood. To assess CVL anti-HIV activity, we incubated TZM-bl cells with HIV plus or minus CVL. Antimicrobials, cytokines, chemokines and anti-gp160 HIV IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA and Luminex. RESULTS CVL exhibited broad anti-HIV activity against multiple laboratory-adapted and transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses, with anti-HIV activity ranging from 0 to 100% showing wide variation between viral strains. Although there was broad CVL inhibition of most both laboratory-adapted and T/F virus strains, there was practically no inhibition of T/F strain RHPA.c, which was isolated from a woman newly infected via heterosexual intercourse. HIV disease progression, measured by declining CD4 T cell counts, resulted in a selective reduction in intrinsic anti-HIV activity in CVL that paralleled CVL decreases in human beta-defensin 2 and increases in Elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. HIV disease progress predicted decreased CVL anti-HIV activity against both laboratory-adapted and T/F strains of HIV. Anti-HIV activity exhibited close associations with CVL levels of fourteen cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSIONS Amid a multifaceted immune defense against HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens, HIV disease progression is associated with selective disturbances in both CVL anti-HIV activity and specific innate immune defenses in the human female reproductive tract (FRT). Overall, these studies indicate that innate immune protection in the FRT is compromised as women progress to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lahey
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America.
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Dunbar B, Patel M, Fahey J, Wira C. Endocrine control of mucosal immunity in the female reproductive tract: impact of environmental disruptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 354:85-93. [PMID: 22289638 PMCID: PMC4332593 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the human female reproductive tract (FRT) with its multiple levels of hormonally controlled immune protection has only begun to be understood. Dissecting the functions and roles of the immune system in the FRT is complicated by the differential hormonal regulation of its distinct anatomical structures that vary throughout the menstrual cycle. Although many fundamental mechanisms of steroid regulation of reproductive tract immune function have been determined, the effects of exogenous synthetic steroids or endocrine disruptors on immune function and disease susceptibility in the FRT have yet to be evaluated in detail. There is increasing evidence that environmental or synthetic molecules can alter normal immune function. This review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune systems, the current status of immune function in the FRT and the potential risks of environmental or pharmacological molecules that may perturb this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dunbar
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Semenova IV, Gizinger OA, Ziganshina OR, Semenov IA, Dolgushin II, Letiaeva OI. [The influence of ultrasonic radiation on the factors of antimicrobial resistance in the women of reproductive age presenting with mycoplasma infection of the urogenital tract]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2012:23-27. [PMID: 22908470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present clinical immunological study included 90 women of reproductive age presenting with mycoplasma infection of the lower urogenital tract. Low-frequency ultrasonic radiation was shown to successfully correct the disbalance in the system of congenital immunity that manifested itself as marked dysfunction of neutrophil granulocytes. The local application of low-frequency ultrasonic radiation normalized concentration of neutrophil defensins in cervical secretion as well as the number and function of neutrophils themselves.
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Thibodeau V, Lajoie J, Labbé AC, Zannou MD, Fowke KR, Alary M, Poudrier J, Roger M. High level of soluble HLA-G in the female genital tract of Beninese commercial sex workers is associated with HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25185. [PMID: 21966450 PMCID: PMC3179477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most HIV infections are transmitted across mucosal epithelium. Understanding the role of innate and specific mucosal immunity in susceptibility or protection against HIV infection, as well as the effect of HIV infection on mucosal immunity, are of fundamental importance. HLA-G is a powerful modulator of the immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate whether soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) expression in the female genital tract is associated with HIV-1 infection. Methods and Findings Genital levels of sHLA-G were determined in 52 HIV-1-uninfected and 44 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1-infected female commercial sex workers (CSWs), as well as 71 HIV-1-uninfected non-CSW women at low risk of exposure, recruited in Cotonou, Benin. HIV-1-infected CSWs had higher genital levels of sHLA-G compared with those in both the HIV-1-uninfected CSW (P = 0.009) and non-CSW groups (P = 0.0006). The presence of bacterial vaginosis (P = 0.008), and HLA-G*01:01:02 genotype (P = 0.002) were associated with higher genital levels of sHLA-G in the HIV-1-infected CSWs, whereas the HLA-G*01:04:04 genotype was also associated with higher genital level of sHLA-G in the overall population (P = 0.038). When adjustment was made for all significant variables, the increased expression of sHLA-G in the genital mucosa remained significantly associated with both HIV-1 infection (P = 0.02) and bacterial vaginosis (P = 0.03). Conclusion This study demonstrates that high level of sHLA-G in the genital mucosa is independently associated with both HIV-1 infection and bacterial vaginosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Thibodeau
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Annie-Claude Labbé
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marcel D. Zannou
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert K. Maga, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Keith R. Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michel Alary
- Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michel Roger
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Spear GT, Kendrick SR, Chen HY, Thomas TT, Bahk M, Balderas R, Ghosh S, Weinberg A, Landay AL. Multiplex immunoassay of lower genital tract mucosal fluid from women attending an urban STD clinic shows broadly increased IL1ß and lactoferrin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19560. [PMID: 21572958 PMCID: PMC3091877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than one million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occur
each day. The immune responses and inflammation induced by STDs and other
frequent non-STD microbial colonizations (i.e. Candida and bacterial
vaginosis) can have serious pathologic consequences in women including
adverse pregnancy outcomes, infertility and increased susceptibility to
infection by other pathogens. Understanding the types of immune mediators
that are elicited in the lower genital tract by these
infections/colonizations can give important insights into the innate and
adaptive immune pathways that are activated and lead to strategies for
preventing pathologic effects. Methodology/Principal Findings 32 immune mediators were measured by multiplexed immunoassays to assess the
immune environment of the lower genital tract mucosa in 84 women attending
an urban STD clinic. IL-3, IL-1ß, VEGF, angiogenin, IL-8,
ß2Defensin and ß3Defensin were detected in all subjects,
Interferon-α was detected in none, while the remaining mediators were
detected in 40% to 93% of subjects. Angiogenin, VEGF, FGF,
IL-9, IL-7, lymphotoxin-α and IL-3 had not been previously reported in
genital mucosal fluid from women. Strong correlations were observed between
levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6, between chemokines IP-10 and MIG
and between myeloperoxidase, IL-8 and G-CSF. Samples from women with any
STD/colonization had significantly higher levels of IL-8, IL-3, IL-7,
IL-1ß, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase. IL-1ß and lactoferrin
were significantly increased in gonorrhea, Chlamydia,
cervicitis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis. Conclusions/Significance These studies show that mucosal fluid in general appears to be an environment
that is rich in immune mediators. Importantly, IL-1ß and lactoferrin
are biomarkers for STDs/colonizations providing insights into immune
responses and pathogenesis at this mucosal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Spear
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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Hickey DK, Patel MV, Fahey JV, Wira CR. Innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract: stratification and integration of immune protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88:185-94. [PMID: 21353708 PMCID: PMC3094911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the multiple levels of pre-existing immunity in the upper and lower female reproductive tract. In addition, we highlight the need for further research of innate and adaptive immune protection of mucosal surfaces in the female reproductive tract. Innate mechanisms include the mucus lining, a tight epithelial barrier and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines by epithelial and innate immune cells. Stimulation of the innate immune system also serves to bridge the adaptive arm resulting in the generation of pathogen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Less understood are the multiple components that act in a coordinated way to provide a network of ongoing protection. Innate and adaptive immunity in the human female reproductive tract are influenced by the stage of menstrual cycle and are directly regulated by the sex steroid hormones, progesterone and estradiol. Furthermore, the effect of hormones on immunity is mediated both directly on immune and epithelial cells and indirectly by stimulating growth factor secretion from stromal cells. The goal of this review is to focus on the diverse aspects of the innate and adaptive immune systems that contribute to a unique network of protection throughout the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hickey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Abstract
The compilation of epidemiological, virological, and immunological data clearly indicates that HIV-1 infection must be considered primarily as a disease of the mucosal immune system. The earliest and most dramatic alterations of the immune system occur in the mucosal compartment. However, the mucosal immune systems of the genital and intestinal tracts display remarkable immunological differences that must be considered in the evaluation of humoral immune responses in HIV-1-infected individuals or in volunteers immunized with experimental HIV vaccines. In this regard, marked differences in the dominant Ig isotypes, molecular forms of HIV-1-specific antibodies, and their distinct effector functions in the genital versus intestinal tracts must be carefully evaluated and considered in the measurement and interpretation of humoral immune responses. Appropriate controls and alternative immunochemical assays should be used to complement and confirm results generated by ELISA, which are prone to false positivity. Special precautions and rigorous controls must be used in the evaluation of antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions of the genital and intestinal tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street, South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170,
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Mor GG. A message from the editor. The role of the mucosal immunity in the male and female reproductive tract during HIV infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:181. [PMID: 21294801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Keller MJ, Madan RP, Torres NM, Fazzari MJ, Cho S, Kalyoussef S, Shust G, Mesquita PMM, Louissaint N, Chen J, Cohen HW, Diament EC, Lee AC, Soto-Torres L, Hendrix CW, Herold BC. A randomized trial to assess anti-HIV activity in female genital tract secretions and soluble mucosal immunity following application of 1% tenofovir gel. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16475. [PMID: 21283552 PMCID: PMC3026837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preclinical and early phase clinical microbicide studies have not consistently predicted the outcome of efficacy trials. To address this gap, candidate biomarkers of microbicide pharmacodynamics and safety were evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tenofovir gel, the first microbicide to demonstrate significant protection against HIV acquisition. Methods 30 women were randomized to apply a single daily dose of tenofovir or placebo gel for 14 consecutive days. Anti-HIV activity was measured in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) on Days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 by luciferase assay as a surrogate marker of pharmacodynamics. Endogenous activity against E. coli and HSV-2 and concentrations of immune mediators were quantified in CVL as candidate biomarkers of safety. Tenofovir levels were measured in CVL and blood. Results A significant increase in anti-HIV activity was detected in CVL from women who applied tenofovir gel compared to their endogenous anti-HIV activity in genital tract secretions on Day 0 and compared to activity in CVL from women in the placebo group. The activity correlated significantly with CVL concentration of tenofovir (r = 0.6, p<0.001) and fit a sigmoid Emax pharmacodynamic model. Anti-HIV activity in CVL from women who applied tenofovir persisted when virus was introduced in semen, whereas endogenous anti-HIV activity decreased. Tenofovir did not trigger an inflammatory response or induce sustained loss in endogenous antimicrobial activity or immune mediators. Conclusions Tenofovir gel had no deleterious impact on soluble mucosal immunity. The increased anti-HIV activity in CVL, which persisted in the presence of semen and correlated with tenofovir concentration, is consistent with the efficacy observed in a recent clinical trial. These results promote quantified CVL anti-HIV activity as a surrogate of tissue pharmacodynamics and as a potential biomarker of adherence to product. This simple, feasible and inexpensive bioassay may promote the development of models more predictive of microbicide efficacy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00594373
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla J Keller
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Gizinger OA, Dolgushin II, Letiaeva OI. [Analysis of parameters of reproductive tract mucosal immunity in women with chlamydial infection before and after local magnetolaserotherapy]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2010:30-33. [PMID: 21332087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of combined treatment with low-intensity laser radiation and magnetic field on neutrophil function in women presenting with Chlamydial infection. Dysfunction of neutrophil granulocytes in these patients was manifest in the first place as the decreased number of phagocytes and the low rate of phagocytosis. It was shown that the concentration of active oxygen species in neutrophils in the patients with Chlamydial infection was significantly smaller than in healthy women. The concurrent application of low-intensity laser radiation and a magnetic field not only stimulated phagocytosis but also increased intracellular production of active oxygen species especially under in vitro conditions. It is concluded that combined treatment with low-intensity laser radiation and magnetic field has beneficial effect on the parameters of mucosal immunity in the reproductive tract of women with Chlamydial infection.
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Nasu K, Narahara H. Pattern recognition via the toll-like receptor system in the human female genital tract. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:976024. [PMID: 20396665 PMCID: PMC2853082 DOI: 10.1155/2010/976024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the female genital tract is a complex biosystem, which provides a barrier against the outside world and participates in both innate and acquired immune defense systems. This mucosal compartment has adapted to a dynamic, non-sterile environment challenged by a variety of antigenic/inflammatory stimuli associated with sexual intercourse and endogenous vaginal microbiota. Rapid innate immune defenses against microbial infection usually involve the recognition of invading pathogens by specific pattern-recognition receptors recently attributed to the family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) synthesized by microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses as well as endogenous ligands associated with cell damage. Members of the TLR family, which includes 10 human TLRs identified to date, recognize distinct PAMPs produced by various bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The available literature regarding the innate immune system of the female genital tract during human reproductive processes was reviewed in order to identify studies specifically related to the expression and function of TLRs under normal as well as pathological conditions. Increased understanding of these molecules may provide insight into site-specific immunoregulatory mechanisms in the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Wira CR, Fahey JV, Ghosh M, Patel MV, Hickey DK, Ochiel DO. Sex hormone regulation of innate immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of epithelial cells in balancing reproductive potential with protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:544-65. [PMID: 20367623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) does not mount an attack against HIV or other sexually transmitted infections (STI) with a single endogenously produced microbicide or with a single arm of the immune system. Instead, the body deploys dozens of innate antimicrobials to the secretions of the female reproductive tract. Working together, these antimicrobials along with mucosal antibodies attack many different viral, bacterial and fungal targets. Within the FRT, the unique challenges of protection against sexually transmitted pathogens coupled with the need to sustain the development of an allogeneic fetus have evolved in such a way that sex hormones precisely regulate immune function to accomplish both tasks. The studies presented in this review demonstrate that estradiol and progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle act both directly and indirectly on epithelial cells and other immune cells in the reproductive tract to modify immune function in a way that is unique to specific sites throughout the FRT. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that the innate immune response is under hormonal control, varies with the stage of the menstrual cycle, and as such is suppressed at mid-cycle to optimize conditions for successful fertilization and pregnancy. In doing so, a window of STI vulnerability is created during which potential pathogens including HIV enter the reproductive tract to infect host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Chaganty BKR, Murthy AK, Evani SJ, Li W, Guentzel MN, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Heat denatured enzymatically inactive recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor induces robust protective immunity against genital chlamydial challenge. Vaccine 2010; 28:2323-9. [PMID: 20056182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that vaccination with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF) plus interleukin-12 as an adjuvant induces robust protective immunity against primary genital Chlamydia muridarum challenge in mice. Since CPAF is a protease, we compared the effects of enzymatically active and inactive (heat denatured) rCPAF to determine whether proteolytic activity is expendable for the induction of protective immunity against chlamydial challenge. Active, but not inactive, rCPAF immunization induced high levels of anti-active CPAF antibody, whereas both induced robust splenic CPAF-specific IFN-gamma production. Vaccination with active or inactive rCPAF induced enhanced vaginal chlamydial clearance as early as day 6 with complete resolution of infection by day 18, compared to day 30 in mock-vaccinated and challenged animals. Importantly, significant and comparable reductions in oviduct pathology were observed in active and inactive rCPAF-vaccinated mice compared to mock-vaccinated animals. Thus, rCPAF induced anti-chlamydial immunity is largely independent of enzymatic activity and secondary or higher order protein conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat K R Chaganty
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Abstract
Analyses of menstrual function are important to our understanding of human evolution and can help to assess the risks of menstrual suppression, a practice increasingly recommended for women. Two evolutionary issues, however, are insufficiently appreciated in these analyses: the selection pressure infections pose to the human female reproductive system, and the variety of different-and possibly conflicting-immunological functions in the healthy human female reproductive and genital tract. Part of the reason why these issues are inadequately addressed is that reproduction is not sufficiently contextualized in evolutionary and immunological accounts. I argue that expanding the immunological context for menstrual function reinvigorates Margie Profet's (1993a) hypothesis that menstruation defends against sperm-borne pathogens. This expanded context also suggests that menstruation may have more than one function. Thus, until more is known about menstruation, we should proceed cautiously with regard to menstrual suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Howes
- Department of Philosophy, Lady Eaton College, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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Agrawal T, Vats V, Salhan S, Mittal A. The mucosal immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the reproductive tract in women. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 83:173-8. [PMID: 19896206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infection is an important public health concern with major adverse effects on female reproductive tract health and function. The magnitude of reproductive morbidity associated with sexually transmitted C. trachomatis infection is enormous, however to date no prophylactic vaccine is available. In part this is due to the lack of information on the mucosal immunobiology of the host-pathogen interaction and correlates of protective immunity during genital C. trachomatis infection. In this review, we focus on current knowledge of mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses in the female genital tract during C. trachomatis infection, which will eventually help in the development of a vaccine for prevention of chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Agrawal
- Institute of Pathology - ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
When spermatozoa, seminal plasma and semen extender reach the uterus and interact with local leukocytes and endometrial cells, several immune mechanisms are initiated which have immediate, mid-term and long-term effects on ovulation, sperm cell selection, fertilization and pregnancy success by assuring the acceptance of fetal tissues. This report gives an overview on relevant key immune mechanisms following roughly the time axis after insemination. Detailed knowledge regarding these mechanisms will aid maximizing reproductive efficiency in livestock production. In the future, the many species involved will require a more comparative approach, since evidence is growing that endometrial physiology and the response to varying amounts and compositions of seminal plasma, various semen extenders, and variable numbers of spermatozoa also provoke different immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Schuberth
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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Denton PW, Estes JD, Sun Z, Othieno FA, Wei BL, Wege AK, Powell DA, Payne D, Haase AT, Garcia JV. Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis prevents vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in humanized BLT mice. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e16. [PMID: 18198941 PMCID: PMC2194746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, vaginal transmission now accounts for more than half of newly acquired HIV-1 infections. Despite the urgency to develop and implement novel approaches capable of preventing HIV transmission, this process has been hindered by the lack of adequate small animal models for preclinical efficacy and safety testing. Given the importance of this route of transmission, we investigated the susceptibility of humanized mice to intravaginal HIV-1 infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS We show that the female reproductive tract of humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) mice is reconstituted with human CD4+ T and other relevant human cells, rendering these humanized mice susceptible to intravaginal infection by HIV-1. Effects of HIV-1 infection include CD4+ T cell depletion in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that closely mimics what is observed in HIV-1-infected humans. We also show that pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs is a highly effective method for preventing vaginal HIV-1 transmission. Whereas 88% (7/8) of BLT mice inoculated vaginally with HIV-1 became infected, none of the animals (0/5) given pre-exposure prophylaxis of emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) showed evidence of infection (Chi square = 7.5, df = 1, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The fact that humanized BLT mice are susceptible to intravaginal infection makes this system an excellent candidate for preclinical evaluation of both microbicides and pre-exposure prophylactic regimens. The utility of humanized mice to study intravaginal HIV-1 transmission is particularly highlighted by the demonstration that pre-exposure prophylaxis can prevent intravaginal HIV-1 transmission in the BLT mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Denton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zhifeng Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Florence A Othieno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bangdong L Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel A Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deborah Payne
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Aflatoonian R, Fazeli A. Toll-like receptors in female reproductive tract and their menstrual cycle dependent expression. J Reprod Immunol 2008; 77:7-13. [PMID: 17493683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid innate immune defences against infection usually involve the recognition of invading pathogens by specific pattern recognition receptors recently attributed to the family of Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLRs constitute a major part of innate immune system, and have been characterised in different tissues and organs. Reports from our laboratory and others have demonstrated the existence of TLRs in the female reproductive tract, yet TLRs have not been explored completely in this system. There is little known about variation in TLR expression during the menstrual cycle and the effects that sex hormones may have on their expression and function. Here, we review recent information regarding the existence of TLRs in the female reproductive tract, their function in the maintenance of innate immune system in this tract and their potential role in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aflatoonian
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield, UK
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45
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Pang PC, Tissot B, Drobnis EZ, Sutovsky P, Morris HR, Clark GF, Dell A. Expression of bisecting type and Lewisx/Lewisy terminated N-glycans on human sperm. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36593-602. [PMID: 17913713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sperm lack major histocompatibility class I molecules, making them susceptible to lysis by natural killer (NK) cells. Major histocompatibility class I negative tumor cells block NK cell lysis by expressing sufficient amounts of bisecting type N-glycans on their surfaces. Therefore, sperm could employ the same strategy to evade NK cell lysis. The total N-glycans derived from sperm were sequenced using ultrasensitive mass spectrometric and conventional approaches. Three major classes of N-glycans were detected, (i) high mannose, (ii) biantennary bisecting type, and (iii) biantennary, triantennary, and tetraantennary oligosaccharides terminated with Lewisx and Lewisy sequences. Immunostaining of normal sperm showed that glycoproteins bearing Lewisy sequences are localized to the acrosome and not the plasma membrane. In contrast, defective sperm showed distinct surface labeling with anti-Lewisy antibody. The substantial expression of high mannose and complex type N-glycans terminated with Lewisx and Lewisy sequences suggests that sperm glycoproteins are highly decorated with ligands for DC-SIGN. Based on previous studies, the addition of such carbohydrate signals should inhibit antigen-specific responses directed against sperm glycoproteins in both the male and female reproductive systems. Thus, the major N-glycans of human sperm are associated with the inhibition of both innate and adaptive immune responses. These results provide more support for the eutherian fetoembryonic defense system hypothesis that links the expression of carbohydrate functional groups to the protection of gametes and the developing human in utero. This study also highlights the usefulness of glycomic profiling for revealing potential physiological functions of glycans expressed in specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Choo Pang
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
The development of HIV-1 vaccines and microbicides remains hindered by our limited understanding of correlates of immune protection to infection. Evidence indicating that resistance to HIV-1 infection is indeed possible comes from HIV-1-exposed yet uninfected individuals, including cohorts of commercial sex workers and discordant couples. Despite their uninfected status some of these individuals have mucosal and systemic HIV-1-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in addition to their innate immune response. The combined contribution of innate and adaptive immunity as well as genetic factors is most likely of great importance for this protection against infection. Here we review data on the antibody responses and secreted immune molecules of the innate immune system in the female genital tract with emphasis on individuals who seem to resist HIV-1-infection despite repeated exposure to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirbod
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Wang ZJ, Zhang W. [The role of seminal vesicles in male fertility]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2007; 13:636-8. [PMID: 17725310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Seminal vesical secretion is important for male fertility. It affects semen coagulation, sperm motility, stability of sperm chromatin and suppression of the immune activity in the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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Yu M, Cao X, Wang X, Xu J, Yang M, Ben K. Migration of mouse antibody-secreting hybridoma cells from blood to genital tract and its regulation by sex hormones are associated with the differential expression patterns of adhesion molecules and chemokines in the tract rather than in the antibody-secreting cells. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 74:78-89. [PMID: 17150254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To understand better the molecular mechanisms of differential migration of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) into mouse genital tracts, and regulation by sex hormones, surface markers, hormone receptors and adhesion molecules in mouse SG2 and PA4 hybridoma cells, respectively, secreting IgG2b and polymeric IgA antibody were detected by flow cytometry or RT-PCR. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was also used for measuring mRNA expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-selectin, JAM-1 and CXCL12) in genital tracts of various adult mouse groups. The mRNAs of androgen receptor, estrogen receptor beta and CXCR4 were expressed in the ASCs. Sex hormones had no effect on expression of these molecules in ASCs. Except for VCAM-1, mRNA of all examined genes was expressed in normal mouse genital tracts. The mean of relative amounts of ICAM-1 and CXCL12 mRNA in all examined organs of females were higher (2.1- and 1.9-fold) than those in males. After orchiectomy or ovariectomy, the expression of ICAM-1, CXCL12 and P-selectin mRNA in the examined organs increased, except JAM-1 in male and CXCL12 in female. Sex hormone treatment recovered the changes to normal levels of mRNA expression in many examined genital tissues. In combination with our previous work, preferential migration of ASCs into female genital tract and regulation of migration by sex hormones are associated with expression patterns of adhesion molecules and chemokines in genital tract rather than in ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcan Yu
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cell Immunology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Mares D, Simoes JA, Novak RM, Spear GT. TLR2-mediated cell stimulation in bacterial vaginosis. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 77:91-9. [PMID: 17532476 PMCID: PMC2254576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with preterm labor, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and increased HIV acquisition, although the pathways that mediate these pathological effects have not been elucidated. To determine the presence of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-ligands and their specificity in BV, genital tract fluids were collected from women with and without BV by cervicovaginal lavage (CVL). The CVL samples were evaluated for their ability to stimulate secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and to activate NFkappaB and the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR), indicators of TLR activation, in human monocytic cells. Stimulation with BV CVLs induced higher levels of IL-8 and TNFalpha secretion, as well as higher levels of HIV LTR and NFkappaB activation, than CVLs from women with normal healthy bacterial flora. To identify which TLRs were important in BV, 293 cells expressing specific TLRs were exposed to CVL samples. BV CVLs induced higher IL-8 secretion by cells expressing TLR2 than CVLs from women without BV. Surprisingly, BV CVLs did not stimulate cells expressing TLR4/MD2, although these cells responded to purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 ligand. BV CVLs, in cells expressing TLR2, also activated the HIV LTR. Thus, these studies show that soluble factor(s) present in the lower genital tract of women with BV activate cells via TLR2, identifying a pathway through which BV may mediate adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Mares
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Mselle TF, Meadows SK, Eriksson M, Smith JM, Shen L, Wira CR, Sentman CL. Unique characteristics of NK cells throughout the human female reproductive tract. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:69-76. [PMID: 17524808 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have analyzed the presence and subsets of NK cells throughout the tissues of the FRT. We demonstrate that there are NK cells in the various FRT tissues and that their phenotype and regulation are largely dependent upon the FRT tissue where they reside. NK cells in the Fallopian tube, endometrium, cervix, and ectocervix expressed CD9 while blood NK cells did not. We have also found that unique subsets of NK cells are in specific locations of the FRT. The NK cells in the lower reproductive tract did not express CD94, but they did express CD16. In contrast, NK cells in the upper FRT express high amounts of CD94 and CD69, but few NK cells expressed CD16. All of these FRT NK cells were able to produce IFN-gamma upon stimulation with cytokines. Furthermore, the number of NK cells varied with the menstrual cycle in the endometrium but not in the cervix or ectocervix. These data suggest that unique characteristics of the tissues may account of specific localization of different NK cell subsets.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- CD56 Antigen/analysis
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genitalia, Female/cytology
- Genitalia, Female/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Middle Aged
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/analysis
- Receptors, IgG/analysis
- Tetraspanin 29
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy F Mselle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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