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Sun JJ, Lan JF, Shi XZ, Yang MC, Niu GJ, Ding D, Zhao XF, Yu XQ, Wang JX. β-Arrestins Negatively Regulate the Toll Pathway in Shrimp by Preventing Dorsal Translocation and Inhibiting Dorsal Transcriptional Activity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7488-504. [PMID: 26846853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immunity ofDrosophila melanogasterand mammals. The activation and termination of Toll signaling are finely regulated in these animals. Although the primary components of the Toll pathway were identified in shrimp, the functions and regulation of the pathway are seldom studied. We first demonstrated that the Toll signaling pathway plays a central role in host defense againstStaphylococcus aureusby regulating expression of antimicrobial peptides in shrimp. We then found that β-arrestins negatively regulate Toll signaling in two different ways. β-Arrestins interact with the C-terminal PEST domain of Cactus through the arrestin-N domain, and Cactus interacts with the RHD domain of Dorsal via the ankyrin repeats domain, forming a heterotrimeric complex of β-arrestin·Cactus·Dorsal, with Cactus as the bridge. This complex prevents Cactus phosphorylation and degradation, as well as Dorsal translocation into the nucleus, thus inhibiting activation of the Toll signaling pathway. β-Arrestins also interact with non-phosphorylated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) through the arrestin-C domain to inhibit ERK phosphorylation, which affects Dorsal translocation into the nucleus and phosphorylation of Dorsal at Ser(276)that impairs Dorsal transcriptional activity. Our study suggests that β-arrestins negatively regulate the Toll signaling pathway by preventing Dorsal translocation and inhibiting Dorsal phosphorylation and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jie Sun
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Xiu-Zhen Shi
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Ming-Chong Yang
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Ding Ding
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- the Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China and
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Smith VJ, Dyrynda EA. Antimicrobial proteins: From old proteins, new tricks. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:383-98. [PMID: 26320628 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the main types of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) synthesised by crustaceans, primarily those identified in shrimp, crayfish, crab and lobster. It includes an overview of their range of microbicidal activities and the current landscape of our understanding of their gene expression patterns in different body tissues. It further summarises how their expression might change following various types of immune challenges. The review further considers proteins or protein fragments from crustaceans that have antimicrobial properties but are more usually associated with other biological functions, or are derived from such proteins. It discusses how these unconventional AMPs might be generated at, or delivered to, sites of infection and how they might contribute to crustacean host defence in vivo. It also highlights recent work that is starting to reveal the extent of multi-functionality displayed by some decapod AMPs, particularly their participation in other aspects of host protection. Examples of such activities include proteinase inhibition, phagocytosis, antiviral activity and haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Smith
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB Scotland, UK.
| | - Elisabeth A Dyrynda
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, UK
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Li M, Li C, Wang J, Song S. Molecular characterization and expression of a novel Toll gene from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:388-97. [PMID: 26190309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tolls/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important cell-surface receptors serving as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the Tolls/TLRs signaling pathway of innate immune responses. In the present study, we isolated and characterized a novel Toll gene (PtToll) from Portunus trituberculatus, and further investigated its expression in various tissues of crab hosts challenged with the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium. The full-length cDNA of PtToll was 3745 bp, with a 3012 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1003 amino acids. Conserved domains consist of 15 tandem leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a single-pass transmembrane segment (TM) and a cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1R (TIR) domain. The PtToll protein shared high similarity to other crustacean Tolls and was clustered with the crustacean Tolls in the phylogenetic tree. The PtToll gene was constitutively expressed in various tissues of P. trituberculatus, with the highest expression in hemocytes. After being challenged with the parasite, the transcripts of PtToll reacted immediately with significant alterations in all the tested tissues, and decreased consistently in most of the detected tissues (e.g., hemocytes, gill, heart, and muscle) within 24h. Then the transcripts of PtToll were significantly up-regulated in hemocytes and heart at 48 h, and in hepatopancreas at 48 and 96 h post the parasitic challenge. By 192 h post challenge, the transcriptional level of PtToll indicated a significant suppression or a decreasing trend. The fluctuations of PtToll gene expression suggested that PtToll was closely associated with intrusion of the Hematodinium parasites, and may possess a vital and systematic function in the innate immunity of P. trituberculatus against the parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caiwen Li
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuqun Song
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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