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Are Aspects of Integrative Concepts Helpful to Improve Pancreatic Cancer Therapy? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041116. [PMID: 36831465 PMCID: PMC9953994 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies have been conducted to improve the outcomes of patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. Different approaches using targeted therapeutic strategies and precision medicine methods have been investigated, and synergies and further therapeutic advances may be achieved through combinations with integrative methods. For pancreatic tumors, a particular challenge is the presence of a microenvironment and a dense stroma, which is both a physical barrier to drug penetration and a complex entity being controlled by the immune system. Therefore, the state of immunological tolerance in the tumor microenvironment must be overcome, which is a considerable challenge. Integrative approaches, such as hyperthermia, percutaneous irreversible electroporation, intra-tumoral injections, phytotherapeutics, or vitamins, in combination with standard-oncological therapies, may potentially contribute to the control of pancreatic cancer. The combined application of standard-oncological and integrative methods is currently being studied in ongoing clinical trials. An actual overview is given here.
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Zhang H, Tong Z, Liu L, Fu Q, Zhu X, Dai X, Bao X, Fang W, Zheng Y, Zhao P. Oxaliplatin plus irinotecan vs irinotecan as second-line treatment in pancreatic cancer patients: a randomized-controlled open-label Phase II study. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2023; 11:goac088. [PMID: 36751477 PMCID: PMC9897170 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Limited second-line therapeutic options are available for metastasis pancreatic cancer (mPC). We aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of oxaliplatin plus irinotecan (IROX) in mPC patients. Methods This is an open-label, Phase 2, randomized study of mPC patients (aged 18-75 years) who failed when using gemcitabine plus S-1 as first-line therapy. Block randomization with a block size of four was used to randomly assign patients (1:1) between October 2015 and December 2017 to receive either IROX (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 and irinotecan 160 mg/m2) or irinotecan monotherapy (irinotecan 180 mg/m2) until disease progression, unacceptable adverse events, or consent withdrawal. The primary end point was overall survival, and the secondary end points were progression-free survival, overall response rate, and adverse event rate. Results A total of 74 patients were enrolled in this study, including 44 males and 30 females, with an average age of 61 years. The median overall survival was 10.2 and 6.7 months (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-1.2; P = 0.20) and the median progression-free survival was 5.1 and 2.3 months (adjusted HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6; P < 0.01) in the IROX group and irinotecan group, respectively. The overall response rates were 18.4% (7/38) in the IROX group and 5.5% (2/36) in the irinotecan group (P = 0.06). Grade 3-4 adverse events occurred in 34% (13/38) of patients in the IROX group and 19% (7/36) of patients in the irinotecan group (P = 0.15). Conclusions IROX had no significant survival benefit over irinotecan monotherapy in our study. However, IROX reduced the risk of disease progression by 60%, with acceptable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qihan Fu
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xuanwen Bao
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Corresponding author. Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P. R. China. Tel: +86-571-87235147; ;
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Kirpotin DB, Hayes ME, Noble CO, Huang ZR, Wani K, Moore D, Kesper K, Brien DO, Drummond DC. Drug Stability and Minimized Acid-/Drug-Catalyzed Phospholipid Degradation in Liposomal Irinotecan. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:416-434. [PMID: 36462709 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutics at or close to the nanoscale, such as liposomal irinotecan, offer significant promise for the treatment of solid tumors. Their potential advantage over the unencapsulated or free form of the drug is due in part to their altered biodistribution. For slow and sustained release, significant optimization of formulation is needed to achieve the required level of stability and allow long-term storage of the drug product. Gradient-based liposomal formulation of camptothecins such as irinotecan poses unique challenges owing to the camptothecin- and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipid esters in the inner monolayer of the liposomal membrane. We demonstrated that a narrow set of conditions related to the external pH, temperature, intraliposomal concentration, identity of the drug-trapping agent, physical form of the drug inside the liposomes, and final drug load have a marked impact on the stability of the liposome phospholipid membrane. The physical form of the drug inside the liposome was shown to be an insoluble gel with an irinotecan-to-sulfate ratio approximating 1:1, reducing the potential for irinotecan-catalyzed phospholipid hydrolysis in the internal phospholipid monolayer. As a result of this work, a stable and active liposome formulation has been developed that maintains phospholipid chemical stability following long-term storage at 2-8°C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kshitija Wani
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ipsen Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Doug Moore
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Dayyani F, Macarulla T, Johnson A, Wainberg ZA. Second-line treatment options for patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A systematic literature review. Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 113:102502. [PMID: 36641880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this review was to characterize the second- and later-line (≥2L) treatment landscape for patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC). METHODS This systematic literature review (PROSPERO: CRD42021279753) involved searches of MEDLINE® and Embase to identify results from prospective studies of ≥2L treatment options for metastatic pancreatic cancer published from 2016 to 2021. Publications were screened according to predetermined eligibility criteria; population-level data were extracted using standardized data fields. Publication quality was assessed according to Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). The data were analyzed descriptively, grouped by drug class. RESULTS Sixty publications were identified, including 23 relating to comparative trials. GRADE assessment found that, of these 23 trials, 83% reported high or moderate-quality evidence. Of the publications relating to comparative trials, nine (three trials) reported favorable results: the pivotal phase 3 NAPOLI-1 trial for liposomal irinotecan; a phase 3 trial of non-liposomal irinotecan within the FOLFIRINOX regimen; and a phase 2 trial of eryaspase plus chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The level of unmet need for ≥2L treatment options for mPDAC remains high. Irinotecan-based regimens currently offer the greatest promise. Investigations into paradigm-changing agents and combination approaches continue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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Velasco RM, García AG, Sánchez PJ, Sellart IM, Sánchez-Arévalo Lobo VJ. Tumour microenvironment and heterotypic interactions in pancreatic cancer. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:179-192. [PMID: 35102531 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a disease with a survival rate of 9%; this is due to its chemoresistance and the large tumour stroma that occupies most of the tumour mass. It is composed of a large number of cells of the immune system, such as Treg cells, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid suppressor cells (MDCs) and tumour-associated neutrophiles (TANs) that generate an immunosuppressive environment by the release of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs) provide a protective coverage that would difficult the access of chemotherapy to the tumour. According to this, new therapies that could remodel this heterogeneous tumour microenvironment, such as adoptive T cell therapies (ACT), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), and CD40 agonists, should be developed for targeting PDA. This review organizes the different cell populations found in the tumour stroma involved in tumour progression in addition to the different therapies that are being studied to counteract the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Muñoz Velasco
- Molecular Oncology Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Biosanitary Research Institute, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, UFV, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Pathology Department, Av. Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García García
- Molecular Oncology Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Biosanitary Research Institute, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, UFV, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Pathology Department, Av. Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Jiménez Sánchez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Biosanitary Research Institute, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, UFV, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Pathology Department, Av. Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Montanuy Sellart
- Molecular Oncology Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Biosanitary Research Institute, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, UFV, Spain
| | - Víctor Javier Sánchez-Arévalo Lobo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Biosanitary Research Institute, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, UFV, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Pathology Department, Av. Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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Benkhaled S, Peters C, Jullian N, Arsenijevic T, Navez J, Van Gestel D, Moretti L, Van Laethem JL, Bouchart C. Combination, Modulation and Interplay of Modern Radiotherapy with the Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Therapies in Pancreatic Cancer: Which Candidates to Boost Radiotherapy? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030768. [PMID: 36765726 PMCID: PMC9913158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (PDAC) is a highly diverse disease with low tumor immunogenicity. PDAC is also one of the deadliest solid tumor and will remain a common cause of cancer death in the future. Treatment options are limited, and tumors frequently develop resistance to current treatment modalities. Since PDAC patients do not respond well to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), novel methods for overcoming resistance are being explored. Compared to other solid tumors, the PDAC's tumor microenvironment (TME) is unique and complex and prevents systemic agents from effectively penetrating and killing tumor cells. Radiotherapy (RT) has the potential to modulate the TME (e.g., by exposing tumor-specific antigens, recruiting, and infiltrating immune cells) and, therefore, enhance the effectiveness of targeted systemic therapies. Interestingly, combining ICI with RT and/or chemotherapy has yielded promising preclinical results which were not successful when translated into clinical trials. In this context, current standards of care need to be challenged and transformed with modern treatment techniques and novel therapeutic combinations. One way to reconcile these findings is to abandon the concept that the TME is a well-compartmented population with spatial, temporal, physical, and chemical elements acting independently. This review will focus on the most interesting advancements of RT and describe the main components of the TME and their known modulation after RT in PDAC. Furthermore, we will provide a summary of current clinical data for combinations of RT/targeted therapy (tRT) and give an overview of the most promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofian Benkhaled
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Meylenmeersch 90, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UNIL-CHUV, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, AZ Turnhout, Rubensstraat 166, 2300 Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Jullian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Meylenmeersch 90, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatjana Arsenijevic
- Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Digestive Oncology, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles H.U.B. CUB Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Navez
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles H.U.B. CUB Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Meylenmeersch 90, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luigi Moretti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Meylenmeersch 90, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Van Laethem
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Digestive Oncology, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles H.U.B. CUB Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christelle Bouchart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Meylenmeersch 90, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-25-413-800
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Kawakami T, Todaka A, Oshima K, Fushiki K, Hamauchi S, Tsushima T, Yokota T, Onozawa Y, Yasui H, Yamazaki K. Biomarker analysis for patients with pancreatic cancer treated with nanoliposomal irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:68. [PMID: 36670426 PMCID: PMC9854093 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoliposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil/leucovorin (5-FU/LV) is a standard second-line therapy for patients with pancreatic cancer. Identification of biomarkers is important to determine appropriate treatment strategies. We investigated the clinical practice outcomes and biomarkers associated with the nanoliposomal irinotecan plus 5-FU/LV regimen. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients treated with nanoliposomal irinotecan plus 5-FU/LV as a second or subsequent treatment after gemcitabine-based therapy between June 2020 and March 2021 at Shizuoka Cancer Center. RESULTS We analyzed 55 consecutive patients who met the selection criteria. At a median of 9.4 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS) were 2.3 and 6.6 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) was significantly associated with PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-4.30; P = 0.028) and OS (0 vs. 1 or 2: HR 2.46; 95% CI 1.15-5.25; P = 0.029). The OS was significantly longer in patients with CA19-9 response than in those without CA19-9 response (12.6 vs. 5.6 months; HR 0.24; 95% CI 0.08-0.75; P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Nanoliposomal irinotecan was efficacious and tolerable in clinical practice. GPS and CA19-9 response were good candidates as predictive biomarkers, whereas GPS was a good candidate prognostic biomarker for the nanoliposomal irinotecan plus 5-FU/LV regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawakami
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Akiko Todaka
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kotoe Oshima
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Fushiki
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hamauchi
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsushima
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yokota
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onozawa
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Clinical Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yasui
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamazaki
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
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Increased Prevalence of EBV Infection in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Six-Year Cross-Sectional Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030643. [PMID: 36765601 PMCID: PMC9913071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is implicated in the carcinogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and currently associated with at least 1% of global cancers. The differential prognosis analysis of NPC in EBV genotypes remains to be elucidated. Medical, radiological, pathological, and laboratory reports of 146 NPC patients were collected retrospectively over a 6-year period between 2015 and 2020. From the pathology archives, DNA was extracted from tumor blocks and used for EBV nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA-3C) genotyping by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found a high prevalence of 96% of EBV infection in NPC patients with a predominance of genotype I detected in 73% of NPC samples. Histopathological examination showed that most of the NPC patients were in the advanced stages of cancer: stage III (38.4%) or stage IV-B (37.7%). Only keratinized squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher in EBV negative NPC patients compared with those who were EBV positive (OR = 0.01, 95%CI = (0.004-0.32; p = 0.009)), whereas the majority of patients (91.8%) had undifferentiated, non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, followed by differentiated, non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (7.5%). Although NPC had metastasized to 16% of other body sites, it was not associated with EBV infection, except for lung metastasis. A statistically significant reverse association was observed between EBV infection and lung metastasis (OR = 0.07, 95%CI = (0.01-0.51; p = 0.008)). Although 13% of NPC patients died, the overall survival (OS) mean time was 5.59 years. Given the high prevalence of EBV-associated NPC in our population, Saudi could be considered as an area with a high incidence of EBV-associated NPC with a predominance of EBV genotype I. A future multi-center study with a larger sample size is needed to assess the true burden of EBV-associated NPC in Saudi Arabia.
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Strickler JH, Satake H, George TJ, Yaeger R, Hollebecque A, Garrido-Laguna I, Schuler M, Burns TF, Coveler AL, Falchook GS, Vincent M, Sunakawa Y, Dahan L, Bajor D, Rha SY, Lemech C, Juric D, Rehn M, Ngarmchamnanrith G, Jafarinasabian P, Tran Q, Hong DS. Sotorasib in KRAS p.G12C-Mutated Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:33-43. [PMID: 36546651 PMCID: PMC10506456 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2208470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS p.G12C mutation occurs in approximately 1 to 2% of pancreatic cancers. The safety and efficacy of sotorasib, a KRAS G12C inhibitor, in previously treated patients with KRAS p.G12C-mutated pancreatic cancer are unknown. METHODS We conducted a single-group, phase 1-2 trial to assess the safety and efficacy of sotorasib treatment in patients with KRAS p.G12C-mutated pancreatic cancer who had received at least one previous systemic therapy. The primary objective of phase 1 was to assess safety and to identify the recommended dose for phase 2. In phase 2, patients received sotorasib at a dose of 960 mg orally once daily. The primary end point for phase 2 was a centrally confirmed objective response (defined as a complete or partial response). Efficacy end points were assessed in the pooled population from both phases and included objective response, duration of response, time to objective response, disease control (defined as an objective response or stable disease), progression-free survival, and overall survival. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS The pooled population from phases 1 and 2 consisted of 38 patients, all of whom had metastatic disease at enrollment and had previously received chemotherapy. At baseline, patients had received a median of 2 lines (range, 1 to 8) of therapy previously. All 38 patients received sotorasib in the trial. A total of 8 patients had a centrally confirmed objective response (21%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10 to 37). The median progression-free survival was 4.0 months (95% CI, 2.8 to 5.6), and the median overall survival was 6.9 months (95% CI, 5.0 to 9.1). Treatment-related adverse events of any grade were reported in 16 patients (42%); 6 patients (16%) had grade 3 adverse events. No treatment-related adverse events were fatal or led to treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Sotorasib showed anticancer activity and had an acceptable safety profile in patients with KRAS p.G12C-mutated advanced pancreatic cancer who had received previous treatment. (Funded by Amgen and others; CodeBreaK 100 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03600883.).
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Strickler
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Hironaga Satake
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Thomas J George
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Rona Yaeger
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Antoine Hollebecque
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Ignacio Garrido-Laguna
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Martin Schuler
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Timothy F Burns
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Andrew L Coveler
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Gerald S Falchook
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Mark Vincent
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Yu Sunakawa
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Laetitia Dahan
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - David Bajor
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Sun-Young Rha
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Charlotte Lemech
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Dejan Juric
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Marko Rehn
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Gataree Ngarmchamnanrith
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Pegah Jafarinasabian
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - Qui Tran
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
| | - David S Hong
- From Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (J.H.S.); Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata (H.S.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki (Y.S.) - both in Japan; University of Florida, Gainesville (T.J.G.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (R.Y.); Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif (A.H.), and Marseille University Hospital, Marseille (L.D.) - both in France; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (I.G.-L.); West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen (M.S.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh (T.F.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle (A.L.C.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.S.F.); London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada (M.V.); University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland (D.B.); Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea (S.-Y.R.); Scientia Clinical Research and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (C.L.); Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston (D.J.); Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA (M.R., G.N., P.J., Q.T.); and University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (D.S.H.)
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Huffman BM, Basu Mallick A, Horick NK, Wang-Gillam A, Hosein PJ, Morse MA, Beg MS, Murphy JE, Mavroukakis S, Zaki A, Schlechter BL, Sanoff H, Manz C, Wolpin BM, Arlen P, Lacy J, Cleary JM. Effect of a MUC5AC Antibody (NPC-1C) Administered With Second-Line Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel on the Survival of Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2249720. [PMID: 36602796 PMCID: PMC9856813 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Treatment options are limited for patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) beyond first-line 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX), with such individuals commonly being treated with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel. OBJECTIVE To determine whether NPC-1C, an antibody directed against MUC5AC, might increase the efficacy of second-line gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in patients with advanced PDAC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized phase II clinical trial enrolled patients with advanced PDAC between April 2014 and March 2017 whose disease had progressed on first-line FOLFIRINOX. Eligible patients had tumors with at least 20 MUC5AC staining by centralized immunohistochemistry review. Statistical analysis was performed from April to May 2022. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to receive gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) and nab-paclitaxel (125 mg/m2) administered intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 of every 4-week cycle, with or without intravenous NPC-1C 1.5 mg/kg every 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. Pretreatment clinical variables were explored with Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS A total of 78 patients (median [range] age, 62 [36-78] years; 32 [41%] women; 9 [12%] Black; 66 [85%] White) received second-line treatment with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (n = 40) or gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and NPC-1C (n = 38). Median OS was 6.6 months (95% CI, 4.7-8.4 months) with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel vs 5.0 months (95% CI, 3.3-6.5 months; P = .22) with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and NPC-1C. Median PFS was 2.7 months (95% CI, 1.9-4.1 months) with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel vs 3.4 months (95% CI, 1.9-5.3 months; P = .80) with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and NPC-1C. The ORR was 3.1% (95% CI, 0.4%-19.7%) in the gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and NPC-1C group and 2.9% (95% CI, 0.4%-18.7%) in the gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel group. No differences in toxicity were observed between groups, except that grade 3 or greater anemia occurred more frequently in patients treated with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and NPC-1C than gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (39% [15 of 38] vs 10% [4 of 40]; P = .003). The frequency of chemotherapy dose reductions was similar in both groups (65% vs 74%; P = .47). Lower performance status, hypoalbuminemia, PDAC diagnosis less than or equal to 18 months before trial enrollment, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio less than 2.8, and CA19-9 greater than 2000 IU/mL were independently associated with poorer survival. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial of advanced PDAC, NPC-1C did not enhance the efficacy of gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel. These data provide a benchmark for future trials investigating second-line treatment of PDAC. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01834235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Huffman
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atrayee Basu Mallick
- Thomas Jefferson University/Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nora K. Horick
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Muhammad Shaalan Beg
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Science 37 Inc, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Janet E. Murphy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher Manz
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian M. Wolpin
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jill Lacy
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James M. Cleary
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Singh M, Pal P, Dutta RS, Marbaniang D, Ray S, Mazumder B. Nanodiamond Mediated Molecular Targeting in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Disrupting the Tumor-stromal Cross-talk, Next Hope on the Horizon? Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2023; 23:620-633. [PMID: 36843367 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230227120837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the foremost causes of cancer-related morbidities worldwide. Novel nanotechnology-backed drug delivery stratagems, including molecular targeting of the chemotherapeutic payload, have been considered. However, no quantum leap in the gross survival rate of patients with PDAC has been realized. One of the predominant causes behind this is tumor desmoplasia, a dense and heterogenous stromal extracellular matrix of the tumor, aptly termed tumor microenvironment (TME). It plays a pivotal role in the tumor pathogenesis of PDAC as it occupies most of the tumor mass, making PDAC one of the most stromal-rich cancers. The complex crosstalk between the tumor and dynamic components of the TME impacts tumor progression and poses a potential barrier to drug delivery. Understanding and deciphering the complex cascade of tumorstromal interactions are the need of the hour so that we can develop neoteric nano-carriers to disrupt the stroma and target the tumor. Nanodiamonds (NDs), due to their unique surface characteristics, have emerged as a promising nano delivery system in various pre-clinical cancer models and have the potential to deliver the chemotherapeutic payload by moving beyond the dynamic tumor-stromal barrier. It can be the next revolution in nanoparticle-mediated pancreatic cancer targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Paulami Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Rajat Subhra Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Daphisha Marbaniang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Subhabrata Ray
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & AHS, Durgapur, WB, India
| | - Bhaskar Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
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Kumar S, Singh SK, Srivastava P, Suresh S, Rana B, Rana A. Interplay between MAP kinases and tumor microenvironment: Opportunity for immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2023. [PMID: 37268394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), commonly called pancreatic cancer, is aggressive cancer usually detected at a late stage, limiting treatment options with modest clinical responses. It is projected that by 2030, PDAC will be the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Drug resistance in PDAC is common and significantly affects patients' overall survival (OS). Oncogenic KRAS mutations are nearly uniform in PDAC, affecting over 90% of patients. However, effective drugs directed to target prevalent KRAS mutants in pancreatic cancer are not in clinical practice. Accordingly, efforts are continued on identifying alternative druggable target(s) or approaches to improve patient outcomes with PDAC. In most PDAC cases, the KRAS mutations turn-on the RAF-MEK-MAPK pathways, leading to pancreatic tumorigenesis. The MAPK signaling cascade (MAP4K→MAP3K→MAP2K→MAPK) plays a central role in the pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) and chemotherapy resistance. The immunosuppressive pancreatic cancer TME is another unfavorable factor affecting the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs), including CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2, are critical players in T cell dysfunction and pancreatic tumor cell growth. Here, we review the activation of MAPKs, a molecular trait of KRAS mutations and their impact on pancreatic cancer TME, chemoresistance, and expression of ICPs that could influence the clinical outcomes in PDAC patients. Therefore, understanding the interplay between MAPK pathways and TME could help to design rational therapy combining immunotherapy and MAPK inhibitors for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Mie T, Sasaki T, Okamoto T, Takeda T, Mori C, Furukawa T, Kasuga A, Matsuyama M, Ozaka M, Sasahira N. Treatment outcomes of nanoliposomal irinotecan as second-line chemotherapy after gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel in metastatic and recurrent pancreatic cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2022; 52:1399-1407. [PMID: 36111430 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyac145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the treatment outcomes of nanoliposomal-irinotecan (nal-IRI) plus fluorouracil and leucovorin (5-FU/LV) and modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) as second-line treatment after gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel (GnP) for metastatic and recurrent pancreatic cancer. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with metastatic or recurrent pancreatic cancer treated with nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV or mFFX after first-line GnP treatment between March 2014 and October 2021 in our hospital. Patient characteristics, treatment outcomes and adverse events were extracted for comparison. RESULTS Two hundred sixteen patients were included (nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV/mFFX: 50/166). Patients in the nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV group were older, had poorer ECOG PS, and a higher rate of peritoneal metastasis than those in the mFFX group. Median overall survival was 9.5 and 9.8 months (P = 0.97), respectively, and the median progression-free survival was 4.5 vs 4.8 months (P = 0.61), respectively. Anorexia, fatigue and peripheral neuropathy were more common in the mFFX group, but there was no difference in grade 3/4 adverse events between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in efficacy between nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV and mFFX after GnP. Nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV appears to be a viable alternative to mFFX as second-line treatment after GnP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Mie
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okamoto
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Mori
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furukawa
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kasuga
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Matsuyama
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Ozaka
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sasahira
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Are targeted therapies or immunotherapies effective in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma? ESMO Open 2022; 7:100638. [PMID: 36399952 PMCID: PMC9674888 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major health burden due to its increasing incidence and poor prognosis. PDAC is characterized by a low tumor mutational burden, and its molecular pathogenesis is driven by Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations. Response to DNA damage through homologous repair is defective in 15% of tumors. Chemotherapy using FOLFIRINOX (folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin) or gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel significantly improves life expectancy, but the median overall survival remains <1 year. Targeted therapies are not efficient in the overall population of patients with metastatic PDAC. Improvements in overall survival or progression-free survival, however, have been demonstrated in subgroups carrying certain mutations. Maintenance therapy with poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors increases progression-free survival in patients with germline mutations in BRCA1/2. Sotorasib shows signs of efficacy against tumors carrying the KRAS G12C mutation, and targeted therapies may also benefit patients with KRAS-wild-type PDAC. Combining targeted therapies with chemotherapy holds promise because of potential synergistic effects. These associations, however, have not yet demonstrated clinical benefit. Checkpoint inhibitors are not effective against metastatic PDAC. Combined immunotherapies attempt to restore their efficacy but have not succeeded yet. Other immunotherapies are emerging such as therapeutic vaccines or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, but these strategies remain to be evaluated in large trials. In the future, treatment personalization based on tumor-derived organoids could potentially further improve treatment efficiency.
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Noel MS, Kim S, Hartley ML, Wong S, Picozzi V, Staszewski H, Kim DW, Van Tornout JM, Philip PA, Chung V, Ocean AJ, Wang‐Gillam A. A randomized phase II study of SM-88 plus methoxsalen, phenytoin, and sirolimus in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated in the second line and beyond. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4169-4181. [PMID: 35499204 PMCID: PMC9678093 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This trial explores SM-88 used with methoxsalen, phenytoin, and sirolimus (MPS) in pretreated metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) METHODS: Forty-nine patients were randomized to daily 460 or 920 mg oral SM-88 with MPS (SM-88 Regimen). The primary endpoint was objective response rate (RECIST 1.1). RESULTS Thirty-seven patients completed ≥ one cycle of SM-88 Regimen (response evaluable population). Disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) did not differ significantly between dose levels. Stable disease was achieved in 9/37 patients (DCR, 24.3%); there were no complete or partial responses. Quality-of-life (QOL) was maintained and trended in favor of 920 mg. SM-88 Regimen was well tolerated; a single patient (1/49) had related grade 3 and 4 adverse events, which later resolved. In the intention-to-treat population of 49 patients, the median overall survival (mOS) was 3.4 months (95% CI: 2.7-4.9 months). Those treated in the second line had an mOS of 8.1 months and a median PFS of 3.8 months. Survival was higher for patients with stable versus progressive disease (any line; mOS: 10.6 months vs. 3.9 months; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS SM-88 Regimen has a favorable safety profile with encouraging QOL effects, disease control, and survival trends. This regimen should be explored in the second-line treatment of patients with mPDAC. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT03512756.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus S. Noel
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Semmie Kim
- TYME Technologies Inc.BedminsterNew JerseyUSA
| | - Marion L. Hartley
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal CancersWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Steve Wong
- Sarcoma Oncology Research CenterSanta MonicaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Dae Won Kim
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Philip Agop Philip
- Karmanos Cancer CenterWayne State UniversityMichiganDetroitUSA
- SWOGFarmington HillsMichiganUSA
| | | | - Allyson J. Ocean
- Weill Cornell MedicineNew York‐Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrea Wang‐Gillam
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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Girish BP, Dariya B, Mannarapu M, Nagaraju GP, Raju GSR. Targeting the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using nano-phytomedicines. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1155-1162. [PMID: 34147639 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite advanced therapeutic strategies, the mortality and morbidity of pancreatic cancer (PC) have been increasing. This is due to the anomalous proliferation activity of stromal cells, like cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These cells develop resistance in the tumor cells, blocking the drug from entering the target tumor site, ultimately resulting in tumor metastasis. Additionally, the current conventional adjuvant techniques, including chemo and radiotherapy, carry higher risk due to their excess toxicity against normal healthy cells. Phytochemicals including curcumin, irinotecan and paclitaxel are anti-oxidants, less toxic, and have anti-cancerous properties; however, the use of phytochemicals is limited due to their less solubility and bioavailability. Nanotechnology offers the resources to directly target the drug to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the current treatment modalities. This review focuses on the importance of nanotechnology for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) therapy and on delivering the nano-formulated phytochemicals to the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Prabhakar Girish
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Frontier Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, 517502, India
| | - Begum Dariya
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mastan Mannarapu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dravidian University, Kuppam, Chittoor, Andra Pradesh, 517 426, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
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Yang J, Wang X, Wang B, Park K, Wooley K, Zhang S. Challenging the fundamental conjectures in nanoparticle drug delivery for chemotherapy treatment of solid cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114525. [PMID: 36100142 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines for cancer treatment have been studied extensively over the last few decades. Yet, only five anticancer nanomedicines have received approvals from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating solid tumors. This drastic mismatch between effort and return calls into question the basic understanding of this field. Various viewpoints on nanomedicines have been presented regarding their potentials and inefficiencies. However, the underlying logics of nanomedicine research and its inadequate translation to the successful use in the clinic have not been thoroughly examined. Tumor-targeted drug delivery was used to understand the shortfalls of the nanomedicine field in general. The concept of tumor-targeted drug delivery by nanomedicine has been based on two conjectures: (i) increased drug delivery to tumors provides better efficacy, and (ii) decreased drug delivery to healthy organs results in fewer side effects. The clinical evidence gathered from the literature indicates that nanomedicines bearing classic chemotherapeutic drugs, such as Dox, cis-Pt, CPT and PTX, have already reached the maximum drug delivery limit to solid tumors in humans. Still, the anticancer efficacy and safety remain unchanged despite the increased tumor accumulation. Thus, it is understandable to see few nanomedicine-based formulations approved by the FDA. The examination of FDA-approved nanomedicine formulations indicates that their approvals were not based on the improved delivery to tumors but mostly on changes in dose-limiting toxicity unique to each drug. This comprehensive analysis of the fundamentals of anticancer nanomedicines is designed to provide an accurate picture of the field's underlying false conjectures, hopefully, thereby accelerating the future clinical translations of many formulations under research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaojin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Bingshun Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Kinam Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Karen Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Seufferlein T, Mayerle J, Böck S, Brunner T, Ettrich TJ, Grenacher L, Gress TM, Hackert T, Heinemann V, Kestler A, Sinn M, Tannapfel A, Wedding U, Uhl W. S3-Leitlinie zum exokrinen Pankreaskarzinom – Langversion 2.0 – Dezember 2021 – AWMF-Registernummer: 032/010OL. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:e812-e909. [PMID: 36368658 DOI: 10.1055/a-1856-7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Böck
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Universitätsklinikum München, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Universitätsklinik für Strahlentherapie-Radioonkologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Thomas Mathias Gress
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie Universitätsklinikum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Klinikum der Universität München-Campus Grosshadern, München, Germany
| | | | - Marianne Sinn
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II Onkologie Hämatologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Waldemar Uhl
- Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, St Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
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Mitomycin C in Homologous Recombination Deficient Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer after Disease Progression on Platinum-Based Chemotherapy and Olaparib. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112705. [PMID: 36359225 PMCID: PMC9687686 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to personalize treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors have produced promising results in homologous recombinant deficient (HRD) metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC). However, new strategies are necessary to overcome resistance. The below case series documents patients treated at the HonorHealth Research Institute with a diagnosis of HRD MPC who received Mitomycin C (MMC) treatment from January 2013 until July 2018. Five HRD MPC patients treated with MMC were evaluated. All patients received at least one course of treatment. Mean age at MMC treatment initiation was 58 years. There were 3 females and 2 males. All patients had tumors that progressed on platinum-based chemotherapy, four patients had previous exposure to Olaparib. The median PFS was 10.1 months, and the median OS was 12.3 months. Responses were observed only in patients harboring BRCA2 mutations, no response was observed in the PALB2 mutation carrier. MMC in this heavily previously treated PC was safe, with overall manageable grade 2 gastrointestinal toxicities including nausea and vomiting, and G3 hematological toxicities including anemia and thrombocytopenia. Pancreatic cancer patients with HRD may benefit from MMC treatment. Further clinical investigation of MMC in pancreatic cancer is warranted.
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Kikuchi K, Umemura A, Nitta H, Katagiri H, Nishiya M, Uesugi N, Sugai T, Imanari K, Sasaki A. A case of pathological complete response with liposomal irinotecan + 5-FU/LV for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:192. [PMID: 36205833 PMCID: PMC9547044 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer has one of the worst prognoses of any all cancers. 5-FU/leucovorin + irinotecan + oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX), gemcitabine (GEM) plus nab-paclitaxel regimens have been recognized as global-standard, first-line treatments for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) + 5-FU/LV regimen is now included in treatment guidelines as a recommended and approved option for use in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer that has progressed after GEM-based therapy and who have a suitable performance status and comorbidity profile. There is no report that nal-IRI + 5-FU/LV regimen was significantly effective, and we will report it because we experienced this time. Case presentation A 69-year-old man presented with epigastric pain, and a contrast computed tomography (CT) revealed an enhanced mass lesion measuring 33 × 27 mm on the pancreatic body with encasement of the common hepatic artery (CHA) and the splenic vein. An endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration was performed and demonstrated cytology consistent with adenocarcinoma. Therefore, we diagnosed the patient with unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer. The patient received the GEM and S-1 regimen; however, the adverse event was relatively severe. Then, 11 cycles of nal-IRI + 5-FU/LV regimen were administered. A CT scan revealed that the tumor had shrunk to 18 × 7 mm in diameter with encasement of the CHA. The encasement of the splenic vein had disappeared, without any distant metastases. From this post-chemotherapy evaluation and intraoperative frozen section of around the celiac artery, gastroduodenal artery and pancreas stump confirmed absence of tumor cells, we performed distal pancreatectomy with celiac axis resection. A histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed no evidence of residual adenocarcinoma, consistent with a pathological complete response to treatment. Conclusions We present the first case of a pathological complete response with nal-IRI + 5-FU/LV for unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer. In the future, nal-IRI may become a key drug for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kikuchi
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
| | - Akira Umemura
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nitta
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
| | - Hirokatsu Katagiri
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
| | - Masao Nishiya
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Uesugi
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
| | - Keisuke Imanari
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- grid.411790.a0000 0000 9613 6383Department of Surgery, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695 Japan
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Mukherji R, Debnath D, Hartley ML, Noel MS. The Role of Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:6864-6892. [PMID: 36290818 PMCID: PMC9600738 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains one of the most lethal cancers globally, with a significant need for improved therapeutic options. While the recent breakthroughs of immunotherapy through checkpoint inhibitors have dramatically changed treatment paradigms in other malignancies based on considerable survival benefits, this is not so for pancreatic cancer. Chemotherapies with modest benefits are still the cornerstone of advanced pancreatic cancer treatment. Pancreatic cancers are inherently immune-cold tumors and have been largely refractory to immunotherapies in clinical trials. Understanding and overcoming the current failures of immunotherapy through elucidating resistance mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic approaches are essential to harnessing the potential durable benefits of immune-modulating therapy in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Mukherji
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Dipanjan Debnath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Marion L. Hartley
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Marcus S. Noel
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Correspondence:
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Rehman M, Khaled A, Noel M. Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:1011-1018. [PMID: 36154782 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Advanced pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest malignancies in 2022. Although there has been significant progress in treatment options with improved outcomes in many cancers, this growth has been slow in pancreatic cancer. This article examines specific components of approved first- and second-line therapies for advanced pancreatic cancer treatment and their effectiveness and concludes with a brief exploration of future directions for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb Rehman
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Care Center, 3800 Reservoir Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Aakib Khaled
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3800 Reservoir Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Marcus Noel
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Care Center, 3800 Reservoir Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Upaganlawar A, Polshettiwar S, Raut S, Tagalpallewar A, Pande V. Effective Cancer Management: Inimitable Role of Phytochemical Based Nano- Formulations. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:869-881. [PMID: 36065928 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220905162245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global cancer statistics defines the severity of disease even after significant research worldwide. PROBLEM Failure of the currently available treatment approaches, including surgery, radiation therapy and traditional chemotherapy. AIM The aim of this review is to discuss the role of phytochemical based nano-formulations for treatment of cancer. DISCUSSION In the past few decades, phytochemicals have gained popularity for acting as a potential anticancer treatment with low systemic toxicity, especially in terms of cell cycle control and cancer cell killing. Natural resources, with their immense structural variety, serve as a vital source of fresh, therapeutically useful new chemical entities for the treatment of cancer. Vinca alkaloids (VCR), vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, taxanes (PTX), podophyllotoxin and its derivatives (etoposide (ETP), teniposide, camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives (topotecan, irinotecan), anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, as natural products or their derivatives account for half of all anticancer drugs approved worldwide, and they have been developed utilising the knowledge learned from the natural small molecules or macromolecules. Trabectedin, an epothilone derivative, ixabepilone, and temsirolimus, three new anticancer medications launched in 2007, were derived from microbial origins. Current therapy regimens require selective drug targeting to enhance efficacy against cancer cells while normal cells remain unharmed. Modified medications and systems for drug delivery based on nanotechnology are in the process of being explored and launched in the industry for enhanced therapy and management of cancer, along with promising outcomes. Many obstacles related to cancer cell drug delivery can be overcome by using nano-particulate drug carriers, including enhancing the stability and solubility of the drug, prolonging half-lives of the drug in the blood, decreasing side effects to undesired organs, and increasing medication concentration at the desired site. The scientific initiatives and studies concerning the use of nanotechnology for some selective compounds derived from plants are discussed in this review article. CONCLUSION The present review highlights the phytochemical-based nanoformulations and their strategies in the development of novel systems of drug delivery such as nano-liposomes, functionalized nanoparticles (NPs), and polymer nano-conjugates, SNEDDS (Self nano emulsifying drug delivery system) as this review paper depicts, as well as their rewards over conventional systems of drug delivery, as evidenced by improved biological activity depicted in their in vitro and in vivo anticancer assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Upaganlawar
- SNJBs SSDJ College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish Polshettiwar
- School of Pharmacy Dr.Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Survey No. 124, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
| | - Sushil Raut
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune-India
| | - Amol Tagalpallewar
- School of Pharmacy Dr.Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Survey No. 124, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
| | - Vishal Pande
- N. N. Sattha College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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Tezuka S, Ueno M, Kobayashi S, Hamaguchi T, Yamachika Y, Oishi R, Nagashima S, Fukushima T, Morimoto M, Shin M. Nal-IRI/5-FU/LV versus modified FOLFIRINOX and FOLFIRI as second-line chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer: A single center retrospective study. Pancreatology 2022; 22:789-796. [PMID: 35705458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preferred regimen for unresectable pancreatic cancer following gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is not well-established. This study compared the efficacy of (ⅰ) liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin (LV) (nal-IRI/5-FU/LV) versus modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) and (ⅱ) nal-IRI/5-FU/LV versus FOLFIRI, respectively, and the safety of the three regimens each other, as second-line chemotherapies for unresectable pancreatic cancer. METHODS This was a retrospective single-center analysis of all patients who were administered nal-IRI/5-FU/LV, mFFX, or FOLFIRI from December 2014 to July 2021 as second-line chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. The primary endpoint was the overall survival (OS) of all patients, excluding those with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Regarding safety, we assessed the incidence of grade ≥3 adverse events of interest in all patients. RESULTS A total of 137 patients (nal-IRI/5-FU/LV, n = 55; mFFX, n = 39; FOLFIRI, n = 43) were included. The median OS in the nal-IRI/5-FU/LV group, the mFFX group, and the FOLFIRI group was 7.4, 11.8, and 8.4 months, respectively. Compared with the nal-IRI/5-FU/LV group, the mFFX and FOLFIRI groups displayed a hazard ratio of 0.66 [95% confidence interval 0.40-1.08] and 0.87 [95% confidence interval 0.55-1.39], respectively. In the FOLFIRI group, the incidence of grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events tended to be low among all three groups. CONCLUSIONS Given the trend toward longer OS in the mFFX group and the lower incidence of adverse events in the FOLFIRI group, both mFFX and FOLFIRI, as well as nal-IRI/5-FU/LV, can be treatment options for second-line chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tezuka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hamaguchi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yui Yamachika
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Oishi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nagashima
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taito Fukushima
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Manabu Morimoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maeda Shin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Treatment Effect and Safety of Nanoliposomal Irinotecan with Fluorouracil and Folinic Acid after Gemcitabine-Based Therapy in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Multicenter, Prospective Observational Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175084. [PMID: 36079012 PMCID: PMC9457338 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the combination of nanoliposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil/folinic acid (nal-IRI/FF) exhibited survival benefits in gemcitabine-refractory patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) in the phase III NAPOLI-1 trial, there is limited data on the efficacy and safety of this regimen in real-world settings in Japan. This multicenter, prospective observational study enrolled patients with APC who received nal-IRI/FF after a gemcitabine-based regimen from July 2020 to June 2021. We collected and analyzed clinical data and conducted survival and multivariate analyses. Thirty-one (78%) of the 40 patients had metastases. Nal-IRI/FF was the second-line therapy in 36 patients (90%). The median duration was 3.2 months. The disease control rate was 57%. The median progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) were 4.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.8−5.5) and 7.4 months (95% CI: 5.1−10.6), respectively. Common ≥grade 3 toxicities included neutropenia (28%) and fatigue (23%). Fatigue led to treatment discontinuation in 6 out of 10 patients. Multivariate analysis showed that a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio > 4 was a significant risk factor for a short OS (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.21−7.85, p = 0.02). In conclusion, nal-IRI/FF is an appropriate treatment option for APC following gemcitabine-containing regimens.
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Reiss KA, Mick R, Teitelbaum U, O'Hara M, Schneider C, Massa R, Karasic T, Tondon R, Onyiah C, Gosselin MK, Donze A, Domchek SM, Vonderheide RH. Niraparib plus nivolumab or niraparib plus ipilimumab in patients with platinum-sensitive advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomised, phase 1b/2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:1009-1020. [PMID: 35810751 PMCID: PMC9339497 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing alternatives to lifelong chemotherapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer has been proposed to address chemotherapy resistance and cumulative toxicity. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown efficacy in this setting, and concurrent immune checkpoint blockade could offer synergistic tumour control. The aim of this study was to test the safety and antitumour activity of maintenance with PARP inhibition combined with immune checkpoint blockade in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer who had a stable response to platinum-based chemotherapy. METHODS We conducted an open-label, randomised, phase 1b/2 study of niraparib plus anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) or anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer whose cancer had not progressed after at least 16 weeks of platinum-based therapy. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via permuted block randomisation (block sizes 2 and 4) to niraparib 200 mg orally per day plus either nivolumab 240 mg intravenously every 2 weeks (later changed to 480 mg intravenously every 4 weeks based on manufacturer update) or ipilimumab 3 mg/kg intravenously every 4 weeks for four doses. The primary endpoints were safety and progression-free survival at 6 months. Treatment groups were not compared for activity, which was assessed in each group against a clinically meaningful progression-free survival at 6 months of 44% (null hypothesis). Superiority of a treatment regimen could be declared if 6-month progression-free survival was 60%, and inferiority if 6-month progression-free survival was 27%. All patients who received at least one dose of study treatment and had at least one post-treatment assessment of response according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours version 1.1 were included in the efficacy population. The safety population consisted of all patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03404960, and enrolment is completed and follow-up is ongoing. FINDINGS 91 patients were enrolled between Feb 7, 2018, and Oct 5, 2021 and were randomly assigned to niraparib plus nivolumab (n=46) or niraparib plus ipilimumab (n=45). Of these patients, 84 were evaluable for the progression-free survival endpoint (niraparib plus nivolumab=44; niraparib plus ipilimumab=40). Median follow-up was 23·0 months (IQR 15·0-31·5). 6-month progression-free survival was 20·6% (95% CI 8·3-32·9; p=0·0002 vs the null hypothesis of 44%) in the niraparib plus nivolumab group; and 59·6% (44·3-74·9; p=0·045) in the niraparib plus ipilimumab group. Ten (22%) of 46 patients in the niraparib plus nivolumab group and 23 (50%) of 45 patients in the niraparib plus ipilimumab group had a grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse event. The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events in the niraparib plus nivolumab group were hypertension (in four [8%] patients), anaemia (two [4%]), and thrombocytopenia (two [4%]) whereas in the niraparib plus ipilimumab group these were fatigue (in six [14%]), anaemia (five [11%]), and hypertension (four [9%]). There were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION The primary endpoint of 6-month progression-free survival was met in the niraparib plus ipilimumab maintenance group, whereas niraparib plus nivolumab yielded inferior progression-free survival. These findings highlight the potential for non-cytotoxic maintenance therapies in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. FUNDING Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, the Basser Center Young Leadership Council, The Konner Foundation, The Pearl and Philip Basser Innovation Research Award, the Anonymous Foundation, and the US National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Reiss
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
| | - Rosemarie Mick
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Ursina Teitelbaum
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Mark O'Hara
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Charles Schneider
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Massa
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Karasic
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Rashmi Tondon
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Chioma Onyiah
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Mary Kate Gosselin
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa Donze
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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Zhu L, Mao H, Yang L. Advanced iron oxide nanotheranostics for multimodal and precision treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1793. [PMID: 35396932 PMCID: PMC9373845 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite current advances in new approaches for cancer detection and treatment, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal cancer types. Difficult to detect early, aggressive tumor biology, and resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy result in a poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients with a 5-year survival of 10%. With advances in cancer nanotechnology, new imaging and drug delivery approaches that allow the development of multifunctional nanotheranostic agents offer opportunities for improving pancreatic cancer treatment using precision oncology. In this review, we will introduce potential applications of innovative theranostic strategies to address major challenges in the treatment of pancreatic cancer at different disease stages. Several important issues concerning targeted delivery of theranostic nanoparticles and tumor stromal barriers are discussed. We then focus on the development of a magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle platform for multimodal therapy of pancreatic cancer, including MRI monitoring targeted nanoparticle/drug delivery, therapeutic response, and tumor re-staging, activation of tumor immune response by immunoactivating nanoparticle and magnetic hyperthermia therapy, and intraoperative interventions for improving the outcome of targeted therapy. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Xue T, Xu P, Padelford J, Xue X, Wu AY, Li Y, Wang L. Actively targeted delivery of SN38 by ultrafine iron oxide nanoparticle for treating pancreatic cancer. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:546-555. [PMID: 35290548 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal cancers largely due to the inefficient delivery of therapeutics. Nanomaterials have been extensively investigated as drug delivery platforms, showing improved drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. However, their applications in pancreatic cancer have not yet been successful due to limited tumor delivery caused by dense tumor stroma and distorted tumor vasculatures. Meanwhile, smaller-sized nanomaterials have shown improved tumor delivery and retention in various tumors, including pancreatic tumors, suggesting their potential in enhancing drug delivery. An ultrafine iron oxide nanoparticle (uIONP) was used to encapsulate 7-ethyl-10-hydroxyl camptothecin (SN38), the water-insoluble active metabolite of pancreatic cancer chemotherapy drug irinotecan. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was conjugated to uIONP as a ligand for targeting pancreatic cancer cells overexpressing IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R). The SN38 loading and release profile were characterized. The pancreatic cancer cell targeting using IGF1-uIONP/SN38 and subsequently induced cell apoptosis were also investigated. IGF1-uIONP/SN38 demonstrated a stable drug loading in physiological pH with the loading efficiency of 68.2 ± 3.5% (SN38/Fe, wt%) and < 7% release for 24 h. In tumor-interstitial- and lysosomal-mimicking pH (6.5 and 5.5), 52.2 and 91.3% of encapsulated SN38 were released over 24 h. The IGF1-uIONP/SN38 exhibited specific receptor-mediated cell targeting and cytotoxicity Ato MiaPaCa-2 and Panc02 pancreatic cancer cells with IC50 of 11.8 ± 2.3 and 20.8 ± 3.5 nM, respectively, but not to HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells. IGF1-uIONP significantly improved the targeted SN38 delivery to pancreatic cancer cells, holding the potential for in vivo theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, the Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Peijia Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, the Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | | | - Xingkui Xue
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, the Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Alyssa Y Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuancheng Li
- LLC, 5M Biomed, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, the Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518109, China.
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Zaibet S, Hautefeuille V, Auclin E, Lièvre A, Tougeron D, Sarabi M, Gilabert M, Wasselin J, Edeline J, Artru P, Bechade D, Morin C, Ducoulombier A, Taieb J, Pernot S. Gemcitabine + Nab-paclitaxel or Gemcitabine alone after FOLFIRINOX failure in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a real-world AGEO study. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1394-1400. [PMID: 35094032 PMCID: PMC9091233 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine (Gem) alone or with Nab-paclitaxel (Gem-Nab) is used as second-line treatment for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (mPA) after FOLFIRINOX (FFX) failure; however, no comparative data exist. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of adding Nab-paclitaxel to Gem for mPA after FFX failure. METHODS In this retrospective real-world multicenter study, from 2011 to 2019, patients with mPA receiving Gem-Nab (Gem 1000 mg/m² + Nab 125 mg/m², 3 out of 4 weeks) or Gem alone were included after progression on FFX. RESULTS A total of 427 patients were included. Patients receiving Gem-Nab had more metastatic sites, peritoneal disease and less PS 2 (24% vs. 35%). After median follow-up of 22 months, Gem-Nab was associated with better disease control rate (DCR) (56% vs. 32%; P < 0.001), progression-free survival (PFS) (3.5 vs. 2.3 months; 95% CI: 0.43-0.65) and overall survival (OS) (7.1 vs. 4.7 months; 95% CI: 0.53-0.86). After multivariate analysis, Gem-Nab and PS 0/1 were associated with better OS and PFS. Grade 3/4 toxicity was more frequent with Gem-Nab (44% vs. 29%). CONCLUSION In this study, Gem-Nab was associated with better DCR, PFS and OS compared with Gem alone in patients with mPA after FFX failure, at the cost of higher toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zaibet
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université de Paris, SIRIC CARPEM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Hautefeuille
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Edouard Auclin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université de Paris, SIRIC CARPEM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1138, team 22, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Astrid Lièvre
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Rennes, INSERM U1242, Rennes, France
| | - David Tougeron
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Sarabi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Gilabert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Wasselin
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Julien Edeline
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Artru
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France
| | | | - Clémence Morin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Julien Taieb
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université de Paris, SIRIC CARPEM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Paris, France
| | - Simon Pernot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France.
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Chiu TJ, Yang SH, Chiu SC, Hsueh SW, Chiang NJ, Li CP, Bai LY, Cheng FM, Chuang SC, Shan YS, Chan DC, Chen LT, Yen CJ, Peng CM, Su YY, Chen YY, Chen JS, Chou WC. Effect of previous conventional irinotecan treatment in patients with pancreatic cancer being treated with liposomal irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2022; 29:670-681. [PMID: 35182031 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested the suboptimal efficacy of liposomal irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (nal-IRI+5-FU/LV) in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) patients previously treated with conventional irinotecan. This study investigated the effect of conventional irinotecan treatment in mPDAC patients receiving nal-IRI+5-FU/LV by analyzing a population-based dataset. METHODS We reviewed 667 consecutive mPDAC patients treated with nal-IRI+5-FU/LV between August 2018 and November 2020 at Taiwanese medical centers. Eighty-six patients previously treated with conventional irinotecan were matched to 86 patients not treated with conventional irinotecan, following propensity matching for age, sex, performance status, metastatic organ site, pre-treatment carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level, lines of prior chemotherapy treatment, and time from first-line treatment to nal-IRI+5-FU/LV therapy. RESULTS The median overall survival and time-to-treatment failure were 4.8 and 2.6 vs 4.1 and 2.1 months, respectively, for patients who were and were not previously treated with conventional irinotecan. The tumor response and disease control rates were 5.8% and 32.6% vs 5.8% and 37.2%, respectively, for patients previously treated and not treated with conventional irinotecan. No significant differences were observed in survival times and tumor response rates between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Previous conventional irinotecan treatment does not compromise the efficacy of subsequent nal-IRI+5-FU/LV treatment in mPDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Jan Chiu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Yang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan Univeristy, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shun-Wen Hsueh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Jung Chiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Skills Training, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yuan Bai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ming Cheng
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chang Chuang
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - De-Chuan Chan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Peng
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yeh Su
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yang Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shi Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Agostini A, Orlacchio A, Carbone C, Guerriero I. Understanding Tricky Cellular and Molecular Interactions in Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment: New Food for Thought. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876291. [PMID: 35711414 PMCID: PMC9193393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents 90% of all pancreatic cancer cases and shows a high mortality rate among all solid tumors. PDAC is often associated with poor prognosis, due to the late diagnosis that leads to metastasis development, and limited efficacy of available treatments. The tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a reliable source of novel targets for therapy, and even if many of the biological interactions among stromal, immune, and cancer cells that populate the TME have been studied, much more needs to be clarified. The great limitation in the efficacy of current standard chemoterapy is due to both the dense fibrotic inaccessible TME barrier surrounding cancer cells and the immunological evolution from a tumor-suppressor to an immunosuppressive environment. Nevertheless, combinatorial therapies may prove more effective at overcoming resistance mechanisms and achieving tumor cell killing. To achieve this result, a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanisms driving tumor progression and immune escape is required in order to design rationale-based therapeutic strategies. This review aims to summarize the present knowledge about cellular interactions in the TME, with much attention on immunosuppressive functioning and a specific focus on extracellular matrix (ECM) contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Agostini
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Guerriero
- Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
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Pretta A, Spanu D, Mariani S, Liscia N, Ziranu P, Pusceddu V, Puzzoni M, Massa E, Scartozzi M, Lai E. How to improve metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients' selection: Between clinical trials and the real-world. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:417-422. [PMID: 35662988 PMCID: PMC9153079 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i5.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As underlined in the minireview by Blomstrand et al, given the poor prognosis and the paucity of data on a therapeutic sequence in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), additional randomized controlled trials and real-world evidence studies addressing current and novel regimens are needed. The real-world outcomes of first-line chemotherapy regimens such as FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel are thoroughly reviewed and seem to be largely generalizable in a real-world context. Regarding second-line chemotherapy, the key question about the optimal sequence of regimens remains uncertain. Precisely in this setting, it is therefore useful to encourage the implementation of clinical studies that may contribute to the scarcity of data available up to now. We report our experience with a small group of patients treated with second-line liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. To improve the treatment of patients affected by PDAC, it is useful to identify subgroups of patients who may benefit from target treatments (e.g., BRCA mutant) and it is also important to focus on any prognostic factors that may affect the survival and treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pretta
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Spanu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicole Liscia
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano 20121, Italy
| | - Pina Ziranu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valeria Pusceddu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Puzzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Massa
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lai
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
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Principe DR, Aissa AF, Kumar S, Pham TND, Underwood PW, Nair R, Ke R, Rana B, Trevino JG, Munshi HG, Benevolenskaya EV, Rana A. Calcium channel blockers potentiate gemcitabine chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200143119. [PMID: 35476525 PMCID: PMC9170157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200143119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no effective treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). While palliative chemotherapy offers a survival benefit to most patients, nearly all will eventually progress on treatment and long-term survivability remains poor. Given the lack of subsequent line treatment options, in this study, we sought to identify novel strategies to prevent, delay, or overcome resistance to gemcitabine, one of the most widely used medications in PDAC. Using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and high-throughput proteomic analysis, we identified a subset of gemcitabine-resistant tumor cells enriched for calcium/calmodulin signaling. Pharmacologic inhibition of calcium-dependent calmodulin activation led to the rapid loss of drug-resistant phenotypes in vitro, which additional single-cell RNA sequencing identified was due to impaired activation of the RAS/ERK signaling pathway. Consistent with these observations, calcium chelation or depletion of calcium in the culture media also impaired ERK activation in gemcitabine-resistant cells, and restored therapeutic responses to gemcitabine in vitro. We observed similar results using calcium channel blockers (CCBs) such as amlodipine, which inhibited prosurvival ERK signaling in vitro and markedly enhanced therapeutic responses to gemcitabine in both orthotopic xenografts and transgenic models of PDAC. Combined, these results offer insight into a potential means of gemcitabine resistance and suggest that select CCBs may provide a clinical benefit to PDAC patients receiving gemcitabine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Alexandre F. Aissa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Thao N. D. Pham
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60611
| | - Patrick W. Underwood
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Rakesh Nair
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Rong Ke
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jose G. Trevino
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60611
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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Takeda T, Sasaki T, Inoue Y, Okamoto T, Mori C, Mie T, Furukawa T, Yamada Y, Kasuga A, Matsuyama M, Ozaka M, Takahashi Y, Saiura A, Sasahira N. Early-onset pancreatic cancer: Clinical characteristics and survival outcomes. Pancreatology 2022; 22:507-515. [PMID: 35422382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset pancreatic cancer (≤50 years, EOPC) is uncommon. This study aims to characterize the clinical and survival characteristics of EOPC in comparison to late-onset pancreatic cancer (>50 years, LOPC). METHODS We retrospectively investigated consecutive PC patients treated at our institution between 2010 and 2019. We analyzed and compared clinicopathological characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of EOPC and LOPC. RESULTS Of 1646 PC patients identified (768 resectable/borderline resectable; 248 locally advanced; 630 metastatic), 127 (8%) had EOPC. Current smoking and heavy drinking were associated with EOPC. EOPC presented at a more advanced stage and had higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios than LOPC. Survival outcomes were similar between the two groups, both in the entire cohort and in each resectability group. In patients undergoing resection, EOPC tended to have a higher N stage (p = 0.099) and had a higher pathological stage (stage IV, 20% vs. 7%, p = 0.005) and a lower rate of macroscopically curative resection (80% vs. 93%, p = 0.006). Liver recurrence was more commonly observed in EOPC (42% vs. 23%, p = 0.015). In the metastatic cohort, combination chemotherapy regimens were more frequently administered in EOPC as first-line treatment (79% vs. 64%, p = 0.028). Both median PFS (4.4 vs. 5.3 months, p = 0.647) and OS (11.5 vs. 9.5 months, p = 0.183) were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS EOPC presented with a more aggressive tumor biology. Survival outcomes were similar to LOPC due to more intensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Okamoto
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Chinatsu Mori
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Mie
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Furukawa
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuto Yamada
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Kasuga
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masato Matsuyama
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masato Ozaka
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akio Saiura
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naoki Sasahira
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ghosh S, Sun B, Jahagirdar D, Luo D, Ortega J, Straubinger RM, Lovell JF. Single-treatment tumor ablation with photodynamic liposomal irinotecan sucrosulfate. Transl Oncol 2022; 19:101390. [PMID: 35290919 PMCID: PMC8918863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan (IRI) loaded actively into PEGylated liposomes via a sucrosulfate gradient has been approved recently to treat advanced pancreatic cancer. In this study, a similar liposomal composition was developed that includes a low mole fraction (1 mol.%) of porphyrin-phospholipid (PoP), a photosensitizer that stably incorporates into liposomes, to confer light-triggered IRI release. IRI-loaded PoP liposomes containing ammonium sucrosulfate (ASOS) as a complexing agent were more stable in serum compared to liposomes employing the more conventional ammonium sulfate. Without irradiation, PoP IRI liposomes released less than 5% IRI during 8 h of incubation in bovine serum at 37 °C, but released over 90% of the drug within minutes of exposure to red light (665 nm) irradiation. A single treatment with IRI-PoP liposomes and light exposure (15 mg/kg IRI with 250 J/cm2) resulted in tumor eradication in mice bearing either MIA PaCa-2 tumors or low-passage patient-derived tumor xenografts that recapitulate characteristics of the clinical disease. Analogous monotherapies of IRI or photodynamic therapy were ineffective in controlling tumor growth. Enhanced drug uptake could be visualized within laser-treated tumors by direct in situ imaging of irinotecan. Biodistribution analysis of IRI, its active metabolite (SN-38), and major metabolite (SN-38 G) showed that laser treatment significantly increased tumor accumulation of all IRI-derived molecular species. A pharmacokinetic model that hypothesized tumor vasculature permeabilization as the primary reason underlying the increased drug deposition accounted for the enhanced drug influx into tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, United States of America
| | - Boyang Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260, United States of America
| | - Dushyant Jahagirdar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Dandan Luo
- CSL Behring LLC, 1020 1st Avenue, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, United States of America
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY United States of America
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, United States of America.
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Yamai T, Ikezawa K, Kawamoto Y, Hirao T, Higashi S, Daiku K, Maeda S, Abe Y, Urabe M, Kai Y, Takada R, Nakabori T, Uehara H, Ohkawa K. 5-Fluorouracil/L-Leucovorin Plus Oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) Regimen as Salvage Chemotherapy for Patients with Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer Receiving Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel and 5-Fluorouracil/L-Leucovorin Plus Nanoliposomal Irinotecan: Preliminary Results from Clinical Practice. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:2644-2649. [PMID: 35448190 PMCID: PMC9026505 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvage chemotherapy for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer (UR-PC) who have been treated with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel (GnP), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/l-leucovorin (LV) plus nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI), has not been fully established. We retrospectively reviewed data from 17 patients with UR-PC who initiated 5-FU/l-LV plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) as salvage chemotherapy at our hospital between June 2020 and August 2021, after treatment with GnP and 5-FU/LV plus nal-IRI. The primary endpoint was tumor response. The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and adverse events (AEs). The response and disease control rates were 5.9% (1/17) and 17.6% (3/17), respectively. The median PFS was 1.8 months (range: 0.4-5.2 months). Eight patients (47.1%) experienced grade 3 nonhematologic AEs, while none experienced grade 3 hematologic AEs. Two patients with controlled disease had homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)-associated gene mutations in cancer panel testing. The FOLFOX regimen benefit for UR-PC patients treated with GnP and 5-FU/LV plus nal-IRI may be limited to patients with HRD-associated gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Ikezawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chou-ku, Osaka 541-8567, Japan; (T.Y.); (Y.K.); (T.H.); (S.H.); (K.D.); (S.M.); (Y.A.); (M.U.); (Y.K.); (R.T.); (T.N.); (H.U.); (K.O.)
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Michalak I, Püsküllüoğlub M. Look into my onco-forest - review of plant natural products with anticancer activity. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:922-938. [PMID: 35240958 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220303112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistage process that can be treated by numerous modalities including systemic treatment. About half of the molecules that have been approved in the last few decades count for plant derivatives. This review presents the application of tree/shrub-derived biologically active compounds as anticancer agents. Different parts of trees/shrubs - wood, bark, branches, roots, leaves, needles, fruits, flowers etc. - contain a wide variety of primary and secondary metabolites, which demonstrate anticancer properties. Special attention was paid to phenolics (phenolic acids and polyphenols, including flavonoids and non-flavonoids (tannins, lignans, stilbenes)), essential oils and their main constituents such as terpenes/terpenoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and many others. Anticancer properties of these compounds are mainly attributed to their strong antioxidant properties. In vitro experiments on various cancer cell lines revealed a cytotoxic effect of tree-derived extracts. Mechanisms of anticancer action of the extracts are also listed. Examples of drugs that successfully underwent clinical trials with well-established position in the guidelines created by oncological societies are provided. The review also focuses on directions for the future in the development of anticancer agents derived from trees/shrubs. Applying biologically active compounds derived from trees and shrubs as anticancer agents continuously seems a promising strategy in cancer systemic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mirosława Püsküllüoğlub
- Labcorp (Polska) Sp. z o.o., Warsaw, Poland; c Department of Clinical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Kraków, Poland
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88
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Hosein AN, Dougan SK, Aguirre AJ, Maitra A. Translational advances in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma therapy. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:272-286. [PMID: 35352061 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer that is most frequently detected at advanced stages, limiting treatment options to systemic chemotherapy with modest clinical responses. Here, we review recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for treating subtypes of PDAC with diverse molecular alterations. We focus on the current preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the potential of these approaches and the promise of combinatorial regimens to improve the lives of patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Nasser Hosein
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Sheikh Ahmed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Advocate Aurora Health, Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Sheboygan, WI, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Sheikh Ahmed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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89
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Paz-Ares L, Spigel DR, Chen Y, Jove M, Juan-Vidal O, Rich P, Hayes T, Calderón VG, Caro RB, Navarro A, Dowlati A, Zhang B, Moore Y, Yao X, Kokhreidze J, Ponce S, Bunn PA. RESILIENT part 1: A phase 2 dose-exploration and dose-expansion study of second-line liposomal irinotecan in adults with small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2022; 128:1801-1811. [PMID: 35195913 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RESILIENT (NCT03088813) is a phase 2/3 study assessing the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of liposomal irinotecan monotherapy in patients with small cell lung cancer and disease progression on/after first-line platinum-based therapy. Here, we present results from RESILIENT part 1. METHODS This open-label, single-arm, safety run-in evaluation with dose-exploration and dose-expansion phases included patients ≥18 years old with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0/1; those with asymptomatic central nervous system metastases were eligible. The primary objectives were to evaluate safety and tolerability and recommend a dose for further development. Efficacy end points were objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS During dose exploration, 5 patients received intravenous liposomal irinotecan at 85 mg/m2 (deemed not tolerable; dose-limiting toxicity) and 12 patients received 70 mg/m2 (deemed tolerable). During dose expansion, 13 additional patients received intravenous liposomal irinotecan at 70 mg/m2 . Of these 25 patients (median age [range], 59.0 [48.0-73.0] years, 92.0% with metastatic disease), 10 experienced grade ≥3 treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), most commonly diarrhea (20.0%) and neutropenia (16.0%), and 3 had serious treatment-related TEAEs, of whom 2 died. ORR was 44.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.40-65.07; 1 complete response, 10 partial responses) and median (95% CI) PFS and OS were 3.98 (1.45-4.24) months and 8.08 (5.16-9.82) months, respectively. CONCLUSION Overall, no new safety signals were identified with liposomal irinotecan, and antitumor activity was promising. RESILIENT part 2, a randomized, controlled, phase 3 study of liposomal irinotecan versus topotecan, is ongoing. LAY SUMMARY Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive disease with few treatment options after platinum-based therapy. Administering 1 option, irinotecan, as a "liposomal" formulation, may extend drug exposure and improve outcomes. The RESILIENT part 1 trial assessed the safety and efficacy of liposomal irinotecan in 25 adults with SCLC after disease progression despite platinum-based therapy. No new safety concerns were reported. The most common moderate-to-severe side effects were diarrhea (20% of patients) and neutropenia (16%). Tumors responded to treatment in 44% of patients. Average survival was 8.08 months, and time to disease progression was 3.98 months. Liposomal irinotecan trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Paz-Ares
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit & Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David R Spigel
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Cancer & Hematology Centers of Western Michigan, Grand Rapids, Missouri
| | - Maria Jove
- Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reinals, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Rich
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Theresa Hayes
- South West Healthcare, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Zhang
- Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Moore
- Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaopan Yao
- Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Santiago Ponce
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit & Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul A Bunn
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
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90
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Principe DR. Precision Medicine for BRCA/PALB2-Mutated Pancreatic Cancer and Emerging Strategies to Improve Therapeutic Responses to PARP Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040897. [PMID: 35205643 PMCID: PMC8869830 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For the small subset of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients with loss-of-function mutations to BRCA1/2 or PALB2, both first-line and maintenance therapy differs significantly. These mutations confer a loss of double-strand break DNA homologous recombination (HR), substantially altering drug sensitivities. In this review, we discuss the current treatment guidelines for PDAC tumors deficient in HR, as well as newly emerging strategies to improve drug responses in this population. We also highlight additional patient populations in which these strategies may also be effective, and novel strategies aiming to confer similar drug sensitivity to tumors proficient in HR repair. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. As patients typically present with advanced disease and show poor responses to broad-spectrum chemotherapy, overall survival remains a dismal 10%. This underscores an urgent clinical need to identify new therapeutic approaches for PDAC patients. Precision medicine is now the standard of care for several difficult-to-treat cancer histologies. Such approaches involve the identification of a clinically actionable molecular feature, which is matched to an appropriate targeted therapy. Selective poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors such as Niraparib, Olaparib, Talazoparib, Rucaparib, and Veliparib are now approved for several cancers with loss of high-fidelity double-strand break homologous recombination (HR), namely those with deleterious mutations to BRCA1/2, PALB2, and other functionally related genes. Recent evidence suggests that the presence of such mutations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common and lethal pancreatic cancer histotype, significantly alters drug responses both with respect to first-line chemotherapy and maintenance therapy. In this review, we discuss the current treatment paradigm for PDAC tumors with confirmed deficits in double-strand break HR, as well as emerging strategies to both improve responses to PARP inhibition in HR-deficient PDAC and confer sensitivity to tumors proficient in HR repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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91
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Dorman K, Heinemann V, Kobold S, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Boeck S. Novel systemic treatment approaches for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:249-262. [PMID: 35114868 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2037552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a 5-year overall survival rate of 10 %, emphasizing the need for more effective therapies, especially in metastatic disease. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, poor vascularization, and dense tumor stroma typical for PDAC are hurdles that need to be overcome by novel drugs. Investigations are moving towards more targeted treatments including immunotherapy and cell-based approaches. AREAS COVERED This article reviews emerging drugs in clinical development for metastatic PDAC, focusing on cellular therapies and novel treatments targeting metabolism, tumor stroma, oncogenic pathways and immunosuppression. With immunotherapy and CAR T cell therapy on the rise in hematological malignancies, the transfer to solid tumors remains intriguing. Multiple exciting clinical trials investigating innovative therapeutic strategies for PDAC are currently ongoing and reviewed herein. ClinicalTrials.gov, conference abstracts and PubMed were searched in August 2021 and assessed for information on ongoing and published clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION With many challenges to overcome, the optimal therapy for patients with metastatic PDAC is likely to consist of a combination of different agents. We are slowly moving from entity-dependent approaches to ones more focused on molecular and pathological features. Increasingly personalized treatment plans tailored to each patient may be the future of PDAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dorman
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Boeck
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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92
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Tezuka S, Ueno M, Oishi R, Nagashima S, Sano Y, Kawano K, Tanaka S, Fukushima T, Asama H, Konno N, Kobayashi S, Morimoto M, Maeda S. Modified FOLFIRINOX versus sequential chemotherapy (FOLFIRI/FOLFOX) as a second-line treatment regimen for unresectable pancreatic cancer: A real-world analysis. Cancer Med 2022; 11:1088-1098. [PMID: 34953056 PMCID: PMC8855892 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although second-line treatment for pancreatic cancer has been proven to have survival benefit, it is not clear which is the most preferred regimen. This study compared the efficacy and safety of modified FOLFIRINOX (mFOLFIRINOX) and sequential chemotherapy (FOLFIRI/FOLFOX) as a second-line treatment regimen for unresectable pancreatic cancer. METHOD This was a retrospective single-center analysis of all patients who initiated treatment with mFOLFIRINOX or sequential chemotherapy from December 2014 to May 2019 as a second-line treatment for unresectable pancreatic cancer. The sequential chemotherapy group included all patients who initiated sequential chemotherapy. For efficacy analysis, the primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) of all patients, excluding those with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. For safety analysis, we assessed the incidence of grade ≥3 adverse events in all patients. RESULTS Seventy-four patients (mFOLFIRINOX group, n = 44; sequential chemotherapy group, n = 30) were included. OS tended to be slightly prolonged in the mFOLFIRINOX group than in the sequential chemotherapy group (median 10.6 [95% confidence interval {CI} 5.9-13.8] vs. 8.5 [95% CI 5.0-12.2] months; hazard ratio 1.40 [95% CI 0.71-2.71]). The objective response rate and disease control rate were 8.1% and 64.9%, respectively, in the mFOLFIRINOX group and 3.8% and 42.3%, respectively, in the sequential chemotherapy group. In safety analysis, the grade ≥3 rates of neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, and anorexia were 40.9%, 6.8%, and 18.2%, respectively, in the mFOLFIRINOX group and 3.3%, 0%, and 3.3%, respectively, in the sequential chemotherapy group. CONCLUSIONS Whereas efficacy tended to be slightly better in the mFOLFIRINOX group than in the sequential chemotherapy group, given the higher incidence of grade ≥3 adverse events with mFOLFIRINOX than with sequential chemotherapy, sequential chemotherapy is a regimen with better risk-benefit balance than mFOLFIRINOX, and can be considered a second-line treatment option for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tezuka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Ritsuko Oishi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Shuhei Nagashima
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Yusuke Sano
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Kuniyuki Kawano
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Taito Fukushima
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Asama
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Naoki Konno
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Manabu Morimoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical OncologyKanagawa Cancer CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of GastroenterologyYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
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93
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Nguyen M, Segelov E, Goldstein D, Pavlakis N, Shapiro J, Price TJ, Nagrial A, Chantrill L, Leong T, Chen J, Burge M, Karapetis CS, Chau I, Lordick F, Renouf D, Tebbutt N, Roy AC. Update on optimal management for pancreatic cancer: expert perspectives from members of the Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group (AGITG) with invited international faculty. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:39-51. [PMID: 34739362 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2002689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer remains a challenging malignancy due to the high proportion of patients diagnosed at advanced stages and the limited treatment options. This article discusses recent evidence in the management of both localized and advanced pancreatic cancer and offers an expert opinion on current best practice. AREAS COVERED For patients with localized disease, the evidence for adjuvant chemotherapy is discussed as well as emerging neoadjuvant approaches for resectable, borderline resectable, and locally advanced disease. Advances in metastatic disease are discussed including cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and the role of genomic testing to identify patients with molecular alterations. Reviewed literature included journal publications, abstracts presented at major international oncology meetings, and ongoing clinical trials databases. EXPERT OPINION Pancreatic cancer is a devastating diagnosis and despite recent advances has a very poor prognosis. Only a minority of patients, 20%, are diagnosed with potentially curable disease. The shifting paradigm toward neoadjuvant therapy may improve resectability and survival rates; however, robust evidence is required. Thus far, there has only been limited progress in advanced stage disease. Genomic testing may potentially identify more treatment targets although limited to small subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Nguyen
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eva Segelov
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Timothy J Price
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital/University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adnan Nagrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead & Blacktown Hospitals, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lorraine Chantrill
- Department Medical Oncology, Wollongong Hospital, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Australia
| | - Trevor Leong
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Chen
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Matt Burge
- Department of Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Christos S Karapetis
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Ian Chau
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, London, UK
| | - Florian Lordick
- University Cancer Center Leipzig and Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Renouf
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer. Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Niall Tebbutt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre. Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Amitesh C Roy
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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Bruckner HW, Bassali F, Dusowitz E, Gurell D, Book A, De Jager R. Actionable tests and treatments for patients with gastrointestinal cancers and historically short median survival times. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276492. [PMID: 36322580 PMCID: PMC9629612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients have difficult unmet needs when standard chemotherapy produces a median survival of less than 1 year or many patients will experience severe toxicities. Blood tests can predict their survival. METHODS Analyses evaluate predictive blood tests to identify patients who often survive 1 and 2 years. A four-test model includes: albumin, absolute neutrophil count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio. Individual tests include: alkaline phosphatase, lymphocytes, white blood count, platelet count, and hemoglobin. Eligible patients have advanced: resistant 3rd line colorectal, and both resistant and new pancreatic and intrahepatic bile duct cancers. Eligibility characteristics include: biopsy-proven, measurable metastatic disease, NCI grade 0-2 blood tests, Karnofsky Score 100-50, and any adult age. Drugs are given at 1/4-1/3 of their standard dosages biweekly: gemcitabine, irinotecan, fluorouracil, leucovorin, and day 2 oxaliplatin every 2 weeks. In case of progression, Docetaxel is added (except colon cancer), with or without Mitomycin C, and next cetuximab (except pancreatic and KRAS BRAF mutation cancers). Bevacizumab is substituted for cetuximab in case of another progression or ineligibility. Consent was written and conforms with Helsinki, IRB, and FDA criteria (FDA #119005). RESULTS Median survival is 14.5 months. Of 205 patients, 60% survive 12, and 37% survive 24 months (95% CI ± 8%). Survival is > 24, 13, and 3.8 months for patients with 0, 1-2, and 3-4 unfavorable tests, respectively. Individual "favorable and unfavorable" tests predict long and short survival. Neither age nor prior therapy discernibly affects survival. Net rates of clinically significant toxicities are less than 5%. CONCLUSION Treatments reproduce predictable, greater than 12 and 24-month chances of survival for the aged and for patients with drug-resistant tumors. Evaluation of blood tests may change practice, expand eligibility, and personalize treatments. Findings support investigation of drug combinations and novel dosages to reverse resistance and improve safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard W. Bruckner
- MZB Foundation for Cancer Research, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Fred Bassali
- MZB Foundation for Cancer Research, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Elisheva Dusowitz
- MZB Foundation for Cancer Research, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel Gurell
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Diagnostic Imaging, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Abe Book
- MZB Foundation for Cancer Research, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert De Jager
- MZB Foundation for Cancer Research, New York, NY, United States of America
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95
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Chun JW, Woo SM, Lee SH, Choi JH, Park N, Kim JS, Cho IR, Paik WH, Lee WJ, Ryu JK, Kim YT. A real-world analysis of nanoliposomal-irinotecan with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid as third- or later-line therapy in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221119539. [PMID: 36062047 PMCID: PMC9434681 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221119539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nanoliposomal encapsulation of irinotecan (nal-IRI) with 5-fluorouracil and
leucovorin (5-FU/LV) has shown a survival benefit for gemcitabine-pretreated
patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (mPAC). The aim of this
study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nal-IRI with 5-FU/LV
for use beyond second-line treatment after standard frontline therapy for
mPAC. Method: This multicenter, retrospective, non-comparative observational study included
mPAC patients who received nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV as third- or later-line
therapy after disease progression on first-line FOLFIRINOX (FFX) or
gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel. Results: In all, 128 patients who received nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV beyond second-line
treatment between October 2017 and July 2021 were analyzed. Most patients
(82%) received nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV as a third-line treatment. The median
overall survival (OS) was 4.9 months and the median progression-free
survival (PFS) was 2.4 months. Patients with better Eastern Cooperative
Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status experienced significantly longer OS
(ECOG 0, 8.7 months; ECOG 1, 4.8 months; ECOG 2, 2.9 months;
p < 0.001) and PFS (3.9 months; 2.1 months; 1.5
months; p = 0.019). Patients who had not been previously
treated with FFX or had a time to progression of 7 months or more on FFX
experienced longer OS and PFS than those who did not (6.1 months and 5.6
versus 4.1 months, p = 0.053; 3.6
months and 2.4 versus 2.1 months, p =
0.002). The most common adverse events were neutropenia (56%) and anemia
(51%). Conclusion: Our real-world data indicated that nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV can be effective not
only as second-line therapy, but also as third-line or later-line treatment
in selected patients. Nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV may be particularly beneficial
for the survival of patients that maintain good general condition or those
with favorable prior experience to irinotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Won Chun
- Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Sang Myung Woo
- Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Namyoung Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Seong Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Korea
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Rae Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Paik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Lee
- Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Ji Kon Ryu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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96
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Lundy J, Harris M, Zalcberg J, Zimet A, Goldstein D, Gebski V, Borsaru A, Desmond C, Swan M, Jenkins BJ, Croagh D. EUS-FNA Biopsies to Guide Precision Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer: Results of a Pilot Study to Identify KRAS Wild-Type Tumours for Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:770022. [PMID: 34956889 PMCID: PMC8696205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer death and lacks effective treatment options. Diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) biopsies represent an appealing source of material for molecular analysis to inform targeted therapy, as they are often the only available tissue for patients presenting with PDAC irrespective of disease stage. However, EUS-FNA biopsies are typically not used to screen for precision medicine studies due to concerns about low tissue yield and quality. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition has shown promise in clinical trials of unselected patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, but has not been prospectively tested in KRAS wild-type patients. Here, we examine the clinical utility of EUS-FNA biopsies for molecular screening of KRAS wild-type PDAC patients for targeted anti-EGFR therapy to assess the feasibility of this approach. Patients and Methods Fresh frozen EUS-FNA or surgical biopsies from PDAC patient tumours were used to screen for KRAS mutations. Eligible patients with recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic KRAS wild-type status who had received at least one prior line of chemotherapy were enrolled in a pilot study (ACTRN12617000540314) and treated with panitumumab at 6mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was 4-month progression-free survival (PFS). Results 275 patient biopsies were screened for KRAS mutations, which were detected in 88.3% of patient samples. 8 eligible KRAS wild-type patients were enrolled onto the interventional study between November 2017 and December 2020 and treated with panitumumab. 4-month PFS was 14.3% with no objective tumour responses observed. The only grade 3/4 treatment related toxicity observed was hypomagnesaemia. Conclusions This study demonstrates proof-of-principle feasibility to molecularly screen patients with pancreatic cancer for targeted therapies, and confirms diagnostic EUS-FNA biopsies as a reliable source of tumour material for molecular analysis. Single agent panitumumab was safe and tolerable but led to no objective tumour responses in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Lundy
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marion Harris
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John Zalcberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan Zimet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Val Gebski
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Adina Borsaru
- Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Michael Swan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Croagh
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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97
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Ekström A, Brun E, Eberhard J, Segerlantz M. Second-line palliative chemotherapy, survival, and prognostic factors in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:1580-1588. [PMID: 34486921 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2021.1973680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease with a close association between incidence and mortality. First-line (FL) palliative chemotherapy prolongs survival and alleviates cancer-related symptoms. However, the survival benefit of second-line (SL) treatment is uncertain, as studies fail to consistently show prolonged survival for any given SL treatment, and in the absence of prognostic factors patients will receive a futile treatment. The aim of this study was to examine prognostic factors and survival in patients with pancreatic cancer, with special reference to SL therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study included all patients with histopathologically verified pancreatic adenocarcinoma who received palliative chemotherapy at Skåne University Hospital and died between 1 Feb 2015 and 31 Dec 2017. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 170 patients with pancreatic cancer died after receiving palliative chemotherapy. Of these, 72 had received SL treatment after progression on FL treatment. Median overall survival (OS) from the start of SL treatment was 5.0 months (95% CI: 4.0-6.1). Median OS was 2.9 months for patients with performance status 2 at start of SL treatment compared to 5.3 months for patients with performance status 0-1 (p = .03), and 3.5 months (95% CI: 3.0-5.4) in patients with hypoalbuminemia (<36 g/L) at the start of SL therapy compared to 8.0 months (95% CI: 5.3-11.1) for patients with normal albumin levels (p = .009). Weight loss during FL therapy, a doubling of CA 19-9 after FL therapy, and length of progression-free survival during FL treatment were not associated with survival following SL therapy. CONCLUSION Poor performance status and hypoalbuminemia are negative prognostic factors for survival on SL palliative treatment in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Possible gain in survival should be carefully considered before initiating SL chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ekström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Eva Brun
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Eberhard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Segerlantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Institute for Palliative Care, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Palliative Care and Advanced Home Health Care, Primary Health Care Skåne, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
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98
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Barros AG, Pulido CF, Machado M, Brito MJ, Couto N, Sousa O, Melo SA, Mansinho H. Treatment optimization of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:110. [PMID: 34859257 PMCID: PMC8651228 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumor types, being the sixth leading cause of mortality worldwide and the fourth in Europe. Globally, it has a mortality/incidence ratio of 98%, and the 5‑year survival rate in Europe is only 3%. Although risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption and genetic factors, have been identified, the causes of PDAC remain elusive. Additionally, the only curative treatment for PDAC is surgery with negative margins. However, upon diagnosis, ~30% of the patients already present with locally advanced disease. In these cases, a multidisciplinary approach is required to improve disease‑related symptoms and prolong patient survival. In the present article, a comprehensive review of PDAC epidemiology, physiology and treatment is provided. Moreover, guidelines on patient treatment are suggested. Among the different available therapeutic options for the treatment of advanced PDAC, results are modest, most likely due to the complexity of the disease, and so the prognostic remains poor. Molecular approaches based on multi‑omics research are promising and will contribute to groundbreaking personalized medicine. Thus, economic investment that promotes research of pancreatic cancer will be critical to the development of more efficient diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela G. Barros
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina F. Pulido
- Department of Medical Oncology, Luz Lisbon Hospital, 1500-650 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Machado
- Department of Medical Oncology, Entre o Douro e Vouga Hospital Center (CHEDV), 4520-211 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Maria José Brito
- Pathologic Anatomy Department, Garcia de Orta Hospital, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
| | - Nuno Couto
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Centre, 1400-038 Lisbon, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Sousa
- Radiotherapy Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, 4200-072 Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia A. Melo
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Mansinho
- Hemato-Oncology Department, Garcia de Orta Hospital, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
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99
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Brendel K, Bekaii‐Saab T, Boland PM, Dayyani F, Dean A, Macarulla T, Maxwell F, Mody K, Pedret‐Dunn A, Wainberg ZA, Zhang B. Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal irinotecan in patients with cancer and exposure–safety analyses in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2021; 10:1550-1563. [PMID: 34750990 PMCID: PMC8674005 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomal irinotecan is a liposomal formulation of irinotecan, which prolongs circulation of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN‐38. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed based on data from seven studies (N = 440). Adequacy of the model was assessed using multiple methods, including visual predictive check. Associations between PK exposure and the incidence of diarrhea (grade ≥3) and neutropenia adverse events (AEs) (grade ≥3) at first event in patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) were investigated using logistic regression based on data from two studies (the phase III NAPOLI‐1 [N = 260] and phase I/II NCT02551991 [N = 56] trials). The PKs of total irinotecan was described by a two‐compartment model with first‐order elimination, with SN‐38 formed directly by a first‐order constant from the central compartment of irinotecan or after using a transit compartment. Clearance was 17.9 L/week (0.107 L/h) and 19,800 L/week (118 L/h) for total irinotecan and SN‐38, respectively. The UGT1A1*28 7/7 homozygous genotype had no significant impact on SN‐38 clearance. Model evaluation was satisfactory for both irinotecan and SN‐38. The incidence of diarrhea (grade ≥3) at first event was significantly higher with increasing average concentrations of total irinotecan and SN‐38; there was no significant association between an increased risk of neutropenia AEs (grade ≥3) at first event and average SN‐38 concentrations. In summary, the PKs of total irinotecan and SN‐38 after administration of liposomal irinotecan were well‐described by the model. The UGT1A1*28 status had no significant impact on the PKs of liposomal irinotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Dean
- St John of God Hospital Subiaco Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- Vall d´Hebrón University Hospital Vall d´Hebrón Institute of Oncology Barcelona Spain
| | | | | | | | - Zev A Wainberg
- Ronald Regan UCLA Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
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100
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Chiorean EG, Guthrie KA, Philip PA, Swisher EM, Jalikis F, Pishvaian MJ, Berlin J, Noel MS, Suga JM, Garrido-Laguna I, Cardin DB, Radke MR, Duong M, Bellasea S, Lowy AM, Hochster HS. Randomized Phase II Study of PARP Inhibitor ABT-888 (Veliparib) with Modified FOLFIRI versus FOLFIRI as Second-line Treatment of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: SWOG S1513. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6314-6322. [PMID: 34580114 PMCID: PMC8639715 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PARP inhibitors synergize with topoisomerase inhibitors, and veliparib plus modified (m) FOLFIRI (no 5-FU bolus) had preliminary activity in metastatic pancreatic cancers. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of second-line treatment with veliparib and mFOLFIRI versus FOLFIRI (control) for metastatic pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS This randomized phase II clinical trial led by the SWOG Cancer Research Network enrolled patients between September 1, 2016 and December 13, 2017. The median follow-up was 9 months (IQR 1-27). BRCA1/2 and homologous recombination DNA damage repair (HR-DDR) genetic defects were tested in blood and tumor biopsies. Patients received veliparib 200 mg twice daily, days 1-7 with mFOLFIRI days 3-5, or FOLFIRI in 14-day cycles. RESULTS After 123 of planned 143 patients were accrued, an interim futility analysis indicated that the veliparib arm was unlikely to be superior to control, and the study was halted. Median overall survival (OS) was 5.4 versus 6.5 months (HR, 1.23; P = 0.28), and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.1 versus 2.9 months (HR, 1.39; P = 0.09) with veliparib versus control. Grade 3/4 toxicities were more common with veliparib (69% vs. 58%, P = 0.23). For cancers with HR-DDR defects versus wild-type, median PFS and OS were 7.3 versus 2.5 months (P = 0.05) and 10.1 versus 5.9 months (P = 0.17), respectively, with FOLFIRI, and 2.0 versus 2.1 months (P = 0.62) and 7.4 versus 5.1 months (P = 0.10), respectively, with veliparib plus mFOLFIRI. CONCLUSIONS Veliparib plus mFOLFIRI did not improve survival for metastatic pancreatic cancer. FOLFIRI should be further studied in pancreatic cancers with HR-DDR defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gabriela Chiorean
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Katherine A Guthrie
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Philip A Philip
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Florencia Jalikis
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael J Pishvaian
- Georgetown University, Lombardi Cancer Center, Washington, DC
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jordan Berlin
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marcus S Noel
- Georgetown University, Lombardi Cancer Center, Washington, DC
| | | | | | | | - Marc R Radke
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mai Duong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shay Bellasea
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew M Lowy
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
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