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Darley-Usmar VM, Ball LE, Chatham JC. Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine: a novel effector of cardiomyocyte metabolism and function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:538-49. [PMID: 21878340 PMCID: PMC3928598 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by the O-linked attachment of the monosaccharide β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is emerging as an important mechanism for the regulation of numerous biological processes critical for normal cell function. Active synthesis of O-GlcNAc is essential for cell viability and acute activation of pathways resulting in increased protein O-GlcNAc levels improves the tolerance of cells to a wide range of stress stimuli. Conversely sustained increases in O-GlcNAc levels have been implicated in numerous chronic disease states, especially as a pathogenic contributor to diabetic complications. There has been increasing interest in the role of O-GlcNAc in the heart and vascular system and acute activation of O-GlcNAc levels have been shown to reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury, attenuate vascular injury responses as well mediate some of the detrimental effects of diabetes and hypertension on cardiac and vascular function. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of pathways regulating protein O-GlcNAcylation, summarize the different methodologies for identifying and characterizing O-GlcNAcylated proteins and subsequently focus on two emerging areas: 1) the role of O-GlcNAc as a potential regulator of cardiac metabolism and 2) the cross talk between O-GlcNAc and reactive oxygen species. This article is part of a Special Section entitled "Post-translational Modification."
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Lauren E. Ball
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - John C. Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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52
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Hyperglycemia and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis: lessons from type 1 diabetes. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:569654. [PMID: 22489274 PMCID: PMC3303762 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A clear relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease has been established for decades. Despite this, the mechanisms by which diabetes contributes to plaque formation remain in question. Some of this confusion derives from studies in type 2 diabetics where multiple components of metabolic syndrome show proatherosclerotic effects independent of underlying diabetes. However, the hyperglycemia that defines the diabetic condition independently affects atherogenesis in cell culture systems, animal models, and human patients. Endothelial cell biology plays a central role in atherosclerotic plaque formation regulating vessel permeability, inflammation, and thrombosis. The current paper highlights the mechanisms by which hyperglycemia affects endothelial cell biology to promote plaque formation.
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53
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Zachara NE. The roles of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine in cardiovascular physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1905-18. [PMID: 22287582 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00445.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
More than 1,000 proteins of the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria are dynamically modified by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), an essential post-translational modification of metazoans. O-GlcNAc, which modifies Ser/Thr residues, is thought to regulate protein function in a manner analogous to protein phosphorylation and, on a subset of proteins, appears to have a reciprocal relationship with phosphorylation. Like phosphorylation, O-GlcNAc levels change dynamically in response to numerous signals including hyperglycemia and cellular injury. Recent data suggests that O-GlcNAc appears to be a key regulator of the cellular stress response, the augmentation of which is protective in models of acute vascular injury, trauma hemorrhage, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In contrast to these studies, O-GlcNAc has also been implicated in the development of hypertension and type II diabetes, leading to vascular and cardiac dysfunction. Here we summarize the current understanding of the roles of O-GlcNAc in the heart and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Zhu Y, Shi YP, Wu D, Ji YJ, Wang X, Chen HL, Wu SS, Huang DJ, Jiang W. Salidroside protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in cardiac H9c2 cells via PI3K-Akt dependent pathway. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:809-19. [PMID: 21563965 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induces serious tissue injury in cardiovascular diseases. Salidroside, with its strong antioxidative and cytoprotective actions, is of particular interest in the development of antioxidative therapies for oxidative injury in cardiac diseases. We examined the pharmacological effects of salidroside on H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells under conditions of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) challenge. Salidroside attenuated H2O2-impaired cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, and effectively inhibited cellular malondialdehyde production, lethal sarcolemmal disruption, cell necrosis, and apoptosis induced by H2O2 insult. Salidroside significantly augmented Akt phosphorylation at Serine 473 in the absence or presence of H2O2 stimulation; wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, abrogated salidroside protection. Salidroside increased the intracellular mRNA expression and activities of catalase and Mn-superoxide dismutases in a PI3K-dependent manner. Our results indicated that salidroside protected cardiomyocytes against oxidative injury through activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and increasing the expression and activities of endogenous PI3K dependent antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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55
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Guan S, Wang W, Lu J, Qian W, Huang G, Deng X, Wang X. Salidroside attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Molecules 2011; 16:3371-9. [PMID: 21512445 PMCID: PMC6260613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16043371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salidroside, a major component of Rhodiola rosea L., has shown various pharmacological functions, including antioxidant effects, but the signal transduction pathway of its antioxidant effects is not very clear. In this study, we found that salidroside could attenuate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced HL-7702 cell damage, inhibit H2O2-induced cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) elevation, scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase 3’-5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level in a dose-dependent manner, but it couldn’t influence 3’-5’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. Therefore, these results indicated that the antioxidant effects of salidroside were associated with down-regulation of [Ca2+]i, ROS occur via a cAMP-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guan
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (W.W.)
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (W.W.)
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Function Food, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; E-Mail: (J.L.)
| | - Wenhui Qian
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Function Food, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; E-Mail: (J.L.)
| | - Guoren Huang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Function Food, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; E-Mail: (J.L.)
| | - Xuming Deng
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (W.W.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.D.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6161; Fax: +86-431-8783-6160
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (W.W.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.D.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6161; Fax: +86-431-8783-6160
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Abstract
Proteomic technologies are used to study the complexity of proteins, their roles, and biological functions. It is based on the premise that the diversity of proteins, comprising their isoforms, and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) underlies biology. Based on an annotated human cardiac protein database, 62% have at least one PTM (phosphorylation currently dominating), whereas ≈25% have more than one type of modification. The field of proteomics strives to observe and quantify this protein diversity. It represents a broad group of technologies and methods arising from analytic protein biochemistry, analytic separation, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics. Since the 1990s, the application of proteomic analysis has been increasingly used in cardiovascular research. Technology development and adaptation have been at the heart of this progress. Technology undergoes a maturation, becoming routine and ultimately obsolete, being replaced by newer methods. Because of extensive methodological improvements, many proteomic studies today observe 1000 to 5000 proteins. Only 5 years ago, this was not feasible. Even so, there are still road blocks. Nowadays, there is a focus on obtaining better characterization of protein isoforms and specific PTMs. Consequently, new techniques for identification and quantification of modified amino acid residues are required, as is the assessment of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in addition to determination of the structural and functional consequences. In this series, 4 articles provide concrete examples of how proteomics can be incorporated into cardiovascular research and address specific biological questions. They also illustrate how novel discoveries can be made and how proteomic technology has continued to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Johns Hopkins University Bayview Proteomic Center, Rm 602, Mason F. Bldg Center Tower, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21239, USA.
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57
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58
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Huang P, Ho SR, Wang K, Roessler BC, Zhang F, Hu Y, Bowe DB, Kudlow JE, Paterson AJ. Muscle-specific overexpression of NCOATGK, splice variant of O-GlcNAcase, induces skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 300:C456-65. [PMID: 21178104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification plays an important role in skeletal muscle development and physiological function. In this study, bitransgenic mice were generated that overexpressed NCOAT(GK), an O-GlcNAcase-inactive spliced variant of the O-GlcNAcase gene, specifically in skeletal muscle using the muscle creatine kinase promoter. Expression of the chimeric enhanced green fluorescent protein-NCOAT(GK) transgene caused an increase of cellular O-GlcNAc levels, along with the accumulation and activation of proapoptotic factors in muscles of bitransgenic mice. The consequence of overexpressing the transgene for a 2-wk period was muscle atrophy and, in some cases, resulted in the death of male mice. Muscle atrophy is a common complication of many diseases, some of which correlate markedly with high cellular O-GlcNAc levels, such as diabetes. Our study provides direct evidence linking muscle atrophy and the disruption of O-GlcNAcase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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59
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Zubeldia JM, Nabi HA, del Río MJ, Genovese J. Exploring New Applications for Rhodiola rosea: Can We Improve the Quality of Life of Patients with Short-Term Hypothyroidism Induced by Hormone Withdrawal? J Med Food 2010; 13:1287-92. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hani A. Nabi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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60
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Elevated O-GlcNAc-dependent signaling through inducible mOGT expression selectively triggers apoptosis. Amino Acids 2010; 40:885-93. [PMID: 20824293 PMCID: PMC3040817 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) catalyzes O-GlcNAc addition to numerous cellular proteins including transcription and nuclear pore complexes and plays a key role in cellular signaling. One differentially spliced isoform of OGT is normally targeted to mitochondria (mOGT) but is quite cytotoxic when expressed in cells compared with the ncOGT isoform. To understand the basis of this selective cytotoxicity, we constructed a fully functional ecdysone-inducible GFP–OGT. Elevated GFP–OGT expression induced a dramatic increase in intracellular O-GlcNAcylated proteins. Furthermore, enhanced OGT expression efficiently triggered programmed cell death. Apoptosis was dependent upon the unique N-terminus of mOGT, and its catalytic activity. Induction of mOGT expression triggered programmed cell death in every cell type tested including INS-1, an insulin-secreting cell line. These studies suggest that deregulated activity of the mitochondrially targeted mOGT may play a role in triggering the programmed cell death observed with diseases such as diabetes mellitus and neurodegeneration.
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61
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Hu X, Zhang X, Qiu S, Yu D, Lin S. Salidroside induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:62-7. [PMID: 20541529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, salidroside (p-hydroxyphenethyl-beta-d-glucoside) has been identified as one of the most potent compounds isolated from plants of the Rhodiola genus used widely in traditional Chinese medicine, but pharmacokinetic data on the compound are unavailable. We were the first to report the cytotoxic effects of salidroside on cancer cell lines derived from different tissues, and we found that human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells (estrogen receptor negative) were sensitive to the inhibitory action of low-concentration salidroside. To further investigate the cytotoxic effects of salidroside on breast cancer cells and reveal possible ER-related differences in response to salidroside, we used MDA-MB-231 cells and MCF-7 cells (estrogen receptor-positive) as models to study possible molecular mechanisms; we evaluated the effects of salidroside on cell growth characteristics, such as proliferation, cell cycle duration, and apoptosis, and on the expression of apoptosis-related molecules. Our results demonstrated for the first time that salidroside induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells and may be a promising candidate for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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62
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Cieniewski-Bernard C, Montel V, Stevens L, Bastide B. O-GlcNAcylation, an original modulator of contractile activity in striated muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2010; 30:281-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-010-9201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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63
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Kim JH. Protective Roles of Ginseng Saponin in Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. J Ginseng Res 2009. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2009.33.4.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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