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Zhang M, Kleber S, Röhrich M, Timke C, Han N, Tuettenberg J, Martin-Villalba A, Debus J, Peschke P, Wirkner U, Lahn M, Huber PE. Blockade of TGF-β signaling by the TGFβR-I kinase inhibitor LY2109761 enhances radiation response and prolongs survival in glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7155-67. [PMID: 22006998 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor that tends to be resistant to the ionizing radiotherapy used to treat it. Because TGF-β is a modifier of radiation responses, we conducted a preclinical study of the antitumor effects of the TGF-β receptor (TGFβR) I kinase inhibitor LY2109761 in combination with radiotherapy. LY2109761 reduced clonogenicity and increased radiosensitivity in GBM cell lines and cancer stem-like cells, augmenting the tumor growth delay produced by fractionated radiotherapy in a supra-additive manner in vivo. In an orthotopic intracranial model, LY2109761 significantly reduced tumor growth, prolonged survival, and extended the prolongation of survival induced by radiation treatment. Histologic analyses showed that LY2109761 inhibited tumor invasion promoted by radiation, reduced tumor microvessel density, and attenuated mesenchymal transition. Microarray-based gene expression analysis revealed signaling effects of the combinatorial treatments that supported an interpretation of their basis. Together, these results show that a selective inhibitor of the TGFβR-I kinase can potentiate radiation responses in glioblastoma by coordinately increasing apoptosis and cancer stem-like cells targeting while blocking DNA damage repair, invasion, mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Our findings offer a sound rationale for positioning TGFβR kinase inhibitors as radiosensitizers to improve the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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Burgess AW, Faux MC, Layton MJ, Ramsay RG. Wnt signaling and colon tumorigenesis--a view from the periphery. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2748-58. [PMID: 21884696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this brief overview we discuss the association between Wnt signaling and colon cell biology and tumorigenesis. Our current understanding of the role of Apc in the β-catenin destruction complex is compared with potential roles for Apc in cell adhesion and migration. The requirement for phosphorylation in the proteasomal-mediated degradation of β-catenin is contrasted with roles for phospho-β-catenin in the activation of transcription, cell adhesion and migration. The synergy between Myb and β-catenin regulation of transcription in crypt stem cells during Wnt signaling is discussed. Finally, potential effects of growth factor regulatory systems, Apc or truncated-Apc on crypt morphogenesis, stem cell localization and crypt fission are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony W Burgess
- Parkville Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, 3050, Australia.
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53
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Zhang H, Yan Q, Xu S, Ou Y, Ye F, Wang B, Lei T, Guo D. Association of expression of Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 2 gene with invasiveness of pituitary adenoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:520. [PMID: 21823015 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains-2 (LRIG2) gene expression in pituitary adenoma and its correlation with tumor invasiveness were studied. The expression of LRIG2 mRNA and protein in human pituitary adenoma obtained surgically was detected by RT-PCR (39 cases) and immunohistochemical staining (30 cases). It was found that LRIG2 was mostly localized at the nucleus of the pituitary adenoma cells. Its expression was significantly higher in the invasive cases than in the non-invasive cases. LRIG2 protein was positive in 14 cases out of 21 cases of invasive adenoma, but only 2 cases were positive in 9 cases of non-invasive adenoma. The positive expression rate of LRIG2 mRNA was 91.3% in invasive cases (total 23 cases) and 62.5% in non-invasive cases (total 16 cases), respectively. LRIG2 gene is overexpressed in invasive pituitary adenoma. It may play an important role in pituitary adenoma invasiveness and further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism under this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shutian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yibo Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Krig SR, Frietze S, Simion C, Miller JK, Fry WHD, Rafidi H, Kotelawala L, Qi L, Griffith OL, Gray JW, Carraway KL, Sweeney C. Lrig1 is an estrogen-regulated growth suppressor and correlates with longer relapse-free survival in ERα-positive breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1406-17. [PMID: 21821674 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lrig1 is the founding member of the Lrig family and has been implicated in the negative regulation of several oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases including ErbB2. Lrig1 is expressed at low levels in several cancer types but is overexpressed in some prostate and colorectal tumors. Given this heterogeneity, whether Lrig1 functions to suppress or promote tumor growth remains a critical question. Previously, we found that Lrig1 was poorly expressed in ErbB2-positive breast cancer, suggesting that Lrig1 has a growth-inhibitory role in this tumor type. However, breast cancer is a complex disease, with ErbB2-positive tumors accounting for just 25% of all breast cancers. To gain a better understanding of the role of Lrig1 in breast cancer, we examined its expression in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive disease which accounts for the majority of breast cancers. We find that Lrig1 is expressed at significantly higher levels in ERα-positive disease than in ERα-negative disease. Our study provides a molecular rationale for Lrig1 enrichment in ERα-positive disease by showing that Lrig1 is a target of ERα. Estrogen stimulates Lrig1 accumulation and disruption of this induction enhances estrogen-dependent tumor cell growth, suggesting that Lrig1 functions as an estrogen-regulated growth suppressor. In addition, we find that Lrig1 expression correlates with prolonged relapse-free survival in ERα-positive breast cancer, identifying Lrig1 as a new prognostic marker in this setting. Finally, we show that ErbB2 activation antagonizes ERα-driven Lrig1 expression, providing a mechanistic explanation for Lrig1 loss in ErbB2-positive breast cancer. This work provides strong evidence for a growth-inhibitory role for Lrig1 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl R Krig
- Division of Basic Sciences, University of California Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Correlation between LRIG1 and LRIG2 expressions and expression of 11 tumor markers, with special reference to tumor suppressors, in CIN and normal cervical epithelium. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122:372-6. [PMID: 21632100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Novel biological markers LRIG1 and LRIG2 have been associated with favorable as well as poor prognosis, respectively, in different cancer types, including cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate possible interactions between these proteins and other tumor markers, and as diagnostic adjuncts in CIN. METHODS Cervical biopsies from 171 women, with normal epithelium, and low-grade and high-grade CIN were stained for LRIG1 and LRIG2, and 11 additional tumor markers. The tumor markers were chosen to be relevant in cervical neoplasms. Staining was evaluated semiquantitatively. RESULTS Expression of LRIG1 and LRIG2 was found to correlate with increasing CIN grade, as well as with expression of tumor suppressor FHIT, independent of histological grade. In addition, tumor promoter LRIG2 expression correlated negatively with expression of tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein and positively with IL-10. The latter correlation did not however remain after adjustment for CIN grade. p53 and p16 expressions correlated positively with LRIG1 expression in univariate analyses, but significance did not hold after adjustment for CIN grade. CONCLUSION LRIG1 and LRIG2 expressions were seen in precancerous cervical epithelium and found to increase with increasing grade. There was an association between expression of these glycoproteins and FHIT tumor suppressor protein, independently of histological grade.
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Thomasson M, Wang B, Hammarsten P, Dahlman A, Persson JL, Josefsson A, Stattin P, Granfors T, Egevad L, Henriksson R, Bergh A, Hedman H. LRIG1 and the liar paradox in prostate cancer: a study of the expression and clinical significance of LRIG1 in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2843-52. [PMID: 21128282 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The course of prostate cancer varies greatly, and additional prognostic markers are needed. Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1) is an endogenous inhibitor of growth factor signaling and a proposed tumor suppressor. Publicly available gene expression datasets indicate that LRIG1 may be overexpressed in prostate cancer. In our study, the expression of LRIG1 protein in prostate cancer was evaluated for the first time. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays from two different patient series: 355 Swedish patients diagnosed by transurethral resection and 293 American patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. In the Swedish series, high expression of LRIG1 correlated with Gleason score, T-stage, tumor cell proliferation, vascular density and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation. Among the 256 Swedish patients, followed by watchful waiting, high LRIG1 expression was significantly associated with short overall and prostate cancer-specific survival. In contrast, in the US series, high LRIG1 expression was significantly associated with long overall survival. In vitro cell experiments showed that LRIG1 was induced by androgen stimulation, and its expression inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation. Thus, LRIG1 expression was an independent marker for poor survival in the untreated patient series, perhaps as a secondary marker of androgen receptor and/or EGFR activation. On the contrary, LRIG1 was a marker for good prognosis after prostatectomy, which might be due to its growth inhibiting properties. We propose that LRIG1 is an important determinant of prostate cancer growth, and the implications of its expression on patient outcome depend on the clinical and biological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Thomasson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Broekman F, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Multi-targeted or single-targeted? World J Clin Oncol 2011; 2:80-93. [PMID: 21603317 PMCID: PMC3095472 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v2.i2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since in most tumors multiple signaling pathways are involved, many of the inhibitors in clinical development are designed to affect a wide range of targeted kinases. The most important tyrosine kinase families in the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors are the ABL, SCR, platelet derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor families. Both multi-kinase inhibitors and single-kinase inhibitors have advantages and disadvantages, which are related to potential resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, selectivity and tumor environment. In different malignancies various tyrosine kinases are mutated or overexpressed and several resistance mechanisms exist. Pharmacokinetics is influenced by interindividual differences and differs for two single targeted inhibitors or between patients treated by the same tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Different tyrosine kinase inhibitors have various mechanisms to achieve selectivity, while differences in gene expression exist between tumor and stromal cells. Considering these aspects, one type of inhibitor can generally not be preferred above the other, but will depend on the specific genetic constitution of the patient and the tumor, allowing personalized therapy. The most effective way of cancer treatment by using tyrosine kinase inhibitors is to consider each patient/tumor individually and to determine the strategy that specifically targets the consequences of altered (epi)genetics of the tumor. This strategy might result in treatment by a single multi kinase inhibitor for one patient, but in treatment by a couple of single kinase inhibitors for other patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Broekman
- Fleur Broekman, Elisa Giovannetti, Godefridus J Peters, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hedman H, Lindström AK, Tot T, Stendahl U, Henriksson R, Hellberg D. LRIG2 in contrast to LRIG1 predicts poor survival in early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Acta Oncol 2010; 49:812-5. [PMID: 20553099 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2010.492789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) protein family comprises LRIG1, 2, and 3. LRIG1 negatively regulates growth factor signaling and is a proposed tumor suppressor. In early stage uterine cervical carcinoma, expression of LRIG1 is associated with good survival. Less is known about the function and expression of LRIG2; it has not been studied in cervical carcinoma, previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS LRIG2 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry in 129 uterine cervical squamous cell carcinomas and 36 uterine cervical adenocarcinomas. Possible associations between LRIG2 immunoreactivity and patient survival were evaluated. RESULTS In early-stage squamous cell carcinoma (stages IB-IIB), high expression of LRIG2 was associated with poor survival (Kaplan-Meier, log-rank, p=0.02). The 10-year survival rate for patients with high expression of LRIG2 was 60%, compared to 87% in patients with low expression (odds ratio 0.22, 95% CI 0.07-0.64). In multivariate analysis including the previously studied tumor suppressor LRIG1 and clinical stage, LRIG2 emerged as an independent prognostic factor (odds ratio 0.22, 95% CI 0.09-0.50). For patients with both high expression of LRIG2 and low expression of LRIG1, the 10-year survival rate was only 26% compared to 66% for the remaining study population. There was no correlation between LRIG2 expression and prognosis in the limited adenocarcinoma series. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION LRIG2 appears to be a significant predictor of poor prognosis in early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A combination of high LRIG2 expression and low LRIG1 expression identified women with a very poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Hedman
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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59
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Andersson U, Schwartzbaum J, Wiklund F, Sjöström S, Liu Y, Tsavachidis S, Ahlbom A, Auvinen A, Collatz-Laier H, Feychting M, Johansen C, Kiuru A, Lönn S, Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Henriksson R, Bondy M, Melin B. A comprehensive study of the association between the EGFR and ERBB2 genes and glioma risk. Acta Oncol 2010; 49:767-75. [PMID: 20446891 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2010.480980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of adult brain tumor and glioblastoma, its most aggressive form, has a dismal prognosis. Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4) family, and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), play a central role in tumor progression. We investigated the genetic variants of EGFR, ERBB2, VEGFR and their ligands, EGF and VEGF on glioma and glioblastoma risk. In addition, we evaluated the association of genetic variants of a newly discovered family of genes known to interact with EGFR: LRIG2 and LRIG3 with glioma and glioblastoma risk. Methods. We analyzed 191 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) capturing all common genetic variation of EGF, EGFR, ERBB2, LRIG2, LRIG3, VEGF and VEGFR2 genes. Material from four case-control studies with 725 glioma patients (329 of who were glioblastoma patients) and their 1 610 controls was used. Haplotype analyses were conducted using SAS/Genetics software. Results. Fourteen of the SNPs were significantly associated with glioma risk at p< 0.05, and 17 of the SNPs were significantly associated with glioblastoma risk at p< 0.05. In addition, we found that one EGFR haplotype was related to increased glioblastoma risk at p=0.009, Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.67 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 2.45). The Bonferroni correction made all p-values non-significant. One SNP, rs4947986 next to the intron/exon boundary of exon 7 in EGFR, was validated in an independent data set of 713 glioblastoma and 2 236 controls, [OR] = 1.42 (95% CI: 1.06,1.91). Discussion. Previous studies show that regulation of the EGFR pathway plays a role in glioma progression but the present study is the first to find that certain genotypes of the EGFR gene may be related to glioblastoma risk. Further studies are required to reinvestigate these findings and evaluate the functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Andersson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
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60
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Gumienny TL, MacNeil L, Zimmerman CM, Wang H, Chin L, Wrana JL, Padgett RW. Caenorhabditis elegans SMA-10/LRIG is a conserved transmembrane protein that enhances bone morphogenetic protein signaling. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000963. [PMID: 20502686 PMCID: PMC2873917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways control an array of developmental and homeostatic events, and must themselves be exquisitely controlled. Here, we identify Caenorhabditis elegans SMA-10 as a positive extracellular regulator of BMP-like receptor signaling. SMA-10 acts genetically in a BMP-like (Sma/Mab) pathway between the ligand DBL-1 and its receptors SMA-6 and DAF-4. We cloned sma-10 and show that it has fifteen leucine-rich repeats and three immunoglobulin-like domains, hallmarks of an LRIG subfamily of transmembrane proteins. SMA-10 is required in the hypodermis, where the core Sma/Mab signaling components function. We demonstrate functional conservation of LRIGs by rescuing sma-10(lf) animals with the Drosophila ortholog lambik, showing that SMA-10 physically binds the DBL-1 receptors SMA-6 and DAF-4 and enhances signaling in vitro. This interaction is evolutionarily conserved, evidenced by LRIG1 binding to vertebrate receptors. We propose a new role for LRIG family members: the positive regulation of BMP signaling by binding both Type I and Type II receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Gumienny
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lesley MacNeil
- Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cole M. Zimmerman
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Huang Wang
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lena Chin
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Wrana
- Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard W. Padgett
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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61
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Ye F, Gao Q, Cai MJ. Therapeutic targeting of EGFR in malignant gliomas. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:303-16. [DOI: 10.1517/14728221003598948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abraira VE, Satoh T, Fekete DM, Goodrich LV. Vertebrate Lrig3-ErbB interactions occur in vitro but are unlikely to play a role in Lrig3-dependent inner ear morphogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8981. [PMID: 20126551 PMCID: PMC2813878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Lrig genes encode a family of transmembrane proteins that have been implicated in tumorigenesis, psoriasis, neural crest development, and complex tissue morphogenesis. Whether these diverse phenotypes reflect a single underlying cellular mechanism is not known. However, Lrig proteins contain evolutionarily conserved ectodomains harboring both leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin domains, suggesting an ability to bind to common partners. Previous studies revealed that Lrig1 binds to and inhibits members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases by inducing receptor internalization and degradation. In addition, other receptor tyrosine kinase binding partners have been identified for both Lrig1 and Lrig3, leaving open the question of whether defective ErbB signaling is responsible for the observed mouse phenotypes. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report that Lrig3, like Lrig1, is able to interact with ErbB receptors in vitro. We examined the in vivo significance of these interactions in the inner ear, where Lrig3 controls semicircular canal formation by determining the timing and extent of Netrin1 expression in the otic vesicle epithelium. We find that ErbB2 and ErbB3 are present in the early otic epithelium, and that Lrig3 acts cell-autonomously here, as would be predicted if Lrig3 regulates ErbB2/B3 activity. However, inhibition of ErbB activation in the chick otic vesicle has no detectable effect on Netrin gene expression or canal morphogenesis. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that although both Lrig1 and Lrig3 can interact with ErbB receptors in vitro, modulation of Neuregulin signaling is unlikely to contribute to Lrig3-dependent processes of inner ear morphogenesis. These results highlight the similar binding properties of Lrig1 and Lrig3 and underscore the need to determine how these two family members bind to and regulate different receptors to affect diverse aspects of cell behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. Abraira
- Department of Neurobiology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Donna M. Fekete
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa V. Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Identification of beta-secretase (BACE1) substrates using quantitative proteomics. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8477. [PMID: 20041192 PMCID: PMC2793532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a transmembrane aspartyl protease with a lumenal active site that sheds the ectodomains of membrane proteins through juxtamembrane proteolysis. BACE1 has been studied principally for its role in Alzheimer's disease as the β-secretase responsible for generating the amyloid-β protein. Emerging evidence from mouse models has identified the importance of BACE1 in myelination and cognitive performance. However, the substrates that BACE1 processes to regulate these functions are unknown, and to date only a few β-secretase substrates have been identified through candidate-based studies. Using an unbiased approach to substrate identification, we performed quantitative proteomic analysis of two human epithelial cell lines stably expressing BACE1 and identified 68 putative β-secretase substrates, a number of which we validated in a cell culture system. The vast majority were of type I transmembrane topology, although one was type II and three were GPI-linked proteins. Intriguingly, a preponderance of these proteins are involved in contact-dependent intercellular communication or serve as receptors and have recognized roles in the nervous system and other organs. No consistent sequence motif predicting BACE1 cleavage was identified in substrates versus non-substrates. These findings expand our understanding of the proteins and cellular processes that BACE1 may regulate, and suggest possible mechanisms of toxicity arising from chronic BACE1 inhibition.
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Holmlund C, Haapasalo H, Yi W, Raheem O, Brännström T, Bragge H, Henriksson R, Hedman H. Cytoplasmic LRIG2 expression is associated with poor oligodendroglioma patient survival. Neuropathology 2009; 29:242-7. [PMID: 18992012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The three leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) genes encode integral membrane proteins. Of these, LRIG1 negatively regulates growth factor signaling and is implicated as a tumor suppressor in certain malignancies. In astrocytic tumors, the subcellular distribution of LRIG proteins is associated with specific clinicopathological features and patient survival. The role of LRIG proteins in oligodendroglioma has not previously been studied. Here we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of the LRIG proteins in 63 oligodendroglial tumors, and evaluated possible associations between LRIG protein expression and clinicopathological parameters. Notably, cytoplasmic LRIG2 expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor associated with poor oligodendroglioma patient survival. This is the first report of an LRIG protein showing a negative effect on survival, suggesting that LRIG2 might have a function different from that of LRIG1, and possibly contributing to the etiology of oligodendroglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Holmlund
- Departments of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Sweden
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Investigating the targets of MIR-15a and MIR-16-1 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). PLoS One 2009; 4:e7169. [PMID: 19779621 PMCID: PMC2745703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of multiple target genes. Deregulation of miRNAs is common in human tumorigenesis. The miRNAs, MIR-15a/16-1, at chromosome band 13q14 are down-regulated in the majority of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Methodology/Principal Findings We have measured the expression of MIR-15a/16-1, and 92 computationally-predicted MIR-15a/16-1 target genes in CLL patients and in normal controls. We identified 35 genes that are deregulated in CLL patients, 5 of which appear to be specific targets of the MIR-15a/16-1 cluster. These targets included 2 genes (BAZ2A and RNF41) that were significantly up-regulated (p<0.05) and 3 genes (RASSF5, MKK3 and LRIG1) that were significantly down-regulated (p<0.05) in CLL patients with down-regulated MIR-15a/16-1 expression. Significance The genes identified here as being subject to MIR-15a/16-1 regulation could represent direct or indirect targets of these miRNAs. Many of these are good biological candidates for involvement in tumorigenesis and as such, may be important in the aetiology of CLL.
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66
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Lai AZ, Abella JV, Park M. Crosstalk in Met receptor oncogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:542-51. [PMID: 19758803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates several distinct biological processes, including cell scatter, cell invasion, cell survival and epithelial remodeling. MET is genetically altered through several mechanisms in multiple human cancers; these events are causally related to cancer initiation and progression, identifying Met as a potential therapeutic target. Recent evidence highlights additional roles for Met in cancer through crosstalk with other receptors and cell surface proteins. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of mechanisms of interaction between Met, the epidermal growth factor receptor family and other cell surface protein families, and how these contribute to signal crosstalk, oncogenesis and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Z Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mandai K, Guo T, Hillaire CS, Meabon JS, Kanning KC, Bothwell M, Ginty DD. LIG family receptor tyrosine kinase-associated proteins modulate growth factor signals during neural development. Neuron 2009; 63:614-27. [PMID: 19755105 PMCID: PMC2758028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screens were performed to identify transmembrane proteins that mediate axonal growth, guidance and target field innervation of somatosensory neurons. One gene, Linx (alias Islr2), encoding a leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin (LIG) family protein, is expressed in a subset of developing sensory and motor neurons. Domain and genomic structures of Linx and other LIG family members suggest that they are evolutionarily related to Trk receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Several LIGs, including Linx, are expressed in subsets of somatosensory and motor neurons, and select members interact with TrkA and Ret RTKs. Moreover, axonal projection defects in mice harboring a null mutation in Linx resemble those in mice lacking Ngf, TrkA, and Ret. In addition, Linx modulates NGF-TrkA- and GDNF-GFRalpha1/Ret-mediated axonal extension in cultured sensory and motor neurons, respectively. These findings show that LIGs physically interact with RTKs and modulate their activities to control axonal extension, guidance and branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mandai
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, PCTB 1015, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ting Guo
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, PCTB 1015, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Coryse St. Hillaire
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, PCTB 1015, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James S. Meabon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Box 357290, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kevin C. Kanning
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Box 357290, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mark Bothwell
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Box 357290, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David D. Ginty
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, PCTB 1015, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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68
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Ye F, Gao Q, Xu T, Zeng L, Ou Y, Mao F, Wang H, He Y, Wang B, Yang Z, Guo D, Lei T. Upregulation of LRIG1 suppresses malignant glioma cell growth by attenuating EGFR activity. J Neurooncol 2009; 94:183-94. [PMID: 19300910 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged as an important therapeutic target for a variety of solid tumors, particularly malignant gliomas. A recently discovered transmembrane glycoprotein, LRIG1, antagonizes the activity of epidermal growth factor receptor family receptor tyrosine kinases and acts as a negative feedback loop of EGFR and proposed tumor suppressors. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of LRIG1 on the biological features of glioma cells and the possible mechanisms of enhanced apoptosis induced by upregulation of LRIG1. We observed that the expression of LRIG1 was decreased, while the expression of EGFR was increased in the majority of astrocytomas, and the ratio of EGFR/LRIG1 was increased by sixfold in tumors versus corresponding non-neoplastic tissue. Upregulation of LRIG1, followed by a decrease of EGFR on the cytomembrane of the cells, induced cell apoptosis and cell growth inhibition, and further reversed invasion in glioma cell lines and primary glioma cells. Our study now clearly indicates that LRIG1 indeed affects cell fate and biology behaviors of the cells in vitro by inhibiting phosphorylation of downstream MAPK and AKT signaling pathway, and the elevated release level of caspase-8 might contribute to the enhanced apoptosis in LRIG1 transfected glioma cells. Taken together, these findings provide us with an insight into LRIG1 function, and we conclude that LRIG1 evolved in gliomas as a rare feedback negative attenuator of EGFR and could offer a novel therapeutic target to treat patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jie-Fang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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69
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Thomas R, Duke SE, Karlsson EK, Evans A, Ellis P, Lindblad-Toh K, Langford CF, Breen M. A genome assembly-integrated dog 1 Mb BAC microarray: a cytogenetic resource for canine cancer studies and comparative genomic analysis. Cytogenet Genome Res 2008; 122:110-21. [PMID: 19096206 PMCID: PMC2874680 DOI: 10.1159/000163088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular cytogenetic studies have been instrumental in defining the nature of numerical and structural chromosome changes in human cancers, but their significance remains to be fully understood. The emergence of high quality genome assemblies for several model organisms provides exciting opportunities to develop novel genome-integrated molecular cytogenetic resources that now permit a comparative approach to evaluating the relevance of tumor-associated chromosome aberrations, both within and between species. We have used the dog genome sequence assembly to identify a framework panel of 2,097 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, selected at intervals of approximately one megabase. Each clone has been evaluated by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to confirm its unique cytogenetic location in concordance with its reported position in the genome assembly, providing new information on the organization of the dog genome. This panel of BAC clones also represents a powerful cytogenetic resource with numerous potential applications. We have used the clone set to develop a genome-wide microarray for comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, and demonstrate its application in detection of tumor-associated DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) including single copy deletions and amplifications, regional aneuploidy and whole chromosome aneuploidy. We also show how individual clones selected from the BAC panel can be used as FISH probes in direct evaluation of tumor karyotypes, to verify and explore CNAs detected using aCGH analysis. This cytogenetically validated, genome integrated BAC clone panel has enormous potential for aiding gene discovery through a comparative approach to molecular oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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70
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Abraira VE, Del Rio T, Tucker AF, Slonimsky J, Keirnes HL, Goodrich LV. Cross-repressive interactions between Lrig3 and netrin 1 shape the architecture of the inner ear. Development 2008; 135:4091-9. [PMID: 19004851 DOI: 10.1242/dev.029330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The sense of balance depends on the intricate architecture of the inner ear, which contains three semicircular canals used to detect motion of the head in space. Changes in the shape of even one canal cause drastic behavioral deficits, highlighting the need to understand the cellular and molecular events that ensure perfect formation of this precise structure. During development, the canals are sculpted from pouches that grow out of a simple ball of epithelium, the otic vesicle. A key event is the fusion of two opposing epithelial walls in the center of each pouch, thereby creating a hollow canal. During the course of a gene trap mutagenesis screen to find new genes required for canal morphogenesis, we discovered that the Ig superfamily protein Lrig3 is necessary for lateral canal development. We show that this phenotype is due to ectopic expression of the axon guidance molecule netrin 1 (Ntn1), which regulates basal lamina integrity in the fusion plate. Through a series of genetic experiments, we show that mutually antagonistic interactions between Lrig3 and Ntn1 create complementary expression domains that define the future shape of the lateral canal. Remarkably, removal of one copy of Ntn1 from Lrig3 mutants rescues both the circling behavior and the canal malformation. Thus, the Lrig3/Ntn1 feedback loop dictates when and where basement membrane breakdown occurs during canal development, revealing a new mechanism of complex tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Abraira
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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71
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Homma S, Shimada T, Hikake T, Yaginuma H. Expression pattern of LRR and Ig domain-containing protein (LRRIG protein) in the early mouse embryo. Gene Expr Patterns 2008; 9:1-26. [PMID: 18848646 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The combination of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains is found in the domain architecture of the Trk neurotrophin receptor protein. Recently dozens of such proteins simultaneously carrying LRR and Ig domains as the Trk receptors have been identified. Given the significant biological roles of Trk and such newly identified proteins, we have searched the public database for human proteins with LRR and Ig domains (collectively termed the leucine-rich repeat and Ig domain-containing protein, LRRIG protein, in this study), and have analyzed the mRNA expression pattern of mouse orthologs of obtained human LRRIG proteins at embryonic day 10. The list of the LRRIG proteins includes 36 human proteins: four LINGO, three NGL, five SALM, three NLRR, three Pal, two ISLR, three LRIG, two GPR, two Adlican, two Peroxidasin-like proteins, three Trk neurotrophin receptors, a yet unnamed protein AAI11068, and three AMIGO. Some molecules (LINGO2, LINGO4, NGL1, SALM1, SALM5, and TrkB) were expressed exclusively in neuronal tissues, whereas others (ISLR1, GPR124, and Adlican2) exhibited non-neuronal expression profiles. However, the majority of LRRIG protein family exhibited broad mRNA tissue-expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsaku Homma
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushimashi, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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Gotoh N. Feedback inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:511-5. [PMID: 18762271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor family tyrosine kinases transduce signals for cell proliferation and migration and contribute to tumorigenesis. A recent extensive research has highlighted the major roles of the negative regulators of complex epidermal growth factor receptor signaling networks. These regulators fine-tune signaling under physiological conditions. When their expression is downregulated, the resultant aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor signaling may promote cell proliferation and migration, leading to increased tumorigenesis. In this paper, I review specific feedback inhibitors that target epidermal growth factor receptors preferentially, via multiple modes of action. The inhibitors include mitogen-inducible gene-6 (Mig-6)/receptor-associated late transducer (RALT)/Gene 33, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2beta (FRS2beta)/suc1-associated neurotrophic factor target-2 (SNT-2)/FRS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)/SOCS4/SOCS5, and leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1). Although only fragmentary evidence is available regarding these inhibitors, they might be useful as cancer biomarkers, and the development of drugs that target them would certainly advance personalized medicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Gotoh
- Division of Systems Biomedical Technology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Karlsson T, Mark EB, Henriksson R, Hedman H. Redistribution of LRIG proteins in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:1192-5. [PMID: 18037903 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) family is composed of three members, LRIG1, -2, and -3, which are all expressed in human skin. LRIG1 negatively regulates growth factor signaling and is involved in the regulation of epidermal stem cell quiescence. Ablation of Lrig1 in mice results in psoriasiform epidermal hyperplasia. Hence, the LRIG proteins may be important for epidermal homeostasis and in psoriasis. Therefore, we analyzed the LRIG mRNA levels and the cellular and subcellular distribution of LRIG proteins in normal and psoriatic skin. The mRNA levels of LRIG1, -2, and -3 were not significantly different in psoriatic epidermis compared to clinically normal epidermis from the same patient. Immunohistochemistry showed that all three LRIG proteins were expressed in unique and specific patterns both in normal and psoriatic skin. Intriguingly, in psoriatic epidermis, the LRIG protein expression patterns were altered compared to normal skin. These results indicate that the LRIG proteins may have a role in epidermal homeostasis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese Karlsson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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