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Hussain SA, Hameed A, Nazir Y, Naz T, Wu Y, Suleria HAR, Song Y. Microencapsulation and the Characterization of Polyherbal Formulation (PHF) Rich in Natural Polyphenolic Compounds. Nutrients 2018; 10:E843. [PMID: 29958444 PMCID: PMC6073146 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulation of polyherbal formulation (PHF) extract was carried out by freeze drying method, by employing gum arabic (GA), gelatin (GE), and maltodextrin (MD) with their designated different combinations as encapsulating wall materials. Antioxidant components (i.e., total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), and total condensed tannins (TCT)), antioxidant activity (i.e., DPPH, β-carotene & ABTS⁺ assays), moisture contents, water activity (aw), solubility, hygroscopicity, glass transition temperature (Tg), particle size, morphology, in vitroα-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition and bioavailability ratios of the powders were investigated. Amongst all encapsulated products, TB (5% GA & 5% MD) and TC (10% GA) have proven to be the best treatments with respect to the highest preservation of antioxidant components. These treatments also exhibited higher antioxidant potential by DPPH and β-carotene assays and noteworthy for an ABTS⁺ assays. Moreover, the aforesaid treatments also demonstrated lower moisture content, aw, particle size and higher solubility, hygroscopicity and glass transition temperature (Tg). All freeze dried samples showed irregular (asymmetrical) microcrystalline structures. Furthermore, TB and TC also illustrated the highest in vitro anti-diabetic potential due to great potency for inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. In the perspective of bioavailability, TA, TB and TC demonstrated the excellent bioavailability ratios (%). Furthermore, the photochemical profiling of ethanolic extract of PHF was also revealed to find out the bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ammar Hussain
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Ahsan Hameed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
- UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
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Mishra OP, Popov AV, Pietrofesa RA, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Andrake M, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Synthetic secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (LGM2605) inhibits myeloperoxidase activity in inflammatory cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1364-1375. [PMID: 29524540 PMCID: PMC5970065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO) generates hypochlorous acid (HOCl) during inflammation and infection. We showed that secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) scavenges radiation-induced HOCl in physiological solutions. However, the action of SDG and its synthetic version, LGM2605, on MPO-catalyzed generation of HOCl is unknown. The present study evaluated the effect of LGM2605 on human MPO, and murine MPO from macrophages and neutrophils. METHODS MPO activity was determined fluorometrically using hypochlorite-specific 3'-(p-aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF). The effect of LGM2605 on (a) the peroxidase cycle of MPO was determined using Amplex Red while the effect on (b) the chlorination cycle was determined using a taurine chloramine assay. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy we determined the effect of LGM2605 on the EPR signals of MPO. Finally, computational docking of SDG was used to identify energetically favorable docking poses to enzyme's active site. RESULTS LGM2605 inhibited human and murine MPO activity. MPO inhibition was observed in the absence and presence of Cl-. EPR confirmed that LGM2605 suppressed the formation of Compound I, an oxoiron (IV) intermediate [Fe(IV)O] containing a porphyrin π-radical of MPO's catalytic cycle. Computational docking revealed that SDG can act as an inhibitor by binding to the enzyme's active site. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that LGM2605 inhibits MPO activity by suppressing both the peroxidase and chlorination cycles. EPR analysis demonstrated that LGM2605 inhibits MPO by decreasing the formation of the highly oxidative Compound I. This study identifies a novel mechanism of LGM2605 action as an inhibitor of MPO and indicates that LGM2605 may be a promising attenuator of oxidant-dependent inflammatory tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P Mishra
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Ralph A Pietrofesa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Mark Andrake
- Molecular Modeling Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, United States.
| | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Drygalski K, Berk K, Charytoniuk T, Iłowska N, Łukaszuk B, Chabowski A, Konstantynowicz-Nowicka K. Does the enterolactone (ENL) affect fatty acid transporters and lipid metabolism in liver? Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:69. [PMID: 29158770 PMCID: PMC5683590 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAFLD as a result of inappropriate diet and obesity, may progress to sever conditions such as: type 2 diabetes mellitus or steatohepatitis, and has recently become a prevalent topic of numerous investigations. Due to its dangerous aftermaths, finding new substances, such as polyphenols and their derivatives, which might reduce liver steatosis is the main target of research into NAFLD treatment. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect(s) of enterolactone (ENL), a metabolite of secoisolariciresinol (SECO), on lipid metabolism together with changes in the expression of fatty acid transporters in fatty liver. METHODS The experiments were conducted on HepG2 cells incubated with either ENL and/or palmitic acid during 16 h exposure. The expression of selected fatty acid transport proteins: FATP2, FATP5, CD36, FABPpm, ABCA1, MTP, ACBP and L-FABP, as well as the proteins directly involved in lipogenesis (FAS), oxidation pathway (CPT 1), and lipid metabolism (PPARα, LXR, SREBP1c, pAMPK) was estimated by Western Blot. Intra and extracellular lipid contents were assessed by Gas-Liquid Chromatography. The data was analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and results were considered to be statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS ENL stimulated extracellular efflux of free fatty acids (FFA) and triacylglicerols (TAG) to the medium, while, it had no influence on FATP-family mediated intracellular fatty acid uptake. Moreover, ENL decreased the expression of CPT 1, pAMPK, PPARα, increased SREBP1c and had no effect on LXR, and FAS content. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study demonstrate that ENL had opposite effect on liver steatosis in comparison with other polyphenols what suggests that it may be an inactive metabolite. ENL did not affect significantly the intracellular accumulation of FFA, DAG and TAG, yet it promoted their extracellular efflux. Furthermore, it inhibited ß-oxydation and intracellular lipid metabolism what may contribute to the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Drygalski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Klaudia Berk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Charytoniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Nicoletta Iłowska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Łukaszuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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Pilar B, Güllich A, Oliveira P, Ströher D, Piccoli J, Manfredini V. Protective Role of Flaxseed Oil and Flaxseed Lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Against Oxidative Stress in Rats with Metabolic Syndrome. J Food Sci 2017; 82:3029-3036. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Pilar
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry; Federal Univ. of Pampa; Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Angélica Güllich
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry; Federal Univ. of Pampa; Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Patrícia Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry; Federal Univ. of Pampa; Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Deise Ströher
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry; Federal Univ. of Pampa; Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Piccoli
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal Univ. of Pampa; Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Vanusa Manfredini
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry; Federal Univ. of Pampa; Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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The Synthetic Lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Prevents Asbestos-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Murine Macrophages. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7395238. [PMID: 29075366 PMCID: PMC5615985 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7395238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of asbestos with macrophages drives two key processes that are linked to malignancy: (1) the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and (2) the activation of an inflammation cascade that drives acute and chronic inflammation, with the NLRP3 inflammasome playing a key role. Synthetic secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), LGM2605, is a nontoxic lignan with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and was evaluated for protection from asbestos in murine peritoneal macrophages (MF). METHODS MFs were exposed to crocidolite asbestos ± LGM2605 given 4 hours prior to exposure and evaluated at various times for NLRP3 expression, secretion of inflammasome-activated cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, and HMGB1), NF-κB activation, and levels of total nitrates/nitrites. RESULTS Asbestos induces a significant (p < 0.0001) increase in the NLRP3 subunit, release of proinflammatory cytokines, NLRP3-activated cytokines, NF-κB, and levels of nitrates/nitrites. LGM2605 significantly reduced NLRP3 ranging from 40 to 81%, IL-1β by 89-96%, and TNFα by 67-78%, as well as activated NF-κB by 48-49% while decreasing levels of nitrates/nitrites by 85-93%. CONCLUSIONS LGM2605 reduced asbestos-induced NLRP3 expression, proinflammatory cytokine release, NF-κB activation, and nitrosative stress in MFs supporting its possible use in preventing the asbestos-induced inflammatory cascade leading to malignancy.
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Dutta S, Kharkar PS, Sahu NU, Khanna A. Molecular docking prediction and in vitro studies elucidate anti-cancer activity of phytoestrogens. Life Sci 2017; 185:73-84. [PMID: 28720470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Han B, Xin Z, Ma S, Liu W, Zhang B, Ran L, Yi L, Ren D. Comprehensive characterization and identification of antioxidants in Folium Artemisiae Argyi using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1063:84-92. [PMID: 28850890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants from natural sources, such as vegetables and fruits, are attracting more and more interest. In this work, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of Folium Artemisia Argyi, a traditional Chinese herb medicine and food supplement. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant ability of the crude extracts and fractions obtained from consecutively partition of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol were measured and compared. Ethyl acetate fraction shows the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents and highest antioxidant capability with regard to DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion free radical scavenging ability, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. In addition, the potential antioxidant components were screened by DPPH-UHPLC-MS experiments and subsequently characterized by using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. This work finally identified 45 antioxidants, including organic acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and methoxylated flavonoids. The results suggested that Folium Artemisiae Argyi is a potential inexpensive resource of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binsong Han
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Zhongquan Xin
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Shasha Ma
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- School of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Lu Ran
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Lunzhao Yi
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Dabing Ren
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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García-Mateos D, García-Villalba R, Marañón JA, Espín JC, Merino G, Álvarez AI. The Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2) influences the levels of enterolignans and their metabolites in plasma, milk and mammary gland. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Maslov MY, Plotnikova TM, Anishchenko AM, Aliev OI, Nifantiev NE, Plotnikov MB. Hemorheological effects of secoisolariciresinol in ovariectomized rats. Biorheology 2017; 53:23-31. [PMID: 26756280 DOI: 10.3233/bir-15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women often develop hemorheological disorders which may affect the systemic blood circulation and present a cardiovascular risk factor. OBJECTIVE We evaluated effects of secoisolariciresinol (SECO), a phytoestrogen, on hemorheological parameters and lipid peroxidation in a model of the age-related and/or surgical menopause induced by ovariectomy in rats. METHODS Arterial blood was sampled from sham-operated female rats, ovariectomized rats (OVX), and OVX treated with SECO (OVXSECO) (20 mg/kg/day intragastrically for two weeks). Plasma estrogen concentration and the following hemorheological parameters were measured: RBC aggregation (half-time of aggregation, T1/2; amplitude of aggregation, AMP; aggregation index, AI), RBC deformability (elongation index, EI), whole blood viscosity at the shear rate of 3-300 s-1, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, plasma fibrinogen. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma. RESULTS Ovariectomy in rats caused a 60% decrease in plasma estrogen level and triggered the development of macro- and microhemorheological abnormalities. Blood viscosity increased by 12-31%, RBC elongation index reduced by 16-28%, and T1/2 and AI increased by 35% and 29% respectively. The increase in blood viscosity correlated predominantly with reduced RBC deformability. Plasma CD and TBARS were elevated by 47% and 104% respectively. SECO therapy for OVX rats reduced blood viscosity by 9-18% and T1/2 by 32%, and increased EI by 4-17%. SECO therapy disrupted the correlation between blood viscosity and RBC deformability. Lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited, as shown by the reduction in CD and TBARS plasma concentrations by 89% and 70% respectively. SECO did not affect plasma viscosity, estrogen or fibrinogen levels. CONCLUSIONS SECO treatment for OVX rats improves blood macro- and microrheological parameters, possibly through antioxidant protection of RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y Maslov
- Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center/Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. E-mail:
| | | | - Anna M Anishchenko
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg I Aliev
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark B Plotnikov
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Chen XM, Tait AR, Kitts DD. Flavonoid composition of orange peel and its association with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Chem 2017; 218:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ground flaxseed increased nitric oxide levels in adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized comparative effectiveness study of supplemental flaxseed and psyllium fiber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lenzi Q, Correia-Santos AM, Lenzi-Almeida KC, Boaventura GT. Flaxseed used since pregnancy by the mother and after weaning by the offspring benefits the retina and optic nerve development in rats. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:625-632. [PMID: 28282776 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1293028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the influence of a diet based on flaxseed upon the development of the nervous system, more specifically, the optic nerve and retina. METHODS Rats were divided into three groups: Control (CG), Flaxseed (FG), and Modified Control (MCG). The analyses were performed in the offspring (n = 6/group) at the immediate postnatal period (P0), 14 d of life (P14) and 30 d of life (P30). Descriptive analysis and histomorphometry of optic nerve and retina were performed. RESULTS There was a great evolution in the development of the nervous fascicles, connective trabeculae, and blood vessels, when comparing the three ages studied, and these characteristics were more evident in FG at all three ages. The P0, P14, and P30 retina showed similar morphology to that described in the literature. In histomorphometry, at P14, the FG presented the retina and its layers with significant increase in thickness, except for internal granular and ganglionar, whereas MCG had greater retina and photoreceptor layers thickness, inner plexiform and external granular when compared with CG (p < .05). CONCLUSION The use of flaxseed in the pre-and postnatal period displays favourable influence on the development of rat optic nerve and retina, probably leading to myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queila Lenzi
- a Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University , Niterói , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - André Manoel Correia-Santos
- a Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University , Niterói , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Kátia Calvi Lenzi-Almeida
- b Medical College, Rio de Janeiro Federal University - Campus UFRJ - Macaé , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Gilson Teles Boaventura
- a Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University , Niterói , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Ali Abou Neel E, M Young A. Setting kinetics and mechanical properties of flax fibre reinforced glass ionomer restorative materials. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:264-272. [PMID: 28808218 PMCID: PMC5460615 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20150023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the excellent properties of glass ionomer cements, their poor mechanical properties limit their applications to non-load bearing areas. This study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporated short, chopped and randomly distributed flax fibers (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 25 wt%) on setting reaction kinetics, and mechanical and morphological properties of glass ionomer cements. Addition of flax fibers did not significantly affect the setting reaction extent. According to their content, flax fibers increased the compressive (from 148 to 250 MPa) and flexure strength (from 20 to 42 MPa). They also changed the brittle behavior of glass ionomer cements to a plastic one. They significantly reduced the compressive (from 3 to 1.3 GPa) and flexure modulus (from 19 to 14 GPa). Accordingly, flax fiber-modified glass ionomer cements could be potentially used in high-stress bearing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensanya Ali Abou Neel
- Division of Biomaterials, Conservative Dental Sciences Department, King Abdualziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Anne M Young
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Bach Knudsen KE, Nørskov NP, Bolvig AK, Hedemann MS, Laerke HN. Dietary fibers and associated phytochemicals in cereals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Anjum S, Abbasi BH, Doussot J, Favre-Réguillon A, Hano C. Effects of photoperiod regimes and ultraviolet-C radiations on biosynthesis of industrially important lignans and neolignans in cell cultures of Linum usitatissimum L. (Flax). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 167:216-227. [PMID: 28088102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lignans and neolignans are principal bioactive components of Linum usitatissimum L. (Flax), having multiple pharmacological activities. In present study, we are reporting an authoritative abiotic elicitation strategy of photoperiod regimes along with UV-C radiations. Cell cultures were grown in different photoperiod regimes (24h-dark, 24h-light and 16L/8D h photoperiod) either alone or in combination with various doses (1.8-10.8kJ/m2) of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiations. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), lariciresinol diglucoside (LDG), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG), and guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside (GGCG) were quantified by using reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Results showed that the cultures exposed to UV-C radiations, accumulated higher levels of lignans, neolignans and other biochemical markers than cultures grown under different photoperiod regimes. 3.6kJ/m2 dose of UV-C radiations resulted in 1.86-fold (7.1mg/g DW) increase in accumulation of SDG, 2.25-fold (21.6mg/g DW) in LDG, and 1.33-fold (9.2mg/g DW) in GGCG in cell cultures grown under UV+photoperiod than their respective controls. Furthermore, cell cultures grown under UV+dark showed 1.36-fold (60.0mg/g DW) increase in accumulation of DCG in response to 1.8kJ/m2 dose of UV-C radiations. Smilar trends were observed in productivity of SDG, LDG and GGCG. Additionally, 3.6kJ/m2 dose of UV-C radiations also resulted in 2.82-fold (195.65mg/l) increase in total phenolic production, 2.94-fold (98.9mg/l) in total flavonoid production and 1.04-fold (95%) in antioxidant activity of cell cultures grown under UV+photoperiod. These findings open new dimensions for feasible production of biologically active lignans and neolignans by Flax cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Joël Doussot
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328/Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France; Le CNAM, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, CASER-SITI-CG, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Le CNAM, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, CASER-SITI-CG, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France; Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285), CPE Lyon, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328/Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS/Université d'Orléans, France
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66
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Dutta S, Khanna A. Aglycone rich extracts of phytoestrogens cause ROS-mediated DNA damage in breast carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1513-1523. [PMID: 27876207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are known for their physiological role in lowering risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, breast cancer and menopausal symptoms. They are plant derived potent anti-oxidants, but tend to show pro-oxidant effect at higher concentrations. This study has been undertaken to exploit their pro-oxidant effect in the management of cancer. Cancer cells inherently possess high intracellular ROS levels, however, these levels do not cause harm to the cancer cells because of the anti-oxidant enzyme system. So, there is a need for a treatment strategy which could modulate the ROS levels. Breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 are treated with various concentrations of soyabean aglycone rich extracts (SARE) and flaxseed aglycone rich extracts (FSARE). The treatment brings about a significant decrease in super oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, thereby leading to accumulation of superoxide ion and peroxide in the cells. The catalase (CAT) activity however, did not show a dose dependent change. The intra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased and a marked change in mitochondrial membrane potential was detected. Cell cycle arrest was seen at S and G2/M phase in MCF-7 cells and high accumulation of cells in Sub G1 phase was seen in MDA-MB-231 cells. Microscopic evaluation indicated apoptotic morphology and DNA damage. This study suggests an important role of soyabean and flaxseed aglycones in modulating intracellular ROS in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreelekha Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (deemed-to-be) University, VL Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Aparna Khanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (deemed-to-be) University, VL Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India.
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67
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de Athayde Moncorvo Collado A, Dupuy FG, Morero RD, Minahk C. Cholesterol induces surface localization of polyphenols in model membranes thus enhancing vesicle stability against lysozyme, but reduces protection of distant double bonds from reactive-oxygen species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1479-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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68
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Mishra OP, Popov AV, Pietrofesa RA, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Gamma-irradiation produces active chlorine species (ACS) in physiological solutions: Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) scavenges ACS - A novel mechanism of DNA radioprotection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1884-97. [PMID: 27261092 PMCID: PMC5253237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the main lignan in whole grain flaxseed, is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger with known radioprotective properties. However, the exact mechanism of SDG radioprotection is not well understood. The current study identified a novel mechanism of DNA radioprotection by SDG in physiological solutions by scavenging active chlorine species (ACS) and reducing chlorinated nucleobases. Methods The ACS scavenging activity of SDG was determined using two highly specific fluoroprobes: hypochlorite-specific 3′-(p-aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) and hydroxyl radical-sensitive 3′-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein (HPF). Dopamine, an SDG structural analog, was used for proton 1H NMR studies to trap primary ACS radicals. Taurine N-chlorination was determined to demonstrate radiation-induced generation of hypochlorite, a secondary ACS. DNA protection was assessed by determining the extent of DNA fragmentation and plasmid DNA relaxation following exposure to ClO− and radiation. Purine base chlorination by ClO− and γ-radiation was determined by using 2-aminopurine (2-AP), a fluorescent analog of 6-aminopurine. Results: Chloride anions (Cl−) consumed >90% of hydroxyl radicals in physiological solutions produced by γ-radiation resulting in ACS formation, which was detected by 1H NMR. Importantly, SDG scavenged hypochlorite- and γ-radiation-induced ACS. In addition, SDG blunted ACS-induced fragmentation of calf thymus DNA and plasmid DNA relaxation. SDG treatment before or after ACS exposure decreased the ClO− or γ-radiation-induced chlorination of 2-AP. Exposure to γ-radiation resulted in increased taurine chlorination, indicative of ClO− generation. NMR studies revealed formation of primary ACS radicals (chlorine atoms (Cl•) and dichloro radical anions (Cl2−•)), which were trapped by SDG and its structural analog dopamine. Conclusion We demonstrate that γ-radiation induces the generation of ACS in physiological solutions. SDG treatment scavenged ACS and prevented ACS-induced DNA damage and chlorination of 2-aminopurine. This study identified a novel and unique mechanism of SDG radioprotection, through ACS scavenging, and supports the potential usefulness of SDG as a radioprotector and mitigator for radiation exposure as part of cancer therapy or accidental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Ralph A Pietrofesa
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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69
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of a four-component O-demethylase from human intestinal bacterium Eubacterium limosum ZL-II. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9111-9124. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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70
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Lignan glycosides from sesame meal exhibit higher oral bioavailability and antioxidant activity in rat after nano/submicrosizing. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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71
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Rhee Y. Flaxseed secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and enterolactone down-regulated epigenetic modification associated gene expression in murine adipocytes. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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72
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Abstract
Plant lignans are diphenolic compounds ingested with whole grains and seeds and converted to enterolignans by the colonic microbiota. In the present study, we investigated absorption and metabolism of plant lignans and enterolignans in vivo after consumption of cereal-based diets. Six pigs fitted with catheters in the mesenteric artery and portal vein and with a flow probe attached to the portal vein along with twenty pigs for quantitative collection of urine were used for this study. The animals were fed bread based on wheat flour low in plant lignans and three lignan-rich breads based on whole-wheat grain, wheat aleurone flour or rye aleurone flour. Plant lignans and enterolignans in plasma were monitored daily at fast after 0-3 d of lignan-rich intake, and on the 4th day of lignan-rich intake a 10-h profile was completed. Urine samples were collected after 11 d of lignan-rich diet consumption. The concentrations of plant lignans were low at fast, and was 1·2-2·6 nmol/l after switching from the low-lignan diet to the lignan-rich diets. However, on the profile day, the concentration and quantitative absorption of plant lignans increased significantly from 33 nmol/h at fast to 310 nmol/h 0-2·5 h after ingestion with a gradual increase in the following periods. Quantitatively, the absorption of plant lignans across diets amounted to 7 % of ingested plant lignans, whereas the urinary excretion of plant lignans was 3 % across diets. In conclusion, there is a substantial postprandial uptake of plant lignans from cereals, suggesting that plant lignans are absorbed from the small intestine.
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73
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Asbestos Induces Oxidative Stress and Activation of Nrf2 Signaling in Murine Macrophages: Chemopreventive Role of the Synthetic Lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (LGM2605). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:322. [PMID: 26938529 PMCID: PMC4813184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of asbestos fibers with macrophages generates harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative cell damage that are key processes linked to malignancy. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a non-toxic, flaxseed-derived pluripotent compound that has antioxidant properties and may thus function as a chemopreventive agent for asbestos-induced mesothelioma. We thus evaluated synthetic SDG (LGM2605) in asbestos-exposed, elicited murine peritoneal macrophages as an in vitro model of tissue phagocytic response to the presence of asbestos in the pleural space. Murine peritoneal macrophages (MFs) were exposed to crocidolite asbestos fibers (20 µg/cm2) and evaluated at various times post exposure for cytotoxicity, ROS generation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and levels of 8-iso Prostaglandin F2α (8-isoP). We then evaluated the ability of LGM2605 to mitigate asbestos-induced oxidative stress by administering LGM2605 (50 µM) 4-h prior to asbestos exposure. We observed a significant (p < 0.0001), time-dependent increase in asbestos-induced cytotoxicity, ROS generation, and the release of MDA and 8-iso Prostaglandin F2α, markers of lipid peroxidation, which increased linearly over time. LGM2605 treatment significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced asbestos-induced cytotoxicity and ROS generation, while decreasing levels of MDA and 8-isoP by 71%–88% and 41%–73%, respectively. Importantly, exposure to asbestos fibers induced cell protective defenses, such as cellular Nrf2 activation and the expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes, HO-1 and Nqo1 that were further enhanced by LGM2605 treatment. LGM2605 boosted antioxidant defenses, as well as reduced asbestos-induced ROS generation and markers of oxidative stress in murine peritoneal macrophages, supporting its possible use as a chemoprevention agent in the development of asbestos-induced malignant mesothelioma.
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74
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Slavova-Kazakova A, Karamać M, Kancheva V, Amarowicz R. Antioxidant Activity of Flaxseed Extracts in Lipid Systems. Molecules 2015; 21:E17. [PMID: 26703558 PMCID: PMC6273640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the antioxidant activity of the extract of flaxseed and its alkaline hydrolysate in two model systems: lipid autoxidation of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil (TGSO)-in a homogeneous lipid media and during β-carotene-linoleate emulsion system. In addition, pure lignans were tested. The material was defatted with hexane and then phenolic compounds were extracted using dioxane-ethanol (50:50, v/v) mixture. Carbohydrates were removed from the crude extract using an Amberlite XAD-16 column chromatography. The content of total phenolic compounds in the crude extract and after alkaline hydrolysis was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Individual phenolic compounds were determined by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (RP-HPLC) method in gradient system. The alkaline hydrolysis increased the content of total phenolics in the extract approximately by 10%. In the extracts of flaxseed, phenolic compounds were present in the form of macromolecular complex. In the alkaline hydrolysate, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) was found as the main phenolic compound. Small amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids were also determined. SDG and both extracts were not able to inhibit effectively lipid autoxidation. The kinetics of TGSO autoxidation at 80 °C in absence and in presence of the extract before hydrolysis (EBH) and after hydrolysis (EAH) was monitored and compared with known standard antioxidants. Ferulic acid (FA) and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) showed much higher antioxidant efficiency and reactivity than that of both extracts. Secoisolariciresinol (SECO) showed a higher activity in both model systems than SDG. However, the activity of SECO was much lower than that of nordihydroquaiaretic acid (NDGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Slavova-Kazakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Magdalena Karamać
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Tuwima 10, Poland.
| | - Vessela Kancheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Tuwima 10, Poland.
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75
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The Flaxseed-Derived Lignan Phenolic Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (SDG) Protects Non-Malignant Lung Cells from Radiation Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010007. [PMID: 26703588 PMCID: PMC4730254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant phenolic compounds are common dietary antioxidants that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Flaxseed (FS) has been reported to be radioprotective in murine models of oxidative lung damage. Flaxseed’s protective properties are attributed to its main biphenolic lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). SDG is a free radical scavenger, shown in cell free systems to protect DNA from radiation-induced damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro radioprotective efficacy of SDG in murine lung cells. Protection against irradiation (IR)-induced DNA double and single strand breaks was assessed by γ-H2AX labeling and alkaline comet assay, respectively. The role of SDG in modulating the levels of cytoprotective enzymes was evaluated by qPCR and confirmed by Western blotting. Additionally, effects of SDG on clonogenic survival of irradiated cells were evaluated. SDG protected cells from IR-induced death and ameliorated DNA damage by reducing mean comet tail length and percentage of γ-H2AX positive cells. Importantly, SDG significantly increased gene and protein levels of antioxidant HO-1, GSTM1 and NQO1. Our results identify the potent radioprotective properties of the synthetic biphenolic SDG, preventing DNA damage and enhancing the antioxidant capacity of normal lung cells; thus, rendering SDG a potential radioprotector against radiation exposure.
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76
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Waszkowiak K, Gliszczyńska-Świgło A. Binary ethanol–water solvents affect phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of flaxseed extracts. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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77
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Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of enzymatically hydrolysed Cucurbita pepo and Linum usitatissimum seedcakes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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78
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Waszkowiak K, Gliszczyńska-Świgło A, Barthet V, Skręty J. Effect of Extraction Method on the Phenolic and Cyanogenic Glucoside Profile of Flaxseed Extracts and their Antioxidant Capacity. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015; 92:1609-1619. [PMID: 26640278 PMCID: PMC4661209 DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of flaxseed extracts as food ingredients is a subject of interest to food technologists and nutritionists. Therefore, the influence of the extraction method on the content and composition of beneficial compounds as well as anti-nutrients is important. In the study, the effects of two solvent extraction methods, aqueous and 60 % ethanolic, on phenolic and cyanogenic glucoside profiles of flaxseed extract were determined and compared. The impact of extracted phenolic compounds on the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was also investigated. Defatted meals from brown and golden flax varieties were used as extraction material. The ethanolic extraction was more selective for phenolics (100.8-131.7 mg g-1) than the aqueous one (11.5-15.7 mg g-1). However, the contribution of particular phenolic compounds to total phenolics was much more dependent on flax variety than extraction method. A strong relationship was observed between both radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity and the content of phenolics (particularly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside). The correlation between extract chelating ability and phenolics was moderate suggesting that other flaxseed compounds are involved in this activity. The extraction method strongly affected cyanogenic glucoside content of flaxseed extracts; the aqueous extraction caused 96 % reduction in cyanogenic glucoside content (0.56-0.62 mmol g-1) when compared to the content in defatted meal (9.1-11.6 mmol g-1). On the contrary, ethanolic extraction resulted in the high cyanogenic glucoside content in the extracts (71-89 mmol g-1). The results reveals that ethanolic extraction gives extracts rich in antioxidant lignans; aqueous extracts have lower antioxidant activity than ethanolic but cyanogenic glucosides are significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Waszkowiak
- />Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska-Świgło
- />Faculty of Commodity Science, Poznań University of Economics, al Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland
| | - Veronique Barthet
- />Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8 Canada
| | - Joanna Skręty
- />Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
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79
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Tan ZJ, Wang CY, Yang ZZ, Yi YJ, Wang HY, Zhou WL, Li FF. Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside from Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) with Further Purification by an Aqueous Two-Phase System. Molecules 2015; 20:17929-43. [PMID: 26437389 PMCID: PMC6332368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201017929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a two-step extraction methodology of ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) and ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase system (IL-ATPS) was developed for the extraction and purification of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) from flaxseed. In the IL-UAE step, several kinds of ILs were investigated as the extractants, to identify the IL that affords the optimum extraction yield. The extraction conditions such as IL concentration, ultrasonic irradiation time, and liquid–solid ratio were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). In the IL-ATPS step, ATPS formed by adding kosmotropic salts to the IL extract was used for further separation and purification of SDG. The most influential parameters (type and concentration of salt, temperature, and pH) were investigated to obtain the optimum extraction efficiency. The maximum extraction efficiency was 93.35% under the optimal conditions of 45.86% (w/w) IL and 8.27% (w/w) Na2SO4 at 22 °C and pH 11.0. Thus, the combination of IL-UAE and IL-ATPS makes up a simple and effective methodology for the extraction and purification of SDG. This process is also expected to be highly useful for the extraction and purification of bioactive compounds from other important medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Tan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Chao-Yun Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Zi-Zhen Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yong-Jian Yi
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Hong-Ying Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Wan-Lai Zhou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Fen-Fang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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80
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Characterization of a Partially Purified Extract from Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seed. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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81
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Kajla P, Sharma A, Sood DR. Flaxseed-a potential functional food source. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:1857-71. [PMID: 25829567 PMCID: PMC4375225 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is currently much interest in phytochemicals as bioactive molecules of food. Functional foods are an emerging field in food science due to their increasing popularity among health conscious consumers. Flaxseed is cultivated in many parts of world for fiber, oil as well as for medicinal purposes and also as nutritional product. In this review, nutrients, anti-nutrients, functional properties, processing, metabolism and health benefits of bioactive molecules viz., essential fatty acids, lignans and dietary fiber of flaxseed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kajla
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - Alka Sharma
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - Dev Raj Sood
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
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82
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Khalesi S, Irwin C, Schubert M. Flaxseed consumption may reduce blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Nutr 2015; 145:758-65. [PMID: 25740909 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.205302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure is a major health burden positively associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Flaxseed is a rich dietary source of α-linolenic acid, lignans, and fiber, with a number of positive health benefits on blood pressure. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of flaxseed consumption on blood pressure. Further, the influence of baseline blood pressure, type of flaxseed supplementation, and duration of flaxseed supplementation on blood pressure was explored. METHOD PubMed (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Library (Central) were searched through July 2014 for studies in which humans supplemented their habitual diet with flaxseed or its extracts (i.e., oil, lignans, fiber) for ≥2 wk. RESULTS A total of 11 studies (14 trials) were included in the analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for the mean difference in blood pressure. Results indicated that flaxseed supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure (-1.77 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.45, -0.09 mm Hg; P = 0.04) and diastolic blood pressure (-1.58 mm Hg; 95% CI: -2.64, -0.52 mm Hg; P = 0.003). These results were not influenced by categorization of participants into higher baseline blood pressure (≥130 mm Hg). An improvement in diastolic blood pressure was observed in subgroup analysis for consuming whole flaxseed (-1.93 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.65, -0.21 mm Hg; P < 0.05) and duration of consumption ≥12 wk (-2.17 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.44, -0.89 mm Hg; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis suggests that consumption of flaxseed may lower blood pressure slightly. The beneficial potential of flaxseed to reduce blood pressure (especially diastolic blood pressure) may be greater when it is consumed as a whole seed and for a duration of >12 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Matt Schubert
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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83
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Haliga RE, Mocanu V, Badescu M. Antioxidative and antiatherogenic effects of flaxseed, α-tocopherol and their combination in diabetic hamsters fed with a high-fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:533-538. [PMID: 25574229 PMCID: PMC4280954 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has previously been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. In the present study, the effects of supplementation with dietary antioxidants, flaxseed and α-tocopherol were investigated in diabetic golden Syrian hamsters fed with a high-fat diet. Thirty-five golden Syrian hamsters were randomly divided into a control group (C) and four diabetic groups (DM, DM + flax, DM + E and DM + Flax + E). The hamsters received four different diets for a 20-week period, as follows: i) Groups C and DM received a high-fat diet (40% energy as fat), deficient in α-linolenic acid (ALA); ii) the DM + Flax group received a high-fat diet enriched with ground flaxseed 15 g/100 g of food, rich in ALA; iii) the DM + E group received a high-fat diet enriched with vitamin E, 40 mg α-tocopherol/100 g of food; and iv) the DM + Flax + E group received a high-fat diet enriched with flaxseed and vitamin E. The results of serum lipid and oxidative stress analysis suggested that the antiatherogenic effect of flaxseed, α-tocopherol and their combination added to a high-fat diet in diabetic hamsters was based primarily on their antioxidative role, demonstrated by decreased serum lipid peroxidation and increased liver glutathione content. Improvements of serum glucose and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were observed and may have contributed to the prevention of diabetic macroangiopathy evidenced in the histopathological examination. The antioxidant effect of flaxseed was similar to that of α-tocopherol in diabetic hamsters fed a high-fat diet and combined supplementation did not appear to bring more benefits than flaxseed alone. Moreover, the high dose of ground flaxseed alone may have a better cardioprotective effect than α-tocopherol in diabetic hamsters by reducing total cholesterol and non-HDL-C levels and increasing HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Ecaterina Haliga
- Department of Pathophysiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi 700115, Romania
| | - Veronica Mocanu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi 700115, Romania
| | - Magda Badescu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi 700115, Romania
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Fuentealba C, Figuerola F, Estévez AM, González-Muñoz A, Muñoz O. Optimization of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside extraction from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimumL.) and isolation by a simple HPLC-UV method. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2014.953209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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86
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Pilar BC, Güllich AADC, Ströher DJ, Zuravski L, Mezzomo J, Coelho RP, Faoro D, Piccoli JDCE, Manfredini V. 28-days dietary supplementation with golden flaxseed improves biochemical and oxidative parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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87
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Fuentealba C, Figuerola F, Estévez AM, Bastías JM, Muñoz O. Bioaccessibility of lignans from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) determined by single-batch in vitro simulation of the digestive process. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1729-1738. [PMID: 24243589 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed is an important source of lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and its aglycone, secoisolariciresinol (SECO). These phenolic compounds can be metabolized to the mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) by human intestinal microflora. Flaxseed lignans are known for their potential health benefits, which are attributed to their antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties. The focus of this study was to determine the bioaccessibility of plant and mammalian lignans in whole flaxseed (WF) and flaxseed flour (FF) throughout the entire digestive process. Moreover, the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora was evaluated. RESULTS A single-batch in vitro simulation of the digestive process was performed, including fermentation by the intestinal microflora in the colon. Bioaccessibility was calculated as (free lignan)/(total lignan). In digested WF, the bioaccessibility values of SECO, ED and EL were 0.75%, 1.56% and 1.23%, respectively. Conversely, in digested FF, the bioaccessibility values of SDG, ED and EL were 2.06%, 2.72% and 1.04%, respectively. The anaerobic count and short-chain fatty acids indicate that bacteria survival and carbohydrate fermentation occurred. CONCLUSION The contents of both SDG and ED were significantly higher in digested FF than in digested WF. FF facilitated the action of intestinal bacteria to release SDG and metabolize ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fuentealba
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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89
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Mishra OP, Pietrofesa R, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Novel synthetic (S,S) and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs) protect naked plasmid and genomic DNA From gamma radiation damage. Radiat Res 2014; 182:102-10. [PMID: 24945894 DOI: 10.1667/rr13635.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is the major lignan in wholegrain flaxseed. However, extraction methods are complex and are associated with low yield and high costs. Using a novel synthetic pathway, our group succeeded in chemically synthesizing SDG (S,S and R,R enantiomers), which faithfully recapitulates the properties of their natural counterparts, possessing strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. This study further extends initial findings by now investigating the DNA-radioprotective properties of the synthetic SDG enantiomers compared to the commercial SDG. DNA radioprotection was assessed by cell-free systems such as: (a) plasmid relaxation assay to determine the extent of the supercoiled (SC) converted to open-circular (OC) plasmid DNA (pBR322) after exposure of the plasmid to gamma radiation; and (b) determining the extent of genomic DNA fragmentation. Exposure of plasmid DNA to 25 Gy of γ radiation resulted in decreased supercoiled form and increased open-circular form, indicating radiation-induced DNA damage. Synthetic SDG (S,S) and SDG (R,R), and commercial SDG at concentrations of 25-250 μM significantly and equipotently reduced the radiation-induced supercoiled to open-circular plasmid DNA in a dose-dependent conversion. In addition, exposure of calf thymus DNA to 50 Gy of gamma radiation resulted in DNA fragments of low-molecular weight (<6,000 bps), which was prevented in a dose-dependence manner by all synthetic and natural SDG enantomers, at concentrations as low as 0.5 μM. These novel results demonstrated that synthetic SDG (S,S) and SDG (R,R) isomers and commercial SDG possess DNA-radioprotective properties. Such properties along with their antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, reported earlier, suggest that SDGs are promising candidates for radioprotection for normal tissue damage as a result of accidental exposure during radiation therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P Mishra
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Wen L, He J, Wu D, Jiang Y, Prasad KN, Zhao M, Lin S, Jiang G, Luo W, Yang B. Identification of sesquilignans in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) leaf and their anticancer activities. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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91
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Schogor ALB, Huws SA, Santos GTD, Scollan ND, Hauck BD, Winters AL, Kim EJ, Petit HV. Ruminal Prevotella spp. may play an important role in the conversion of plant lignans into human health beneficial antioxidants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87949. [PMID: 24709940 PMCID: PMC3977842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the most abundant lignan in flaxseed, is metabolized by the ruminal microbiota into enterolignans, which are strong antioxidants. Enterolactone (EL), the main mammalian enterolignan produced in the rumen, is transferred into physiological fluids, with potentially human health benefits with respect to menopausal symptoms, hormone-dependent cancers, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and diabetes. However, no information exists to our knowledge on bacterial taxa that play a role in converting plant lignans into EL in ruminants. In order to investigate this, eight rumen cannulated cows were used in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design and fed with four treatments: control with no flax meal (FM), or 5%, 10% and 15% FM (on a dry matter basis). Concentration of EL in the rumen increased linearly with increasing FM inclusion. Total rumen bacterial 16S rRNA concentration obtained using Q-PCR did not differ among treatments. PCR-T-RFLP based dendrograms revealed no global clustering based on diet indicating between animal variation. PCR-DGGE showed a clustering by diet effect within four cows that had similar basal ruminal microbiota. DNA extracted from bands present following feeding 15% FM and absent with no FM supplementation were sequenced and it showed that many genera, in particular Prevotella spp., contributed to the metabolism of lignans. A subsequent in vitro study using selected pure cultures of ruminal bacteria incubated with SDG indicated that 11 ruminal bacteria were able to convert SDG into secoisolariciresinol (SECO), with Prevotella spp. being the main converters. These data suggest that Prevotella spp. is one genus playing an important role in the conversion of plant lignans to human health beneficial antioxidants in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. B. Schogor
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A. Huws
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldo T. D. Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Nigel D. Scollan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara D. Hauck
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Ana L. Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Eun J. Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Hélène V. Petit
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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92
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Miguel V, Otero JA, García-Villalba R, Tomás-Barberán F, Espín JC, Merino G, Álvarez AI. Role of ABCG2 in transport of the mammalian lignan enterolactone and its secretion into milk in Abcg2 knockout mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:943-6. [PMID: 24568887 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignans are phytoestrogens that are metabolized by the gut microbiota to enterodiol and enterolactone, the main biologically active enterolignans. Substantial interindividual variation in plasma concentration and urinary excretion of enterolignans has been reported, this being determined, at least in part, by the intake of lignan precursors, the gut microbiota, and the host's phase 2 conjugating enzyme activity. However, the role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the transport and disposition of enterolactone has not been reported so far. Active transport assays using parental and Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells transduced with murine and human ABCG2 showed a significant increase in apically directed translocation of enterolactone in transduced cells, which was confirmed by using the selective ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143. In addition, enterolactone also inhibited transport of the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone as a model substrate, with inhibition percentages of almost 40% at 200 μM for human ABCG2. Furthermore, the endogenous levels in plasma and milk of enterolactone in wild-type and Abcg2((-/-)) knockout female mice were analyzed. The milk/plasma ratio decreased significantly in the Abcg2((-/-)) phenotype, as compared with the wild-type mouse group (0.4 ± 0.1 as against 6.4 ± 2.6). This paper is the first to report that enterolactone is a transported substrate and therefore most probably a competitive inhibitor of ABCG2, which suggests it has a role in the interindividual variations in the disposition of enterolactone and its secretion into milk. The inhibitory activity identified provides a solid basis for further investigation in possible food-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Miguel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (V.M., A.I.A., J.A.O., G.M.) and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (J.A.O., G.M.), University of Leon, Leon, Spain; and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Murcia, Spain (R.G.-V., F.T.-B., J.C.E.)
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93
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Mukker JK, Michel D, Muir AD, Krol ES, Alcorn J. Permeability and conjugative metabolism of flaxseed lignans by Caco-2 human intestinal cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:29-34. [PMID: 24417583 DOI: 10.1021/np4004905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reports in the literature associate the dietary intake of flaxseed lignans with a number of health benefits. The major lignan found in flaxseed, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (1), undergoes metabolism principally to secoisolariciresinol (2), enterodiol (3), and enterolactone (4) in the human gastrointestinal tract. Systemically, lignans are present largely as phase II enzyme conjugates. To improve understanding of the oral absorption characteristics, a systematic evaluation of the intestinal permeation was conducted and the conjugative metabolism potential of these lignans using the polarized Caco-2 cell system was analyzed. For permeation studies, lignans (100 μM) were added to acceptor or donor compartments and samples were taken at 2 h. For metabolism studies, lignans (100 μM) were incubated in Caco-2 for a maximum of 48 h. Cell lysates and media were treated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase, and lignan concentrations were determined using HPLC. Apical-to-basal permeability coefficients for 2-4 were 8.0 ± 0.4, 7.7 ± 0.2, and 13.7 ± 0.2 (×10(-6)) cm/s, respectively, whereas efflux ratios were 0.8-1.2, consistent with passive diffusion. The permeation of compound 1 was not detected. The extent of conjugation after 48 h was <3%, ∼95%, ∼90%, and >99% for 1-4, respectively. These data suggest 2-4, but not 1 undergo passive permeation and conjugative metabolism by Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur Mukker
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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94
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Herchi W, Arr^|^aacute;ez-Rom^|^aacute;n D, Trabelsi H, Bouali I, Boukhchina S, Kallel H, Segura-Carretero A, Fern^|^aacute;ndez-Gutierrez A. Phenolic Compounds in Flaxseed: a Review of Their Properties and Analytical Methods. An Overview of the Last Decade. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:7-14. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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95
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Durazzo A, Turfani V, Azzini E, Maiani G, Carcea M. Phenols, lignans and antioxidant properties of legume and sweet chestnut flours. Food Chem 2013; 140:666-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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96
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Flower G, Fritz H, Balneaves LG, Verma S, Skidmore B, Fernandes R, Kennedy D, Cooley K, Wong R, Sagar S, Fergusson D, Seely D. Flax and Breast Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2013; 13:181-92. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735413502076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Flax is a food and dietary supplement commonly used for menopausal symptoms. Flax is known for its lignan, α-linolenic acid, and fiber content, components that may possess phytogestrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and hormone modulating effects, respectively. We conducted a systematic review of flax for efficacy in improving menopausal symptoms in women living with breast cancer and for potential impact on risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence. Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and AMED from inception to January 2013 for human interventional or observational data pertaining to flax and breast cancer. Results. Of 1892 records, we included a total of 10 studies: 2 randomized controlled trials, 2 uncontrolled trials, 1 biomarker study, and 5 observational studies. Nonsignificant (NS) decreases in hot flash symptomatology were seen with flax ingestion (7.5 g/d). Flax (25 g/d) increased tumor apoptotic index ( P < .05) and decreased HER2 expression ( P < .05) and cell proliferation (Ki-67 index; NS) among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients when compared with placebo. Uncontrolled and biomarker studies suggest beneficial effects on hot flashes, cell proliferation, atypical cytomorphology, and mammographic density, as well as possible anti-angiogenic activity at doses of 25 g ground flax or 50 mg secoisolariciresinol diglycoside daily. Observational data suggests associations between flax and decreased risk of primary breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69-0.97), better mental health (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.05-2.94), and lower mortality (multivariate hazard ratio = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.50-0.95) among breast cancer patients. Conclusions. Current evidence suggests that flax may be associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. Flax demonstrates antiproliferative effects in breast tissue of women at risk of breast cancer and may protect against primary breast cancer. Mortality risk may also be reduced among those living with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Flower
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Integrative Cancer Center, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heidi Fritz
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynda G. Balneaves
- University of British Columbia School of Nursing, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- CAMEO Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shailendra Verma
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rochelle Fernandes
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah Kennedy
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran Cooley
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Dean Fergusson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dugald Seely
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Integrative Cancer Center, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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97
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Xiang Q, Liu Q, Xu L, Qiao Y, Wang Y, Liu X. Carnosic acid protects biomolecules from free radical-mediated oxidative damage in vitro. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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98
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Mishra OP, Simmons N, Tyagi S, Pietrofesa R, Shuvaev VV, Valiulin RA, Heretsch P, Nicolaou KC, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5325-8. [PMID: 23978651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs) (S,S)-SDG-1 (major isomer in flaxseed) and (R,R)-SDG-2 (minor isomer in flaxseed) were synthesized from vanillin via secoisolariciresinol (6) and glucosyl donor 7 through a concise route that involved chromatographic separation of diastereomeric diglucoside derivatives (S,S)-8 and (R,R)-9. Synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 exhibited potent antioxidant properties (EC50=292.17±27.71 μM and 331.94±21.21 μM, respectively), which compared well with that of natural (S,S)-SDG-1 (EC50=275.24±13.15 μM). These values are significantly lower than those of ascorbic acid (EC50=1129.32±88.79 μM) and α-tocopherol (EC50=944.62±148.00 μM). Compounds (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 also demonstrated powerful scavenging activities against hydroxyl [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: 3.68±0.27; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.09±0.16; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: 1.96±0.27], peroxyl [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.55±0.11; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.20±0.10; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: 3.03±0.04] and DPPH [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: EC50=83.94±2.80 μM; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: EC50=157.54±21.30 μM; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: EC50=123.63±8.67 μM] radicals. These results confirm previous studies with naturally occurring (S,S)-SDG-1 and establish both (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 as potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers for potential in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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99
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Marconi O, Calabrò G, Perretti G. Validation of an Electrochemical Detection–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Determination of Lignans in Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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100
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Almario RU, Karakas SE. Lignan Content of the Flaxseed Influences Its Biological Effects in Healthy Men and Women. J Am Coll Nutr 2013; 32:194-9. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.791147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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