51
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Deane CAS, Brown IR. Induction of heat shock proteins in differentiated human neuronal cells following co-application of celastrol and arimoclomol. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:837-48. [PMID: 27273088 PMCID: PMC5003800 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Few effective therapies exist for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases that have been characterized as protein misfolding disorders. Upregulation of heat shock proteins (Hsps) mitigates against the accumulation of misfolded, aggregation-prone proteins and synaptic dysfunction, which is recognized as an early event in neurodegenerative diseases. Enhanced induction of a set of Hsps in differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells was observed following co-application of celastrol and arimoclomol, compared to their individual application. The dosages employed did not affect cell viability or neuronal process morphology. The induced Hsps included the little studied HSPA6 (Hsp70B'), a potentially neuroprotective protein that is present in the human genome but not in rat and mouse and hence is missing in current animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Enhanced induction of HSPA1A (Hsp70-1), DNAJB1 (Hsp40), HO-1 (Hsp32), and HSPB1 (Hsp27) was also observed. Celastrol activates heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), the master regulator of Hsp gene transcription, and also exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Arimoclomol is a co-activator that prolongs the binding of activated HSF1 to heat shock elements (HSEs) in the promoter regions of inducible Hsp genes. Elevated Hsp levels peaked at 10 to 12 h for HSPA6, HSPA1A, DNAJB1, and HO-1 and at 24 h for HSPB1. Co-application of celastrol and arimoclomol induced higher Hsp levels compared to heat shock paired with arimoclomol. The co-application strategy of celastrol and arimoclomol targets multiple neurodegenerative disease-associated pathologies including protein misfolding and protein aggregation, inflammatory and oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A S Deane
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ian R Brown
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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52
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Helms G, Schlumbohm C, Garea-Rodriguez E, Dechent P, Fuchs E. Pharmacokinetics of the MRI contrast agent gadobutrol in common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus
). J Med Primatol 2016; 45:290-296. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Helms
- Department of Cognitive Neurology; Göttingen University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Enrique Garea-Rodriguez
- Encepharm; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Neuroanatomy; Albert-Ludwigs-University; Freiburg Germany
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory; German Primate Center; Göttingen Germany
| | - Peter Dechent
- Department of Cognitive Neurology; Göttingen University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory; German Primate Center; Göttingen Germany
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53
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YOSHIMOTO T, NIIMI K, TAKAHASHI E. Serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) as a biochemical marker for wasting marmoset syndrome. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:837-43. [PMID: 26876041 PMCID: PMC4905840 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a non-human primate experimental animal has increased in recent years. Although wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS) is one of the biggest problems in captive marmoset colonies, the molecular mechanisms, biochemical markers for accurate diagnosis and a reliable treatment remain unknown. In this study, as a first step to finding biochemical marker(s) for the accurate diagnosis of WMS, we conducted blood cell counts, including hematocrit, hemoglobin and platelets, and examined serum chemistry values, including albumin, calcium and levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), using a colony of marmosets with and without weight loss. MMP9 is thought to be an enzyme responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix components and participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions, such as human and murine inflammatory bowel disease, which, like WMS, are characterized histologically by inflammatory cell infiltrations in the intestines. The values of hematocrit and hemoglobin and levels of serum albumin and calcium in the WMS group were significantly decreased versus the control group. The platelet values and serum MMP9 concentrations were increased significantly in the WMS group compared with the control group. MMP9 could be a new and useful marker for the diagnosis of WMS in addition to hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum albumin and calcium. Our results also indicate that MMP9 could be a useful molecular candidate for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro YOSHIMOTO
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute,
2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Kimie NIIMI
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute,
2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Eiki TAKAHASHI
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute,
2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
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54
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Mietsch M, Baldauf K, Reitemeier S, Suchowski M, Schoon HA, Einspanier A. Blood pressure as prognostic marker for body condition, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus
). J Med Primatol 2016; 45:126-38. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mietsch
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Physiological Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Katrin Baldauf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Small Animal Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Susanne Reitemeier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Physiological Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Marcel Suchowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Pathology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Heinz-Adolf Schoon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Pathology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Almuth Einspanier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Physiological Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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55
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Kap YS, Jagessar SA, Dunham J, 't Hart BA. The common marmoset as an indispensable animal model for immunotherapy development in multiple sclerosis. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1200-5. [PMID: 27060373 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New drugs often fail in the translation from the rodent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model to human multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we present the marmoset EAE model as an indispensable model for translational research into MS. The genetic heterogeneity of this species and lifelong exposure to chronic latent infections and environmental pathogens create a human-like immune system. Unique to this model is the presence of the pathological hallmark of progressive MS, in particular cortical grey matter lesions. Another great possibility of this model is systemic and longitudinal immune profiling, whereas in humans and mice immune profiling is usually performed in a single compartment (i.e. blood or spleen, respectively). Overall, the marmoset model provides unique opportunities for systemic drug-effect profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jordon Dunham
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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56
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de Menezes Galvão AC, Ferreira RG, de Sousa MBC, Galvão-Coelho NL. Physiological and behavioral responses to routine procedures in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Primates 2016; 57:421-31. [PMID: 26946459 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of routine captive procedures on the welfare of species used as experimental models in biomedical research is of great interest, since stress may alter the generalization and interpretation of results. This study investigated behavioral and endocrine (fecal cortisol) reactivity patterns in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) adult males (N = 10) and females (N = 9) subjected to three types of routine procedures in captivity: (1) moving to a same-sized cage (P1), to a smaller cage (P2), and (2) first-time pair formation (P3). Sexually dimorphic cortisol responses were detected in animals submitted to a physical environmental stressor (cage change). Females showed an increased response throughout P1, in relation to baseline (BP) cortisol, and a trend during P2. Males increased cortisol only during P2. On the other hand, males and females showed a similar endocrine response when management involved social challenge (pair formation), with both sexes increasing cortisol levels, but females exhibited a more intense and longer-lasting cortisol increase. Males and females exhibited similar behavioral responses to cage change, except for autogrooming, with males decreasing this behavior in P1. Only females demonstrated a significantly higher increase in piloerection frequency than that of males during the pair formation phase. These endocrine and behavioral changes must be taken into account when interpreting research data that involve these types of procedures. Further studies on the impacts of routine colony management are required to devise and include protocols in official husbandry guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília de Menezes Galvão
- Department of Physiology, Psychobiology Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal, 1511, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Renata Gonçalves Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, Psychobiology Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal, 1511, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernardete Cordeiro de Sousa
- Department of Physiology, Psychobiology Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal, 1511, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Nicole Leite Galvão-Coelho
- Department of Physiology, Psychobiology Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal, 1511, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil.
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57
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de Sousa MBC, Galvão ACDM, Sales CJR, de Castro DC, Galvão-Coelho NL. Endocrine and Cognitive Adaptations to Cope with Stress in Immature Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): Sex and Age Matter. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:160. [PMID: 26648876 PMCID: PMC4663272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic sex differences in primates are associated with body differentiation during the early stages of life, expressed in both physiological and behavioral features. Hormones seem to play a pivotal role in creating a range of responses to meet environmental and social demands, resulting in better reactions to cope with challenges to survival and reproduction. Steroid hormones actively participate in neuroplasticity and steroids from both gonads and neurons seem to be involved in behavioral modulation in primates. Indirect evidence suggests the participation of sexual steroids in dimorphism of the stress response in common marmosets. This species is an important experimental model in psychiatry, and we found a dual profile for cortisol in the transition from juvenile to subadult, with females showing higher levels. Immature males and females at 6 and 9 months of age moved alone from the family group to a new cage, over a 21-day period, expressed distinct patterns of cortisol variation with respect to range and duration of response. Additional evidence showed that at 12 months of age, males and females buffered the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during chronic stress. Moreover, chronic stressed juvenile marmoset males showed better cognitive performance in working memory tests and motivation when compared to those submitted to short-term stress living in family groups. Thus, as cortisol profile seems to be sexually dimorphic before adulthood, age and sex are critical variables to consider in approaches that require immature marmosets in their experimental protocols. Moreover, available cognitive tests should be scrutinized to allow better investigation of cognitive traits in this species.
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58
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Schultz-Darken N, Braun KM, Emborg ME. Neurobehavioral development of common marmoset monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:141-58. [PMID: 26502294 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) monkeys are a resource for biomedical research and their use is predicted to increase due to the suitability of this species for transgenic approaches. Identification of abnormal neurodevelopment due to genetic modification relies upon the comparison with validated patterns of normal behavior defined by unbiased methods. As scientists unfamiliar with nonhuman primate development are interested to apply genomic editing techniques in marmosets, it would be beneficial to the field that the investigators use validated methods of postnatal evaluation that are age and species appropriate. This review aims to analyze current available data on marmoset physical and behavioral postnatal development, describe the methods used and discuss next steps to better understand and evaluate marmoset normal and abnormal postnatal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Marina E Emborg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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59
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Ishibashi H. More effective induction of anesthesia using midazolam-butorphanol-ketamine-sevoflurane compared with ketamine-sevoflurane in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:317-9. [PMID: 26369292 PMCID: PMC4785126 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset has been increasingly used for research in the biomedical field; however, there is little
information available regarding effective methods of anesthesia in this species. This study retrospectively
analyzed 2 regimens of anesthesia induction: intramuscular injection of ketamine followed by inhalation of 5%
sevoflurane, and intramuscular injection of midazolam, butorphanol and ketamine followed by inhalation of 5%
sevoflurane. Anesthetic depth did not reach the surgical anesthesia stage in 7 out of 99 animals receiving the
former regimen, whereas there were only 2 such animals out of 273 receiving the latter regimen. The latter
regimen, when followed by maintenance anesthesia with 3% sevoflurane inhalation, was successfully used in
various nociceptive procedures. These results indicate that the injection of a combination of midazolam,
butorphanol and ketamine followed by inhalation of a high concentration of sevoflurane is effective for
anesthesia induction in marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Ishibashi
- Division of Primate Resources, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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60
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Wallis M. Coevolution of insulin-like growth factors, insulin and their receptors and binding proteins in New World Monkeys. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:158-167. [PMID: 26072449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the evolution of both insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin shows an episode of accelerated change on the branch leading to New World Monkeys (NWM). Here the possibility that this is accompanied by a corresponding episode of accelerated evolution of IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), insulin receptor (IR) and/or IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) was investigated. Analysis of receptor sequences from a range of primates and some non-primate mammals showed that accelerated evolution did indeed occur on this branch in the case of IGF1R and IR, but not for the similar insulin receptor-related receptor (IRRR) which does not bind insulin or IGF1. Marked accelerated evolution on this branch was also seen for some IGFBPs, but not the mannose 6-phosphate/IGF2 receptor or epidermal growth factor receptor. The rate of evolution slowed before divergence of the lineages leading to the NWM for which sequences are available (Callithrix and Saimiri). For the IGF1R and IR, the accelerated evolution was most marked for the extracellular domains (ectodomains). Application of the branch-site method showed dN/dS ratios significantly greater than 1.0 for both receptor ectodomains and for IGFBP1, and allowed identification of residues likely to have been subject to selection. These residues were concentrated in the N-terminal half of the IGF1R ectodomain but the C-terminal half of the IR ectodomain, which could have implications for the formation of hybrid receptors. Overall the results suggest that adaptive coevolution of IGF1, insulin and their receptors and some IGFBPs occurred during the evolution of NWM. For the most part, the residues that change on this branch could not be associated with specific functional aspects (ligand binding, receptor dimerization, glycosylation) and the physiological significance of this coevolution remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wallis
- Biochemistry and Biomedicine Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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61
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Lacreuse A, Mong JA, Hara Y. Neurocognitive effects of estrogens across the adult lifespan in nonhuman primates: State of knowledge and new perspectives. Horm Behav 2015; 74:157-66. [PMID: 25762288 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Estradiol and cognition". This review discusses the unique contribution of nonhuman primate research to our understanding of the neurocognitive effects of estrogens throughout the adult lifespan in females. Mounting evidence indicates that estrogens affect many aspects of hippocampal, prefrontal and cholinergic function in the primate brain and the underlying mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. In addition, estrogens may also influence cognitive function indirectly, via the modulation of other systems that impact cognition. We will focus on the effects of estrogens on sleep and emphasize the need for primate models to better understand these complex interactions. Continued research with nonhuman primates is essential for the development of therapies that are optimal for the maintenance of women's cognitive health throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Lacreuse
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Jessica A Mong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuko Hara
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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62
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Inoue T, Hayashimoto N, Yasuda M, Sasaki E, Itoh T. Pentatrichomonas hominis in laboratory-bred common marmosets. Exp Anim 2015; 64:363-8. [PMID: 26156572 PMCID: PMC4637372 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonadid protozoa have been found in the intestinal tracts of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). However, there is little information available on species identification and the pathogenicity of these trichomonads. In this study, we conducted a fecal survey of a common marmoset colony maintained as laboratory animals in Japan and identified the trichomonad species. Screening using a fecal smear examination revealed that 66% (58/88) of the marmosets had trichomonadid trophozoites in their feces. The trichomonads were found in both normal feces (31/49, 63%) and diarrhea (27/39, 69%), with no significant difference in frequency. The protozoa were identified as Pentatrichomonas hominis using morphological characters and the 100% identity of the nucleotide sequence of the partial 18S rRNA gene (297 bp). The intraspecific genetic variability between P. hominis from the marmosets in this study and P. hominis from other reported mammal hosts was ≤1% in the nucleotide sequence, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1, 5.8S rRNA gene, and ITS-2 (293 bp). P. hominis inhabits the large intestine of various mammalian hosts, including primates, and is considered nonpathogenic. These results suggest that P. hominis is transmitted among marmosets and other mammals but is not a primary cause of bowel disease in marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Inoue
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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63
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Olson EJ, Shaw GC, Hutchinson EK, Schultz-Darken N, Bolton ID, Parker JB, Morrison JM, Baxter VK, Pate KAM, Mankowski JL, Carlson CS. Bone Disease in the Common Marmoset: Radiographic and Histological Findings. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:883-93. [PMID: 26077785 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815589354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate that is used in biomedical research due to its small size and relative ease of handling compared with larger primates. Although bone disease in common marmosets is well recognized, there are very few detailed descriptions in the literature that cover the range of lesions seen in these animals. For all animals used to model human disease, it is important to be aware of background lesions that may affect the interpretation of study findings. This retrospective study details bone diseases encountered in marmoset breeding colonies at 2 different institutions. Affected marmosets at Johns Hopkins University had lesions compatible with diagnoses of rickets, fibrous osteodystrophy and osteopenia. Affected marmosets at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center exhibited severe lesions of osteoclastic bone resorption and remodeling that had an unusual distribution and were not easily categorized into a known disease entity. The purpose of this report is to document these naturally occurring skeletal lesions of common marmosets and suggest an approach to evaluating skeletal disease in prospective studies of these animals that will allow the most accurate diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Olson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, USA Both authors contributed equally to the work
| | - G C Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA Both authors contributed equally to the work
| | - E K Hutchinson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Schultz-Darken
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - I D Bolton
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - J B Parker
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - J M Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, USA Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - V K Baxter
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C S Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, USA
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64
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Irfan S, Wistuba J, Ehmcke J, Shahab M, Schlatt S. Pubertal and testicular development in the common marmoset (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>) shows high individual variation. Primate Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-2-1-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate that exhibits a man-like adult testicular organization. Aims: this study examines the pubertal testicular development in the common marmoset. Material and methods: immature male common marmosets (n = 48) were monitored longitudinally for a period of 13 months. Body weight and testicular volume (TV) were recorded, and testosterone levels were analyzed by an in-house radioimmunoassay. After 13 months the testes were collected, fixed and embedded in paraffin (n = 48). Histological and morphometric data were determined. Results: the first 6 months exhibited a rapid rise in body weight but not in TV. At 7 months a threefold increase in testosterone levels was observed. After 7 months the first few animals displayed rapid testis growth (> 250 mm3 at 10 months), while others exhibited no or slow pubertal development (≤ 100 mm3 at 10 months). Histological features confirmed an individually variable pattern of testicular development. Parallel with the rise in serum testosterone levels, an increase in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and an appearance of a tubular lumen as well as meiotic germ cells were encountered. The onset and the kinetics of testicular development were highly variable between individual animals in the colony. Epididymal sperm were first observed at 12 months of age. The TV and seminiferous tubule diameter showed continued growth after 12 months of age, especially in the animals developing with a delay after 7 months. Conclusions: pubertal onset in the common marmosets occurs at the earliest at 6 months of age and is hallmarked by sudden threefold increase in serum testosterone levels and a significant rise in the TV. Pubertal testis growth is characterized by an appearance of a tubular lumen and of primary and secondary spermatocytes. Spermatogenesis is qualitatively accomplished at the earliest at 12 months of age. A very high individual difference in onset and kinetics of pubertal development renders the age a very poor prognostic factor to determine the pubertal status of individual marmosets.
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65
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Braun K, Schultz-Darken N, Schneider M, Moore CF, Emborg ME. Development of a novel postnatal neurobehavioral scale for evaluation of common marmoset monkeys. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:401-417. [PMID: 25676438 PMCID: PMC4374045 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) monkeys when compared to rhesus macaques (Macaca mullatta) present several advantages for disease modeling, especially transgenic initiatives, as they commonly give birth to twins, which increases sample size, have accelerated development and a shorter life span that facilitates the analysis of the onset of age-related diseases. Yet, no tools are currently available to assess marmoset neurodevelopment during the initial first month of life. Here we report the creation of a novel Primate Postnatal Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale for marmoset monkeys (PPNAS-M) that was based on currently available scales for human and rhesus monkeys. Twenty-four healthy marmoset infants (12 females, 12 males) from 12 families were evaluated. The infant assessments involved 10-minute testing administered at 15 and 30 days after birth. The PPNAS-M consists of 41 noninvasive tests grouped into 5 testing categories: visual orienting, auditory and spatial orienting, motor responses, righting and body strength, and temperament tests. Testing at these two ages did not affect the overall health of the infants, suggesting that the PPNAS-M is a non-invasive testing tool. Significant maturation was demonstrated by increased scores in each of the five testing categories from postnatal day 15 to 30, with developmental patterns unique to marmosets. Principal component analysis defined 4 item groups (Orientation, State Control, Motor Maturity and Sensory Sensitivity) with 5 variables each. Orientation and State Control factors were highly similar to each other at both ages and correlated highly with previous item groupings used with rhesus macaques. Our results indicate that the PPNAS-M is a useful assessment tool for detecting neuromotor, attention, and temperament status of infant marmosets and that it is sensitive to developmental effects. Further studies to validate the PPNAS-M for the assessment of normal development versus early effects of developmental perturbations associated to prenatal exposures and transgenesis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Braun
- Department of Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Department of Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Mary Schneider
- Department of Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Colleen F. Moore
- Department of Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Marina E. Emborg
- Department of Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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't Hart BA, Bogers WM, Haanstra KG, Verreck FA, Kocken CH. The translational value of non-human primates in preclinical research on infection and immunopathology. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:69-83. [PMID: 25814254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays a central role in the defense against environmental threats - such as infection with viruses, parasites or bacteria - but can also be a cause of disease, such as in the case of allergic or autoimmune disorders. In the past decades the impressive development of biotechnology has provided scientists with biological tools for the development of highly selective treatments for the different types of disorders. However, despite some clear successes the translation of scientific discoveries into effective treatments has remained challenging. The often-disappointing predictive validity of the preclinical animal models that are used in the selection of the most promising vaccine or drug candidates is the Achilles heel in the therapy development process. This publication summarizes the relevance and usage of non-human primates as pre-clinical model in infectious and autoimmune diseases, in particular for biologicals, which due to their high species-specificity are inactive in lower species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Department Neuroscience, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willy M Bogers
- Department Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Krista G Haanstra
- Department Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank A Verreck
- Department Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Clemens H Kocken
- Department Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Takabayashi S, Suzuki Y, Katoh H. Development of a modified artificial insemination technique combining penile vibration stimulation and the swim-up method in the common marmoset. Theriogenology 2015; 83:1304-9.e2. [PMID: 25732321 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is used as a New World monkey species in biomedical studies because of its small body size and good reproduction in captivity. A modified artificial insemination technique was developed in this species to encourage breeding of lines carrying interesting genes and traits. Fresh semen was collected by penile vibratory stimulation. Medium containing highly motile sperm was inseminated into the uterus using a catheter. Seven females were inseminated using freshly prepared sperm from different males every day for 3 days including the expected ovulation day. As a result, four females conceived, and three females delivered six offspring in total (two singletons and one quadruplet). The paternity of the newborns was determined using microsatellite markers to accurately pinpoint the timing of insemination and ovulation. It is expected that our artificial insemination protocol can be effectively used to establish marmoset lines and genetically manage marmoset colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takabayashi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Yuiko Suzuki
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Katoh
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Salih SM, Ringelstetter AK, Elsarrag MZ, Abbott DH, Roti ECR. Dexrazoxane abrogates acute doxorubicin toxicity in marmoset ovary. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:73. [PMID: 25609833 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.119495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preservation of ovarian function following chemotherapy for nonovarian cancers is a formidable challenge. For prepubescent girls, the only option to prevent chemotherapy damage to the ovary is ovarian tissue cryopreservation, an experimental procedure requiring invasive surgeries to harvest and reimplant tissue, which carries the risk of cancer reintroduction. Drugs that block the primary mechanism of chemotherapy insult, such as dexrazoxane (Dexra) in the context of anthracycline chemotherapy, provide a novel approach for ovarian protection and have the potential to overcome current limitations to oncofertility treatment. Dexra is a catalytic topoisomerase 2 inhibitor that protects the mouse ovary from acute doxorubicin (DXR) chemotherapy toxicity in vitro by preventing DXR-induced DNA damage and subsequent gammaH2AX activation. To translate acute DXR ovarian insult and Dexra protection from mouse to nonhuman primate, freshly obtained marmoset ovarian tissue was cultured in vitro and treated with vehicle or 20 μM Dexra 1 h prior to 50 nM DXR. Cultured ovarian tissue was harvested at 2, 4, or 24 h post-DXR treatment. Dexra prevented DXR-induced DNA double-strand breaks as quantified by the neutral comet assay. DXR treatment for 24 h increased gammaH2AX phosphorylation, specifically increasing the number of foci-positive granulosa cells in antral follicles, while Dexra pretreatment inhibited DXR-induced gammaH2AX phosphorylation foci formation. Additionally, Dexra pretreatment trended toward attenuating DXR-induced AKT1 phosphorylation and caspase-9 activation as assayed by Western blots of ovarian tissue lysates. The combined findings suggest Dexra prevents primary DXR-induced DNA damage, the subsequent cellular response to DNA damage, and may diminish early apoptotic signaling in marmoset ovarian tissue. This study provides initial translation of Dexra protection against acute ovarian DXR toxicity from mice to marmoset monkey tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana M Salih
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divisions of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Reproductive Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ashley K Ringelstetter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divisions of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Reproductive Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mazin Z Elsarrag
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divisions of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Reproductive Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divisions of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Reproductive Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elon C Roti Roti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divisions of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Reproductive Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Drummer C, König J, Eildermann K, Fuchs E, Behr R, Hoffmann K. Core body temperature is not a reliable parameter to follow the reproductive cycle in female marmoset monkey (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>). Primate Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-1-11-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Marmosets represent an attractive and widely used animal species in biomedical research, and the routine monitoring of female reproductive cycles is often mandatory in the fields of reproductive biology and stem cell research. Today, the established method for the reliable detection of ovulation is the determination of progesterone concentrations from blood samples. This method is based on relatively frequent handling and blood collections; therefore, less invasive alternatives would help to reduce stress on the animals. Here, we investigated whether the core body temperature of marmosets would show a correlation with cycle-dependent hormonal fluctuations, as has been described for humans and other primate species. In particular, the objective was to investigate whether the telemetric recording of core body temperature could replace progesterone measurements as a reliable, less invasive method for the detection of ovulation in these animals. Here we show that the core body temperature parameters in female marmosets were characterized by frequent variations, but they were not related to particular days or phases during the reproductive cycle. Therefore, the recording of core body temperature in our controlled standard experimental setting is not an appropriate method to monitor the reproductive cycle in female marmosets, and cannot replace serum progesterone measurement as a state-of-the-art method.
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Individual variability in visual discrimination and reversal learning performance in common marmosets. Neurosci Res 2014; 93:136-43. [PMID: 25315397 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Detailed information about the characteristics of learning behavior in marmosets is useful for future marmoset research. We trained 42 marmosets in visual discrimination and reversal learning. All marmosets could learn visual discrimination, and all but one could complete reversal learning, though some marmosets failed to touch the visual stimuli and were screened out. In 87% of measurements, the final percentage of correct responses was over 95%. We quantified performance with two measures: onset trial and dynamic interval. Onset trial represents the number of trials that elapsed before the marmoset started to learn. Dynamic interval represents the number of trials from the start before reaching the final percentage of correct responses. Both measures decreased drastically as a result of the formation of discrimination learning sets. In reversal learning, both measures worsened, but the effect on onset trial was far greater. The effects of age and sex were not significant as far as we used adolescent or young adult marmosets. Unexpectedly, experimental circumstance (in the colony or isolator) had only a subtle effect on performance. However, we found that marmosets from different families exhibited different learning process characteristics, suggesting some family effect on learning.
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71
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72
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Ash H, Buchanan-Smith HM. Long-term data on reproductive output and longevity in captive female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 2014; 76:1062-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Ash
- Behaviour and Evolution Research Group and Scottish Primate Research Group; Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling; Stirling Scotland
| | - Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith
- Behaviour and Evolution Research Group and Scottish Primate Research Group; Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling; Stirling Scotland
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Powell DS, Walker RC, Heflin DT, Fisher D, Kosky JB, Homer LC, Reed DS, Stefano-Cole K, Trichel AM, Hartman AL. Development of novel mechanisms for housing, handling, and remote monitoring of common marmosets at animal biosafety level 3. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:219-26. [PMID: 24453160 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of common marmosets as an alternative non-human primate model for infectious disease research using BSL-3 viruses such as Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) presents unique challenges with respect to housing, handling, and safety. Subject matter experts from veterinary care, animal husbandry, biosafety, engineering, and research were consulted to design a pilot experiment using marmosets infected with RVFV. This paper reviews the caging, handling, and safety-related adaptations and modifications that were required to humanely utilize marmosets as a model for high-hazard BSL-3 viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Powell
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Jagessar SA, Vierboom M, Blezer ELA, Bauer J, Hart BA', Kap YS. Overview of models, methods, and reagents developed for translational autoimmunity research in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Exp Anim 2014; 62:159-71. [PMID: 23903050 PMCID: PMC4160941 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.62.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small-bodied Neotropical
primate and a useful preclinical animal model for translational research into
autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases (AIMID), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
multiple sclerosis (MS). The animal model for MS established in marmosets has proven their
value for exploratory research into (etio) pathogenic mechanisms and for the evaluation of
new therapies that cannot be tested in lower species because of their specificity for
humans. Effective usage of the marmoset in preclinical immunological research has been
hampered by the limited availability of blood for immunological studies and of reagents
for profiling of cellular and humoral immune reactions. In this paper, we give a concise
overview of the procedures and reagents that were developed over the years in our
laboratory in marmoset models of the above-mentioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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75
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Kishi N, Sato K, Sasaki E, Okano H. Common marmoset as a new model animal for neuroscience research and genome editing technology. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:53-62. [PMID: 24387631 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World primate; it originally comes from the Atlantic coastal forests in northeastern Brazil. It has been attracting much attention in the biomedical research field because of its size, availability, and unique biological characteristics. Its endocrinological and behavioral similarity to humans, comparative ease in handling, and high reproductive efficiency are very advantageous for neuroscience research. Recently, we developed transgenic common marmosets with germline transmission, and this technological breakthrough provides a potential paradigm shift by enabling researchers to investigate complex biological phenomena using genetically-modified non-human primates. In this review, we summarize recent progress in marmoset research, and also discuss a potential application of genome editing tools that should be useful toward the generation of knock-out/knock-in marmoset models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kishi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN-Keio University Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Baxter VK, Shaw GC, Sotuyo NP, Carlson CS, Olson EJ, Zink MC, Mankowski JL, Adams RJ, Hutchinson EK, Metcalf Pate KA. Serum albumin and body weight as biomarkers for the antemortem identification of bone and gastrointestinal disease in the common marmoset. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82747. [PMID: 24324827 PMCID: PMC3855796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in research makes it important to diagnose spontaneous disease that may confound experimental studies. Bone disease and gastrointestinal disease are two major causes of morbidity and mortality in captive marmosets, but currently no effective antemortem tests are available to identify affected animals prior to the terminal stage of disease. In this study we propose that bone disease and gastrointestinal disease are associated disease entities in marmosets and aim to establish the efficacy of several economical antemortem tests in identifying and predicting disease. Tissues from marmosets were examined to define affected animals and unaffected controls. Complete blood count, serum chemistry values, body weight, quantitative radiographs, and tissue-specific biochemical markers were evaluated as candidate biomarkers for disease. Bone and gastrointestinal disease were associated, with marmosets being over seven times more likely to have either concurrent bone and gastrointestinal disease or neither disease as opposed to lesions in only one organ system. When used in tandem, serum albumin <3.5 g/dL and body weight <325 g identified 100% of the marmosets affected with concurrent bone and gastrointestinal disease. Progressive body weight loss of 0.05% of peak body weight per day predicted which marmosets would develop disease prior to the terminal stage. Bone tissue-specific tests, such as quantitative analysis of radiographs and serum parathyroid hormone levels, were effective for distinguishing between marmosets with bone disease and those without. These results provide an avenue for making informed decisions regarding the removal of affected marmosets from studies in a timely manner, preserving the integrity of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K. Baxter
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gillian C. Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel P. Sotuyo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Erik J. Olson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - M. Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric K. Hutchinson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Greek R, Hansen LA. Questions regarding the predictive value of one evolved complex adaptive system for a second: Exemplified by the SOD1 mouse. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 113:231-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bobbert MF, Plas RLC, Weide G, Clairbois HEB, Hofman SO, Jaspers RT, Philippens IHCHM. Mechanical output in jumps of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 217:482-8. [PMID: 24143030 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study we determined the mechanical output of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) during jumping. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured in 18 animals while they jumped from an instrumented crossbar to a crossbar located 70 cm higher. From the vertical force time histories, we calculated the rate of change of mechanical energy of the centre of mass (dE/dt). The mean value of dE/dt during the push-off amounted to 51.8±6.2 W kg(-1) body mass, and the peak value to 116.4±17.6 W kg(-1) body mass. We used these values in combination with masses of leg muscles, determined in two specimens, to estimate mean and peak values of dE/dt of 430 and 970 W kg(-1) muscle, respectively. These values are higher than values reported in the literature for jumps of humans and bonobos, but smaller than those of jumps of bushbabies. Surprisingly, the mean value of dE/dt of 430 W kg(-1) muscle was close to the maximal power output of 516 W kg(-1) muscle reported in the literature for isokinetic contractions of rat medial gastrocnemius, one of the fastest mammalian muscles. Further study of the force-velocity relationship of muscle tissue of small primates is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F Bobbert
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Commentary on special issue: CNS diseases and the immune system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:757-9. [PMID: 23754135 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In an increasing number of central nervous system (CNS) diseases a pathogenic contribution of the immune system is proposed. However, the exact underlying mechanisms are often poorly understood. The collection of articles in this special issue presents a state-of-the-art review of adaptive and innate immune mechanisms and their main players in number CNS disorders. The aim of these articles is to stimulate discussion on the question whether the immune system may be a feasible target of therapy for diseases where currently no effective treatment exists.
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