51
|
Sun X, Wang H, Guo Z, Lu P, Song F, Liu L, Liu J, Rose NL, Wang F. Positive matrix factorization on source apportionment for typical pollutants in different environmental media: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:239-255. [PMID: 31916559 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00529c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis of published papers with the key words "positive matrix factorization" and "source apportionment" in 'Web of Science', reveals that more than 1000 papers are associated with this research and that approximately 50% of these were produced in Asia. As a receptor-based model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for source apportionment of various environmental pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as inorganic cations and anions in the last decade. In this review, based on the papers mainly from 2008 to 2018 that focused on source apportionment of pollutants in different environmental media, we provide a comparison and summary of the source categories of typical environmental pollutants, with a special focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), apportioned using PMF. Based on the statistical average, coal combustion and vehicular emission, are shown to be the two most common sources of PAHs, and contribute much more to emissions than other sources, such as biomass burning, biogenic sources and waste incineration. Heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities, industrial and vehicular emissions and mining activities. Quantitative source apportionment on pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter were also apportioned, showing a prominent contribution from fossil-fuel combustion. We conclude that, aside from natural sources, abatement strategies should be focused on changes in energy structure and industrial activities, especially in China. Source apportionment of typical POPs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is less comprehensive and further study is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Fuzhong Song
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China. and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zheng H, Kong S, Yan Y, Chen N, Yao L, Liu X, Wu F, Cheng Y, Niu Z, Zheng S, Zeng X, Yan Q, Wu J, Zheng M, Liu D, Zhao D, Qi S. Compositions, sources and health risks of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a petrochemical industrial park along the Yangtze River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135505. [PMID: 31759719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Petrochemical industry (PI) is an important emission sector of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The health impacts of VOCs from PI have caused a wide attention by both scientists and publics. In this study, compositions, sources and health risks of VOCs at a typical petrochemical industrial park along the middle reach of Yangtze River were studied. The total VOC concentrations were in the range of 5.59 to 541 ppbv with a mean value of 54.8 ppbv. Alkanes (41.4 ± 15.7%) were the predominant group, followed by alkenes (19.9 ± 18.3%), OVOCs (14.7 ± 9.26%), halo hydrocarbon (11.2 ± 6.42%), aromatics (8.17 ± 5.08%), and acetylene (4.54 ± 2.80%). Compound-specific health risk results showed that acrolein and 1,3-butadiene had the highest non-carcinogenic risk (expressed by hazard ratio, HR: 22.8) and carcinogenic risk (expressed by lifetime cancer risk, LCR: 6.7 × 10-3), respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified four VOC sources including fuel evaporation, industrial sources, ethylene industry and regional background with the average contributions of 35.6%, 12.0%, 26.5% and 25.9%, respectively. The receptor-originated approach combining the PMF model and conventional methods (HR and LCR) was used to assess the source-specific health risks. The non-cancer risks of four VOC sources were above safe level with regional background contributing most (38.3% or 4.91) to HR. The cancer risks of the four sources were below the tolerable level (<10-4) and regional background also contributed most, with relative contribution of 58.4% (or 10-4.22) to LCR. Our results are conductive to the formulation of countermeasures to reduce human exposure to ambient VOCs at petrochemical industrial parks in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Hubei Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fangqi Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Delong Zhao
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Feng B, Shu Y, Zhang S. Theoretical study of PhCH2O4CH2Ph: intermediate in the PhCH2O2 self-reaction. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
54
|
Su YC, Chen WH, Fan CL, Tong YH, Weng TH, Chen SP, Kuo CP, Wang JL, Chang JS. Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) supported by Model Simulation and Source Markers - Using Petrochemical Emissions as a Showcase. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112848. [PMID: 31421578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of positive matrix factorization (PMF) in a region with a major Petrochemical Complex, a prominent source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as a showcase of PMF applications. The PMF analysis fully exploited the quality and quantity of the observation data, sufficed by a cluster of 9 monitoring sites within a 20 km radius of the petro-complex. Each site provided continuous data of 54 speciated VOCs and meteorological variables. Wind characteristics were highly seasonal and played a decisive role in the source-receptor relationship, hence the dataset was divided into three sub-sets in accordance with the prevailing wind flows. A full year of real-time data were analyzed by PMF to resolve into various distinct source types including petrochemical, urban, evaporative, long-range air parcels, etc., with some sites receiving more petro-influence than others. To minimize subjectivity in the assignment of the PMF source factors, as commonly seen in some PMF works, this study attempted to solidify PMF results by supporting with two tools of spatially/temporally resolved air-quality model simulations and observation data. By exploiting the two supporting tools, the dynamic process of individual sources to a receptor were rationalized. Percent contributions from these sources to the receptor sites were calculated by summing over the occurrence of different source types. Interestingly, although the Petro-complex is the single largest local VOC source in the 20 km radius study domain, all monitoring sites in the region received far less influence from the Petro-complex than from other emission types within or outside the region, which together add up to more than 70% of the total VOC abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheng-Po Chen
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, USA
| | | | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan.
| | - Julius S Chang
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Sakizadeh M. Spatiotemporal variations and characterization of the chronic cancer risk associated with benzene exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109387. [PMID: 31302332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A spatiotemporal analysis of benzene was performed in east of the USA and in a representative station in Baltimore County, in order to assess its trend over a 25-year time span between 1993 and 2018. A novel time series analysis technique known as TBATS (an ensemble of Trigonometric seasonal models, Box-Cox transformation, ARMA error plus Trend and Seasonal components) was applied for the first time on an air contaminant. The results demonstrated an annual seasonality and a continuously declining trend in this respect. The success of Reformulated Gasoline Program (RFG), initiated in 1995, was obviously detected in time series data since the daily benzene concentrations reduced to one-sixth of its original level in 1995. In this regard, the respective values of mean absolute scaled error (MASE) were 0.35 and 0.45 for training and test series. Given the observed concentrations of benzene, the hot spot areas in east of the US were identified by spatial analysis, as well. A chronic cancer risk was followed along the study area, by both a deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) techniques. It was indicated that children are at higher risk than that of adults. The range of estimated risk values for PRA was higher and varied between 6.45 × 10-6 and 1.68 × 10-4 for adults and between 8.13 × 10-6 and 8.29 × 10-4 for children. According to the findings of PRA, and referring to the threshold level of 1 × 10-4, only 1.2% of the adults and 28.77% of the children were categorized in an immediate risk group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Sakizadeh
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Chen Q, Sun H, Zhang J, Xu Y, Ding Z. The hematologic effects of BTEX exposure among elderly residents in Nanjing: a cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10552-10561. [PMID: 30761498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of environmental concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) on the hematologic system of residents near a petrochemical complex. This study evaluated the potential effects of blood BTEX concentrations on the hematologic parameters of residents in a community near a petrochemical complex (contaminated group) and another community free of known petrochemical pollution (control group). Volunteer residents were randomly recruited. Each participant completed a questionnaire and donated blood samples to evaluate blood BTEX concentrations and hematologic parameters. We found the mean concentrations of blood BTEX of the contaminated group were 1.2 to 6.7 times higher than the control group. Multiple hematologic parameters of participants were significantly different between the two study groups. Inverse associations were found for ln-transformed blood benzene concentrations with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (β = - 2.75) and platelet counts (β = -8.18). Several weaker associations were also observed between other compounds and multiple hematologic parameters. Our results suggest that the residents living near petrochemical complexes have higher blood BTEX concentrations. Furthermore, the increased blood BTEX levels in residents are associated with the reduction in RBC counts, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, MCHC, and platelet counts. This study provided particularly important information for the health risk assessment of residents living near petrochemical complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, Road 172, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, Road 172, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayao Zhang
- Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, Jiangning District, 210029, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, Road 172, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, Road 172, 210009, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Liu A, Hong N, Zhu P, Guan Y. Characterizing petroleum hydrocarbons deposited on road surfaces in urban environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:589-596. [PMID: 30414587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons are a toxic pollutant group, primarily including volatile organic compounds (VOC), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) and non-volatile organic compounds (NVOC). These pollutants can be accumulated on urban roads during dry periods and then washed-off by stormwater runoff in rainy days. Unlike heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons have not received an equal attention in the field of stormwater pollutant processes. This paper investigated characteristics of VOC, SVOC and NVOC pollutant loads deposited on urban roads and their influential factors using a forward stepwise regression and PROMETHEE-GAIA analysis techniques. The results indicate that the loads deposited on urban roads were NVOC > SVOC > VOC. It is also noted that the degrees of factors in influencing petroleum hydrocarbons deposited on urban roads did not equal and their order was total solids > land use type > vehicular traffic > roughness of road surfaces. The research results also showed that petroleum hydrocarbons on urban road surfaces tend to be source limiting rather than transport limiting. These outcomes can contribute to petroleum hydrocarbons polluted stormwater management, such as treatment system design and stormwater modelling approach improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Panfeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Liu Y, Xie Q, Li X, Tian F, Qiao X, Chen J, Ding W. Profile and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds from a complex industrial park. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:9-18. [PMID: 30566144 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00363g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Industrial emissions, mainly from industrial parks, are important sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Identification of the major sources of VOCs from industrial parks has practical significance in emission reduction. In this study, the major species of VOCs from a residential area located downwind of a complex industrial park were sampled with Tenax absorption tubes and analyzed by thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). Receptor models of factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were employed to recognize the potential emission sources, which suggested an association with the production processes in the nearby industrial park. In order to validate the sources, the profiles of VOC emissions of related workshops under actual manufacturing processes were acquired. It was found that xylenes & amines, phenols and esters were the major species of VOCs for the workshops of foundry, refractory materials and printing, respectively. Similarity analysis indicated that the detected profiles of VOC emissions from the dominant industrial types had good correlations with the identified factors from receptor models. Source contributions to VOCs in the receptor region exhibited that foundry production was the primary contributor (56-64%), followed by refractory material production (22-26%) and printing (14-18%). This study provides a strategy for source apportionment of VOCs from a local complex industrial park, which is helpful in the development of targeted control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|