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Kotlarz N, McCord J, Collier D, Lea CS, Strynar M, Lindstrom AB, Wilkie AA, Islam JY, Matney K, Tarte P, Polera M, Burdette K, DeWitt J, May K, Smart RC, Knappe DR, Hoppin JA. Measurement of Novel, Drinking Water-Associated PFAS in Blood from Adults and Children in Wilmington, North Carolina. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:77005. [PMID: 32697103 PMCID: PMC7375159 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 1980 to 2017, a fluorochemical manufacturing facility discharged wastewater containing poorly understood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the Cape Fear River, the primary drinking water source for Wilmington, North Carolina, residents. Those PFAS included several fluoroethers including HFPO-DA also known as GenX. Little is known about the bioaccumulation potential of these fluoroethers. OBJECTIVE We determined levels of fluoroethers and legacy PFAS in serum samples from Wilmington residents. METHODS In November 2017 and May 2018, we enrolled 344 Wilmington residents ≥ 6 years of age into the GenX Exposure Study and collected blood samples. Repeated blood samples were collected from 44 participants 6 months after enrollment. We analyzed serum for 10 fluoroethers and 10 legacy PFAS using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Participants' ages ranged from 6 to 86 y, and they lived in the lower Cape Fear Region for 20 y on average (standard deviation: 16 y). Six fluoroethers were detected in serum; Nafion by-product 2, PFO4DA, and PFO5DoA were detected in > 85 % of participants. PFO3OA and NVHOS were infrequently detected. Hydro-EVE was present in a subset of samples, but we could not quantify it. GenX was not detected above our analytical method reporting limit (2 ng / mL ). In participants with repeated samples, the median decrease in fluoroether levels ranged from 28% for PFO5DoA to 65% for PFO4DA in 6 months due to wastewater discharge control. Four legacy PFAS (PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA) were detected in most (≥ 97 % ) participants; these levels were higher than U.S. national levels for the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The sum concentration of fluoroethers contributed 24% to participants' total serum PFAS (median: 25.3 ng / mL ). CONCLUSION Poorly understood fluoroethers released into the Cape Fear River by a fluorochemical manufacturing facility were detected in blood samples from Wilmington, North Carolina, residents. Health implications of exposure to these novel PFAS have not been well characterized. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6837.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kotlarz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - James McCord
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Collier
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - C. Suzanne Lea
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Public Health, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Strynar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew B. Lindstrom
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrien A. Wilkie
- Department of Biological Sciences, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Y. Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katelyn Matney
- New Hanover County Health Department, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Phillip Tarte
- New Hanover County Health Department, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - M.E. Polera
- Cape Fear River Watch, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kemp Burdette
- Cape Fear River Watch, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie DeWitt
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katlyn May
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert C. Smart
- Department of Biological Sciences, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Detlef R.U. Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jane A. Hoppin
- Department of Biological Sciences, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Zhao HJ, Xu JK, Yan ZH, Ren HQ, Zhang Y. Microplastics enhance the developmental toxicity of synthetic phenolic antioxidants by disturbing the thyroid function and metabolism in developing zebrafish. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105750. [PMID: 32361124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Coexposure of MPs and other contaminants adsorbed from the environment has raised many attentions, but the understanding of the combined effects of MPs and plastic additives are limited. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a widely used synthetic phenolic antioxidant in plastics, has gained high concerns due to their unintended environmental release and potential threat to aquatic organisms. This study was conducted to reveal the influences of MPs on the bioaccumulation and developmental toxicity of BHA in zebrafish larvae. As a result, MPs promoted the accumulation of BHA in zebrafish larvae and enhanced the toxicity of BHA in larvae development manifested by reduced hatching rates, increased malformation rates and decreased calcified vertebrae. Although the concentration of MPs was not sufficient to cause obvious developmental toxicity, the impacts of MPs on thyroid hormones status might contribute to the aggravated join toxicity. The metabolomic mechanism was revealed to be that the coexposure of BHA and MPs affected the development of zebrafish larvae via disturbing the metabolism of arachidonic acid, glycerophospholipid, and lipids. Our results emphasized that MPs, even at the nontoxic concentrations, in combination with additives caused health risk that should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jian-Kang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Ze-Hua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Miranda AF, Trestrail C, Lekamge S, Nugegoda D. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on the thyroid status, vitellogenin, and oxidant-antioxidant balance in the Murray River rainbowfish. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:163-174. [PMID: 31938948 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid's (PFOA) widespread use, presence and persistence in the aquatic environment has led to an increasing number of studies focusing on its toxicological effects. In Australia, PFOA has been detected in the aquatic environment, however its effects on Australian native fauna are unknown. In this study, male Australian native fish Murray River rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) were exposed to four different concentrations of PFOA (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg L-1). Variations in thyroid hormones (Triiodothyronine (T3)/Thyroxine (T4)) and the presence of vitellogenin were determined in plasma. Oxidative stress responses were evaluated in gills and liver. Exposure of male fish to PFOA resulted in altered T3/T4 ratios and the presence of vitellogenin in the plasma. Activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione- S-transferase (GST) were significantly increased in the gills and significantly reduced in the liver. Lipid peroxidation was observed in both tissues showing that vital organs could not neutralize the peroxides generated by oxidative stress resulting from exposure to PFOA. In natural populations exposed to PFOA, such hormonal disturbances can have negative effects, notably through altered capacity to respond to changes in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Miranda
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Charlene Trestrail
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Sam Lekamge
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
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