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Necessity of Smad4 for the normal development of the mouse lacrimal gland. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2014; 58:298-306. [PMID: 24504874 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-014-0307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smad4, a key intracellular mediator in TGF-β signaling, plays a critical role in the normal development of many tissues/organs. However, its functional role in the development of the lacrimal gland (LG) has never been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the role Smad4 may play in the development of LG by using Smad4 conditional knockout mice and comparing their LG changes with the LG in normal control mice. METHODS Smad4 in the LG, as well as in the lens, cornea, and ectoderm of the eyelids, was conditionally inactivated by using Pax6 promoter-driven Cre-transgenic mice. Lac Z reporter was used to visualize the developing LG by X-gal staining, and standard histologic approaches were used to reveal morphologic alterations. RESULTS Inactivation of Smad4 resulted in reduction in the size and number of acini in the embryonic LG and in pigment accumulation within the LG, although it did not affect the formation of the primary lacrimal bud. After birth, the LG from Smad4-mutant mice developed slowly, and pigment was observed starting from the P7 mutant LG. Thereafter, the mutant LG was considerably smaller than the normal LG and was eventually replaced by adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results support the notion that Smad4 is essential for the normal development and maintenance of the mouse LG.
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McClellan AJ, Volpe EA, Zhang X, Darlington GJ, Li DQ, Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. Ocular surface disease and dacryoadenitis in aging C57BL/6 mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:631-43. [PMID: 24389165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye in humans displays increased prevalence in the aged and in women. Here, we investigated the ocular surfaces and lacrimal glands of aged mice of both sexes. We surveyed three different ages [young, middle-aged (6 to 9 months), and elderly] by investigating severity markers of dry eye disease (DED). We observed an age-dependent dry eye phenotype as early as 6 to 9 months: increased corneal surface irregularity, increased corneal barrier disruption, conjunctival CD4(+) T-cell infiltration, and loss of mucin-filled goblet cells. Expression of interferon-γ, IL-17 mRNA transcripts was increased in the conjunctiva and IL-17A, matrix metallopeptidase 9, and chemokine ligand 20 in the corneas of elderly mice. Elderly male mice develop more of a skewed response of type 1 T helper cell, whereas female mice have a bias toward type 17 T helper cell in the conjunctiva. In the lacrimal gland, an increase in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and B cells and a decrease in activated dendritic cells were observed. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells isolated from elderly mice transferred DED into young immunodeficient recipients, which was more pronounced from male donors. Our findings show the development of DED in aging mice. Pathogenic CD4(+) T cells that develop with aging are capable of transferring DED from older mice to naive immunodeficient recipients. Taken together, our results indicate that age-related autoimmunity contributes to development of DED with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Eugene A Volpe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Texas; Shenyang He Eye Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | | | - De-Quan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Texas.
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Xing J, Petranka JG, Davis FM, Desai PN, Putney JW, Bird GS. Role of Orai1 and store-operated calcium entry in mouse lacrimal gland signalling and function. J Physiol 2013; 592:927-39. [PMID: 24297846 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacrimal glands function to produce an aqueous layer, or tear film, that helps to nourish and protect the ocular surface. Lacrimal glands secrete proteins, electrolytes and water, and loss of gland function can result in tear film disorders such as dry eye syndrome, a widely encountered and debilitating disease in ageing populations. To combat these disorders, understanding the underlying molecular signalling processes that control lacrimal gland function will give insight into corrective therapeutic approaches. Previously, in single lacrimal cells isolated from lacrimal glands, we demonstrated that muscarinic receptor activation stimulates a phospholipase C-coupled signalling cascade involving the inositol trisphosphate-dependent mobilization of intracellular calcium and the subsequent activation of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Since intracellular calcium stores are finite and readily exhausted, the SOCE pathway is a critical process for sustaining and maintaining receptor-activated signalling. Recent studies have identified the Orai family proteins as critical components of the SOCE channel activity in a wide variety of cell types. In this study we characterize the role of Orai1 in the function of lacrimal glands using a mouse model in which the gene for the calcium entry channel protein, Orai1, has been deleted. Our data demonstrate that lacrimal acinar cells lacking Orai1 do not exhibit SOCE following activation of the muscarinic receptor. In comparison with wild-type and heterozygous littermates, Orai1 knockout mice showed a significant reduction in the stimulated tear production following injection of pilocarpine, a muscarinic receptor agonist. In addition, calcium-dependent, but not calcium-independent exocytotic secretion of peroxidase was eliminated in glands from knockout mice. These studies indicate a critical role for Orai1-mediated SOCE in lacrimal gland signalling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xing
- NIEHS, NIH: Chief - Calcium Regulation Section, PO Box 12233, 111 Alexander Drive F255, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA.
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Koca G, Yalniz-Akkaya Z, Gültekin S, Yumusak N, Demirel K, Korkmaz M, Atilgan H, Altiparmak U, Onal B, Ornek F. Radioprotective effect of montelukast sodium in rat lacrimal glands after radioiodine treatment. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Radioprotective effect of montelukast sodium in rat lacrimal glands after radioiodine treatment. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2013; 32:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Acar U, Atilgan HI, Acar DE, Yalniz-Akkaya Z, Yumusak N, Korkmaz M, Koca G. The effect of short-term vitamin E against radioiodine-induced early lacrimal gland damage. Ann Nucl Med 2013; 27:886-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-013-0763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Selvam S, Mircheff AK, Yiu SC. Diverse mediators modulate the chloride ion fluxes that drive lacrimal fluid production. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2927-33. [PMID: 23513060 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To learn whether locally expressed and systemic mediators might modulate the cholinergically induced transepithelial Cl(-) fluxes that underlie lacrimal fluid production. METHODS Reconstituted epithelial monolayers were exposed to a submaximal dose of the muscarinic agonist, carbachol (CCh), or to one of several paracrine mediators for 18 hours, then acutely stimulated with an optimal dose of CCh. Secretory Cl(-) fluxes were assessed as negative short-circuit currents (ISC). RESULTS Exposure to IL-6 at concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/mL and IL-1β at 10 ng/mL significantly decreased CCh-induced Cl(-) secretion. Prolactin decreased CCh-induced Cl(-) secretion, but the extent of the decrease diminished as the prolactin concentration increased from 20 to 200 ng/mL. CCh, 10 μM, prevented CCh, 100 μM, from eliciting Cl(-) secretion. Exposure to histamine, 10 mM, prevented formation of confluent monolayers. Exposure to histamine, 1 mM, decreased CCh-induced Cl(-) secretion, whereas exposure to 5-HT, 1 mM, potentiated CCh-induced Cl(-) secretion. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to inflammatory cytokines may significantly impair cholinergically induced lacrimal fluid production. Concentrations of prolactin within the high range of normal values also may impair fluid production, but this effect is reversed at levels associated with pregnancy. Autonomic neurotransmitters and paracrine mediators that signal through different G protein-coupled receptors appear to exert varying influences, which range from complete suppression to potentiation of cholinergically induced fluid production. Thus, some hormones and paracrine mediators may impair secretion in apparently homeostatic glands as well as diseased glands, whereas mediators produced by certain immune cell infiltrates may actually enhance fluid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaram Selvam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Uchino Y, Kawakita T, Miyazawa M, Ishii T, Onouchi H, Yasuda K, Ogawa Y, Shimmura S, Ishii N, Tsubota K. Oxidative stress induced inflammation initiates functional decline of tear production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45805. [PMID: 23071526 PMCID: PMC3465290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage and inflammation are proposed to be involved in an age-related functional decline of exocrine glands. However, the molecular mechanism of how oxidative stress affects the secretory function of exocrine glands is unclear. We developed a novel mev-1 conditional transgenic mouse model (Tet-mev-1) using a modified tetracycline system (Tet-On/Off system). This mouse model demonstrated decreased tear production with morphological changes including leukocytic infiltration and fibrosis. We found that the mev-1 gene encodes Cyt-1, which is the cytochrome b(560) large subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase in complex II of mitochondria (homologous to succinate dehydrogenase C subunit (SDHC) in humans). The mev-1 gene induced excessive oxidative stress associated with ocular surface epithelial damage and a decrease in protein and aqueous secretory function. This new model provides evidence that mitochondrial oxidative damage in the lacrimal gland induces lacrimal dysfunction resulting in dry eye disease. Tear volume in Tet-mev-1 mice was lower than in wild type mice and histopathological analyses showed the hallmarks of lacrimal gland inflammation by intense mononuclear leukocytic infiltration and fibrosis in the lacrimal gland of Tet-mev-1 mice. These findings strongly suggest that oxidative stress can be a causative factor for the development of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masaki Miyazawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishii
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Onouchi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kayo Yasuda
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ishii
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kamoi M, Ogawa Y, Nakamura S, Dogru M, Nagai T, Obata H, Ito M, Kaido M, Kawakita T, Okada Y, Kawakami Y, Shimmura S, Tsubota K. Accumulation of secretory vesicles in the lacrimal gland epithelia is related to non-Sjögren's type dry eye in visual display terminal users. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43688. [PMID: 22962587 PMCID: PMC3433460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous observations in a rat model of a non-Sjögren's syndrome (non-SS) type of dry eye seen in users of visual display terminals (VDT) indicated that secretory vesicle (SV) accumulation in the lacrimal gland epithelia contributes to the condition. Here, to examine this possibility in humans, we compared the lacrimal gland histology and percent SV area in the cytoplasm of acinar epithelial cells using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, in patients with VDT work-related non-SS dry-eye (VDT group), SS-induced dry-eye, and autopsied normal controls. In addition, the VAMP8 (vesicle-associated membrane protein 8, an exocrine-pathway molecule) and Rab3D (mature vesicle marker) were histochemically examined in lacrimal gland tissue sections. The lacrimal gland acini were larger in the VDT group than in the SS group, and the percent SV area was significantly higher in the VDT group than in the normal controls (P = 0.021) or SS group (P = 0.004). Immunostaining revealed abnormal distributions of VAMP8 in the VDT and SS groups. Rab3D was more strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of acinar epithelial cells in the VDT group than in that of normal controls. The duration of VDT use was significantly longer in the VDT group than in the other groups. These findings suggest that excessive SV accumulation in the acinar epithelia may contribute to the reduced tear secretion in VDT users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuka Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Murat Dogru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masataka Ito
- Department of Developmental Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Minako Kaido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kawashima M, Kawakita T, Inaba T, Okada N, Ito M, Shimmura S, Watanabe M, Shinmura K, Tsubota K. Dietary lactoferrin alleviates age-related lacrimal gland dysfunction in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33148. [PMID: 22479365 PMCID: PMC3314001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decrease in lacrimal gland secretory function is related to age-induced dry eye disease. Lactoferrin, the main glycoprotein component of tears, has multiple functions, including anti-inflammatory effects and the promotion of cell growth. We investigated how oral administration of lactoferrin affects age-related lacrimal dysfunction. Methods and Findings Twelve-month-old male C57BL/6Cr Slc mice were randomly divided into a control fed group and an oral lactoferrin treatment group. Tear function was measured at a 6-month time-point. After euthanasia, the lacrimal glands were subjected to histological examination with 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) antibodies, and serum concentrations of 8-OHdG and hexanoyl-lysine adduct (HEL) were evaluated. Additionally, monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression levels were determined by real-time PCR. The volume of tear secretion was significantly larger in the treated group than in the control. Lactoferrin administration reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and the MCP-1 and TNF-α expression levels. Serum concentrations of 8-OHdG and HEL in the lactoferrin group were lower than those in the control group and were associated with attenuated 8-OHdG immunostaining of the lacrimal glands. Conclusion Oral lactoferrin administration preserves lacrimal gland function in aged mice by attenuating oxidative damage and suppressing subsequent gland inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MK); (KT)
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Inaba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Shinmura
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MK); (KT)
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Batista TM, Tomiyoshi LM, Dias AC, Roma LP, Módulo CM, Malki LT, Filho EBM, Deminice R, Jordão AA, Cunha DA, Rocha EM. Age-dependent changes in rat lacrimal gland anti-oxidant and vesicular related protein expression profiles. Mol Vis 2012; 18:194-202. [PMID: 22312187 PMCID: PMC3272056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-oxidation and exocytosis are important for maintaining exocrine tissue homeostasis. During aging, functional and structural alterations occur in the lacrimal gland (LG), including oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. The aims of the present study were to determine in the aging LG: a) the effects of aging on LG structure and secretory activity and b) changes in the expression of oxidative stress markers. METHODS To address these goals, tear secretion composition and corneal impression cytology were compared between male Wistar rats of 2 (control) and 24 (aged) months. LG morphology and the expression levels of vitamin E and malonaldehyde (MDA) were evaluated to determine the anti-oxidant activity and lipid peroxidation, respectively. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used for the analysis of Ras related in brain GTPase protein (Rab) and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins of the secretory machinery (i.e.; Rab 3d, Rab 27, vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (Vamp-2), and syntaxin). RESULTS Histological analysis of aged rats revealed a higher frequency of corneal epithelia metaplasia. In the acinar cells, organelles underwent degeneration, and lipofucsin-like material accumulated in the cytoplasm along with declines in the anti-oxidant marker vitamin E. Rab3d and Rab27b mRNA levels fell along with Rab3d protein expression, whereas syntaxin levels increased. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that exocytotic and anti-oxidant mechanisms become impaired with age in the rat LG. In parallel with these structural alterations, functional declines may contribute to the pathophysiology caused by tear film modification in dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Midori Tomiyoshi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Dias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Maria Módulo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tannus Malki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elísio Bueno Machado Filho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alceu Afonso Jordão
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Cunha
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biology, Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Melani Rocha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Contreras J, Hsueh PY, Pei H, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Use of nucleofection to efficiently transfect primary rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells. Cytotechnology 2011; 64:149-56. [PMID: 22138892 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacrimal gland acinar cells are an important cell type to study due to their role in production and release of tear proteins, a function essential for ocular surface integrity and normal visual acuity. However, mechanistic studies are often limited by problems with transfection using either plasmid DNA or siRNA. Although various gene delivery methods are available, many have been unproductive due to consistently low transfection efficiencies. We have developed a method using nucleofection that can result in 50% transfection efficiency and 60% knockdown efficiency for plasmid DNA and siRNA, respectively. These results are vastly improved relative to previous studies, demonstrating that nucleofection offers an efficient transfection technique for primary lacrimal gland acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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Thomas PB, Samant DM, Wang Y, Selvam S, Stevenson D, Gray JD, Schechter JE, Mircheff AK, Trousdale MD. Distinct dacryoadenitides autoadoptively transferred to rabbits by different subpopulations of lymphocytes activated ex vivo. Cornea 2010; 29:1153-62. [PMID: 20577087 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181d0090e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether CD4+ T cells proliferate in mixed cell reactions with autologous lacrimal gland (LG) acinar cells and whether these cells can autoadoptively transfer disease. METHODS Purified acinar cells were gamma irradiated and cocultured with peripheral blood lymphocytes. Activated CD4+ T cells were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Unfractionated activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (UF), CD4+-enriched and CD4+-depleted T cells from an autologous mixed cell reaction were injected into the donor rabbit's remaining LG. After 4 weeks, ocular examinations were performed, and the rabbits were euthanized; LGs were removed for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction studies. RESULTS CD4 T cells increased in the autologous mixed cell reaction from 20% to 80%. Tear production decreased in the induced disease/UF (ID/UF) group and declined even more in the ID/CD4+-enriched group. Tear breakup times decreased and rose bengal staining increased in all groups. All LGs exhibited significant histopathology and increased messenger RNAs for tumor necrosis factor α. The ID/UF group exhibited the largest increases of CD4+ and rabbit T-lymphocyte antigen-positive cells. The ID/CD4+-enriched group contained fewer infiltrating CD4 cells but more eosinophils, severely altered acinar morphology, and increased fibrosis. LG of the ID/CD4+-depleted group exhibited large increases of CD18, major histocompatibility complex II, and CD4+ cells. Messenger RNAs for interleukin 2, interleukin 4, and CD4+ increased in the ID/CD4+-enriched group compared with the CD4+-depleted group. CONCLUSIONS Autoreactive CD4+ effector cells activated ex vivo and autoadoptively transferred, caused what seems to be a distinct dacryoadenitis. The CD4+-depleted cell fraction also contained pathogenic effector cells capable of inducing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja B Thomas
- Ocular Surface Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Nerve Growth Factor in the Developing and Adult Lacrimal Glands of Rat With and Without Inherited Retinitis Pigmentosa. Cornea 2010; 29:1163-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181d3d3f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schechter JE, Warren DW, Mircheff AK. A Lacrimal Gland is a Lacrimal Gland, But Rodent's and Rabbit's Are Not Human. Ocul Surf 2010; 8:111-34. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Rahimy E, Pitcher JD, Pangelinan SB, Chen W, Farley WJ, Niederkorn JY, Stern ME, Li DQ, Pflugfelder SC, De Paiva CS. Spontaneous autoimmune dacryoadenitis in aged CD25KO mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:744-53. [PMID: 20566743 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate time-related immunopathological changes in the lacrimal glands (LGs) of CD25KO mice, we examined LGs of C57BL/6 (wild-type) and CD25KO mice at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. T cell infiltration was quantified by flow cytometry, and gland function by tear peroxidase activity and epidermal growth factor mRNA expression. T helper (Th)-1, -2 and -17-associated cytokine expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. Epithelial apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay and activated caspase-3 staining. Eight-week-old CD25KO mice demonstrated significantly increased numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells infiltrating the LGs. This peaked at 12 weeks of age. No peroxidase secretion was detected, and epidermal growth factor mRNA expression was barely detected in CD25KO mice. Ductal epithelial apoptosis was noted in CD25KO mice. Young CD25KO LGs had higher Th-17- (interleukin [IL]-23R, transforming growth factor-beta1, IL-17A, CC chemokine attractant ligand-20) and Th-1-associated cytokine transcripts (interferon-gamma, T-bet, IL-12, IL-2, IL-18) than young wild-type LGs. There was also a significant time-related decrease in IL-17A and CC chemokine attractant ligand-20 in CD25KO LGs. Taken together, autoimmune LG infiltration with loss of LG function was observed in CD25KO mice as early as 8 weeks of age. Time-related switch from Th-17 to Th-1 inflammation was noted in CD25KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Rahimy
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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68
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Kawashima M, Kawakita T, Okada N, Ogawa Y, Murat D, Nakamura S, Nakashima H, Shimmura S, Shinmura K, Tsubota K. Calorie restriction: A new therapeutic intervention for age-related dry eye disease in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:724-8. [PMID: 20537981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A decrease in lacrimal gland secretory function is closely related to aging and leads to an increased prevalence of dry eye syndrome. Since calorie restriction (CR) is considered to prevent functional decline of various organs due to aging, we hypothesized that CR could prevent age-related lacrimal dysfunction. Six-month-old male Fischer 344 rats were randomly divided into ad libitum (AL) and CR (-35%) groups. After 6months of CR, tear function was examined under conscious state. After euthanasia, lacrimal glands were subjected to histological examination, tear protein secretion stimulation test with Carbachol, and assessment of oxidative stress with 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) antibodies. CR significantly improved tear volume and tended to increase tear protein secretion volume after stimulation with Carbachol compared to AL. The acinar unit density was significantly higher in the CR rats compared to AL rats. Lacrimal glands in the CR rats showed a lesser degree of interstitial fibrosis. CR reduced the concentration of 8-OHdG and the extent of staining with HNE in the lacrimal gland, compared to AL. Furthermore, our electron microscopic observations showed that mitochondrial structure of the lacrimal gland obtained from the middle-aged CR rats was preserved in comparison to the AL rats. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time that CR may attenuate oxidative stress related damage in the lacrimal gland with preservation of lacrimal gland functions. Although molecular mechanism(s) by which CR maintains lacrimal gland function remains to be resolved, CR might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for treating dry eye syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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69
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Mechanisms involved in injury and repair of the murine lacrimal gland: role of programmed cell death and mesenchymal stem cells. Ocul Surf 2010; 8:60-9. [PMID: 20427009 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The non-keratinized epithelia of the ocular surface are constantly challenged by environmental insults, such as smoke, dust, and airborne pathogens. Tears are the sole physical protective barrier for the ocular surface. Production of tears in inadequate quantity or of inadequate quality results in constant irritation of the ocular surface, leading to dry eye disease, also referred to as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Inflammation of the lacrimal gland, such as occurs in Sjogren syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and other pathological conditions, results in inadequate secretion of the aqueous layer of the tear film and is a leading cause of dry eye disease. The hallmarks of lacrimal gland inflammation are the presence of immune cell infiltrates, loss of acinar epithelial cells (the secreting cells), and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. To date, the mechanisms leading to acinar cell loss and the associated decline in lacrimal gland secretion are still poorly understood. It is also not understood why the remaining lacrimal gland cells are unable to proliferate in order to regenerate a functioning lacrimal gland. This article reviews recent advances in exocrine tissue injury and repair, with emphasis on the roles of programmed cell death and stem/progenitor cells.
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70
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Turpie B, Yoshimura T, Gulati A, Rios JD, Dartt DA, Masli S. Sjögren's syndrome-like ocular surface disease in thrombospondin-1 deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1136-47. [PMID: 19700744 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a major activator of latent transforming growth factor-beta in vitro as well as in vivo. Mice deficient in TSP-1, despite appearing normal at birth, develop a chronic form of ocular surface disease that is marked by increased apoptosis and deterioration in the lacrimal gland, associated dysfunction, and development of inflammatory infiltrates that result in abnormal tears. The increase in CD4(+) T cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of the lacrimal gland, and the presence of anti-Sjögren's syndrome antigen A and anti-Sjögren's syndrome antigen B antibodies in the serum resemble autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome. These mice develop an ocular surface disorder dry eye that includes disruption of the corneal epithelial layer, corneal edema, and a significant decline in conjuctival goblet cells. Externally, several mice develop dry crusty eyes that eventually close. The inflammatory CD4(+) T cells detected in the lacrimal gland, as well as those in the periphery of older TSP-1 null mice, secrete interleukin-17A, a cytokine associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Antigen-presenting cells, derived from TSP-1 null, but not from wild-type mice, activate T cells to promote the Th17 response. Together, these results indicate that TSP-1 deficiency results in a spontaneous form of chronic dry eye and aberrant histopathology associated with Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Turpie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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71
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Módulo CM, Jorge AG, Dias AC, Braz AM, Bertazolli-Filho R, Jordão AA, Sérgio Marchini J, Rocha EM. Influence of insulin treatment on the lacrimal gland and ocular surface of diabetic rats. Endocrine 2009; 36:161-8. [PMID: 19551521 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have observed changes in the lacrimal gland and ocular surface related to diabetes mellitus and related it to insulin resistance or insufficiency and oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether insulin treatment inhibits those changes. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats with a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin and a subgroup was treated with insulin. After 5 and 10 weeks, the three groups (n = 5-10/group/experimental procedure) were compared for biochemical, functional, and histological parameters. After 5 weeks, changes in morphology and increased numbers of lipofucsin-like inclusions were observed in lacrimal glands of diabetic but not insulin-treated rats. After 5 weeks, malonaldehyde and total peroxidase activity were significantly higher in diabetic rats, but similar to control in insulin-treated diabetic rats (P = 0.03, P = 0.02, respectively). Our data indicate that diabetes induces histological alterations in lacrimal gland and suggests that hyperglycemia-related oxidative stress may participate in diabetic dry eye syndrome. Prevention by insulin replacement suggests direct hormone action and/or benefit by early sub optimal metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maria Módulo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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72
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Dartt DA. Neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretory processes: relevance in dry eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:155-77. [PMID: 19376264 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lacrimal gland is the major contributor to the aqueous layer of the tear film which consists of water, electrolytes and proteins. The amount and composition of this layer is critical for the health, maintenance, and protection of the cells of the cornea and conjunctiva (the ocular surface). Small changes in the concentration of tear electrolytes have been correlated with dry eye syndrome. While the mechanisms of secretion of water, electrolytes and proteins from the lacrimal gland differ, all three are under tight neural control. This allows for a rapid response to meet the needs of the cells of the ocular surface in response to environmental conditions. The neural response consists of the activation of the afferent sensory nerves in the cornea and conjunctiva to stimulate efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland. Neurotransmitters are released from the stimulated parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves that cause secretion of water, electrolytes, and proteins from the lacrimal gland and onto the ocular surface. This review focuses on the neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretion under normal and dry eye conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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73
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Jorge AG, Módulo CM, Dias AC, Braz AM, Filho RB, Jordão AA, de Paula JS, Rocha EM. Aspirin prevents diabetic oxidative changes in rat lacrimal gland structure and function. Endocrine 2009; 35:189-97. [PMID: 19191035 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether aspirin reduces Diabetis Mellitus (DM) oxidative damage in the lacrimal gland (LG), and ocular surface (OS). Ten weeks after streptozotocin induced DM and aspirin treatment, LG and OS of rats were compared for tear secretion, hidtology, peroxidase activity, and expression of uncoupling proteins (UCPs). DM reduction of tear secretion was prevented by aspirin (P < 0.01). Alterations of LG morphology and increased numbers of lipofucsin-like inclusions were observed in diabetic but not in aspirin-treated diabetic rats. Peroxidase activity levels were higher and UCP-2 was reduced in DM LG but not in aspirin treated (P = 0.0025 and P < 0.05, respectively). The findings prevented by aspirin indicate a direct inhibitory effect on oxidative pathways in LG and their inflammatory consequences, preserving the LG structure and function against hyperglycemia and/or insulin deficiency damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gobbi Jorge
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e, FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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74
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Gumus K, Cavanagh DH. The role of inflammation and antiinflammation therapies in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:57-67. [PMID: 19668545 PMCID: PMC2709015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review and integrate recent advances in identifying the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of dry eye conditions and the biological rationale and practical clinical aspects of newer, antiinflammatory theories. METHODS A comprehensive literature survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) is a multifactorial and complex disorder in which ocular surface inflammations play a central role. Identification of specific CD4-T-Cell pathways and the recent recognition of targeting of alpha-fodrin suggest a case for novel new therapeutic aspects such as anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, systemic linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids, and omega-6 essential fatty acids. Replacement of tear volume with nonpreserved wetting agents and standard typical antiinflammatory corticosteroid and/or cyclosporine A continues to be central current conventional therapy for KCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Gumus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Dwight H Cavanagh
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA,Correspondence: Dwight H Cavanagh, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, 5323 Harry Hines, Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA, Tel +1 214 648 8074, Fax +1 214 645 9074, Email
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75
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Cunha DA, de Alves MC, Stoppiglia LF, Jorge AG, Módulo CM, Carneiro EM, Boschero AC, Saad MJA, Velloso LA, Rocha EM. Extra-pancreatic insulin production in RAt lachrymal gland after streptozotocin-induced islet β-cells destruction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1128-35. [PMID: 17561349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has revealed that insulin is secreted in the tear film; its mRNA is expressed in the lachrymal gland (LG) and its receptor in tissues of the ocular surface. To test the hypothesis of insulin production in the LG, we compared normal and diabetic rats for: (1) the presence of insulin and C-peptide, (2) glucose- and carbachol-induced insulin secretion ex-vivo, and (3) biochemical and histological characteristics of diabetic LG that would support this possibility. Four weeks after streptozotocin injection, blood and tears were collected from streptozotocin-diabetic male Wistar rats. Insulin levels in the tear film rose after glucose stimulation in diabetic rats, but remained unchanged in the blood. Ex vivo static secretion assays demonstrated that higher glucose and 200 microM carbachol significantly increased mean insulin levels from LG samples of both groups. Insulin and C-peptide were expressed in LG of diabetic rats as determined by RIA. Comparable synaptophysin immune staining and peroxidase activity in the LG of both groups suggest that the structure and function of these tissues were maintained. These findings provide evidence of insulin production by LG. Higher expression of reactive oxygen species scavengers may prevent oxidative damage to LG compared to pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andrade Cunha
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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76
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Abstract
Members of the DEWS Research Subcommittee reviewed research into the basic mechanisms underlying dry eye disease. Evidence was evaluated concerning the tear film, lacrimal gland and accessory lacrimal glands, ocular surface epithelia (including cornea and conjunctiva), meibomian glands, lacrimal duct system and the immune system. Consideration was given to both animal and human research data. Results are presented as a series of information matrices, identifying what is known and providing supporting references. An attempt is made to identify areas for further investigation.
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77
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Zoukhri D, Macari E, Kublin CL. A single injection of interleukin-1 induces reversible aqueous-tear deficiency, lacrimal gland inflammation, and acinar and ductal cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:894-904. [PMID: 17362931 PMCID: PMC3234164 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies from our laboratory demonstrate that interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members play a major role in impairing lacrimal gland functions. Here we have extended our investigations to observe the effects of IL-1 on aqueous tear production, lacrimal gland secretion, lacrimal gland histology, and acinar and ductal cell proliferation. We demonstrate that a single injection of IL-1 into the lacrimal glands inhibited neurally- as well as agonist-induced protein secretion resulting in decreased tear output. Meanwhile, IL-1 injection induced a severe, but reversible (7-13 days), inflammatory response that led to destruction of lacrimal gland acinar epithelial cells. Finally, we demonstrate that as the inflammatory response subsided and lacrimal gland secretion and tear production returned to normal levels, there was increased proliferation of acinar and ductal epithelial cells. Our work uncovers novel effects of IL-1 on lacrimal gland functions and the potential regenerative capacity of the mouse lacrimal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driss Zoukhri
- Department of General Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, 1 Kneeland Street, DHS834, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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78
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Moulisová V, Srbová M, Jedlicková O, Sebestian J, Jegorov A. Silybin reduces lipid peroxidation of rat hepatocyte membrane caused by cyclosporin A. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:1110-4. [PMID: 17125459 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An effect of cyclosporin A on lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes was tested. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation marker (the concentration of lipofuscin-like pigments) was observed in samples incubated with cyclosporin A in comparison with the control. When hepatoprotective flavonoid silybin was added, the production of lipofuscin-like pigments decreased significantly. This result indicates a potential positive role of silybin in lowering of cyclosporin A side effects associated with the production of reactive oxygen species and plasma membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moulisová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 370 05, Czech Republic.
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79
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Harunari N, Zhu KQ, Armendariz RT, Deubner H, Muangman P, Carrougher GJ, Isik FF, Gibran NS, Engrav LH. Histology of the thick scar on the female, red Duroc pig: final similarities to human hypertrophic scar. Burns 2006; 32:669-77. [PMID: 16905264 PMCID: PMC2878281 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and treatment of hypertrophic scar remain puzzles even after decades of research. A significant reason is the lack of an accepted animal model of the process. The female, red Duroc pig model was described long ago. Since the skin of the pig is similar to that of humans, we are attempting to validate this model and found it to be encouraging. In this project we quantified myofibroblasts, mast cells and collagen nodules in the thick scar of the Duroc pig and compared these to the values for human hypertrophic scar. We found the results to be quite similar and so further validated the model. In addition, we observed that soon after wounding an inflammatory cell layer forms. The thickness of the inflammatory layer approaches the thickness of the skin removed as if the remaining dermis "knows" how much dermis is gone. In deep wounds this inflammatory layer thickens and this thickness is predictive of the thickness of the ultimate scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Harunari
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathy Q. Zhu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rebecca T. Armendariz
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Heike Deubner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Pornprom Muangman
- Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gretchen J. Carrougher
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - F. Frank Isik
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole S. Gibran
- Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Loren H. Engrav
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Corresponding author. University of Washington, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, Box 359796, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States. Tel.: +1 206 731 3209; fax: +1 206 731 3656.
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80
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Mattiske D, Sommer P, Kidson SH, Hogan BLM. The role of the forkhead transcription factor, Foxc1, in the development of the mouse lacrimal gland. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:1074-80. [PMID: 16470615 PMCID: PMC2567112 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye. Foxc1 encodes a forkhead/winged helix transcription factor required for the development of many embryonic organs. Autosomal dominant mutations in human FOXC1 cause eye disorders such as Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome and glaucoma iris hypoplasia, resulting from malformation of the anterior segment of the eye. We show here that lacrimal gland development is severely impaired in homozygous null Foxc1 mouse mutants, with reduced outgrowth and branching. Foxc1 is expressed in both the epithelium of the lacrimal gland and the surrounding mesenchyme. FGF10 stimulates the growth and branching morphogenesis in cultures of wild type and Foxc1 mutant gland epithelial buds. However, using micromass culture of lacrimal gland mesenchyme, we show that Bmp7 induces wild type mesenchyme cells to aggregate, but Foxc1 mutant cells do not respond. This study demonstrates that Foxc1 mediates the BMP signaling required for lacrimal gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre Mattiske
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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81
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Zoukhri D. Effect of inflammation on lacrimal gland function. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:885-98. [PMID: 16309672 PMCID: PMC1361268 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lacrimal gland is the main contributor to the aqueous layer of the tear film. It secretes proteins, electrolytes and water, which helps to nourish and protect the ocular surface. Lacrimal gland secretion is primarily under neural control, which is achieved through a neural reflex arc. Stimuli to the ocular surface activate afferent sensory nerves in the cornea and conjunctiva. This in turn activates efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in the lacrimal gland to stimulate secretion. Sex steroid hormones are also important regulators of lacrimal gland functions. A decrease or lack of lacrimal gland secretion is the leading cause of aqueous tear deficient dry eye syndrome (DES). It has been suggested that DES is an inflammatory disorder that affects the ocular surface and the lacrimal gland. In several pathological instances, the lacrimal gland can become a target of the immune system and show signs of inflammation. This can result from autoimmune diseases (Sjögren's syndrome), organ transplantation (graft versus host disease), or simply as a result of aging. The hallmarks of lacrimal gland inflammation are the presence of focal lymphocytic infiltrates and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. The mechanisms leading to lacrimal gland dysfunction are still poorly understood. Apoptosis, production of autoantibodies, hormonal imbalance, alterations in signaling molecules, neural dysfunction, and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been proposed as possible mediators of lacrimal gland insufficiency in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driss Zoukhri
- Department of General Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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82
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Zoukhri D, Macari E, Choi SH, Kublin CL. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mediates interleukin-1beta-induced inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion. J Neurochem 2005; 96:126-35. [PMID: 16300639 PMCID: PMC1414092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome, an inflammatory disease affecting the lacrimal and salivary glands, is the leading cause of aqueous tear-deficient type of dry eye. We previously showed that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) protein is up regulated in the lacrimal gland of a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome and that exogenous addition of this cytokine inhibits neurotransmitter release and lacrimal gland protein secretion. In the present study we investigated the role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in IL-1beta-mediated inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion and tear production. In vitro, IL-1beta induced a time-dependent activation of JNK with a maximum 7.5-fold at 30 min. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-1beta-induced activation of JNK with a maximum of 87% at 10(-4) m. In vivo, IL-1beta stimulated JNK and the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). IL-1beta inhibited high KCl and adrenergic agonist induced protein secretion by 85% and 66%, respectively. SP600125 alleviated the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on KCl- and agonist-induced protein secretion by 79% and 47%, respectively, and completely blocked the expression of iNOS. Treatment for 7 days with SP600125 increased tear production in a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome dry eye. We conclude that JNK plays a pivotal role in IL-1beta-mediated inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion and subsequent dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driss Zoukhri
- Department of General Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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