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Egashira N, Shirakawa A, Abe M, Niki T, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Oishi R, Fujiwara M. N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Inhibits Marble-Burying Behavior in Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 119:97-101. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11228sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Wu K, Hanna GL, Rosenberg DR, Arnold PD. The role of glutamate signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:726-35. [PMID: 22024159 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and often debilitating neuropsychiatric condition characterized by persistent intrusive thoughts (obsessions), repetitive ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) and excessive anxiety. While the neurobiology and etiology of OCD has not been fully elucidated, there is growing evidence that disrupted neurotransmission of glutamate within corticalstriatal-thalamocortical (CSTC) circuitry plays a role in OCD pathogenesis. This review summarizes the findings from neuroimaging, animal model, candidate gene and treatment studies in the context of glutamate signaling dysfunction in OCD. First, studies using magnetic resonance spectroscopy are reviewed demonstrating altered glutamate concentrations in the caudate and anterior cingulate cortex of patients with OCD. Second, knockout mouse models, particularly the DLGAP3 and Sltrk5 knockout mouse models, display remarkably similar phenotypes of compulsive grooming behavior associated with glutamate signaling dysfunction. Third, candidate gene studies have identified associations between variants in glutamate system genes and OCD, particularly for SLC1A1 which has been shown to be associated with OCD in five independent studies. This converging evidence for a role of glutamate in OCD has led to the development of novel treatment strategies involving glutamatergic compounds, particularly riluzole and memantine. We conclude the review by outlining a glutamate hypothesis for OCD, which we hope will inform further research into etiology and treatment for this severe neuropsychiatric condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
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Glutamate abnormalities in obsessive compulsive disorder: neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:314-32. [PMID: 21963369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder is prevalent, disabling, incompletely understood, and often resistant to current therapies. Established treatments consist of specialized cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy with medications targeting serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, remission is rare, and more than a quarter of OCD sufferers receive little or no benefit from these approaches, even when they are optimally delivered. New insights into the disorder, and new treatment strategies, are urgently needed. Recent evidence suggests that the ubiquitous excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is dysregulated in OCD, and that this dysregulation may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disorder. Here we review the current state of this evidence, including neuroimaging studies, genetics, neurochemical investigations, and insights from animal models. Finally, we review recent findings from small clinical trials of glutamate-modulating medications in treatment-refractory OCD. The precise role of glutamate dysregulation in OCD remains unclear, and we lack blinded, well-controlled studies demonstrating therapeutic benefit from glutamate-modulating agents. Nevertheless, the evidence supporting some important perturbation of glutamate in the disorder is increasingly strong. This new perspective on the pathophysiology of OCD, which complements the older focus on monoaminergic neurotransmission, constitutes an important focus of current research and a promising area for the ongoing development of new therapeutics.
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Albelda N, Joel D. Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: exploring pharmacology and neural substrates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:47-63. [PMID: 21527287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last 30 years there have been many attempts to develop animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Most models have not been studied further following the original publication, and in the past few years, most papers present studies employing a few established animal models, exploring the neural basis of compulsive behavior and developing new treatment strategies. Here we summarize findings from the five most studied animal models of OCD: 8-OHDPAT (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin hydrobromide) induced decreased alternation, quinpirole-induced compulsive checking, marble burying, signal attenuation and spontaneous stereotypy in deer mice. We evaluate each model's face validity, derived from similarity between the behavior in the model and the specific symptoms of the human condition, predictive validity, derived from similarity in response to treatment (pharmacological or other), and construct validity, derived from similarity in the mechanism (physiological or psychological) that induces behavioral symptoms and in the neural systems involved. We present ideas regarding future clinical research based on each model's findings, and on this basis, also emphasize possible new approaches for the treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Albelda
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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55
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Egashira N, Shirakawa A, Okuno R, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Oishi R, Fujiwara M. Role of endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems in DOI-induced head-twitch response in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:52-8. [PMID: 21504759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that systemic administration of the endocannabinoid anandamide inhibited the head-twitches induced by the hallucinogenic drug 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) in mice, which is mediated via the activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors. Endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems have been suggested to modulate the function of 5-HT(2A) receptors. In the present study, we further investigated the role of endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems in DOI-induced head-twitch response in mice. An anandamide transport inhibitor AM404 (0.3-3mg/kg, i.p.), a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 (0.1-10mg/kg, i.p.), a glutamate release inhibitor riluzole (0.3 and 1mg/kg, i.p.), a natural glutamate analog l-glutamylethylamide (theanine, 1 and 3mg/kg, p.o.) and an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor antagonist NBQX (0.01-0.3mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited DOI-induced head-twitch response. The AMPA receptor positive modulator aniracetam (30 or 100mg/kg, p.o.) reversed inhibition of head-twitch response by NBQX and URB597. These findings indicated that endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems participate in the mechanism of action of DOI to induce head-twitch response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Gomes FV, Casarotto PC, Resstel LBM, Guimarães FS. Facilitation of CB1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission decreases marble burying behavior in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:434-8. [PMID: 21111767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by the occurrence of obsessions and compulsions. Glutamatergic abnormalities have been related to the pathophysiology of OCD. Cannabinoids inhibit glutamate release in the central nervous system, but the involvement of drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system has not yet been tested in animal models of repetitive behavior. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify the effects of the CB1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2, the inhibitor of anandamide uptake AM404 and the anandamide hydrolysis inhibitor URB597, on compulsive-associate behavior in male C57BL/6J mice submitted to the marble burying test (MBT), an animal model used for anti-compulsive drug screening. WIN55,212-2 (1 and 3 mg/kg), AM404 (1 and 3 mg/kg) and URB597 (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in the number of buried marbles compared to controls. Pretreatment with the CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251, prevented both WIN55,212-2 and URB597 effects. These results suggest a potential role for drugs acting on the cannabinoid system in modulating compulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Avenue 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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Honda S, Kawaura K, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K. The potent inhibitory effect of tipepidine on marble-burying behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2010; 216:308-12. [PMID: 20713091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that centrally acting non-narcotic antitussives inhibited G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channel currents in brain neurons, and that the tipepidine antitussives had a novel antidepressive-like effect on rats. Furthermore, the antitussives revealed multiplexed ameliorating actions on intractable brain disease models. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of tipepidine in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) subjects using marble-burying behavior (MBB) tests in mice. In fact, OCD is classified as an anxiety disorder characterized by obsession or compulsion. Although selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered first choice agents for the pharmacological treatment of OCD, 50% of patients with OCD failed to respond to SSRIs. The burying of harmless objects such as marbles by mice might reflect the formation of compulsive behavior. The results show that tipepidine reduced MBB in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of tipepidine was significant even at a dosage as small as 5 mg/kg. The tipepidine at 10 mg/kg s.c. nearly abolished MBB without reducing the locomotor activity in mice. It is particularly interesting that the dopamine D₂ antagonist or 5-HT(1A) antagonist partly inhibited the effect of tipepidine on MBB. The results suggest that tipepidine has more of a potent inhibitory effect on MBB, compared with known drugs used for the treatment of OCD, and that the tipepidine action mechanism might differ from that of known drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokichi Honda
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Abstract
Knowledge of pharmacotherapeutic treatment options in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has grown considerably over the past 40 years. Serotonergic antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and clomipramine, are the established pharmacologic first-line treatment of OCD. Medium to large dosages and acute treatment for at least 3 months are recommended until efficacy is assessed. In case of significant improvement, maintenance treatment is necessary. Unfortunately, about half of the patients do not respond sufficiently to oral serotonergic antidepressants; augmentation with atypical antipsychotics is an established second-line drug treatment strategy. Alternatives include intravenous serotonergic antidepressants and combination with or switch to cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Remarkably, a considerable proportion of OCD patients still do not receive rational drug treatment. Novel research approaches, such as preliminary treatment studies with glutamatergic substances, and trials with further drugs, as well as needed aspects of future research, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kellner
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Anxiety Spectrum Disorders Unit, Hamburg, Germany.
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Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behaviour: involvement of CB1 receptors. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:353-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833b33c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The role of NMDA receptors in the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 210:13-24. [PMID: 20238210 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In recent years, an increasing body of evidence points to the involvement of the glutamatergic system and specifically the glutamatergic ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OBJECTIVES To test the role of NMDA receptors in compulsive behavior using the signal attenuation rat model of OCD. In this model, 'compulsive' behavior is induced by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food. METHODS The NMDA antagonist, MK 801 (0.025-0.100 mg/kg) and the partial NMDA agonist, D-cycloserine (3-100 mg/kg) were administered to rats just before assessing their lever-press responding following signal attenuation (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Because the effects of signal attenuation are assessed under extinction conditions, drug doses that were effective in Experiments 1 and 2 were also tested in an extinction session of lever-press responding that was not preceded by signal attenuation (Experiment 3). RESULTS Systemic administration of D: -cycloserine (15 mg/kg) selectively decreased compulsive lever pressing, whereas systemic administration of MK 801 did not affect compulsive lever-pressing but dramatically increased resistance to extinction. CONCLUSIONS Activation of NMDA receptors may have an anti-compulsive effect in OCD patients.
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61
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Effects of agents targeting glutamatergic systems on marble-burying behavior. Neurosci Lett 2010; 471:63-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Use of Memantine (akatinol) for the Correction of Cognitive Impairments in Parkinson’s Disease Complicated by Dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 40:149-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-009-9244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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63
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S N U, J M V, N S J, P V D. Neurosteroids modulate compulsive and persistent behavior in rodents: implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1161-6. [PMID: 19549549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are reported to modulate GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways that then influence serotonin and dopamine, the neurotransmitters implicated in pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor clinically used in OCD is reported to increase the levels of neurosteroids like allopregnanolone, whereas OCD patients exhibit higher plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulphate (DHEAS), a neuroactive steroid having opposite effects to that of allopregnanolone. Hence, it was contemplated that neurosteroids may influence obsessive-compulsive behavior. To test this possibility we studied the influence of various neurosteroids on two behavioral models of OCD, namely marble-burying behavior in mice and 8-OH-DPAT induced disruption of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in rats. The results revealed that allopregnanolone (1 microg/mouse, i.c.v) and progesterone (20mg/kg, s.c.) reduced the marble-burying behavior in mice, whereas dehydroisoandrosterone 3-sulphate (DHAS) (5mg/kg, i.p.) exacerbated the same. The effects of allopregnanolone were comparable to that of fluoxetine (10mg/kg, i.p.). In view of the report that restraint stress increases the levels of allopregnanolone and isolation stress decreases the same, we studied the effect of these stressors on marble-burying behavior; wherein it was found to be less in restraint stress exposed mice, and higher in socially isolated mice. Restrain stress-induced attenuation of marble-burying behavior was blocked by finasteride, a neurosteroid biosynthesis blocker. In rat model of SAB disruption, acute and chronic treatment with allopregnanolone (1 microg/mouse, i.c.v.) reduced 8-OH-DPAT-induced persistent behavior, whereas treatment with DHAS (5mg/kg, i.p.) had an opposite effect. In conclusion, the studies indicate that neurosteroids can modulate obsessive-compulsive behavior in a bidirectional manner, and could serve as an effective target in the management of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umathe S N
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Mahatma Jyotiba Fuley Shaikshanik Parisar, Amravati Road, Nagpur, MS 440 033, India.
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Engin E, Treit D, Dickson CT. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like properties of ketamine in behavioral and neurophysiological animal models. Neuroscience 2009; 161:359-69. [PMID: 19321151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic agent, appears to have rapid antidepressant effects at sub-anesthetic doses in clinically depressed patients. Although promising, these results need to be replicated in double-blind placebo-controlled studies, a strategy thwarted by the psychoactive effects of ketamine, which are obvious to both patients and clinicians. Alternatively, demonstrations of the psychotherapeutic effects of ketamine in animal models are also complicated by ketamine's side-effects on general activity, which have not been routinely measured or taken into account in experimental studies. In this study we found that ketamine decreased "behavioral despair" in the forced swim test, a widely used rats model of antidepressant drug action. This effect was not confounded by side-effects on general activity, and was comparable to that of a standard antidepressant drug, fluoxetine. Interestingly, ketamine also produced anxiolytic-like effects in the elevated-plus-maze. Importantly, the effective dose of ketamine in the plus-maze did not affect general locomotion measures, in either the plus-maze or in the open field test. While the selective N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 also produced antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects, these were mostly confounded by changes in general activity. Finally, in a neurophysiological model of anxiolytic drug action, ketamine reduced the frequency of reticularly-activated theta oscillations in the hippocampus, similar to the proven anxiolytic drug diazepam. This particular neurophysiological signature is common to all known classes of anxiolytic drugs (i.e. benzodiazepines, 5-HT1A agonists, antidepressants) and provides strong converging evidence for the anxiolytic-like effects of ketamine. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of ketamine's effects in these experiments, since it is not clear they were mimicked by the selective NMDA antagonist MK-801.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Engin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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65
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Adjunctive glycine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:664-70. [PMID: 19046587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent preclinical findings, case reports and non-blinded studies have suggested that glutamatergic interventions may be efficacious for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). METHODS We enrolled 24 adult outpatients with OCD on stabilized treatment regimens in a double-blind trial of adjunctive glycine, an NMDA glutamate receptor agonist. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to either placebo or glycine titrated to 60g/day, with follow-up visits scheduled at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was the principal outcome measure. RESULTS Regimen non-adherence, principally related to complaints about the taste and/or nausea, resulted in only 14 individuals who were evaluable by predetermined criteria. Those receiving glycine (n=5) experienced a mean decrease of 6.04 points in Y-BOCS score, compared with a 1.00 point decrease for those receiving placebo (n=9). Using a hierarchical linear model, compared with placebo, individuals who received glycine had an average 0.82 decrease in Y-BOCS score for each week they remained in the study, not quite reaching statistical significance (p=0.053). Two of those receiving glycine were responders, versus none receiving placebo (p=0.11, ns, Fisher exact). Despite the dropouts, two participants were known to have subsequently continued taking glycine through their regular treating psychiatrist for over a year. CONCLUSIONS The glycine condition approached efficacy for treatment of OCD in this study, with the high dropout rate related to problems with palatability and small sample size the principal caveats. This may indicate a new strategy for treatment of OCD, although confirmatory studies are clearly needed. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00405535.).
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The glutamate system seems to be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Thus, glutamatergic modulators are reasonable candidate drugs to test in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Riluzole, a neuroprotective agent with anticonvulsant properties approved for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one such agent. OBJECTIVE To assess the potential risks and benefits of riluzole treatment in psychiatric patients. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using the keywords 'riluzole', 'inhibitor of glutamate release' and 'glutamatergic modulator' to identify all clinical studies and case reports involving riluzole in psychiatric patients. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Riluzole's side effect profile is favorable and preliminary results regarding riluzole for the treatment of severe mood, anxiety and impulsive disorders are encouraging.
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Egashira N, Okuno R, Abe M, Matsushita M, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Oishi R, Nishimura R, Matsumoto Y, Fujiwara M. Calcium-Channel Antagonists Inhibit Marble-Burying Behavior in Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:140-3. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08160sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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68
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Ting JT, Feng G. Glutamatergic Synaptic Dysfunction and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2008; 2:62-75. [PMID: 19768139 PMCID: PMC2746669 DOI: 10.2174/1875397300802010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition estimated to afflict 1-3% of the world population. The estimated financial impact in the treatment and management of OCD is in the billions of dollars annually in the US alone. At present there is a marked lack of evidence on the specific causes of OCD. Current hypotheses largely focus on the serotonin (5-HT) system on the basis of the effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in alleviating symptoms of patients with OCD, yet a considerable fraction of patients are non-responsive or minimally responsive to these agents. Despite this fact, SSRIs have remained the primary pharmacological treatment avenue for OCD. In recent years, multiple lines of evidence have implicated glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction within the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) brain circuit in the etiology of OCD and related disorders, thereby prompting intensified effort in the development and evaluation of agents that modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission for the treatment of OCD. With this in mind, here we review the following topics with respect to synaptic dysfunction and the neural circuitry underlying OCD: (1) evidence supporting the critical involvement of the CSTC circuit, (2) genetic studies supporting the involvement of glutamatergic dysfunction, (3) insights from genetic animal models of OCD, and (4) preliminary findings with glutamatergic neurotransmission-modulating agents in the treatment of OCD. Given the putative mechanistic overlap between OCD and the broader OC-spectrum of disorders, unraveling the synaptic basis of OCD has potential to translate into more effective treatments for an array of poorly understood human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guoping Feng
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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