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Johnson JG, Burnett LE, Burnett KG. Uncovering Hemocyanin Subunit Heterogeneity in Penaeid Shrimp using RNA-Seq. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:1080-1091. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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52
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Mi HB, Chen J, Hou X, Mao LC. Proteomic Analysis of Mechanisms Responsible for the Waterless Preservation of Fenneropenaeus chinensis Based on Cold-Forced Hibernation. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2014.885624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-bo Mi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Hou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Chun Mao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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53
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Zheng L, Zhao X, Zhang P, Chen C, Liu S, Huang R, Zhong M, Wei C, Zhang Y. Hemocyanin from Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Has Antiproliferative Effect against HeLa Cell In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151801. [PMID: 27007573 PMCID: PMC4805270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocyanin (HMC) has been shown to participate in multiple roles of immune defence. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effect and underpinning mechanism of HMC from Litopenaeus vannamei in vitro. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay indicated that HMC could dramatically inhibit the growth of HeLa cells, but not 293T cells under the same conditions. Moreover, typical morphological features of apoptosis in HeLa cells including the formation of apoptotic body-like vesicles, chromatin condensation and margination were observed by using 4, 6-diamidino-2- phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining and fluorescence analysis. An apoptotic DNA ladder from 180 to 300 bp was also detected. Furthermore, 10 variation proteins associated with apoptosis pathway, viz. G3PDH isoforms 1/2 (G3PDH1/2), aldosereductase, ectodemal dysplasia receptor associated death receptor domain isoform CRA_a (EDARADD), heat shock 60kD protein 1 variant 1 (HSP60), heat shock 70kDa protein 5 precursor (HSP70), heat shock protein 90kDa beta member 1 precursor (HSP90), 14-3-3 protein ζ/δ, Ran and ubiquitin activating enzyme E1(UBE1), were identified from HMC-treated HeLa cells by the proteomic and quantitative real-time RT-PCR strategies. Importantly, the reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and caspase-9/3 activities were changed significantly in HMC-treated HeLa cells. Together, the data suggests that L. vannamei HMC mediates antiproliferative properties through the apoptosis mechanism involving the mitochondria triggered pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zheng
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Chuandao Chen
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shangjie Liu
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Runqing Huang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Mingqi Zhong
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Chiju Wei
- Research Institute for Biomedical and Advanced Materials, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
- * E-mail:
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Johnson JG, Paul MR, Kniffin CD, Anderson PE, Burnett LE, Burnett KG. High CO2 alters the hypoxia response of the Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) transcriptome including known and novel hemocyanin isoforms. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:548-58. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00031.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acclimation to low O2 in many organisms involves changes at the level of the transcriptome. Here we used high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to explore the global transcriptomic response and specific involvement of a suite of hemocyanin (Hc) subunits to low O2 alone and in combination with high CO2, which naturally co-occurs with low O2. Hepatopancreas mRNA of juvenile L. vannamei exposed to air-saturated water, low O2, or low O2/high CO2 for 4 or 24 h was pooled, sequenced (HiSeq 2500) and assembled (Trinity: 52,190 contigs) to create a deep strand-specific reference transcriptome. Annotation of the assembly revealed sequences encoding the previously described small Hc subunit (HcS), and three full-length isoforms of the large subunit (HcL1-3). In addition to this, a previously unidentified full-length Hc subunit was discovered. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the subunit to be a β-type Hc subunit (denoted HcB), making this the first report of a β-type hemocyanin subunit in the Penaeoidea. RNAs of individual shrimp were sequenced; regulated genes identified from pairwise comparisons demonstrated a distinct pattern of regulation between prolonged low O2 and low O2/high CO2 treatments by GO term enrichment analysis (Roff-Bentzen, P < 0.0001), showcasing the stabilization of energetically costly translational machinery, mobilization of energy stores, and downregulation of the ubiquitin/proteasomal degradation machinery. Exposure to hypoxia for 24 h resulted in an increase in all of the full-length hemocyanin subunits (HcS, HcL1, HcL2, HcL3, and HcB). The addition of CO2 to hypoxia muted the transcriptomic response of all the Hc subunits to low O2, except for the β-type subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G. Johnson
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Matthew R. Paul
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Casey D. Kniffin
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Paul E. Anderson
- Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Louis E. Burnett
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Karen G. Burnett
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina; and
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55
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Lu X, Lu H, Guo L, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhong M, Li S, Zhang Y. Cloning and characterization of a novel hemocyanin variant LvHMCV4 from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:398-405. [PMID: 26115633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we found 3 variants of hemocyanin subunit with higher molecular weight in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Named as LvHMCV1-3). In this study, a novel L. vannamei hemocyanin variant (Named as LvHMCV4) was further cloned and characterized. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that LvHMCV4 contains one open reading frame of 2137 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 678 amino acids. It shares 84-99% cDNA sequences identity to that of the classical form of L. vannamei hemocyanin (LvHMC, AJ250830.1) and LvHMCV1-3. LvHMCV4 possesses a conserved structure characteristic of the hemocyanin family and can be clustered into one branch along with other arthropod hemocyanins in a phylogenetic tree. Further, the full-length DNA of LvHMCV4 contains 2660 bp and two introns, which are located at the 80-538 bp and 2063-2227 bp regions, respectively. In addition, the mRNA transcript of LvHMCV4 was expressed highly in the hepatopancreas, lymphoid, brain and hemocytes, and weakly in the heart, intestine and gill, while no expression was found in the muscle, stomach and gut. Infection by Escherichia coli K12, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio fluvialis, Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus up-regulated significantly LvHMCV4 mRNA expression in the hepatopancreas. Furthermore, the recombinant protein of LvHMCV4 (rLvHMCV4) was prepared, which showed agglutination activities against six pathogenic bacteria at concentrations ranging from 15.6 to 125 μg/ml. When co-injected with V. parahaemolyticus in L.vannamei, rLvHMCV4 significantly increased the survival rate after 48 h injection. Together, these studies suggested that hemocyanin variant, LvHMCV4, might be involved in shrimp resistance to pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, PR China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, PR China
| | - Lingling Guo
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, PR China
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, PR China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, PR China
| | - Mingqi Zhong
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, PR China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, PR China.
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, PR China.
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Prasopdee S, Tesana S, Cantacessi C, Laha T, Mulvenna J, Grams R, Loukas A, Sotillo J. Proteomic profile of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos snails upon infection with the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. J Proteomics 2014; 113:281-91. [PMID: 25284051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The snail Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos acts as the first intermediate host for the human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, the major cause of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in Northeast Thailand. The undisputed link between CCA and O. viverrini infection has precipitated efforts to understand the molecular basis of host-parasite interactions with a view to ultimately developing new control strategies to combat this carcinogenic infection. To date most effort has focused on the interactions between the parasite and its human host, and little is known about the molecular relationships between the liver fluke and its snail intermediate host. In the present study we analyse the protein expression changes in different tissues of B. siamensis goniomphalos induced by infection with larval O. viverrini using iTRAQ labelling technology. We show that O. viverrini infection downregulates the expression of oxidoreductases and catalytic enzymes, while stress-related and motor proteins are upregulated. The present work could serve as a basis for future studies on the proteins implicated in the susceptibility/resistance of B. siamensis goniomphalos to O. viverrini, as well as studies on other pulmonate snail intermediate hosts of various parasitic flukes that infect humans. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite the importance and high prevalence of opisthorchiasis in some regions of Southeast Asia and the direct relationship between infection by Opisthorchis viverrini and the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma, little is known of the modifications induced by this parasite in its snail intermediate hosts. This time-course study provides the first in-depth quantitative proteomic analysis of experimentally infected Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos. We show how motor and stress-related proteins are upregulated in infected snails, while O. viverrini infection downregulates the expression of oxidoreductases and catalytic enzymes. This work serves as a basis for the development of new strategies, focused on the invertebrate intermediate hosts, to control parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Food-borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia; Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Food-borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Food-borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rudi Grams
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
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57
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Coates CJ, Nairn J. Diverse immune functions of hemocyanins. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:43-55. [PMID: 24486681 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence gathered recently has revealed the multiple functionalities of hemocyanin. Contrary to previous claims that this ancient protein is involved solely in oxygen transport within the hemolymph of invertebrates, hemocyanin and hemocyanin-derived peptides have been linked to key aspects of innate immunity, in particular, antiviral and phenoloxidase-like activities. Both phenoloxidase and hemocyanin belong to the family of type-3 copper proteins and share a high degree of sequence homology. While the importance of phenoloxidase in immunity and development is well characterised, the contribution of hemocyanin to biological defence systems within invertebrates is not recognised widely. This review focusses on the conversion of hemocyanin into a phenoloxidase-like enzyme and the array of hemocyanin-derived immune responses documented to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Nairn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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58
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Characterization of a novel hemolytic activity of human IgG fractions arising from diversity in protein and oligosaccharide components. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85711. [PMID: 24465658 PMCID: PMC3897482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG is a well-established multifunctional antigen specific immunoglobulin molecule of the adaptive immune system. However, an antigen nonspecific immunological function of human IgG has never been reported. In this study, human IgG was isolated using ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation and diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) cellulose 52 ion exchange chromatography, from which h-IgG and hs-IgG fractions were purified on the basis of their differential binding to rabbit anti-shrimp hemocyanin antibody (h) and rabbit anti-shrimp hemocyanin's small subunit antibody (hs), respectively. We found that h-IgG had a higher hemolytic activity than hs-IgG against erythrocytes from humans, rabbits, mice and chickens, whereas the control IgG showed negligible activity. h-IgG could interact directly with erythrocyte membranes, and this interaction was suppressed by high molecular weight osmoprotectants, showing that it may follow a colloid-osmotic mechanism. In comparative proteomics and glycomics studies, h-IgG and hs-IgG yielded 20 and 5 significantly altered protein spots, respectively, on a 2-D gel. The mean carbohydrate content of h-IgG and hs-IgG was approximately 3.6- and 2-fold higher than that of IgG, respectively, and the α-d-mannose/α-d-glucose content was in the order of h-IgG>hs-IgG>IgG. In this study, a novel antigen nonspecific immune property of human IgG was investigated, and the diversity in the protein constituents and glycosylation levels may have functional signficance.
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Wang W, Wu X, Liu Z, Zheng H, Cheng Y. Insights into hepatopancreatic functions for nutrition metabolism and ovarian development in the crab Portunus trituberculatus: gene discovery in the comparative transcriptome of different hepatopancreas stages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84921. [PMID: 24454766 PMCID: PMC3890295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The crustacean hepatopancreas has different functions including absorption, storage of nutrients and vitellogenesis during growth, and ovarian development. However, genetic information on the biological functions of the crustacean hepatopancreas during such processes is limited. The swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, is a commercially important species for both aquaculture and fisheries in the Asia-Pacific region. This study compared the transcriptome in the hepatopancreas of female P. trituberculatus during the growth and ovarian maturation stages by 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing and bioinformatics. The goal was to discover genes in the hepatopancreas involved in food digestion, nutrition metabolism and ovarian development, and to identify patterns of gene expression during growth and ovarian maturation. Our transcriptome produced 303,450 reads with an average length of 351 bp, and the high quality reads were assembled into 21,635 contigs and 31,844 singlets. Based on BLASTP searches of the deduced protein sequences, there were 7,762 contigs and 4,098 singlets with functional annotation. Further analysis revealed 33,427 unigenes with ORFs, including 17,388 contigs and 16,039 singlets in the hepatopancreas, while only 7,954 unigenes (5,691 contigs and 2,263 singlets) with the predicted protein sequences were annotated with biological functions. The deduced protein sequences were assigned to 3,734 GO terms, 25 COG categories and 294 specific pathways. Furthermore, there were 14, 534, and 22 identified unigenes involved in food digestion, nutrition metabolism and ovarian development, respectively. 212 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found between the growth and endogenous stage of the hepatopancreas, while there were 382 DEGs between the endogenous and exogenous stage hepatopancreas. Our results not only enhance the understanding of crustacean hepatopancreatic functions during growth and ovarian development, but also represent a basis for further research on new genes and functional genomics of P. trituberculatus or closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xugan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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Cao J, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Qu F, Guo L, Zhong M, Li S, Zou H, Chen J, Wang X. Identification and characterization of the related immune-enhancing proteins in crab Scylla paramamosain stimulated with rhubarb polysaccharides. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:263-73. [PMID: 24211534 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, considerable interest has been focused on immunostimulants to reduce diseases in crab aquaculture. However, information regarding to the related immune-enhancing proteins in crabs is not available yet. In this study, rhubarb polysaccharides were tested for enhancement of the immune activity in crab Scylla paramamosain. Compared with those in the control group, values of, phenoloxidase (PO), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and alkaline phosphatasein (ACP) activity in the, experimental group were improved significantly 4 d after the treatment. Furthermore, 15 and 17 altered proteins from haemocytes and hepatopancreas, respectively, were found in rhubarb polysaccharide-treated crabs using 2-DE approach. Of these, hemocyanin, chymotrypsin, cryptocyanin, C-type lectin receptor, and ferritin protein were identified by mass spectrometry. In addition, RT-PCR, analysis showed that the mRNA levels of hemocyanin and chymotrypsin increased about 2.4- and 1.4-fold in the experiment group. Moreover, the hemocyanin gene in S. paramamosain (SpHMC) was, cloned and characterized. SpHMC contains one open reading frame of 2022 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 673 amino acids. It is clustered into one branch along with crab hemocyanin in a phylogenetic tree. The mRNA transcripts of SpHMC were detected mainly in the tissues of, hepatopancreas, hemocyte and intestines, and its levels were up-regulated significantly in hemocytes, of S. paramamosain treated with Vibrio parahemolyticus, Beta streptococcus or poly I:C for 6-48 h. Taken together, these studies found 5 related immune-enhancing proteins and a novel heomcyanin homologue with potential pathogen-resistant activities in crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Cao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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Guo L, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhong M, Li S, Lun J. Evidences of SNPs in the variable region of hemocyanin Ig-like domain in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1532-1538. [PMID: 24012752 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the commonest mode of genetic variation in invertebrate immune-related genes. Hemocyanin presents in the hemolymph of both mollusks and arthropods and functions as an important antigen non-specific immune protein. But people know very little about its gene polymorphism so far. In current study, bioinformatics, molecular biology and environmental challenge approaches were used to identify the SNPs within hemocyanin Ig-like domain in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of 11 SNPs were found in a variable region of Ig-like domain from L. vannamei hemocyanin large subunit (1258-1460 bp, HcLV1), 5 of which (1272, 1315, 1380, 1410 and 1450) were confirmed present in both genomic DNA and cDNA by clone sequencing. Furthermore, HcLV1 showed 3, 5 and 5 SSCP bands, respectively, in 16, 25 and 30 °C-treated shrimps, suggesting that the SSCP pattern of HcLV1 could be modulated by environmental stress. In addition, HcLV1 displayed two extra bands with different mobility when shrimps treated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus for 6-24 h, which was not observed in the control group. In conclusion, our data suggest that shrimp L. vannamei hemocyanin Ig-like domain possesses SNPs, which may be associated with environmental stress or pathogenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Guo
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, People's Republic of China
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Zhao S, Lu X, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhong M, Li S, Lun J. Identification of a novel alternative splicing variant of hemocyanin from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Immunol Lett 2013; 154:1-6. [PMID: 23954808 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences suggest that invertebrates express families of immune molecules with high levels of sequence diversity. Hemocyanin is an important non-specific immune molecule present in the hemolymph of both mollusks and arthropods. In the present study, we characterized a novel alternative splicing variant of hemocyanin (cHE1) from Litopenaeus vannamei that produced mRNA transcript of 2579 bp in length. The isoform contained two additional sequences of 296 and 267 bp in the 5'- and 3'-terminus respectively, in comparison to that of wild type hemocyanin (cHE). Sequence of cHE1 shows 100% identity to that of hemocyanin genomic DNA (HE, which does not form an open reading frame), suggesting that cHE1 might be an alternative splicing variant due to intron retention. Moreover, cHE1 could be detected by RT-PCR from five tissues (heart, gill, stomach, intestine and brain), and from shrimps at stages from nauplius to mysis larva. Further, cHE1 mRNA transcripts were significantly increased in hearts after 12h of infection with Vibrio parahemolyticus or poly I: C, while no significant difference in the transcript levels of hepatopancreas cHE was detected in the pathogen-treated shrimps during the period. In summary, these studies suggested a novel splicing variant of hemocyanin in shrimp, which might be involved in shrimp resistance to pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
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63
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Fan L, Wang A, Wu Y. Comparative proteomic identification of the hemocyte response to cold stress in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. J Proteomics 2013; 80:196-206. [PMID: 23396037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To understand molecular responses of crustacean hemocytes to cold stress, flow cytometer analysis and two-dimensional electrophoresis proteomic approach were used to investigate altered proteins in hemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei during cold stress treatment. Through flow cytometer analysis, 13°C for 24h post-cold stress was selected as the suitable temperature and condition for cold stress treatment. MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis revealed that 6 forms of 6 proteins were significantly up-regulated, including three enzymes (cystathionase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glyoxalase 1) and one immune-related protein (oncoprotein nm23), whereas 24 forms of 3 proteins were significantly down-regulated in the treated shrimp (hemocyanin, hemocyte transglutaminase and transketolase). There were 20 spots identified as hemocyanin meaning that it may play important roles in environmental regulation in shrimp. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR confirmed that the levels of transcription of the hemocyanin, partial mRNA for hemocyanin, cystathionase, glyoxalase 1 and oncoprotein nm23 genes were found to relate well with that of their translation products after cold stress treated, while only the levels of hemocyte transglutaminase transcripts were not corresponded with that of their translation products. Further investigation of these data may lead to better understanding of the molecular responses of crustacean hemocytes to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.
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Duan Y, Liu P, Li J, Li J, Chen P. Immune gene discovery by expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of hemocytes in the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:173-182. [PMID: 23092732 PMCID: PMC3542427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda is one of the most important commercial species in eastern China. However, little information of immune genes in E. carinicauda has been reported. To identify distinctive genes associated with immunity, an expressed sequence tag (EST) library was constructed from hemocytes of E. carinicauda. A total of 3411 clones were sequenced, yielding 2853 ESTs and the average sequence length is 436 bp. The cluster and assembly analysis yielded 1053 unique sequences including 329 contigs and 724 singletons. Blast analysis identified 593 (56.3%) of the unique sequences as orthologs of genes from other organisms (E-value < 1e-5). Based on the COG and Gene Ontology (GO), 593 unique sequences were classified. Through comparison with previous studies, 153 genes assembled from 367 ESTs have been identified as possibly involved in defense or immune functions. These genes are categorized into seven categories according to their putative functions in shrimp immune system: antimicrobial peptides, prophenoloxidase activating system, antioxidant defense systems, chaperone proteins, clottable proteins, pattern recognition receptors and other immune-related genes. According to EST abundance, the major immune-related genes were thioredoxin (141, 4.94% of all ESTs) and calmodulin (14, 0.49% of all ESTs). The EST sequences of E. carinicauda hemocytes provide important information of the immune system and lay the groundwork for development of molecular markers related to disease resistance in prawn species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang Harbor, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Sun S, Chen L, Qin J, Ye J, Qin C, Jiang H, Li E. Molecular cloning, characterization and mRNA expression of copper-binding protein hemocyanin subunit in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1222-1228. [PMID: 23032440 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyanin is a copper-binding protein and plays a crucial role in the physiological processes in crustacean. In this study, the cDNA encoding hemocyanin subunit from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (EsHc) was cloned by using EST analysis and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach. The full-length cDNA of EsHc was 2573 bp, consisting of a 5' untranslated region of 51 bp, a 3' untranslated region of 458 bp, and an open reading frame of 2064 bp. The deduced protein had 688 amino acid residues with molecular mass of 77,997.31 Da. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the EsHc gene was expressed in haemocytes, hepatopancreas, muscles, gills, and intestines with the highest level of expression in the hepatopancreas and the lowest in the muscles. After Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, the relative expression level of EsHc in hemolymph was up-regulated at 3 h post-injection of bacteria followed by a gradual recovery from 12 to 24 h. In the second set of transcriptional studies, the mRNA expression patterns of EsHc in haemocytes and hepatopancreas were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR after the Chinese mitten crab were fed six diets containing different levels of copper (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 400 mg kg(-1)) for 8 weeks, respectively. The feeding trial showed that the expression levels of EsHc mRNA significantly increased at the copper levels of 20-40 mg kg(-1). This study implies that the expression levels of EsHc could be affected by dietary copper in the hepatopancreas and haemocytes, and hemocyanin may be potentially involved in the immune responses of the Chinese mitten crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Sun
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
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Zhao X, Guo L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Lun J, Chen J, Li Y. SNPs of hemocyanin C-terminal fragment in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:403-10. [PMID: 22245153 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified a variable region in the C-terminus of hemocyanin from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (2288-2503bp, HcSC) by sequence alignments. A total of 13 SNPs were identified by PCR-SSCP and HcSC clone sequencing. The SSCP patterns of HcSC could be modulated in Vibro parahaemolyticus-treated shrimps. A novel SSCP band with four SNP sites was identified in V. parahaemolyticus-resistant shrimps. More importantly, three of these four SNPs introduced variations in amino acid sequence and possibly secondary structure of the HcSC polypeptide and resulted in a higher agglutinative activity against seven pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that the C-terminus of shrimp L. vannamei hemocyanin possesses SNPs, which may be related to shrimp resistance to different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, People's Republic of China
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67
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Qiao J, Du Z, Zhang Y, Du H, Guo L, Zhong M, Cao J, Wang X. Proteomic identification of the related immune-enhancing proteins in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei stimulated with vitamin C and Chinese herbs. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:736-745. [PMID: 21767650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, strong interest has been focused on immunostimulants to reducing the diseases in shrimp aquaculture. However, information regarding to the related immune-enhancing proteins in shrimps is not available yet. In this study, vitamin C (Vc), Chinese herbs (CH), and the mixture of vitamin C and Chinese herbs (Mix) were tested for their enhancement on shrimp's immune activity. Compared with those in the control group, values of phenoloxidase (PO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and antibacterial (Ua) activity in the Mix-treated group were improved significantly 12 or 24 days after the treatment. The cumulative mortality was also lower in the Mix-treated group after infection with Vibrio parahemolyticus. Furthermore, comparative proteomic approach was used to assess the protein expression profile in shrimps. Approximately 220-290 and 300-400 protein spots were observed in the 2-DE gels. Among them, 29 and 28 altered proteins from hemocytes and hepatopancreas, respectively, were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis. The results revealed that the main altered proteins showed high homologies with Litopenaeus vannamei hemocyanin, hemolymph clottable protein, hemoglobin beta, cytosolic MnSOD, trypsin, cathepsin I(L) and zinc proteinase Mpc1. Together, these studies found Vc and CH were suitable immunostimulants to shrimp L. vannamei, and 7 altered proteins could be involved in the enhanced immune activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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Coates CJ, Kelly SM, Nairn J. Possible role of phosphatidylserine-hemocyanin interaction in the innate immune response of Limulus polyphemus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:155-163. [PMID: 20816893 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase enzymes and the associated pro-phenoloxidase activation cascade play an essential role in the immune response of arthropods. Phenoloxidase activity can be elicited in the oxygen carrier, hemocyanin, by the addition of the artificial inducer, SDS. There is some evidence to support hemocyanin acting as a phenoloxidase in vivo; however, the identity of natural activators remains unclear. This study explores the role of the phospholipid, phosphatidylserine, as a possible natural activator of hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase activity. Characterisation of the structural changes associated with activation of hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase suggests that phosphatidylserine induces similar conformational changes to those caused by the artificial inducer, SDS. We propose that anionic phospholipids, in particular phosphatidylserine, may act as natural activators of hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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Hanington PC, Lun CM, Adema CM, Loker ES. Time series analysis of the transcriptional responses of Biomphalaria glabrata throughout the course of intramolluscan development of Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:819-31. [PMID: 20083115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Successful colonization of a compatible snail host by a digenetic trematode miracidium initiates a complex, proliferative development program requiring weeks to reach culmination in the form of production of cercariae which, once started, may persist for the remainder of the life span of the infected snail. How are such proliferative and invasive parasites able to circumvent host defenses and establish chronic infections? Using a microarray designed to monitor the internal defense and stress-related responses of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, we have undertaken a time course study to monitor snail responses following exposure to two different trematode species to which the snail is susceptible: the medically important Schistosoma mansoni, exemplifying sporocyst production in its larval development, or Echinostoma paraensei, representing an emphasis on rediae production in its larval development. We sampled eight time points (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days p.i.) that cover the period required for cercariae to be produced. Following exposure to S. mansoni, there was a preponderance of up-regulated over down-regulated array features through 2 days p.i. but by 4 days p.i. and thereafter, this pattern was strongly reversed. For E. paraensei, there was a preponderance of down-regulated array features over up-regulated features at even 0.5 days p.i., a pattern that persists throughout the course of infection except for 1 day p.i., when up-regulated array features slightly outnumbered down-regulated features. Examination of particular array features revealed several that were up-regulated by both parasites early in the course of infection and one, fibrinogen related protein 4 (FREP 4), that remained significantly elevated throughout the course of infection with either parasite, effectively serving as a marker of infection. Many defense-related transcripts were persistently down-regulated, including several fibrinogen-containing lectins and homologs of molecules best known from vertebrate phagocytic cells. Our results are consistent with earlier studies suggesting that both parasites are able to interfere with host defense responses, including a tendency for E. paraensei to do so more rapidly and strongly than S. mansoni. They further suggest mechanisms for how trematodes are able to establish the chronic infections necessary for their continued success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Hanington
- Center for Theoretical and Evolutionary Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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