51
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Cai Z, Wong CK, Dong J, Chu M, Jiao D, Kam NW, Lam CWK, Tam LS. Remission of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity with regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-35 in Murphy Roths Large (MRL)/lpr mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:253-66. [PMID: 25845911 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms mediated by regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-35 are unclear in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated the frequency of CD4(+) CD25(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) regulatory T (Treg ) and IL-10(+) regulatory B (Breg ) cells and related immunoregulatory mechanisms in a female Murphy Roths Large (MRL)/lpr mouse model of spontaneous lupus-like disease, with or without IL-35 treatment. A remission of histopathology characteristics of lupus flare and nephritis was observed in the MRL/lpr mice upon IL-35 treatment. Accordingly, IL-35 and IL-35 receptor subunits (gp130 and IL-12Rβ2) and cytokines of MRL/lpr and BALB/c mice (normal controls) were measured. The increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreased proinflammatory cytokines were possibly associated with the restoration of Treg and Breg frequency in MRL/lpr mice with IL-35 treatment, compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treatment. mRNA expressions of Treg -related FoxP3, IL-35 subunit (p35 and EBI3) and soluble IL-35 receptor subunit (gp130 and IL12Rβ2) in splenic cells were up-regulated significantly in IL-35-treated mice. Compared with the PBS treatment group, IL-35-treated MRL/lpr mice showed an up-regulation of Treg -related genes and the activation of IL-35-related intracellular Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signal pathways, thereby indicating the immunoregulatory role of IL-35 in SLE. These in vivo findings may provide a biochemical basis for further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms of IL-35 for the treatment of autoimmune-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - C K Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - J Dong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - M Chu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - D Jiao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - N W Kam
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - C W K Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - L S Tam
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Chruscinski A, Sadozai H, Rojas-Luengas V, Bartczak A, Khattar R, Selzner N, Levy GA. Role of Regulatory T Cells (Treg) and the Treg Effector Molecule Fibrinogen-like Protein 2 in Alloimmunity and Autoimmunity. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2015; 6:RMMJ.10209. [PMID: 26241231 PMCID: PMC4524397 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical to the maintenance of immune tolerance. Treg are known to utilize a number of molecular pathways to control immune responses and maintain immune homeostasis. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) has been identified by a number of investigators as an important immunosuppressive effector of Treg, which exerts its immunoregulatory activity by binding to inhibitory FcγRIIB receptors expressed on antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and B cells. More recently, it has been suggested that FGL2 accounts for the immunosuppressive activity of a highly suppressive subset of Treg that express T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT). Here we discuss the important role of Treg and FGL2 in preventing alloimmune and autoimmune disease. The FGL2-FcγRIIB pathway is also known to be utilized by viruses and tumor cells to evade immune surveillance. Moving forward, therapies based on modulation of the FGL2-FcγRIIB pathway hold promise for the treatment of a wide variety of conditions ranging from autoimmunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary A. Levy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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53
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Elevated levels of serum IL-12 and IL-18 are associated with lower frequencies of CD4(+)CD25 (high)FOXP3 (+) regulatory t cells in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Inflammation 2015; 37:1513-20. [PMID: 24677179 PMCID: PMC4174326 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is thought to involve chronic inflammation, which is manifested by the activation and expression of different inflammatory mediators. IL-12 and IL-18 are two cytokines that have been shown to exert strong proinflammatory activity and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in mice and humans. The overproduction of proinflammatory mediators is controlled by specialized T cell subset, namely regulatory T cells that express FOXP3 transcription factor. Since IL-12 and IL-18 mediate inflammatory response and Tregs exhibit anti-inflammatory potential, we aimed to examine their reciprocal relationship in patients with type 1 diabetes. The study group consisted of 47 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and 28 healthy individuals. Serum levels of IL-12 and IL-18 were measured by ELISA, and the peripheral blood CD4+CD25high FOXP3+ regulatory T cell frequencies were analyzed by flow cytometry. Patients with type 1 diabetes had a decreased percentage of circulating CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ Tregs in comparison to their healthy counterparts. In addition, they produced more IL-12 and IL-18 than children from the control group. Concentrations of these cytokines positively correlated with one another, as well as with CRP and HbA1c. Moreover, the negative association between IL-12, IL-18, CRP serum levels, and the frequency of regulatory CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ Tregs was observed. IL-12 and IL-18 may have direct or indirect impact on regulatory T cell subset, which may contribute to their reduced frequency in peripheral blood of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Rodgers DT, McGrath MA, Pineda MA, Al-Riyami L, Rzepecka J, Lumb F, Harnett W, Harnett MM. The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1023-35. [PMID: 25546822 PMCID: PMC4409857 DOI: 10.1002/art.39004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective The hygiene hypothesis suggests that parasitic helminths (worms) protect against the development of autoimmune disease via a serendipitous side effect of worm-derived immunomodulators that concomitantly promote parasite survival and limit host pathology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ES-62, a phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein secreted by the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, protects against kidney damage in an MRL/lpr mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods MRL/lpr mice progressively produce high levels of autoantibodies, and the resultant deposition of immune complexes drives kidney pathology. The effects of ES-62 on disease progression were assessed by measurement of proteinuria, assessment of kidney histology, determination of antinuclear antibody (ANA) production and cytokine levels, and flow cytometric analysis of relevant cellular populations. Results ES-62 restored the disrupted balance between effector and regulatory B cells in MRL/lpr mice by inhibiting plasmablast differentiation, with a consequent reduction in ANA production and deposition of immune complexes and C3a in the kidneys. Moreover, by reducing interleukin-22 production, ES-62 may desensitize downstream effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Highlighting the therapeutic importance of resetting B cell responses, adoptive transfer of purified splenic B cells from ES-62–treated MRL/lpr mice mimicked the protection afforded by the helminth product. Mechanistically, this reflects down-regulation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression by B cells and also kidney cells, resulting in inhibition of pathogenic cross-talk among Toll-like receptor–, C3a-, and immune complex–mediated effector mechanisms. Conclusion This study provides the first demonstration of protection against kidney pathology by a parasitic worm–derived immunomodulator in a model of SLE and suggests therapeutic potential for drugs based on the mechanism of action of ES-62.
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55
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Qiao G, Yang L, Li Z, Williams JW, Zhang J. A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, attenuates lupus nephritis by promoting the development of regulatory T cells and inhibiting IL-17-producing double negative T cells. Clin Immunol 2015; 157:166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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56
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Zhang L, Fu J, Sheng K, Li Y, Song S, Li P, Song S, Wang Q, Chen J, Yu J, Wei W. Bone marrow CD11b+F4/80+ dendritic cells ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis through modulating the balance between Treg and Th17. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Okamura T, Sumitomo S, Morita K, Iwasaki Y, Inoue M, Nakachi S, Komai T, Shoda H, Miyazaki JI, Fujio K, Yamamoto K. TGF-β3-expressing CD4+CD25(-)LAG3+ regulatory T cells control humoral immune responses. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6329. [PMID: 25695838 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies induce various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We previously described that CD4(+)CD25(-)LAG3(+) regulatory T cells (LAG3(+) Treg) are regulated by Egr2, a zinc-finger transcription factor required for the induction of T-cell anergy. We herein demonstrate that LAG3(+) Treg produce high amounts of TGF-β3 in an Egr2- and Fas-dependent manner. LAG3(+) Treg require TGF-β3 to suppress B-cell responses in a murine model of lupus. Moreover, TGF-β3- and LAG3(+) Treg-mediated suppression requires PD-1 expression on B cells. We also show that TGF-β3-expressing human LAG3(+) Treg suppress antibody production and that SLE patients exhibit decreased frequencies of LAG3(+) Treg. These results clarify the mechanism of B-cell regulation and suggest therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Okamura
- 1] Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan [2] Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shuji Sumitomo
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kaoru Morita
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwasaki
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mariko Inoue
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakachi
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Komai
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Al-Zifzaf DS, El Bakry SA, Mamdouh R, Shawarby LA, Ghaffar AYA, Amer HA, Alim AA, Sakr HM, Rahman RA. FoxP3+T regulatory cells in Rheumatoid arthritis and the imbalance of the Treg/TH17 cytokine axis. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ohl K, Tenbrock K. Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:344-55. [PMID: 25378177 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease, develops when immunologic self-tolerance fails. Treg cells are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that maintain self-tolerance by suppressing autoreactive lymphocytes. Defects in Treg cells are therefore considered to be an aspect of SLE pathogenesis. Nevertheless, reports on the numbers and function of Treg cells in SLE are contradictory and the definitive role of Treg cells in SLE remains unclear. In this review, we summarize findings from murine models and ex vivo experiments, which provide insights into the mechanisms that result in the breakdown of tolerance. We also include recent findings about Treg-cell subsets and their markers in human SLE. The identification of unique markers to identify bona fide Treg cells, as well as therapies to reconstitute the balance between Treg cells and autoreactive T cells in SLE, are the future challenges for SLE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; IZKF Aachen, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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60
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Parra S, Castro A, Masana L. The pleiotropic role of HDL in autoimmune diseases. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2014; 27:97-106. [PMID: 25444650 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As is widely known, the classic function of HDL is reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), thus removing cholesterol from peripheral tissues. Early epidemiological studies, such as Framingham's, stated that increased HDL levels were associated with a significant decrease in relative risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. However, those with heightened expectations in recent years for the development of therapeutic targets to increase HDL levels have been disappointed, because efforts have demonstrated the opposite effect on cardiovascular and global mortality. However, in contrast, studies have highlighted the complexity and the intriguing role of HDL in different pathological conditions, such as infections, neoplasms, and autoimmune diseases. In this review an attempt is made to summarize some biological pathways that link HDL function with the immune system, and its possible clinical repercussions in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Parra
- Internal Medicine, Sant Joan University Hospital, Reus, Spain.
| | - Antoni Castro
- Internal Medicine, Sant Joan University Hospital, Reus, Spain
| | - Luis Masana
- Internal Medicine, Sant Joan University Hospital, Reus, Spain
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Logadottir Y, Delbro D, Fall M, Gjertsson I, Jirholt P, Lindholm C, Peeker R. Cytokine expression in patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis ESSIC type 3C. J Urol 2014; 192:1564-8. [PMID: 24813342 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bladder wall nitric oxide production in patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C is increased compared to undetectable nitric oxide in patients with nonHunner bladder pain syndrome and healthy controls. However, the underlying mechanism/s of the increased nitric oxide production is largely unknown. We compared mRNA expression of a select group of cytokines in patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis type 3C and in pain-free controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cold cup biopsies from 7 patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C and 6 healthy subjects were analyzed. mRNA expression of IL-4, 6, 10 and 17A, iNOS, TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ was estimated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. IL-17 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Mast cells were labeled with tryptase to evaluate cell appearance and count. RESULTS IL-6, 10 and 17A, and iNOS mRNA levels as well as the number of mast cells infiltrating the bladder mucosa were significantly increased in patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C compared to healthy controls. TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ mRNA levels were similar in patients and controls. IL-17A expression at the protein level was up-regulated and localized to inflammatory cells and urothelium in patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C. CONCLUSIONS Patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis had increased mRNA levels of IL-17A, 10 and 6, and iNOS. IL-17A might be important in the inflammatory process. To our knowledge the increase in IL-17A is a novel finding that may have new treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yr Logadottir
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dick Delbro
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Fall
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Jirholt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lindholm
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ralph Peeker
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ma L, Zhao P, Jiang Z, Shan Y, Jiang Y. Imbalance of different types of CD4(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) T cells in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:345-55. [PMID: 23968502 PMCID: PMC3826301 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) , CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR5(+) FoxP3(+) T cells in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) FoxP3(+) , CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR5(+) FoxP3(+) T cells and the concentrations of serum interleukin (IL)-10 in 23 patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were measured. The potential correlations between CD4(+) FoxP3(+) T cells, serum IL-10 and clinical measures in SLE patients were analysed. In comparison with that in the HC, significantly reduced numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR5(+) FoxP3(+) T cells, but increased numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) FoxP3(+) T cells, were detected, accompanied by significantly lower levels of serum IL-10 in the patients. Stratification analysis indicated the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR5(+) FoxP3(+) T cells and serum IL-10 levels in the patients with seropositive anti-dsDNA were significantly less than that in those with seronegative anti-dsDNA. Treatment with the anti-SLE therapy, particularly with prednisone, leflunomide and methotrexate, significantly improved the imbalance of these types of FoxP3(+) T cells and increased the concentrations of serum IL-10 in the drug-responding patients. The numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells were correlated negatively with the values of SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), whereas the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(-) FoxP3(+) T cells were correlated positively with the values of SLEDAI, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum C3. In addition, the concentrations of serum IL-10 were correlated positively with the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells, but negatively with the values of SLEDAI, serum C3, CRP and ESR in these patients. Our data indicate that the imbalance of different types of FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells may contribute to the development of SLE in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Antigen-specific gene therapy after immunisation reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:345092. [PMID: 24371448 PMCID: PMC3858880 DOI: 10.1155/2013/345092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Reestablishment of tolerance induction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) would be an optimal treatment with few, if any, side effects. However, to develop such a treatment further insights in the immunological mechanisms governing tolerance are needed. We have developed a model of antigen-specific tolerance in collagen type II (CII) induced arthritis (CIA) using lentivirus-based gene therapy. The immunodominant epitope of CII was inserted into a lentivirus vector to achieve expression on the MHC class II molecule and the lentiviral particles were subsequently intravenously injected at different time points during CIA. Injection of lentiviral particles in early phases of CIA, that is, at day 7 or day 26 after CII immunisation, partially prevented development of arthritis, decreased the serum levels of CII-specific IgG antibodies, and enhanced the suppressive function of CII-specific T regulatory cells. When lentiviral particles were injected during manifest arthritis, that is, at day 31 after CII immunisation, the severity of arthritis progression was ameliorated, the levels of CII-specific IgG antibodies decreased and the proportion of T regulatory cells increased. Thus, antigen-specific gene therapy is effective when administered throughout the inflammatory course of arthritis and offers a good model for investigation of the basic mechanisms during tolerance in CIA.
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64
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Deficient or abundant but unable to fight? Estimation of circulating FoxP3+ T regulatory cells and their counteracting FoxP3− in rheumatoid arthritis and correlation with disease activity. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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65
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Trigunaite A, Khan A, Der E, Song A, Varikuti S, J⊘rgensen TN. Gr-1highCD11b+ Cells Suppress B Cell Differentiation and Lupus-like Disease in Lupus-Prone Male Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2392-402. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evan Der
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Anne Song
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Ohio
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Szalay B, Vásárhelyi B, Cseh Á, Tulassay T, Deák M, Kovács L, Balog A. The impact of conventional DMARD and biological therapies on CD4+ cell subsets in rheumatoid arthritis: a follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 33:175-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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67
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Zhai JX, Zou LW, Zhang ZX, Fan WJ, Wang HY, Liu T, Ren Z, Dai RX, Ye D. CTLA-4 polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5213-23. [PMID: 23922195 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to summarize results on the association of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) promoter exon-1 +49 and 1722T/C polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility by using the meta-analysis. We searched all the publications about the association between CTLA-4) promoter exon-1 +49 and 1722T/C polymorphism and SLE from PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang (Chinese). Previous CTLA-4 association studies with SLE, however, have produced inconsistent results. We have performed a meta-analysis to better assess the purported associations. A total of 17 independent studies (to June 2012) testing association between one or more CTLA-4 polymorphisms and SLE were used in this analysis. We have compared allele and genotype frequencies at two polymorphic sites found in exon-1 (at +49) and the promoter region (at -1722). The data demonstrate that the exon-1 +49 polymorphism is associated with SLE susceptibility in Asian population. The overall risk, measured by odds ratio (OR), stratification by ethnicity indicates the exon-1 +49 GG+GA genotype is associated with SLE, at least in Asians (OR = 0.85, 95 % CI = 0.73-0.99, P = 0.04 for GG+GA vs. AA; OR = 0.85, 95 % CI = 0.72-1.00, P = 0.05 for AG vs. AA). Similar trends are found in allele-specific risk estimates and disease association. Overall, there was significant association between the 1722T/C polymorphism and overall SLE risks (OR = 0.78, 95 % CI = 0.63-0.97, P = 0.04 for GG+GA vs. AA, OR = 0.87, 95 % CI = 0.76-0.99, P = 0.04 for G vs. A) in Asian population.In summary, this meta-analysis demonstrates that the CTLA-4 promoter +49A/G and promoter -1722C/T polymorphism may confer susceptibility to SLE, especially in Asian-derived population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Zhai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Tessier Cloutier B, Clarke AE, Ramsey-Goldman R, Wang Y, Foulkes W, Gordon C, Hansen JE, Yelin E, Urowitz MB, Gladman D, Fortin PR, Wallace DJ, Petri M, Manzi S, Ginzler EM, Labrecque J, Edworthy S, Dooley MA, Senécal JL, Peschken CA, Bae SC, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Hanly JG, Jacobsen S, Nived O, Witte T, Criswell LA, Barr SG, Dreyer L, Sturfelt G, Bernatsky S. Breast cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus. Oncology 2013; 85:117-21. [PMID: 23887245 DOI: 10.1159/000353138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence points to a decreased breast cancer risk in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We analyzed data from a large multisite SLE cohort, linked to cancer registries. METHODS Information on age, SLE duration, cancer date, and histology was available. We analyzed information on histological type and performed multivariate logistic regression analyses of histological types according to age, SLE duration, and calendar year. RESULTS We studied 180 breast cancers in the SLE cohort. Of the 155 cases with histology information, 11 were referred to simply as 'carcinoma not otherwise specified'. In the remaining 144 breast cancers, the most common histological type was ductal carcinoma (n = 95; 66%) followed by lobular adenocarcinoma (n = 11; 8%), 15 cancers were of mixed histology, and the remaining ones were special types. In our regression analyses, the independent risk factors for lobular versus ductal carcinoma was age [odds ratio (OR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.14] and for the 'special' subtypes it was age (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.10) and SLE duration (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00-1.11). CONCLUSIONS Generally, up to 80% of breast cancers are ductal carcinomas. Though our results are not definitive, in the breast cancers that occur in SLE, there may be a slight decrease in the ductal histological type. In our analyses, age and SLE duration were independent predictors of histological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tessier Cloutier
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada
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Liu X, Gao N, Li M, Xu D, Hou Y, Wang Q, Zhang G, Sun Q, Zhang H, Zeng X. Elevated levels of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells in systemic sclerosis patients contribute to the secretion of IL-17 and immunosuppression dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64531. [PMID: 23776439 PMCID: PMC3679128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune imbalance between regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 cells is a characteristic of systemic sclerosis (SSc). The functional heterogeneity among Treg can be elucidated by separating Treg into different subsets based on the expression of FoxP3 and CD45RA. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Treg subsets in the immune imbalance in naïve SSc. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 31 SSc patients and 33 healthy controls were analyzed for the expression of CD4, CD25, CD45RA, CTLA-4, FoxP3, and IL-17 using flow cytometry. Treg immunesuppression capacity was measured in co-culture experiments. The expression of FoxP3, CTLA-4, IL-17A, and RORC mRNA was measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg cells was significantly elevated in patients with SSc (3.62±1.14 vs 1.97±0.75, p<0.001) with diminished immunosuppression capacity. In SSc, the proportion of FoxP3(high)CD45RA(-) activated Treg cells (aTreg) was decreased, the proportion of FoxP3(low)CD45RA(-) T cells was increased, and the proportion of FoxP3(low)CD45RA(+) resting Treg cells (rTreg) was decreased. The immune suppression capacity of aTreg and rTreg was diminished, while FoxP3(low)CD45RA(-) T cells exhibited a lack of suppression capacity. The immune dysfunction of aTreg was accompanied by the abnormal expression of CTLA-4. Th17 cell numbers were elevated in SSc, FoxP3(low)CD45RA(-) T cells produced IL-17, confirming their Th17 potential, which was consistent with the elevated levels of FoxP3(+)IL-17(+) cells in SSc. CONCLUSION A decrease in aTreg levels, along with functional deficiency, and an increase in the proportion of FoxP3(low)CD45RA(-) T cells, was the reason for the increase in dysfunctional Treg in SSc patients, potentially causing the immune imbalance between Treg and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuning Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Henghui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Song SS, Huang B, Wang QT, Wu YJ, Fu JJ, Zhang YF, Chang Y, Chen JY, Wu HX, Wang D, Zhang LL, Wei W. BF02, a recombinant TNFR2 fusion protein, alleviates adjuvant arthritis by regulating T lymphocytes in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:414-23. [PMID: 23377547 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the therapeutic effects of BF02 on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats and the regulatory effects of BF02 on T lymphocyte function. METHODS SD rats received a single intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant emulsion into the right hind metatarsal footpad. After the onset of AA, the rats were injected BF02 (1, 3, or 9 mg/kg, sc) every 3 d for a total of 15 d. Intragastric administration of methotrexate (MTX, 0.5 mg/kg, every 3 d for a total of 15 d) was taken as the positive control drug. Arthritis index, swollen joint count, ankle joint histopathology, spleen histopathology and the paw radiography were used for evaluating the drug effects on AA rats. T lymphocyte function was assessed by measuring T lymphocyte cytokine levels, IL17 and TNF-α mRNA expression levels, and percentage of T lymphocyte subsets. RESULTS In the AA rats, remarkable secondary inflammatory responses exhibited, accompanied by significantly higher levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, LTα, RANKL, and MMP-13. The expression of IL17 and TNF-α mRNAs was also substantially higher than in normal rats. The percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD4(+)CD25(+) T lymphocytes were increased, whereas the percentages of CD4(+)CD62L(+) and CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T lymphocytes were decreased. Treatment of the AA rats with BF02 (9 mg/kg) or MTX significantly decreased the arthritis index, swollen joint count and arthritis global assessment. Moreover, both BF02 (9 mg/kg) and MTX significantly inhibited T lymphocyte proliferation, and blocked the above mentioned aberrance in T lymphocyte cytokine levels, IL17 and TNF-α mRNA expression, and percentages of T lymphocyte subsets. CONCLUSION BF02 exerts therapeutic effects on AA rats via the regulation of T lymphocytes.
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Bossowski A, Moniuszko M, Dąbrowska M, Sawicka B, Rusak M, Jeznach M, Wójtowicz J, Bodzenta-Lukaszyk A, Bossowska A. Lower proportions of CD4+CD25highand CD4+FoxP3, but not CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxP3+T cell levels in children with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:222-30. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.751981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Alexander T, Sattler A, Templin L, Kohler S, Groß C, Meisel A, Sawitzki B, Burmester GR, Arnold R, Radbruch A, Thiel A, Hiepe F. Foxp3+ Helios+ regulatory T cells are expanded in active systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1549-58. [PMID: 23264341 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent data debate the suitability of Helios, an Ikaros family member, as a marker for thymic-derived regulatory T cells (Treg). Nevertheless, Foxp3(+) Helios(+) Treg may be of particular relevance in mediating immune tolerance in chronic autoimmunity, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as they possess enhanced suppressive function, compared to Foxp3(+) Helios(-) Treg. METHODS Multicolour flow cytometry was performed to analyse Foxp3 and Helios expression in peripheral blood CD4 T cells from SLE patients, compared to healthy controls (HC) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Cytokine production, chemokine receptor expression for CXCR3 and CCR4, basal signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)a phosphorylation levels and T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ repertoire were analysed by flow cytometry, and the methylation status of the Foxp3 locus (Treg-specific demethylated region, TSDR) by real-time PCR. RESULTS Frequencies of Foxp3(+) Helios(+) Treg, unlike Foxp3(+) Helios(-) T cells, were significantly increased in SLE patients and positively correlated with disease activity, whereas they were unaltered in SSc and RA patients. Compared to HC, Foxp3(+) Helios(+) Treg in SLE predominantly displayed a CD45RA(-)/CD31(-)/FoxP3(low) memory phenotype with increased Ki-67 expression, enhanced basal pSTAT5a levels and a restricted TCR repertoire. Nonetheless, similar to HC, Foxp3(+) Helios(+) Treg in SLE lacked effector cytokine production, possessed a highly demethylated TSDR and expressed comparable levels of CXCR3 and CCR4. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Helios-expressing Foxp3(+) Treg with functional suppressive capacity and migratory potential into inflamed tissues are expanded in active SLE, presumably through γ-chain signalling cytokines and TCR stimulation, to compensate for autoreactive effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alexander
- Medical Department, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The peripheral nervous system takes an active part in inflammatory processes by regulating effector cell function and reallocation of energy to the immune system. During acute inflammation, rapid neuronal reorganization and change of activity takes place. The hallmarks of this process are an increase in systemic sympathetic activity, a decrease in systemic parasympathetic activity and loss of sympathetic nerve fibres from sites of inflammation concomitant with increased innervation with sensory nerve fibres and increased sensory nerve fibre activity. On a systemic level, the increase in sympathetic activity (and decrease in parasympathetic activity) is necessary to provide enough energy to nourish the activated immune system. In locally inflamed tissue, the decrease in sympathetic nerve fibre density results in reduced anti-inflammatory signalling and, together with neuropeptides released from sensory nerve fibres, promotes local inflammation. In acute inflammation, this 'inflammatory configuration' of the peripheral nervous system favours the rapid clearance of antigenic threats. However, in chronic autoimmune inflammation, these changes of the peripheral nervous system lead to an unfavourable situation with ongoing energy reallocation and continuous local destruction. As an example of a chronic inflammatory condition, we discuss evidence for neuroimmune regulation in autoimmune arthritis with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system.
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Decreased Th17 and Th1 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with early non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a marker of disease activity in HLA-B27+ patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 52:352-62. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Ben-Chetrit E, Bnaya A, Vernea F, Somech R, Ashkenazi YJ. Sometimes double negative is positive. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 65:161-8. [PMID: 22933320 DOI: 10.1002/acr.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Ben-Chetrit
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Stoecklein VM, Osuka A, Lederer JA. Trauma equals danger--damage control by the immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:539-51. [PMID: 22654121 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries induce a complex host response that disrupts immune system homeostasis and predisposes patients to opportunistic infections and inflammatory complications. The response to injuries varies considerably by type and severity, as well as by individual variables, such as age, sex, and genetics. These variables make studying the impact of trauma on the immune system challenging. Nevertheless, advances have been made in understanding how injuries influence immune system function as well as the immune cells and pathways involved in regulating the response to injuries. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about how traumatic injuries affect immune system phenotype and function. We discuss the current ideas that traumatic injuries induce a unique type of a response that may be triggered by a combination of endogenous danger signals, including alarmins, DAMPs, self-antigens, and cytokines. Additionally, we review and propose strategies for redirecting injury responses to help restore immune system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit M Stoecklein
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Increased CD45RA+ FoxP3(low) regulatory T cells with impaired suppressive function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34662. [PMID: 22506043 PMCID: PMC3323568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Treg) in the control of the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not been well defined. Therefore, we dissect the phenotypically heterogeneous CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells into subpopulations during the dynamic SLE development. METHODLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To evaluate the proliferative and suppressive capacities of different CD4(+) T cell subgroups between active SLE patients and healthy donors, we employed CD45RA and CD25 as surface markers and carboxyfluorescein diacetatesuccinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution assay. In addition, multiplex cytokines expression in active SLE patients was assessed using Luminex assay. Here, we showed a significant increase in the frequency of CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) naive Treg cells (nTreg cells) and CD45RA(-)FoxP3(low) (non-Treg) cells in patients with active SLE. In active SLE patients, the increased proportions of CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) nTreg cells were positively correlated with the disease based on SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and the status of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies. We found that the surface marker combination of CD25(+)CD45RA(+) can be used to defined CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) nTreg cells for functional assays, wherein nTreg cells from active SLE patients demonstrated defective suppression function. A significant correlation was observed between inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12 and TNFα, and the frequency of nTreg cells. Furthermore, the CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) nTreg cell subset increased when cultured with SLE serum compared to healthy donor serum, suggesting that the elevated inflammatory cytokines of SLE serum may promote nTreg cell proliferation/expansion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that impaired numbers of functional CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) naive Treg cell and CD45RA(-)FoxP3(low) non-suppressive T cell subsets in inflammatory conditions may contribute to SLE development. Therefore, analysis of subsets of FoxP3(+) T cells, using a combination of FoxP3, CD25 and CD45RA, rather than whole FoxP3(+) T cells, will help us to better understand the pathogenesis of SLE and may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Braundmeier A, Jackson K, Hastings J, Koehler J, Nowak R, Fazleabas A. Induction of endometriosis alters the peripheral and endometrial regulatory T cell population in the non-human primate. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:1712-22. [PMID: 22442246 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a gynecological condition that is characterized by extreme abdominal pain and also decreased fertility. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have immunosuppressive activity critical for embryonic implantation and likewise the acceptance of tissue engraftment. Utilizing the induced non-human primate (Papio anubis) model of endometriosis, we hypothesize that endometriosis decreases the peripheral and endomet rial Treg profile, whereas ectopic lesions have increased Treg localization. METHODS Peripheral blood and endometrium were obtained throughout the menstrual cycle prior to and after induction of disease. Animals were randomly assigned to control (n = 7) or diseased (n = 16) treatment groups. Endometriosis was induced by i.p. injection of autologous menstrual tissue for 2 consecutive months during menses. Peripheral blood and endometrial tissue were collected at d9-11PO at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months post-induction of disease for fluorescence-activated cell sorting, quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Ectopic lesions were excised at 1 and 6 months post-inoculation and also harvested at necropsy (15 months) and processed for RNA of IHC. Identification of Tregs through analysis of FOXP3 expression was conducted utlilizing several methodologies. Differences were determined by non-parametric statistical analysis between all treatment groups and time points. RESULTS In control animals, the proportion of peripheral natural Tregs (nTregs) was reduced (P < 0.05) during the mid- and late secretory stages of the menstrual cycle compared with menses. The induction of disease decreased peripheral Treg expression at early time points (P < 0.05) and this remained low throughout the time course, compared with the pre-inoculatory level of an individual. FOXP3 gene expression and Treg populations were also decreased in the eutopic endometrium (P < 0.05) compared with control animals, whereas these parameters were increased in ectopic lesions (P < 0.05), compared with the eutopic endometrium. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a reduction in peripheral Tregs may be a causative factor for endometriosis-associated infertility, while the increase in ectopic Treg expression may aid lesion development. Furthermore, endometriosis appears to disrupt Treg recruitment in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braundmeier
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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