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Ampofo E, Rudzitis-Auth J, Dahmke IN, Rössler OG, Thiel G, Montenarh M, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced leukocyte–endothelial cell interaction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2123-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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The Effects of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitors on Oxidative Stress Markers following Global Brain Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in C57BL/6 Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133980. [PMID: 26230326 PMCID: PMC4521791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal levels in mouse brain were elevated from 1 h until 8 h after global brain ischemia for 14 min induced with the 3-vessel occlusion model; this result indicates that ischemia reperfusion injury generated oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species production was observed not only in the hippocampal region, but also in the cortical region. We further evaluated the neuroprotective effect of xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors in the mouse 3-vessel occlusion model by analyzing changes in the expression of genes regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (including pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 and intercellular adhesion molecules-1). Administration of allopurinol resulted in a statistically significant decrease in IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression, whereas febuxostat had no significant effect on expression of these genes; nevertheless, both inhibitors effectively reduced serum uric acid concentration. It is suggested that the neuroprotective effect of allopurinol is derived not from inhibition of reactive oxygen species production by xanthine oxidoreductase, but rather from a direct free-radical-scavenging effect.
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Zhang Y, Sun M, Han Y, Zhai K, Tang Y, Qin X, Cao Z, Yu B, Kou J. The saponin DT-13 attenuates tumor necrosis factor-α-induced vascular inflammation associated with Src/NF-кB/MAPK pathway modulation. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:970-81. [PMID: 26157351 PMCID: PMC4495414 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of DT-13 (25(R,S)-ruscogenin- 1-O- [β-d-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)][β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β -d- fucopyranoside) on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced vascular inflammation and the potential molecular mechanisms. In vitro, DT-13 suppressed TNF-α-induced adhesion and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by inhibiting the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). DT-13 markedly suppressed NF-кB p65 phosphorylation, and when NF-кB p65 was over-expressed, the inhibitory effect of DT-13 on adhesion molecular decreased. DT-13 also suppressed TNF-α induced luciferase activities of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 promoter containing NF-κB binding sites. Furthermore, DT-13 markedly suppressed p38 phosphorylation and Src degradation induced by TNF-α, whereas had no significant effect on ERK and JNK activation. In vivo, DT-13 at 4 mg/kg prevented vascular inflammation and the expression of adhesion molecules induced by TNF-α in mice. These findings suggest that DT-13 abrogates vascular inflammation by down-regulating adhesion molecules associated with modulating the NF-кB, p38MAPK, Src signaling pathways, and NF-κB binding site is at least one of the targets of DT-13. This study provides novel information regarding the mechanism by which DT-13 exerts its effects on vascular inflammation, which is important for the onset and progression of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Minhui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuwei Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kefeng Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Youmei Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoying Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
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Lin M, Sun W, Gong W, Zhou Z, Ding Y, Hou Q. Methylophiopogonanone A Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124558. [PMID: 25897666 PMCID: PMC4405202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylophiopogonanone A (MO-A), an active homoisoflavonoid of the Chinese herb Ophiopogon japonicus which has been shown to have protective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, little is known about its role in cerebral I/R injury. Therefore, in this study, by using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion rat model, the effect of MO-A on cerebral I/R injury was examined. The results showed that MO-A treatment reduced infarct volume and brain edema, improved neurological deficit scores, reversed animal body weight decreases, and increased animal survival time in the stroke groups. Western blotting showed that MO-A suppressed MMP-9, but restored the expression of claudin-3 and claudin-5. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy were monitored to determine the blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in vitro. The results showed that MO-A markedly attenuated BBB damage in vitro. Additionally, MO-A inhibited ROS production in ECs and MMP-9 release in differentiated THP-1 cells in vitro, and suppressed ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in ECs and leukocyte/EC adhesion. In conclusion, our data indicate that MO-A has therapeutic potential against cerebral I/R injury through its ability to attenuate BBB disruption by regulating the expression of MMP-9 and tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Gong
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NanChang, China
| | - Yasi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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55
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Ji PY, Li ZW, Yang Q, Wu R. Rapid determination of ruscogenin in rat plasma with application to pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 985:71-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Expression of interleukin-9 and its upstream stimulating factors in rats with ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:913-20. [PMID: 25652434 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the temporal expressions of IL-9 and its related cytokines after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. IL-9 and its related cytokines in ischemia brain and blood were tested after rats were subjected to transient focal ischemia. Comparing with sham-operated group, the levels of IL-4, TGF-β, PU.1, IRF4, OX40, NIK, RelB-p52 and IL-9 in experimental groups were significantly higher after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The results showed that expressions of IL-9 and its upstream stimulating factors increased in experimental stroke, and whether they play a role or just a secondary change is awaiting further research.
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Jing L, Wang JG, Zhang JZ, Cao CX, Chang Y, Dong JD, Guo FY, Li PA. Upregulation of ICAM-1 in diabetic rats after transient forebrain ischemia and reperfusion injury. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:35. [PMID: 25389378 PMCID: PMC4226864 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-014-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Hyperglycemia exacerbates brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia. Neuroinflammation may play a role in mediating such enhanced damage. The objectives of this study were to examine the mRNA and protein levels and cell type distribution of ICAM-1 after cerebral ischemia in normo-and diabetic hyperglycemic rats. Results Compared to normoglycemic ischemia animals, diabetes aggravated neuronal death, decreased Nissl body staining, and increased ICAM-1 mRNA and protein levels in the frontal cortex. The increased ICAM-1 was located not only in vascular endothelial cells but also in cortical neurons. Conclusions Our results suggest that exacerbated neuro-inflammation in the brain may mediate the detrimental effects of diabetes on the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jing
- Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia P. R. China
| | - Jian-Gang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia P. R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Cao
- Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia P. R. China
| | - Yue Chang
- Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia P. R. China
| | - Jian-Da Dong
- Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia P. R. China
| | - Feng-Ying Guo
- Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Yinchuan, Ningxia P. R. China
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina USA
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Wang C, Pan Y, Cheng B, Chen J, Bai B. Identification of conserved and novel microRNAs in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat using deep sequencing. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:671-83. [PMID: 25063377 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding small RNAs that regulate gene expression by inhibiting target genes at post-transcriptional levels. MicroRNAs have been highlighted in many organs and tissues, including the brain. To identify special microRNAs involved in ischemia-reperfusion injury, we performed a comprehensive small RNA profiling in rat model and the control using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. A total of 9,444,562 and 10,290,391 clean reads were sequenced from two small RNA libraries constructed, respectively. Three hundred fifty-eight known microRNAs were identified, in which 78 microRNAs exhibited significantly differential expression between model and control. In addition, 62 and 68 novel miRNAs were found in model and control, respectively. Comparative analysis showed that 24 novel microRNAs were differentially expressed with greater than six-fold change. The GO annotation suggested that predicted targets of microRNAs were enriched into the category of metabolic process, cell part, cell-extracellular communications, and so on. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that these genes were involved in many important pathways, mainly including signaling transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and neurotrophin signaling pathway. Our findings provided a deeper understanding to the regulatory mechanism of microRNAs underlying cerebral ischemia, therefore benefitting the improvement of the protection and treatment strategies of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, People's Republic of China
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Ruscogenin ameliorates experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via suppressing lipogenesis and inflammatory pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:652680. [PMID: 25136608 PMCID: PMC4127260 DOI: 10.1155/2014/652680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effects of ruscogenin, a major steroid sapogenin in Ophiopogon japonicus, on experimental models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. HepG2 cells were exposed to 300 μmol/l palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h with the preincubation of ruscogenin for another 24 h. Ruscogenin (10.0 μmol/l) had inhibitory effects on PA-induced triglyceride accumulation and inflammatory markers in HepG2 cells. Male golden hamsters were randomly divided into five groups fed a normal diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or a HFD supplemented with ruscogenin (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg/day) by gavage once daily for 8 weeks. Ruscogenin alleviated dyslipidemia, liver steatosis, and necroinflammation and reversed plasma markers of metabolic syndrome in HFD-fed hamsters. Hepatic mRNA levels involved in fatty acid oxidation were increased in ruscogenin-treated HFD-fed hamsters. Conversely, ruscogenin decreased expression of genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemoattractive mediator, nuclear transcription factor-(NF-) κB, and α-smooth muscle actin were increased in the HFD group, which were attenuated by ruscogenin. Ruscogenin may attenuate HFD-induced steatohepatitis through downregulation of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, reducing hepatic lipogenic gene expression, and upregulating proteins in β-oxidation pathway.
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A rhodium(III) complex inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide production and angiogenic activity in cellulo. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 140:23-8. [PMID: 25046384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-containing complexes have arisen as viable alternatives to organic molecules as therapeutic agents. Metal complexes possess a number of advantages compared to conventional carbon-based compounds, such as distinct geometries, interesting electronic properties, variable oxidation states and the ability to arrange different ligands around the metal centre in a precise fashion. Meanwhile, nitric oxide (NO) plays key roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammation. We herein report a novel cyclometalated rhodium(III) complex as an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Experiments suggested that the inhibition of NO production in cells by complex 1 was mediated through the down-regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. Furthermore, complex 1 inhibited angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as revealed by an endothelial tube formation assay. This study demonstrates that kinetically inert rhodium(III) complexes may be potentially developed as effective anti-angiogenic agents.
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Zhang E, Shen J, So KF. Chinese traditional medicine and adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 4:77-81. [PMID: 24860729 PMCID: PMC4003705 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.130372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is an important therapeutic target in treating neurological disorders. Adult neurogenesis takes place in two regions of the brain: Subventricular zone and dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The progressive understanding on hippocampal neurogenesis in aging and mood disorders increases the demand to explore powerful and subtle interventions on hippocampal neurogenesis. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine provides an abundant pharmaceutical platform for modulating hippocampal neurogenesis. Recent progress in exploring the effects of Chinese herbal medicine and the related mechanisms opens a new direction for regeneration therapy. The current review gives a thorough summary of the research progress made in traditional Chinese herbal formulas, and the effective compounds in Chinese herbs which are beneficial on hippocampal neurogenesis and the possible mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. ; Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Fai So
- Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. ; Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. ; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. ; GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Guo Z, Cao G, Yang H, Zhou H, Li L, Cao Z, Yu B, Kou J. A combination of four active compounds alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in correlation with inhibition of autophagy and modulation of AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1295-306. [PMID: 24801159 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SMXZF is a combination of Rb1, Rg1, schizandrin, and DT-13 (6:9:5:4) derived from Sheng-mai San, a widely used Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral diseases. The present study explores the inhibitory effects and signaling pathways of SMXZF on autophagy induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion insult by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 hr with subsequent 24 hr reperfusion. Three doses of SMXZF (4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) after ischemia for 1 hr. An autophagic inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA; 300 μg/kg), was administered i.p. 20 min before ischemia as a positive drug. We found that SMXZF significantly increased cerebral blood flow and reduced the infarct volume, brain water content, and the neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner. Similar to the positive control, SMXZF at 18 mg/kg also significantly inhibited autophagosome formation. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting demonstrated that SMXZF could significantly decrease the expression levels of beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3. SMXZF also remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as well as the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its phosphorylation induced by 24 hr reperfusion. Finally, we demonstrated that the optimal administration time of SMXZF was at the early period of reperfusion. This study reveals that SMXZF displays neuroprotective effect against focal ischemia-reperfusion injury, possibly associated with autophagy inactivation through AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Gu Y, Chen J, Shen J. Herbal medicines for ischemic stroke: combating inflammation as therapeutic targets. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:313-39. [PMID: 24562591 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease for which limited therapeutic approaches are available currently. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapies for stroke. Astrocytes, endothelial cells and pericytes constitute a neurovascular network for metabolic requirement of neurons. During ischemic stroke, these cells contribute to post-ischemic inflammation at multiple stages of ischemic cascades. Upon ischemia onset, activated resident microglia and astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells release multiple inflammation factors including cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, free radicals and other small molecules, not only inducing brain damage but affecting brain repair. Recent progress indicates that anti-inflammation is an important therapeutic strategy for stroke. Given a long history with direct experience in the treatment of human subjects, Traditional Chinese Medicine and its related natural compounds are recognized as important sources for drug discovery. Last decade, a great progress has been made to identify active compounds from herbal medicines with the properties of modulating post-ischemic inflammation for neuroprotection. Herein, we discuss the inflammatory pathway in early stage and secondary response to injured tissues after stroke from initial artery occlusion to brain repair, and review the active ingredients from natural products with anti-inflammation and neuroprotection effects as therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke. Further studies on the post-ischemic inflammatory mechanisms and corresponding drug candidates from herbal medicine may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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