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Mestecky J, Julian BA, Raska M. IgA Nephropathy: Pleiotropic impact of Epstein-Barr virus infection on immunopathogenesis and racial incidence of the disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085922. [PMID: 36865536 PMCID: PMC9973316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is an autoimmune disease in which poorly galactosylated IgA1 is the antigen recognized by naturally occurring anti-glycan antibodies, leading to formation of nephritogenic circulating immune complexes. Incidence of IgAN displays geographical and racial disparity: common in Europe, North America, Australia, and east Asia, uncommon in African Americans, many Asian and South American countries, Australian Aborigines, and rare in central Africa. In analyses of sera and cells from White IgAN patients, healthy controls, and African Americans, IgAN patients exhibited substantial enrichment for IgA-expressing B cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), leading to enhanced production of poorly galactosylated IgA1. Disparities in incidence of IgAN may reflect a previously disregarded difference in the maturation of the IgA system as related to the timing of EBV infection. Compared with populations with higher incidences of IgAN, African Americans, African Blacks, and Australian Aborigines are more frequently infected with EBV during the first 1-2 years of life at the time of naturally occurring IgA deficiency when IgA cells are less numerous than in late childhood or adolescence. Therefore, in very young children EBV enters "non-IgA" cells. Ensuing immune responses prevent infection of IgA B cells during later exposure to EBV at older ages. Our data implicate EBV-infected cells as the source of poorly galactosylated IgA1 in circulating immune complexes and glomerular deposits in patients with IgAN. Thus, temporal differences in EBV primo-infection as related to naturally delayed maturation of the IgA system may contribute to geographic and racial variations in incidence of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bruce A Julian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czechia
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2
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily an airborne infection of the upper respiratory tract, which on reaching the lungs causes the severe acute respiratory disease, COVID-19. Its first contact with the immune system, likely through the nasal passages and Waldeyer's ring of tonsils and adenoids, induces mucosal immune responses revealed by the production of secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in saliva, nasal fluid, tears, and other secretions within 4 days of infection. Evidence is accumulating that these responses might limit the virus to the upper respiratory tract resulting in asymptomatic infection or only mild disease. The injectable systemic vaccines that have been successfully developed to prevent serious disease and its consequences do not induce antibodies in mucosal secretions of naïve subjects, but they may recall SIgA antibody responses in secretions of previously infected subjects, thereby helping to explain enhanced resistance to repeated (breakthrough) infection. While many intranasally administered COVID vaccines have been found to induce potentially protective immune responses in experimental animals such as mice, few have demonstrated similar success in humans. Intranasal vaccines should have advantage over injectable vaccines in inducing SIgA antibodies in upper respiratory and oral secretions that would not only prevent initial acquisition of the virus, but also suppress community spread via aerosols and droplets generated from these secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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3
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Zachova K, Jemelkova J, Kosztyu P, Ohyama Y, Takahashi K, Zadrazil J, Orsag J, Matousovic K, Galuszkova D, Petejova N, Mestecky J, Raska M. Galactose-Deficient IgA1 B cells in the Circulation of IgA Nephropathy Patients Carry Preferentially Lambda Light Chains and Mucosal Homing Receptors. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:908-917. [PMID: 35115327 PMCID: PMC9063893 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) primary glomerulonephritis is characterized by the deposition of circulating immune complexes (CIC) composed of polymeric (p)IgA1 molecules with altered O-glycans (Gd-IgA1) and anti-glycan antibodies in the kidney mesangium. The mesangial IgA deposits and serum IgA1 contain predominantly lambda (λ) light (L) chain, but the nature and origin of such IgA remains enigmatic Methods: We analyzed λ L chain expression in peripheral blood B cells of 30 IgAN patients, 30 healthy controls (HC), and 18 membranous nephropathy patients selected as disease controls (Non-IgAN). Results: In comparison to HC and Non-IgAN, in peripheral blood surface/membrane bound (mb)-Gd-IgA1+ cells from IgAN patients express predominantly λ L chain. In contrast, total mb-IgA+, mb-IgG+, and mb-IgM+ cells were preferentially positive for kappa (κ) L chain, in all analyzed groups. Although minor in comparison to κ L chain, λ L chain subsets of mb-IgG+, mb-IgM,+ and mb-IgA+ cells were significantly enriched in IgAN in comparison to Non-IgAN and/or HC. In contrast to HC, the peripheral blood of IgAN patients was enriched for λ+ mb-Gd-IgA1,+ CCR10,+ and CCR9+ cells, which preferentially home to the upper respiratory and digestive tract, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that mb-Gd-IgA1+ cell populations comprise more CD138+ cells and plasmablasts (CD38+) in comparison to total mb-IgA+ cells. Conclusions: Peripheral blood of IgAN patients is enriched for migratory λ+ mb-GdIgA1+ B cells, with the potential to home to mucosal sites where Gd-IgA1 could be produced during local respiratory or digestive tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zachova
- K Zachova, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jemelkova
- J Jemelkova, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- P Kosztyu, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yukako Ohyama
- Y Ohyama, Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- K Takahashi, Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- J Zadrazil, Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Orsag
- J Orsag, Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Matousovic
- K Matousovic, Department of Medicine, Charles University Second Faculty of Medicine, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Galuszkova
- D Galuszkova, Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nadezda Petejova
- N Petejova, Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- J Mestecky, Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Milan Raska
- M Raska, Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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4
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Abstract
Extensive experiments performed mostly in a variety of animal models convincingly demonstrated the protective effect of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies administered by the mucosal route. Because of the independence of the mucosal and systemic compartments of the immune system, antibodies from the circulation are not effectively transported in sufficient quantities into external secretions. Nevertheless, local application of antibodies of the desired specificity to mucosal membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female genital tracts protected experimental animals from the subsequent challenge by corresponding viral or bacterial pathogens. Thus, generation of monoclonal antibodies of desired specificity and the selection of delivery systems to extend their otherwise short survival on some mucosal surfaces are essential aims of their usability in humans for the effective prevention of mucosally acquired infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Raskova Kafkova L, Brokesova D, Krupka M, Stehlikova Z, Dvorak J, Coufal S, Fajstova A, Srutkova D, Stepanova K, Hermanova P, Stepankova R, Uberall I, Skarda J, Novak Z, Vannucci L, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Jiraskova Zakostelska Z, Sinkora M, Mestecky J, Raska M. Secretory IgA N-glycans contribute to the protection against E. coli O55 infection of germ-free piglets. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:511-522. [PMID: 32973324 PMCID: PMC7946640 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are colonized by highly diverse commensal microbiota. Coating with secretory IgA (SIgA) promotes the survival of commensal bacteria while it inhibits the invasion by pathogens. Bacterial coating could be mediated by antigen-specific SIgA recognition, polyreactivity, and/or by the SIgA-associated glycans. In contrast to many in vitro studies, only a few reported the effect of SIgA glycans in vivo. Here, we used a germ-free antibody-free newborn piglets model to compare the protective effect of SIgA, SIgA with enzymatically removed N-glycans, Fab, and Fc containing the secretory component (Fc-SC) during oral necrotoxigenic E. coli O55 challenge. SIgA, Fab, and Fc-SC were protective, whereas removal of N-glycans from SIgA reduced SIgA-mediated protection as demonstrated by piglets' intestinal histology, clinical status, and survival. In vitro analyses indicated that deglycosylation of SIgA did not reduce agglutination of E. coli O55. These findings highlight the role of SIgA-associated N-glycans in protection. Further structural studies of SIgA-associated glycans would lead to the identification of those involved in the species-specific inhibition of attachment to corresponding epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Raskova Kafkova
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Brokesova
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Krupka
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Stehlikova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Coufal
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Fajstova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Stepankova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Uberall
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Skarda
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Novak
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Luca Vannucci
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ,grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Jiraskova Zakostelska
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sinkora
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- grid.418800.50000 0004 0555 4846Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Milan Raska
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Russell MW, Moldoveanu Z, Ogra PL, Mestecky J. Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected but Critical Aspect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:611337. [PMID: 33329607 PMCID: PMC7733922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is the largest component of the entire immune system, having evolved to provide protection at the main sites of infectious threat: the mucosae. As SARS-CoV-2 initially infects the upper respiratory tract, its first interactions with the immune system must occur predominantly at the respiratory mucosal surfaces, during both inductive and effector phases of the response. However, almost all studies of the immune response in COVID-19 have focused exclusively on serum antibodies and systemic cell-mediated immunity including innate responses. This article proposes that there is a significant role for mucosal immunity and for secretory as well as circulating IgA antibodies in COVID-19, and that it is important to elucidate this in order to comprehend especially the asymptomatic and mild states of the infection, which appear to account for the majority of cases. Moreover, it is possible that mucosal immunity can be exploited for beneficial diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Pearay L Ogra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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7
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Zachova K, Kosztyu P, Zadrazil J, Matousovic K, Vondrak K, Hubacek P, Julian BA, Moldoveanu Z, Novak Z, Kostovcikova K, Raska M, Mestecky J. Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in Pathogenesis and Racial Distribution of IgA Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:267. [PMID: 32184780 PMCID: PMC7058636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the dominant type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. However, IgAN rarely affects African Blacks and is uncommon in African Americans. Polymeric IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge-region glycans is recognized as auto-antigen by glycan-specific antibodies, leading to formation of circulating immune complexes with nephritogenic consequences. Because human B cells infected in vitro with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) secrete galactose-deficient IgA1, we examined peripheral blood B cells from adult IgAN patients, and relevant controls, for the presence of EBV and their phenotypic markers. We found that IgAN patients had more lymphoblasts/plasmablasts that were surface-positive for IgA, infected with EBV, and displayed increased expression of homing receptors for targeting the upper respiratory tract. Upon polyclonal stimulation, these cells produced more galactose-deficient IgA1 than did cells from healthy controls. Unexpectedly, in healthy African Americans, EBV was detected preferentially in surface IgM- and IgD-positive cells. Importantly, most African Blacks and African Americans acquire EBV within 2 years of birth. At that time, the IgA system is naturally deficient, manifested as low serum IgA levels and few IgA-producing cells. Consequently, EBV infects cells secreting immunoglobulins other than IgA. Our novel data implicate Epstein-Barr virus infected IgA+ cells as the source of galactose-deficient IgA1 and basis for expression of relevant homing receptors. Moreover, the temporal sequence of racial-specific differences in Epstein-Barr virus infection as related to the naturally delayed maturation of the IgA system explains the racial disparity in the prevalence of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zachova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Karel Matousovic
- Department of Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Vondrak
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Hubacek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bruce A Julian
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zdenek Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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8
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Mestecky J. The Mammary Gland as an Integral Component of the Common Mucosal Immune System. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 2020; 94:27-37. [PMID: 32176881 DOI: 10.1159/000505336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The human mammary gland is an integral effector component of the common mucosal immune system. However, from physiological and immunological aspects, it displays several unique features not shared by other mucosal sites. The development, maturation, and activity of the mammary gland exhibits a strong hormonal dependence. Furthermore, in comparison to the intestinal and respiratory tracts, the mammary gland is not colonized by high numbers of bacteria of enormous diversity and does not contain mucosal inductive sites analogous to the intestinal Peyer's patches. Consequently, when exposed to antigens, local or generalized immune responses are low or not present. Comparative evaluations of various immunization routes effective in the induction of antibodies in human milk are limited. Systemic immunization induces IgG antibodies in plasma, but due to the low levels of total IgG in human milk, their protective effect remains unknown. Oral or intranasal immunization or infection induces secretory IgA in milk, as demonstrated in several studies. Other routes of mucosal immunization, such as sublingual or rectal exposure effective in the induction of antibodies in various external secretions, have not been explored in the mammary gland. Because secretory IgA in milk displays protective functions, alternative immunization routes and antigen delivery systems should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA,
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia,
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9
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Zachova K, Kosztyu P, Zadrazil J, Matousovic K, Vondrak K, Hubacek P, Kostovcikova K, Tlaskalova Hogenova H, Mestecky J, Raska M. Multiparametric flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood B cell trafficking differences among Epstein-Barr virus infected and uninfected subpopulations. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 164:247-254. [PMID: 31723302 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) targets predominantly B cells and these cells could acquire new phenotype characteristics. Here we analyzed whether EBV-infected and -uninfected B cells from healthy subjects differ in proportion of dominant phenotypes, maturation stage, and homing receptors expression. METHODS EBV-infected and -uninfected cells were identified by flow cytometry using fluorophore-labeled EBV RNA-specific DNA probes combined with fluorophore-labeled antibody to surface lineage markers, integrins, chemokine receptors, and immunoglobulin isotypes, including intracellular ones. RESULTS Our results show that the trafficking characteristics of EBERpos B cells are distinct from EBERneg B cells with most dominant differences detected for α4β1 and α4β7 and CCR5 and CCR7. EBV-positive cells are predominantly memory IgM+ B cells or plasmablasts/plasma cells (PB/PC) positive for IgA or less for IgM. In comparison to uninfected B cells, less EBV-positive B cells express α4β7 and almost no cells express α4β1. EBV-positive B cells contained significantly higher proportion of CCR5+ and CCR7+ cells in comparison to EBV-negative cells. In vitro exposure of blood mononuclear cells to pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 reduces population of EBV-positive B cell. CONCLUSION Although EBV-infected B cells represent only a minor subpopulation, their atypical functions could contribute in predisposed person to development abnormities such as some autoimmune diseases or tumors. Using multi-parameter flow cytometry we characterized differences in migration of EBV-positive and -negative B cells of various maturation stage and isotype of produced antibodies particularly different targeting to mucosal tissues of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zachova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Tlaskalova Hogenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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10
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Sabbaj S, Mestecky J. Evaluation of Mucosal Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV in External Secretions and Mucosal Tissues. Curr Immunol Rev 2019; 15:41-48. [PMID: 33312087 PMCID: PMC7731984 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180621152303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune systems of the genital and intestinal tracts as the most frequent sites of HIV-1 entry, display remarkable immunological differences from the systemic immune compartment which must be considered in the evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1. Marked differences in the fluids from the genital and intestinal tracts and in plasma with respect to the Ig isotypes, their levels, molecular forms and distinct effector functions must be taken into consideration in the evaluation and interpretation of humoral immune responses. Because of the low levels and highly pronounced variation in Ig content, HIV-1-specific antibody concentrations should be always related to the levels of total Ig of a given isotype. This practice will avoid inevitable differences due to the small volumes of collected fluids and sample dilution during the collection and processing of samples from external secretions. Furthermore, appropriate controls and immunochemical assays should be used to complement and confirm results generated by ELISA, which is prone to false positivity. In the evaluation of antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions, precautions and rigorous controls must be used to exclude the effect of innate humoral factors. The evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues is difficult due to the low yields of cells obtained from tissue biopsies or cytobrush scrapings. Furthermore, tissue biopsies of, for example rectal mucosa, provide information pertinent exclusively to this local site, which due to the differences in distribution of cells of different phenotypes, do not provide information generalized to the entire intestinal tract. Importantly, studies concerning the kinetics of cellular responses are difficult to perform due to the limited availability of samples or to the inability of obtaining frequent repeated tissue biopsies. For sampling the female genital tract parallel collection of menstrual and peripheral blood yields high numbers of cells that permit their detailed phenotypic and functional analyses. In contrast to tissue biopsies, this non-traumatic collection procedure, results in high cell yields and repeated monthly sampling permits extensive and parallel functional studies of kinetics and unique characteristics of HIV-1-specific cellular responses in the female genital tract and peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie Sabbaj
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Mestecky J, Veazey R. Mucosal Immune System and HIV/SIV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:2-3. [PMID: 33223980 DOI: 10.2174/157339551501190307091523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,1 School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,USA.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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12
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Kosztyu P, Hill M, Jemelkova J, Czernekova L, Kafkova LR, Hruby M, Matousovic K, Vondrak K, Zadrazil J, Sterzl I, Mestecky J, Raska M. Glucocorticoids Reduce Aberrant O-Glycosylation of IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy Patients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2018. [PMID: 29529610 DOI: 10.1159/000487903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS IgA nephropathy is associated with aberrant O-glycosylation of IgA1, which is recognized by autoantibodies leading to the formation of circulating immune complexes. Some of them, after deposition into kidney mesangium, trigger glomerular injury. In patients with active disease nonresponding to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II blockers, corticosteroids are recommended. METHODS The relationship between the corticosteroid therapy and serum levels of IgA, aberrantly O-glycosylated IgA1, IgA-containing immune complexes and their mesangioproliferative activity was analyzed in IgA nephropathy patients and disease and healthy controls. RESULTS Prednisone therapy significantly reduced proteinuria and levels of serum IgA, galactose-deficient IgA1, and IgA-IgG immune complexes in IgA nephropathy patients and thus reduced differences in all of the above parameters between IgAN patients and control groups. A moderate but not significant reduction of mesangioproliferative potential of IgA-IgG immune complexes and IgA sialylation was detected. CONCLUSION The prednisone therapy reduces overall aberrancy in IgA1 O-glycosylation in IgA nephropathy patients, but the measurement of IgA1 parameters does not allow us to predict the prednisone therapy outcome in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroids and Proteohormones and Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jemelkova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Czernekova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Raskova Kafkova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hruby
- Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Matousovic
- Department of Medicine, Second School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vondrak
- Department of Pediatrics, Second School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Sterzl
- Department of Steroids and Proteohormones and Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Division of Immunology and Gnotobiology Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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13
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Kaetzel CS, Mestecky J, Johansen FE. Two Cells, One Antibody: The Discovery of the Cellular Origins and Transport of Secretory IgA. J Immunol 2018; 198:1765-1767. [PMID: 28223403 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536;
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
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14
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Nabi R, Moldoveanu Z, Wei Q, Golub ET, Durkin HG, Greenblatt RM, Herold BC, Nowicki MJ, Kassaye S, Cho MW, Pinter A, Landay AL, Mestecky J, Kozlowski PA. Differences in serum IgA responses to HIV-1 gp41 in elite controllers compared to viral suppressors on highly active antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180245. [PMID: 28671952 PMCID: PMC5495342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms responsible for natural control of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) replication in elite controllers (EC) remain incompletely defined. To determine if EC generate high quality HIV-specific IgA responses, we used Western blotting to compare the specificities and frequencies of IgA to HIV antigens in serum of gender-, age- and race-matched EC and aviremic controllers (HC) and viremic noncontrollers (HN) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Concentrations and avidity of IgA to HIV antigens were measured using ELISA or multiplex assays. Measurements for IgG were performed in parallel. EC were found to have stronger p24- and V1V2-specific IgG responses than HN, but there were no IgG differences for EC and HC. In contrast, IgA in EC serum bound more frequently to gp160 and gag proteins than IgA in HC or HN. The avidity of anti-gp41 IgA was also greater in EC, and these subjects had stronger IgA responses to the gp41 heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), a reported target of anti-bacterial RNA polymerase antibodies that cross react with gp41. However, EC did not demonstrate greater IgA responses to E. coli RNA polymerase or to peptides containing the shared LRAI sequence, suggesting that most of their HR1-specific IgA antibodies were not induced by intestinal microbiota. In both EC and HAART recipients, the concentrations of HIV-specific IgG were greater than HIV-specific IgA, but their avidities were comparable, implying that they could compete for antigen. Exceptions were C1 peptides and V1V2 loops. IgG and IgA responses to these antigens were discordant, with IgG reacting to V1V2, and IgA reacting to C1, especially in EC. Interestingly, EC with IgG hypergammaglobulinemia had greater HIV-specific IgA and IgG responses than EC with normal total IgG levels. Heterogeneity in EC antibody responses may therefore be due to a more focused HIV-specific B cell response in some of these individuals. Overall, these data suggest that development of HIV-specific IgA responses and affinity maturation of anti-gp41 IgA antibodies occurs to a greater extent in EC than in subjects on HAART. Future studies will be required to determine if IgA antibodies in EC may contribute in control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Golub
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Helen G. Durkin
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Greenblatt
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostastistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Marek J. Nowicki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Michael W. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunity and Emerging Pathogens, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Institute of immunology and Microbiology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
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15
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Hel Z, Xu J, Denning WL, Helton ES, Huijbregts RPH, Heath SL, Overton ET, Christmann BS, Elson CO, Goepfert PA, Mestecky J. Dysregulation of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Responses to Microbial and Food Antigens as a Factor Contributing to Microbial Translocation and Chronic Inflammation in HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006087. [PMID: 28125732 PMCID: PMC5268400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is associated with an early and profound depletion of mucosal memory CD4+ T cells, a population that plays an indispensable role in the regulation of isotype switching and transepithelial transport of antibodies. In this study, we addressed whether the depletion of CD4+ T cell in HIV-1-infected individuals results in altered humoral responses specific to antigens encountered at mucosal surfaces. Comprehensive protein microarray of systemic humoral responses to intestinal microbiota demonstrated reduced IgG responses to antigens derived from Proteobacteria and Firmicutes but not Bacteroidetes. Importantly, intestinal secretions of antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-1-infected individuals exhibited a significant elevation of IgM levels and decreased IgA/IgM and IgG/IgM ratios of antibodies specific to a variety of microbial and food antigens. The presented findings indicate reduced competence of mucosal B cells for class switch recombination from IgM to other isotypes limiting their capacity to react to changing antigenic variety in the gut lumen. Decreased availability of microbiota-specific IgA and IgG may be an important factor contributing to the translocation of microbial antigens across the intestinal mucosal barrier and their systemic dissemination that drives chronic inflammation in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Warren L. Denning
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - E. Scott Helton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Richard P. H. Huijbregts
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - E. Turner Overton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S. Christmann
- Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, Lee University, Cleveland, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1 School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Moylan DC, Goepfert PA, Kempf MC, Saag MS, Richter HE, Mestecky J, Sabbaj S. Diminished CD103 (αEβ7) Expression on Resident T Cells from the Female Genital Tract of HIV-Positive Women. Pathog Immun 2017; 1:371-387. [PMID: 28164171 PMCID: PMC5288734 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v1i2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tissue resident memory T cells (TrM) provide an enhanced response against infection at mucosal surfaces, yet their function has not been extensively studied in humans, including the female genital tract (FGT). Methods: Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we studied TrM cells, defined as CD62L-CCR7-CD103+CD69+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mucosa-derived T cells from healthy and HIV-positive women. Results: We demonstrate that TrM are present in the FGT of healthy and HIV-positive women. The expression of the mucosal retention receptor, CD103, from HIV-positive women was reduced compared to healthy women and was lowest in women with CD4 counts < 500 cells/mm3. Furthermore, CD103 expression on mucosa-derived CD8+ T cells correlated with antigen-specific IFN-γ production by mucosal CD4+ T cells and was inversely correlated with T-bet from CD8+CD103+ mucosa-derived T cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that CD4+ T cells, known to be impaired during HIV-1 infection and necessary for the expression of CD103 in murine models, may play a role in the expression of CD103 on resident T cells from the human FGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Moylan
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- School of Nursing and Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael S Saag
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Holly E Richter
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Steffanie Sabbaj
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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17
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Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading cause of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. The disease is characterized by the presence of IgA-containing immune complexes in the circulation and in mesangial deposits with ensuing glomerular injury. Although in humans there are two IgA subclasses, only IgA1 molecules are involved. The exclusivity of participation of IgA1 in IgAN prompted extensive structural and immunological studies of the unique hinge region (HR) of IgA1, which is absent in otherwise highly homologous IgA2. HR of IgA1 with altered O-glycans serves as an antigen recognized by autoantibodies specific for aberrant HR glycans leading to the generation of nephritogenic immune complexes. However, there are several unresolved questions concerning the phylogenetic origin of human IgA1 HR, the structural basis of its antigenicity, the origin of antibodies specific for HR with altered glycan moieties, the regulatory defects in IgA1 glycosylation pathways, and the potential approaches applicable to the disease-specific interventions in the formation of nephritogenic immune complexes. This review focuses on the gaps in our knowledge of molecular and cellular events that are involved in the immunopathogenesis of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Microbiology, Birmingham, AL, USA; First School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Novak
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Microbiology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Microbiology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Milan Raska
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Microbiology, Birmingham, AL, USA; Palacky University, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and University Hospital, Department of Immunology, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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18
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Wang HK, Wei Q, Moldoveanu Z, Huh WK, Vu HL, Broker TR, Mestecky J, Chow LT. Characterization of serum antibodies from women immunized with Gardasil: A study of HPV-18 infection of primary human keratinocytes. Vaccine 2016; 34:3171-3177. [PMID: 27113165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The prevalent human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect human epithelial tissues. Infections by the mucosotropic HPV genotypes cause hyperproliferative ano-genital lesions. Persistent infections by high-risk (HR) HPVs such as HPV-16, HPV-18 and related types can progress to high grade intraepithelial neoplasias and cancers. Prophylactic HPV vaccines are based on DNA-free virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of the major capsid protein L1 of HPV-16, -18, -6 and -11 (Gardasil) or HPV-16 and -18 (Cervarix). Sera from vaccinated animals effectively prevent HPV pseudovirions to infect cell lines and mouse cervical epithelia. Both vaccines have proven to be highly protective in people. HPV pseudovirions are assembled in HEK293TT cells from matched L1 and L2 capsid proteins to encapsidate a reporter gene. Pseudovirions and genuine virions have structural differences and they infect cell lines or primary human keratinocytes (PHKs) with different efficiencies. In this study, we show that sera and isolated IgG from women immunized with Gardasil prevent authentic HPV-18 virions from infecting PHKs, whereas non-immune sera and purified IgG thereof are uniformly ineffective. Using early passage PHKs, neutralization is achieved only if immune sera are added within 2-4h of infection. We attribute the timing effect to a conformational change in HPV virions, thought to occur upon initial binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) on the cell surface. This interpretation is consistent with the inability of immune IgG bound to or taken up by PHKs to neutralize the virus. Interestingly, the window of neutralization increases to 12-16h in slow growing, late passage PHKs, suggestive of altered cell surface molecules. In vivo, this window might be further lengthened by the time required to activate the normally quiescent basal cells to become susceptible to infection. Our observations help explain the high efficacy of HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Kun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Warner K Huh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Huong Lan Vu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Thomas R Broker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 2 121 08, Czech Republic.
| | - Louise T Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Knoppova B, Reily C, Maillard N, Rizk DV, Moldoveanu Z, Mestecky J, Raska M, Renfrow MB, Julian BA, Novak J. The Origin and Activities of IgA1-Containing Immune Complexes in IgA Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:117. [PMID: 27148252 PMCID: PMC4828451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, frequently leading to end-stage renal disease, as there is no disease-specific therapy. IgAN is diagnosed from pathological assessment of a renal biopsy specimen based on predominant or codominant IgA-containing immunodeposits, usually with complement C3 co-deposits and with variable presence of IgG and/or IgM. The IgA in these renal deposits is galactose-deficient IgA1, with less than a full complement of galactose residues on the O-glycans in the hinge region of the heavy chains. Research from the past decade led to the definition of IgAN as an autoimmune disease with a multi-hit pathogenetic process with contributing genetic and environmental components. In this process, circulating galactose-deficient IgA1 (autoantigen) is bound by antiglycan IgG or IgA (autoantibodies) to form immune complexes. Some of these circulating complexes deposit in glomeruli, and thereby activate mesangial cells and induce renal injury through cellular proliferation and overproduction of extracellular matrix components and cytokines/chemokines. Glycosylation pathways associated with production of the autoantigen and the unique characteristics of the corresponding autoantibodies in patients with IgAN have been uncovered. Complement likely plays a significant role in the formation and the nephritogenic activities of these complexes. Complement activation is mediated through the alternative and lectin pathways and probably occurs systemically on IgA1-containing circulating immune complexes as well as locally in glomeruli. Incidence of IgAN varies greatly by geographical location; the disease is rare in central Africa but accounts for up to 40% of native-kidney biopsies in eastern Asia. Some of this variation may be explained by genetically determined influences on the pathogenesis of the disease. Genome-wide association studies to date have identified several loci associated with IgAN. Some of these loci are associated with the increased prevalence of IgAN, whereas others, such as deletion of complement factor H-related genes 1 and 3, are protective against the disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and genetic and biochemical factors involved in formation and activities of pathogenic IgA1-containing immune complexes will enable the development of future disease-specific therapies as well as identification of non-invasive disease-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Knoppova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Colin Reily
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicolas Maillard
- Université Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
- PRES Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dana V. Rizk
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew B. Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bruce A. Julian
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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20
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Nabi R, Wei Q, Moldoveanu Z, Durkin H, Greenblatt R, Herold B, Nowicki M, Young M, Golub E, Landay A, Mestecky J, Kozlowski P. Greater avidity and phagocytic activity of HIV gp41-specific serum IgA antibodies in elite controllers compared to subjects on antiretroviral therapy (VIR1P.1144). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.74.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Identification of the mechanisms of natural control of HIV replication in elite controllers (EC) may inform approaches for prevention of HIV. We investigated whether EC produce envelope-specific serum IgA responses of greater magnitude, avidity and function compared to subjects on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Serum was obtained from age- and race-matched HIV-uninfected women and infected women classified as EC or cART controllers (HC) or noncontrollers (HN). The EC and HC had undetectable viremia and CD4 T cell counts > 450/µl. The HN had high viremia and CD4 T cells < 250/µl. Concentrations and avidity of IgA and IgG against Clade B consensus gp120 and gp41BAL proteins were determined using ELISA. THP-1 monocytes and fluorescent beads coated with gp120 or gp41 were used to evaluate phagocytosis in whole serum and in IgA- or IgG-depleted serum. The magnitude of IgA and IgG responses to gp120 and gp41 was not found to differ between groups. Also, no differences were observed for avidity and phagocytic activity of gp120-specific antibodies. However, avidity and phagocytic activity of the anti-gp41 IgA in EC was significantly greater (p = 0.0186 or p = 0.0054 compared to HC or HN; p = 0.0474 compared to HC, respectively). These data indicate that, in EC, affinity maturation of IgA antibodies to gp41 may occur to a greater extent, resulting in gp41-specific IgA with greater antiviral function. Induction of gp41-specific IgA should be considered in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Nabi
- 2Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State Univ. Hlth. Sci. Ctr., New Orleans, LA
| | - Qing Wei
- 4U Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | - Ruth Greenblatt
- 6Clinical Pharmacy, Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Betsy Herold
- 7Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Marek Nowicki
- 8Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary Young
- 9Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington DC, MD
| | - Elizabeth Golub
- 10Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alan Landay
- 11Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL
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Mestecky J, Tomana M, Crowley-Nowick PA, Moldoveanu Z, Julian BA, Jackson S. Defective galactosylation and clearance of IgA1 molecules as a possible etiopathogenic factor in IgA nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 104:172-82. [PMID: 8325028 DOI: 10.1159/000422410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
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22
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Mestecky J, Hashim OH, Tomana M. Alterations in the IgA carbohydrate chains influence the cellular distribution of IgA1. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 111:66-71; discussion 71-2. [PMID: 7758348 DOI: 10.1159/000423879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Jackson S, Moldoveanu Z, Mestecky J. Collection and Processing of Human Mucosal Secretions. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.15001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mestecky J, Bienenstock J, Lamm ME, Mayer L, McGhee JR, Strober W. Preface to the Third Edition. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.05004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Russell MW, Mestecky J. Mucosal Vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Mestecky J, Russell MW. Urogenital Tract and Mammary Gland. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ogra PL, Mestecky J, Lamm ME, Strober W, McGhee JR, Bienenstock J. Preface to the First Edition. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.05002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ogra PL, Mestecky J, Lamm ME, Strober W, Bienenstock J, McGhee JR. Preface to the Second Edition. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.05003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abadie V, Abraham C, Adams DH, Agace WW, Alexander-Brett J, Alkhairy O, Ambite I, Anderson DJ, Artis D, Atmar RL, Aymeric L, Bachert C, Bakema JE, Baker K, Beagley KW, Befus A, Bemark M, Berin MC, Berings M, Berzofsky JA, Bilej M, Biswas N, Blumberg RS, Bienenstock J, Bogdanos D, Boirivant M, Boonnak K, Bracke KR, Brandtzaeg P, Braun J, Bringer MA, Broadbent AJ, Bronson R, Brusselle GG, Bulmer JN, Butler J, Cardenas PA, Cebra JJ, Cella M, Cerutti A, Challacombe SJ, Chattha K, Cheroutre H, Chiba T, Chorny A, Clements JD, Colonna M, Cookson WO, Corbeil LB, Corthésy B, Cripps AW, van Crombruggen K, Pires da Cunha A, Cunningham-Rundles S, Curtiss R, Darfeuille-Michaud A, de Jonge WJ, Deban L, Denning TL, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, DiRita VJ, Downey J, Du MQ, Edelblum KL, van Egmond M, Epple HJ, Fagarasan S, Fahey JV, Ferris MJ, Fichtner-Feigl S, Fidel PL, Flach M, Flavell R, Fleit HB, Franchini G, Freytag LC, Fuchs A, Fujihashi K, Fuss IJ, Gagliani N, Garcia MR, Garrett WS, Gershwin ME, Gevaert P, Gleeson M, Godaly G, Goldblum RM, Gour N, Gursel M, Hajishengallis G, Hammad H, Hammarström L, Hänninen A, Hanson LÅ, Hayday A, Herzog R, Hodgins DC, Holgate ST, Holmgren J, Holtzman MJ, Hook EW, Huber S, Hurwitz JL, Ivanyi J, Iwasaki A, Jabri B, Jackson S, Jacobs J, Jalkanen S, Janoff EN, Jerse AE, Jeyanathan M, Julian BA, Kacskovics I, Kaetzel CS, Kaushic C, Kelsall BL, Kessans S, Kesselring R, Kilian M, Kiyono H, Klinman DM, Korotkova M, Kronenberg M, Krysko O, Kurono Y, Kverka M, Lambrecht BN, Lamm ME, Lantz O, Lash GE, Lavelle E, Lefrancois L, Leung PS, Levine MM, Lim DJ, Lippolis J, Louis NA, Luster AD, Lutay N, Lycke N, Macpherson AJ, Mantis NJ, Marcotte H, Martin DH, Mason HS, Massa HM, Matoba N, Mayer L, Maynard CL, McElrath MJ, McEntee C, McGhee JR, McGuckin MA, Mestecky J, Mikhak Z, Miller RD, Moldoveanu Z, Montgomery PC, Mor T, Neurath MF, Neyt K, Nicholson LK, Novak J, Nowicki S, O’Hagan D, O’Sullivan NL, Ogra P, Orihuela C, Ouellette AJ, Owen RL, Pabst O, Parkos CA, Parreño V, Patel MV, Perez-Novo C, Perkins DJ, Prussin C, Pudney J, Raghavan S, Rainard P, Ramani S, Randall TD, Raska M, Renukaradhya GJ, Rescigno M, Rosenthal KL, Rothenberg ME, Ruemmele FM, Russell MW, Saif LJ, Salinas I, Salmi M, Salmon H, Sampson HA, Sansonetti P, Schneider T, Serafini N, Sharma D, Shen Z, Shi HN, Shirlaw PJ, Shivhare SB, Smith PD, Smith PM, Smith DJ, Smythies LE, Spencer J, Strober W, Subbarao K, Svanborg C, Svennerholm AM, Taubman MA, Telemo E, Thornhill MH, Thornton DJ, Thuenemann E, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Tristram D, Trivedi P, Tuomanen E, Turanek J, Turner JR, Underdown BJ, van Helden MJ, Veazey RS, Verdu EF, Vlasova A, Vliagoftis H, Vogel SN, Walker WA, Wang X, Watanabe T, Weaver CT, Weiner HL, Wells JM, Wen T, Whittum-Hudson J, Whitsett JA, Williams IR, Wills-Karp M, Wira CR, Woof JM, Wotherspoon AC, Xing Z, Xu H, Zaph C, Zeissig S, Zeitz M. Contributors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.01002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Novak J, Raska M, Mestecky J, Julian BA. IgA Nephropathy and Related Diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Russell MW, Mestecky J, Strober W, Lambrecht BN, Kelsall BL, Cheroutre H. Overview. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wise M, Kutzler M, Hutnick N, Moldoveanu Z, Hunter M, Yan J, Pahar B, Myles D, Khan A, Montefiori D, Betts M, Sardesai N, Mestecky J, Marx P, Weiner D. Vaccine Induced Responses in a SIV Model Can Impact Challenge Outcomes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5112.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Wise
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Zina Moldoveanu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Meredith Hunter
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Jian Yan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Blue Bell, PA, United States
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Devin Myles
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amir Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Blue Bell, PA, United States
| | | | - Michael Betts
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Jiri Mestecky
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - David Weiner
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Komiyama Y, Kafkova LR, Barasch A, Shah GR, Grbic JT, Novak Z, Komiyama K, Novak J, Mestecky J, Moldoveanu Z. Origin of galactose-deficient immunoglobulin g in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1779-85. [PMID: 25152004 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by a synergistic and dysbiotic microbial community that elicits a gingival inflammatory response leading to tissue breakdown. Periodontitis shares many characteristics with other chronic inflammatory diseases, including abnormal glycosylation of immunoglobulin (Ig)G. The current authors have previously demonstrated that IgG from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis contains galactose (Gal)-deficient IgG. METHODS The origin of the aberrantly glycosylated IgG was determined by measuring levels of Gal-deficient IgG in GCF and serum from patients with periodontitis and non-periodontitis controls using lectin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Ig-producing cells and the proportion of cells producing Gal-deficient IgG were immunohistochemically determined in gingival tissues from patients with periodontitis by fluorescence microscopy. The results were statistically evaluated and correlated with clinical data. RESULTS The results indicate that GCF of patients with periodontitis had higher levels of Gal-deficient IgG compared with controls (P = 0.002). In gingival tissues, IgG was the dominant isotype among Ig-producing cells, and 60% of IgG-positive cells produced Gal-deficient IgG. Moreover, the proportion of Gal-deficient IgG-producing cells directly correlated with clinical parameters of probing depth and clinical attachment loss (AL). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the presence of Gal-deficient IgG is associated with gingival inflammation and may play a role in the worsening of clinical parameters of periodontitis, such as AL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuske Komiyama
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Raska M, Czernekova L, Moldoveanu Z, Zachova K, Elliott MC, Novak Z, Hall S, Hoelscher M, Maboko L, Brown R, Smith PD, Mestecky J, Novak J. Differential glycosylation of envelope gp120 is associated with differential recognition of HIV-1 by virus-specific antibodies and cell infection. AIDS Res Ther 2014; 11:23. [PMID: 25120578 PMCID: PMC4130436 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-11-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 entry into host cells is mediated by interactions between the virus envelope glycoprotein (gp120/gp41) and host-cell receptors. N-glycans represent approximately 50% of the molecular mass of gp120 and serve as potential antigenic determinants and/or as a shield against immune recognition. We previously reported that N-glycosylation of recombinant gp120 varied, depending on the producer cells, and the glycosylation variability affected gp120 recognition by serum antibodies from persons infected with HIV-1 subtype B. However, the impact of gp120 differential glycosylation on recognition by broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies or by polyclonal antibodies of individuals infected with other HIV-1 subtypes is unknown. METHODS Recombinant multimerizing gp120 antigens were expressed in different cells, HEK 293T, T-cell, rhabdomyosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Binding of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies from sera of subtype A/C HIV-1-infected subjects with individual gp120 glycoforms was assessed by ELISA. In addition, immunodetection was performed using Western and dot blot assays. Recombinant gp120 glycoforms were tested for inhibition of infection of reporter cells by SF162 and YU.2 Env-pseudotyped R5 viruses. RESULTS We demonstrated, using ELISA, that gp120 glycans sterically adjacent to the V3 loop only moderately contribute to differential recognition of a short apex motif GPGRA and GPGR by monoclonal antibodies F425 B4e8 and 447-52D, respectively. The binding of antibodies recognizing longer peptide motifs overlapping with GPGR epitope (268 D4, 257 D4, 19b) was significantly altered. Recognition of gp120 glycoforms by monoclonal antibodies specific for other than V3-loop epitopes was significantly affected by cell types used for gp120 expression. These epitopes included CD4-binding site (VRC03, VRC01, b12), discontinuous epitope involving V1/V2 loop with the associated glycans (PG9, PG16), and an epitope including V3-base-, N332 oligomannose-, and surrounding glycans-containing epitope (PGT 121). Moreover, the different gp120 glycoforms variably inhibited HIV-1 infection of reporter cells. CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis that the glycosylation machinery of different cells shapes gp120 glycosylation and, consequently, impacts envelope recognition by specific antibodies as well as the interaction of HIV-1 gp120 with cellular receptors. These findings underscore the importance of selection of appropriately glycosylated HIV-1 envelope as a vaccine antigen.
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Mestecky J, Wei Q, Alexander R, Raska M, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z. Humoral immune responses to HIV in the mucosal secretions and sera of HIV-infected women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:600-7. [PMID: 24494997 PMCID: PMC4024328 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sera and all external secretions contain antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), their levels, specificity, isotypes, and relevant effector functions display a great degree of variability. Antibodies that bind HIV antigens and neutralize the virus are predominantly associated with the IgG isotype in sera and in all external secretions, even where total levels of IgG are much lower than those of IgA. Rectal fluid that contains high IgA, but low IgG levels, displayed low neutralizing activity independent of antibodies. Therefore, external secretions should be evaluated before and after selective depletion of Ig. At the systemic level, HIV-specific IgA may interfere with the effector functions of IgG, as suggested by recent studies of individuals systemically immunized with an experimental HIV vaccine. Although HIV-specific IgG and IgA antibodies may exhibit their protective activities at mucosal surfaces through interference with viral entry and local neutralization at the systemic level, such antibodies may display discordant effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rashada Alexander
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Kutzler M, Kathuria N, Curatola A, Makurumidze G, Myles D, Muthumani K, Sylvester A, Ginsberg A, Hutnick N, Moldoveanu Z, Hunter M, Khan A, Sardesai N, Mestecky J, Marx P, Weiner D. CCR10 expression is required for immunogenicity of a HIV-1env DNA vaccine encoding CCL28 to enhance HIV-1env-specific IgG and IgA at relevant mucosal sites (VAC7P.986). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.141.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Development of a vaccine that drives anti-viral mucosal B cell responses is critical for protection against HIV-1 infection. It is currently unknown whether triggering CCR10/CCL28 pathways in a DNA-based vaccine results in induction of HIV-1env specific B cell immunity at mucosal sites of infection. We hypothesized that co-immunization with HIV-1env/CCL28 molecular adjuvant would augment B cell responses at gastrointestinal and vaginal sites and require CCR10. CCL28 co-immunized WT mice displayed a significant enhancement of HIV-1env specific antibody titers in serum, feces and vaginal washes, and enhanced HIV-1 specific IgA responses were abrogated in CCR10KO mice. CCL28 co-immunization did not increase the breadth of linear B cell epitopes in WT mice, but augmented the dominant epitopes elicited by antigen immunization alone. The frequency of splenic and intestinal IgA+CD19+B220+CD138+CCR10+ plasmablasts was augmented in the CCL28 co-immunized WT mice over antigen-only immunized WT controls. The physiological relevance of these findings was confirmed in a NHP model of intravaginal SIVsmE660 challenge in which CCL28 co-immunization resulted in significant increases in serum/vaginal IgG/IgA, decrease in peak viral loads, significant suppression of viral titers over 120 days, and recovery of CD4 T cells. These data support a role for CCL28 in targeting protective anti-viral B cells to mucosal sites when delivered as molecular adjuvants for HIV-1env DNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Kutzler
- 1Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- 2Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, OR
| | - Noshin Kathuria
- 2Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, OR
| | - Ashley Curatola
- 2Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, OR
| | - Getrude Makurumidze
- 2Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, OR
| | - Devon Myles
- 3Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kar Muthumani
- 3Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Albert Sylvester
- 1Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Arielle Ginsberg
- 3Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Natalie Hutnick
- 3Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- 43Department of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Amir Khan
- 6Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, PA
| | | | - Jiri Mestecky
- 43Department of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - David Weiner
- 2Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, OR
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Gupta S, Gach JS, Becerra JC, Phan TB, Pudney J, Moldoveanu Z, Joseph SB, Landucci G, Supnet MJ, Ping LH, Corti D, Moldt B, Hel Z, Lanzavecchia A, Ruprecht RM, Burton DR, Mestecky J, Anderson DJ, Forthal DN. The Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcytosis across epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003776. [PMID: 24278022 PMCID: PMC3836734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) crosses mucosal surfaces to establish infection are unknown. Acidic genital secretions of HIV-1-infected women contain HIV-1 likely coated by antibody. We found that the combination of acidic pH and Env-specific IgG, including that from cervicovaginal and seminal fluids of HIV-1-infected individuals, augmented transcytosis across epithelial cells as much as 20-fold compared with Env-specific IgG at neutral pH or non-specific IgG at either pH. Enhanced transcytosis was observed with clinical HIV-1 isolates, including transmitted/founder strains, and was eliminated in Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn)-knockdown epithelial cells. Non-neutralizing antibodies allowed similar or less transcytosis than neutralizing antibodies. However, the ratio of total:infectious virus was higher for neutralizing antibodies, indicating that they allowed transcytosis while blocking infectivity of transcytosed virus. Immunocytochemistry revealed abundant FcRn expression in columnar epithelia lining the human endocervix and penile urethra. Acidity and Env-specific IgG enhance transcytosis of virus across epithelial cells via FcRn and could facilitate translocation of virus to susceptible target cells following sexual exposure. HIV-1 causes a sexually transmitted disease. However, the mechanisms employed by the virus to cross genital tract tissue and establish infection are uncertain. Since cervicovaginal fluid is acidic and HIV-1 in cervicovaginal fluid is likely coated with antibodies, we explored the effect of low pH and HIV-1-specific antibodies on transcytosis, the movement of HIV-1 across tight-junctioned epithelial cells. We found that the combination of HIV-1-specific antibodies and low pH enhanced transcytosis as much as 20-fold. Virus that underwent transcytosis under these conditions was infectious, and infectivity was highly influenced by whether or not the antibody neutralized the virus. We observed enhanced transcytosis using antibody from cervicovaginal and seminal fluids and using transmitted/founder strains of HIV-1. We also found that the enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which binds immune complexes at acidic pH and releases them at neutral pH. Finally, staining of human tissue revealed abundant FcRn expression on columnar epithelial cells of penile urethra and endocervix. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism wherein HIV-1 may facilitate its own transmission by usurping the antibody response directed against itself. These results have important implications for HIV vaccine development and for understanding the earliest events in HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Becerra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tran B. Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Pudney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Medalyn Jude Supnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Li-Hua Ping
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Davide Corti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs BioMed SA, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wei Q, Moldoveanu Z, Huang WQ, Alexander RC, Goepfert PA, Mestecky J. Comparative Evaluation of HIV-1 Neutralization in External Secretions and Sera of HIV-1-Infected Women. Open AIDS J 2012; 6:293-302. [PMID: 23346267 PMCID: PMC3549546 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific antibodies are detectable in external secretions by ELISA and western blot (WB), the presence of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies is difficult to evaluate due to the low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) and the presence of humoral factors of innate immunity. The objective of this study was to determine virus neutralization activity and the relative contribution of HIV-1-specific antibodies of various isotypes to virus neutralization in serum/plasma samples, cervicovaginal lavages (CVL), and rectal lavages (RL). Design: Serum/plasma, CVL, and RL samples were examined by ELISA, WB and HIV-1 neutralization assays. Selected samples were Ig depleted and analyzed for virus neutralization. Results: IgG specific for three HIV-1 ENV antigens was detected in all serum/plasma samples, while IgA to at least one ENV glycoprotein was found at the low levels in 95% samples. Serum/plasma samples had the ability to neutralize at least one of three clade B and two clade C viruses. The neutralizing titers were reduced significantly or became undetectable after IgG removal. In corresponding CVL and RL, HIV-1 ENV-specific IgG antibodies were readily detected compared to IgA. Furthermore, IgG in CVL had greater ability than IgA to reduce virus infectivity. The difference in HIV-1 neutralization before and after Ig depletion was not observed in RL, implying that innate humoral factors were involved in anti-HIV-1 activity. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies are almost exclusively of the IgG isotype in serum/plasma and CVL samples. HIV-1-specific binding antibodies detected in RL are not responsible for neutralization activity, suggesting that the antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions should be verified by means of a selective depletion of Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wei
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Microbiology, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Mestecky J, Raska M, Julian BA, Gharavi AG, Renfrow MB, Moldoveanu Z, Novak L, Matousovic K, Novak J. IgA nephropathy: molecular mechanisms of the disease. Annu Rev Pathol 2012; 8:217-40. [PMID: 23092188 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Studies of molecular and cellular interactions involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy have revealed the autoimmune nature of this most common primary glomerulonephritis. In patients with this disease, altered glycan structures in the unique hinge region of the heavy chains of IgA1 molecules lead to the exposure of antigenic determinants, which are recognized by naturally occurring antiglycan antibodies of the IgG and/or IgA1 isotype. As a result, nephritogenic immune complexes form in the circulation and deposit in the glomerular mesangium. Deposited immune complexes induce proliferation of resident mesangial cells, increased production of extracellular matrix proteins and cytokines, and ultimately loss of glomerular function. Structural elucidation of the nature of these immune complexes and their biological activity should provide a rational basis for an effective, immunologically mediated inhibition of the formation of nephritogenic immune complexes that could be used as a disease-specific therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Hutnick N, Myles DJ, Ginsberg A, Khan AS, Yan J, Moldoveanu Z, Mestecky J, Marx PA, Kutzler M, Weiner DB. Improved systemic and mucosal antibody responses with a CCR10 ligand adjuvant. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441712 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Novak J, Julian BA, Mestecky J, Renfrow MB. Glycosylation of IgA1 and pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:365-82. [PMID: 22434325 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy, described in 1968 as IgA-IgG immune-complex disease, is an autoimmune disease. Galactose-deficient IgA1 is recognized by unique autoantibodies, resulting in the formation of pathogenic immune complexes that ultimately induce glomerular injury. Thus, formation of the galactose-deficient IgA1-containing immune complexes is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Studies of molecular defects of IgA1 can define new biomarkers specific for IgA nephropathy that can be developed into clinical assays to aid in the diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novak
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Yanagihara T, Brown R, Hall S, Moldoveanu Z, Goepfert A, Tomana M, Julian BA, Mestecky J, Novak J. In vitro-generated immune complexes containing galactose-deficient IgA1 stimulate proliferation of mesangial cells. Results Immunol 2012; 2:166-172. [PMID: 24052934 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients have elevated serum levels of immune complexes consisting of IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge-region O-glycans (Gd-IgA1) and anti-glycan IgG. These immune complexes deposit in the kidney and activate mesangial cells. To confirm that the activity of these immune complexes depends on the interaction of Gd-IgA1 with anti-glycan IgG, we generated in vitro analogous immune complexes using Gd-IgA1 myeloma protein and anti-glycan IgG from cord blood of healthy women. The Gd-IgA1 and anti-glycan IgG from cord-blood serum formed IgA1-IgG immune complexes that resembled those in sera of patients with IgAN. Furthermore, the ability to activate cellular proliferation was dependent on a heat-sensitive serum factor. In summary, we developed a new protocol for in-vitro formation of IgA1-IgG immune complexes, thus providing a new tool for studies of the pathogenesis of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yanagihara
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Takahashi K, Smith AD, Poulsen K, Kilian M, Julian BA, Mestecky J, Novak J, Renfrow MB. Naturally occurring structural isomers in serum IgA1 o-glycosylation. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:692-702. [PMID: 22067045 DOI: 10.1021/pr200608q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IgA is the most abundantly produced antibody and plays an important role in the mucosal immune system. Human IgA is represented by two isotypes, IgA1 and IgA2. The major structural difference between these two subclasses is the presence of nine potential sites of O-glycosylation in the hinge region between the first and second constant region domains of the heavy chain. Thr(225), Thr(228), Ser(230), Ser(232) and Thr(236) have been identified as the predominant sites of O-glycan attachment. The range and distribution of O-glycan chains at each site within the context of adjacent sites in this clustered region create a complex heterogeneity of surface epitopes that is incompletely defined. We previously described the analysis of IgA1 O-glycan heterogeneity by use of high resolution LC-MS and electron capture dissociation tandem MS to unambiguously localize all amino acid attachment sites in IgA1 (Ale) myeloma protein. Here, we report the identification and elucidation of IgA1 O-glycopeptide structural isomers that occur based on amino acid position of the attached glycans (positional isomers) and the structure of the O-glycan chains at individual sites (glycan isomers). These isomers are present in a model IgA1 (Mce1) myeloma protein and occur naturally in normal human serum IgA1. Variable O-glycan chains attached to Ser(230), Thr(233) or Thr(236) produce the predominant positional isomers, including O-glycans composed of a single GalNAc residue. These findings represent the first definitive identification of structural isomeric IgA1 O-glycoforms, define the single-site heterogeneity for all O-glycan sites in a single sample, and have implications for defining epitopes based on clustered O-glycan variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takahashi
- UAB Biomedical FT-ICR MS Laboratory, MCLM 570, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Sabbaj S, Hel Z, Richter HE, Mestecky J, Goepfert PA. Menstrual blood as a potential source of endometrial derived CD3+ T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28894. [PMID: 22174921 PMCID: PMC3235171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of T cell-mediated immunity in the human female genital tract have been problematic due to difficulties associated with the collection of mucosal samples. Consequently, most studies rely on biopsies from the lower female genital tract or remnant tissue from hysterectomies. Availability of samples from healthy women is limited, as most studies are carried out in women with underlying pathologies. Menstruation is the cyclical sloughing off of endometrial tissue, and thus it should be a source of endometrial cells without the need for a biopsy. We isolated and phenotyped T cells from menstrual and peripheral blood and from endometrial biopsy-derived tissue from healthy women to determine the types of T cells present in this compartment. Our data demonstrated that T cells isolated from menstrual blood are a heterogeneous population of cells with markers reminiscent of blood and mucosal cells as well as unique phenotypes not represented in either compartment. T cells isolated from menstrual blood expressed increased levels of HLA-DR, αEβ7 and CXCR4 and reduced levels of CD62L relative to peripheral blood. Menstrual blood CD4+ T cells were enriched for cells expressing both CCR7 and CD45RA, markers identifying naïve T cells and were functional as determined by antigen-specific intracellular cytokine production assays. These data may open new avenues of investigation for cell mediated immune studies involving the female reproductive tract without the need for biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie Sabbaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
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Suzuki H, Kiryluk K, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Herr AB, Renfrow MB, Wyatt RJ, Scolari F, Mestecky J, Gharavi AG, Julian BA. The pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1795-803. [PMID: 21949093 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we discuss recent advances in understanding the biochemical, immunologic, and genetic pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, the most common primary glomerulonephritis. Current data indicate that at least four processes contribute to development of IgA nephropathy. Patients with IgA nephropathy often have a genetically determined increase in circulating levels of IgA1 with galactose-deficient O-glycans in the hinge-region (Hit 1). This glycosylation aberrancy is, however, not sufficient to induce renal injury. Synthesis and binding of antibodies directed against galactose-deficient IgA1 are required for formation of immune complexes that accumulate in the glomerular mesangium (Hits 2 and 3). These immune complexes activate mesangial cells, inducing proliferation and secretion of extracellular matrix, cytokines, and chemokines, which result in renal injury (Hit 4). Recent genome-wide association studies identify five distinct susceptibility loci--in the MHC on chromosome 6p21, the complement factor H locus on chromosome 1q32, and in a cluster of genes on chromosome 22q22--that potentially influence these processes and contain candidate mediators of disease. The significant variation in prevalence of risk alleles among different populations may also explain some of the sizable geographic variation in disease prevalence. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy provides an opportunity to develop disease-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Julian BA, Raska M, Wyatt RJ, Suzuki Y, Tomino Y, Gharavi AG, Mestecky J, Suzuki H. Aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 and anti-glycan antibodies in IgA nephropathy: role of mucosal immune system. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 72:60-3. [PMID: 21865691 DOI: 10.1159/000324607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common glomerulonephritis, is characterized by mesangial IgA1-containing immunodeposits, proliferation of mesangial cells, and matrix expansion. Clinical onset is frequently heralded by synpharyngitic hematuria, macroscopic hematuria during an upper-respiratory tract infection. Clinical and laboratory data support a postulated extrarenal origin of the glomerular IgA1, likely derived from circulating immune complexes containing polymeric IgA1, deficient in galactose in the hinge-region O-glycans, bound by antiglycan antibodies. This aberrant IgA1 is produced by IgA1-secreting cells with abnormal activities of specific glycosyltransferases. The galactose deficiency affects IgA1 induced by mucosal antigens and elevated circulating levels of this abnormal IgA1 are hereditable, suggesting interactions of genetic and environmental factors. An abnormal mucosal immune response resulting in production of galactose-deficient IgA1 in IgAN patients is supported by several observations: the aberrant glycosylation affects mostly polymeric IgA1 produced by mucosal-associated IgA1-secreting cells (including those from tonsils), the synpharyngitic nature of the macroscopic hematuria, and the association of disease severity with polymorphisms of a pattern-recognition receptor, TLR9. Thus, IgAN is an auto-immune disease, induced by mesangial deposition of circulating complexes containing galactose-deficient IgA1. The aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 may reflect abnormal mucosal immune responses to infections of the upper respiratory tract in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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