51
|
Albanese I, Yu B, Al-Kindi H, Barratt B, Ott L, Al-Refai M, de Varennes B, Shum-Tim D, Cerruti M, Gourgas O, Rhéaume E, Tardif JC, Schwertani A. Role of Noncanonical Wnt Signaling Pathway in Human Aortic Valve Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 37:543-552. [PMID: 27932350 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of aortic valve calcification remain unclear. With accumulating evidence demonstrating that valve calcification recapitulates bone development, the crucial roles of noncanonical Wnt ligands WNT5a, WNT5b, and WNT11 in osteogenesis make them critical targets in the study of aortic valve calcification. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using immunohistochemistry, real-time qPCR, Western blotting, and tissue culture, we examined the tissue distribution of WNT5a, WNT5b, and WNT11 in noncalcified and calcified aortic valves and their effects on human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVICs). Only focal strong immunostaining for WNT5a was seen in and around areas of calcification. Abundant immunostaining for WNT5b and WNT11 was seen in inflammatory cells, fibrosis, and activated myofibroblasts in areas of calcified foci. There was significant correlation between WNT5b and WNT11 overall staining and presence of calcification, lipid score, fibrosis, and microvessels (P<0.05). Real-time qPCR and Western blotting revealed abundant expression of both Wnts in stenotic aortic valves, particularly in bicuspid valves. Incubation of HAVICs from noncalcified valves with the 3 noncanonical Wnts significantly increased cell apoptosis and calcification (P<0.05). Treatment of HAVICs with the mitogen-activated protein kinase-38β and GSK3β inhibitors significantly reduced their mineralization (P<0.01). Raman spectroscopy identified the inorganic phosphate deposits as hydroxyapatite and showed a significant increase in hydroxyapatite deposition in HAVICs in response to WNT5a and WNT11 (P<0.05). Similar crystallinity was seen in the deposits found in HAVICs treated with Wnts and in calcified human aortic valves. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a potential role for noncanonical Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of aortic valve calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Albanese
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Bin Yu
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Hamood Al-Kindi
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Bianca Barratt
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Leah Ott
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Mohammad Al-Refai
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Benoit de Varennes
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Dominique Shum-Tim
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Marta Cerruti
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Ophélie Gourgas
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.)
| | - Adel Schwertani
- From the Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (I.A., B.Y., H.A.-K., B.B., L.O., M.A.-R., B.d.V., D.S.-T., A.S.); Department of Material Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.C., O.G.); and Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.R., J.C.T.).
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Masjedi S, Lei Y, Patel J, Ferdous Z. Sex-related differences in matrix remodeling and early osteogenic markers in aortic valvular interstitial cells. Heart Vessels 2016; 32:217-228. [PMID: 27761653 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-016-0909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a major cardiovascular disorder in the developed countries. Male is a known risk factor in this disease; unfortunately, how sex contributes to CAVD is mostly unknown. The objective of this study is to determine whether valvular interstitial cells (VICs) isolated from male versus female aortic valves demonstrate difference in osteogenic differentiation and/or extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. VICs were isolated from male and female rat or porcine aortic valves and cultured in osteogenic media for 10, 15 and 20 days. The proliferation among male and female VICs was assessed by a cell growth assay. The matrix remodeling of the VIC samples was quantified using glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen type I and gelatin zymography assays. Early osteogenic marker expression was assessed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and enzyme activity assay and Alizarin Red S staining. Our result showed that proliferation of VICs was significantly greater in female than male after 12 days of culture in regular media. Additionally, male VICs showed elevated amounts of normalized GAG, collagen I, and activated matrix metallopreoteniase-2 expression compared to female. Similarly, ALP content was greater in male VICs than female at all time points. In addition, male VICs formed calcific nodules with greater size, % area and integrated density than females. The results from this research suggest that there is a sex-related difference in the events associated with osteogenic differentiation of the aortic VICs, where male VICs are more prone to calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Masjedi
- The Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, 312 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Ying Lei
- The Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, 312 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jenny Patel
- The Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, 312 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- The Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, 312 Perkins Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common cardiovascular disease in the elderly individuals associated with major morbidity and mortality. The process is characterized by multiple steps: lipid infiltration, inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification. Inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) represent a new therapeutic category of drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Monoclonal antibodies of PCSK9 can result in substantial reductions in atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol-carrying particles, especially lipoprotein(a), and thereby hold the potential for further reducing events associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this article, we reviewed the clinical and experimental studies in order to find the evidence of the involvement of PCSK9 in CAVD and the potential benefits of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies in clinical therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongliang Cong
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Harper E, Forde H, Davenport C, Rochfort KD, Smith D, Cummins PM. Vascular calcification in type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Integrative roles for OPG, RANKL and TRAIL. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 82:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
55
|
Madhu MN, Aguiar C, Hassan A, Brunt KR. Translating calcified aortic valve disease to the bench - Use of 3D matrices in the development of future treatment strategies. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 98:58-61. [PMID: 27338001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malav N Madhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Christie Aguiar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Saint John Regional Hospital, Canada
| | - Ansar Hassan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Saint John Regional Hospital, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
MALDI-Imaging Mass Spectrometry: a step forward in the anatomopathological characterization of stenotic aortic valve tissue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27106. [PMID: 27256770 PMCID: PMC4891820 DOI: 10.1038/srep27106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common form of valve disease. Once symptoms develop, there is an inexorable deterioration with a poor prognosis; currently there are no therapies capable of modifying disease progression, and aortic valve replacement is the only available treatment. Our goal is to study the progression of calcification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) and get new insights at molecular level that could help in the understanding of this disease. In this work, we analyzed consecutive slices from aortic valve tissue by MALDI-IMS, to establish the spatial distribution of proteins and peptides directly from the surface of the histological sections. The analysis showed different structures corresponding to regions observed in conventional histology, including large calcification areas and zones rich in collagen and elastic fibers. Peptide extraction from the tissue, followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, provided the identification of collagen VI α-3 and NDRG2 proteins which correlated with the masses obtained by MALDI-IMS and were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These results highlighted the molecular mechanism implied in AS using MALDI-IMS, a novel technique never used before in this pathology. In addition, we can define specific regions proving a complementary resolution of the molecular histology.
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
Calcific aortic stenosis (AS) is the most prevalent heart valve disorder in developed countries. It is characterized by progressive fibro-calcific remodelling and thickening of the aortic valve leaflets that, over years, evolve to cause severe obstruction to cardiac outflow. In developed countries, AS is the third-most frequent cardiovascular disease after coronary artery disease and systemic arterial hypertension, with a prevalence of 0.4% in the general population and 1.7% in the population >65 years old. Congenital abnormality (bicuspid valve) and older age are powerful risk factors for calcific AS. Metabolic syndrome and an elevated plasma level of lipoprotein(a) have also been associated with increased risk of calcific AS. The pathobiology of calcific AS is complex and involves genetic factors, lipoprotein deposition and oxidation, chronic inflammation, osteoblastic transition of cardiac valve interstitial cells and active leaflet calcification. Although no pharmacotherapy has proved to be effective in reducing the progression of AS, promising therapeutic targets include lipoprotein(a), the renin-angiotensin system, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL; also known as TNFSF11) and ectonucleotidases. Currently, aortic valve replacement (AVR) remains the only effective treatment for severe AS. The diagnosis and staging of AS are based on the assessment of stenosis severity and left ventricular systolic function by Doppler echocardiography, and the presence of symptoms. The introduction of transcatheter AVR in the past decade has been a transformative therapeutic innovation for patients at high or prohibitive risk for surgical valve replacement, and this new technology might extend to lower-risk patients in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Lindman
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marie-Annick Clavel
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Bernard Iung
- Cardiology Department, AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris-Diderot University, DHU Fire, Paris, France
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Heart Valve Clinic and CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
- Grupo Villa Maria Care and Research, Anthea Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Catherine M Otto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
|
59
|
DNA Repair Gene Polymorphism and the Risk of Mitral Chordae Tendineae Rupture. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:825020. [PMID: 26604426 PMCID: PMC4641204 DOI: 10.1155/2015/825020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in Lys939Gln XPC gene may diminish DNA repair capacity, eventually increasing the risk of carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the significance of polymorphism Lys939Gln in XPC gene in patients with mitral chordae tendinea rupture (MCTR). Twenty-one patients with MCTR and thirty-seven age and sex matched controls were enrolled in the study. Genotyping of XPC gene Lys939Gln polymorphism was carried out using polymerase chain reaction- (PCR-) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The frequencies of the heterozygote genotype (Lys/Gln-AC) and homozygote genotype (Gln/Gln-CC) were significantly different in MCTR as compared to control group, respectively (52.4% versus 43.2%, p = 0.049; 38.15% versus 16.2%, p = 0.018). Homozygote variant (Gln/Gln) genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of MCTR (OR = 2.059; 95% CI: 1.097-3.863; p = 0.018). Heterozygote variant (Lys/Gln) genotype was also highly significantly associated with increased risk of MCTR (OR = 1.489; 95% CI: 1.041-2.129; p = 0.049). The variant allele C was found to be significantly associated with MCTR (OR = 1.481; 95% CI: 1.101-1.992; p = 0.011). This study has demonstrated the association of XPC gene Lys939Gln polymorphism with MCTR, which is significantly associated with increased risk of MCTR.
Collapse
|
60
|
Hénaut L, Sanchez-Nino MD, Aldamiz-Echevarría Castillo G, Sanz AB, Ortiz A. Targeting local vascular and systemic consequences of inflammation on vascular and cardiac valve calcification. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:89-105. [PMID: 26788590 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac valve calcification and vascular calcification (VC) are associated with cardiovascular mortality in the general population and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis are among the causes of systemic inflammation that are associated with VC. AREAS COVERED This review collates clinical and experimental evidence that inflammation accelerates VC progression. Specifically, we review the actions of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related transcription factors on VC, and the role played by senescence. Inflammatory cytokines, such as the TNF superfamily and IL-6 superfamily, and inflammation-related transcription factor NF-κB promote calcification in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells, or experimental animal models through direct effects, but also indirectly by decreasing circulating Fetuin A or Klotho levels. EXPERT OPINION Experimental evidence suggests a causal link between inflammation and VC that would change the clinical approach to prevention and treatment of VC. However, the molecular basis remains unclear and little is known about VC in humans treated with drugs targeting inflammatory cytokines. The effect of biologicals targeting TNF-α, RANKL, IL-6, and other inflammatory mediators on VC, in addition to the impact of dietary phosphate in patients with chronic systemic inflammation, requires study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Hénaut
- a 1 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, Nephrology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Nino
- b 2Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,c 3 REDINREN , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana B Sanz
- b 2Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,c 3 REDINREN , Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- c 3 REDINREN , Madrid, Spain.,e 5 Chief of nephrology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid, Spain .,f 6 Fundación Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN , Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
MicroRNA-204 Targets Runx2 to Attenuate BMP-2-induced Osteoblast Differentiation of Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:63-71. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
62
|
Latif N, Quillon A, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Lozanoski A, Yacoub MH, Chester AH. Modulation of human valve interstitial cell phenotype and function using a fibroblast growth factor 2 formulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127844. [PMID: 26042674 PMCID: PMC4456368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells (VICs) are fibroblastic in nature however in culture it is widely accepted that they differentiate into a myofibroblastic phenotype. This study assessed a fibroblast culture media formulation for its ability to maintain the phenotype and function of VICs as in the intact healthy valve. Normal human VICs were cultured separately in standard DMEM and in fibroblast media consisting of FGF2 (10ng/ml), insulin (50ng/ml) and 2% FCS for at least a week. Cell morphology, aspect ratio, size, levels and distribution of protein expression, proliferation, cell cycle, contraction and migration were assessed. Some VICs and some valve endothelial cells expressed FGF2 in valve tissue and this expression was increased in calcified valves. VICs in DMEM exhibited large, spread cells whereas VICs in fibroblast media were smaller, elongated and spindly. Aspect ratio and size were both significantly higher in DMEM (p<0.01). The level of expression of α-SMA was significantly reduced in fibroblast media at day 2 after isolation (p<0.01) and the expression of α-SMA, SM22 and EDA-fibronectin was significantly reduced in fibroblast media at days 7 and 12 post-isolation (p<0.01). Expression of cytoskeletal proteins, bone marker proteins and extracellular matrix proteins was reduced in fibroblast media. Proliferation of VICs in fibroblast media was significantly reduced at weeks 1 (p<0.05) and 2 (p<0.01). Collagen gel contraction was significantly reduced in fibroblast media (p<0.05). VICs were found to have significantly fewer and smaller focal adhesions in fibroblast media (p<0.01) with significantly fewer supermature focal adhesions in fibroblast media (p<0.001). Ultrastructurally, VICs in fibroblast media resembled native VICs from intact valves. VICs in fibroblast media demonstrated a slower migratory ability after wounding at 72 hours (p<0.01). Treatment of human VICs with this fibroblast media formulation has the ability to maintain and to dedifferentiate the VICs back to a fibroblastic phenotype with phenotypic and functional characteristics ascribed to cells in the intact valve. This methodology is fundamental in the study of normal valve biology, pathology and in the field of tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najma Latif
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
- QCRC, Qatar Cardiovascular Research Centre, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Alfred Quillon
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon1, 46 Allée d’Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Ann McCormack
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Alec Lozanoski
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
- QCRC, Qatar Cardiovascular Research Centre, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adrian H. Chester
- Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middx, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
- QCRC, Qatar Cardiovascular Research Centre, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:851945. [PMID: 26065007 PMCID: PMC4433691 DOI: 10.1155/2015/851945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disorder. CAVD is a chronic process characterized by a pathologic mineralization of valve leaflets. Ectopic mineralization of the aortic valve involves complex relationships with immunity. Studies have highlighted that both innate and adaptive immunity play a role in the development of CAVD. In this regard, accumulating evidence indicates that fibrocalcific remodelling of the aortic valve is associated with activation of the NF-κB pathway. The expression of TNF-α and IL-6 is increased in human mineralized aortic valves and promotes an osteogenic program as well as the mineralization of valve interstitial cells (VICs), the main cellular component of the aortic valve. Different factors, including oxidized lipid species, activate the innate immune response through the Toll-like receptors. Moreover, VICs express 5-lipoxygenase and therefore produce leukotrienes, which may amplify the inflammatory response in the aortic valve. More recently, studies have emphasized that an adaptive immune response is triggered during CAVD. Herein, we are reviewing the link between the immune response and the development of CAVD and we have tried, whenever possible, to keep a translational approach.
Collapse
|
64
|
Farrar EJ, Huntley GD, Butcher J. Endothelial-derived oxidative stress drives myofibroblastic activation and calcification of the aortic valve. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123257. [PMID: 25874717 PMCID: PMC4395382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Oxidative stress is present in and contributes to calcification of the aortic valve, but the driving factors behind the initiation of valve oxidative stress are not well understood. We tested whether the valve endothelium acts as an initiator and propagator of oxidative stress in aortic valve disease. Methods and Results Calcified human aortic valves showed side-specific elevation of superoxide in the endothelium, co-localized with high VCAM1 expression, linking oxidative stress, inflammation, and valve degeneration. Treatment with inflammatory cytokine TNFα increased superoxide and oxidative stress and decreased eNOS and VE-cadherin acutely over 48 hours in aortic valve endothelial cells (VEC) and chronically over 21 days in ex vivo AV leaflets. Co-treatment of VEC with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) but not apocynin mitigated TNFα-driven VEC oxidative stress. Co-treatment of ex vivo AV leaflets with TNFα+BH4 or TNFα+peg-SOD rescued endothelial function and mitigated inflammatory responses. Both BH4 and peg-SOD rescued valve leaflets from the pro-osteogenic effects of TNFα treatment, but only peg-SOD was able to mitigate the fibrogenic effects, including increased collagen and αSMA expression. Conclusions Aortic valve endothelial cells are a novel source of oxidative stress in aortic valve disease. TNFα-driven VEC oxidative stress causes loss of endothelial protective function, chronic inflammation, and fibrogenic and osteogenic activation, mitigated differentially by BH4 and peg-SOD. These mechanisms identify new targets for tailored antioxidant therapy focused on mitigation of oxidative stress and restoration of endothelial protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Farrar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey D. Huntley
- Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Bowler MA, Merryman WD. In vitro models of aortic valve calcification: solidifying a system. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:1-10. [PMID: 25249188 PMCID: PMC4268061 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) affects 25% of people over 65, and the late-stage stenotic state can only be treated with total valve replacement, requiring 85,000 surgeries annually in the US alone (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2013, http://umm.edu/programs/services/heart-center-programs/cardiothoracic-surgery/valve-surgery/facts). As CAVD is an age-related disease, many of the affected patients are unable to undergo the open-chest surgery that is its only current cure. This challenge motivates the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in calcification, with the eventual goal of alternative preventative and therapeutic strategies. There is no sufficient animal model of CAVD, so we turn to potential in vitro models. In general, in vitro models have the advantages of shortened experiment time and better control over multiple variables compared to in vivo models. As with all models, the hypothesis being tested dictates the most important characteristics of the in vivo physiology to recapitulate. Here, we collate the relevant pieces of designing and evaluating aortic valve calcification so that investigators can more effectively draw significant conclusions from their results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Bowler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Distribution of selected elements in calcific human aortic valves studied by microscopy combined with SR-μXRF: Influence of lipids on progression of calcification. Micron 2014; 67:141-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
67
|
Lee KF, Weng JTY, Hsu PWC, Chi YH, Chen CK, Liu IY, Chen YC, Wu LSH. Gene expression profiling of biological pathway alterations by radiation exposure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:834087. [PMID: 25276823 PMCID: PMC4170887 DOI: 10.1155/2014/834087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Though damage caused by radiation has been the focus of rigorous research, the mechanisms through which radiation exerts harmful effects on cells are complex and not well-understood. In particular, the influence of low dose radiation exposure on the regulation of genes and pathways remains unclear. In an attempt to investigate the molecular alterations induced by varying doses of radiation, a genome-wide expression analysis was conducted. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from five participants and each sample was subjected to 0.5 Gy, 1 Gy, 2.5 Gy, and 5 Gy of cobalt 60 radiation, followed by array-based expression profiling. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the immune system and cancer development pathways appeared to be the major affected targets by radiation exposure. Therefore, 1 Gy radioactive exposure seemed to be a critical threshold dosage. In fact, after 1 Gy radiation exposure, expression levels of several genes including FADD, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF8, TNFRSF10A, TNFSF10, TNFSF8, CASP1, and CASP4 that are associated with carcinogenesis and metabolic disorders showed significant alterations. Our results suggest that exposure to low-dose radiation may elicit changes in metabolic and immune pathways, potentially increasing the risk of immune dysfunctions and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Fang Lee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics, Center for Genetic Counseling, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Julia Tzu-Ya Weng
- Innovation Center for Big Data and Digital Convergence, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Paul Wei-Che Hsu
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kai Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Mathieu P, Boulanger MC, Bouchareb R. Molecular biology of calcific aortic valve disease: towards new pharmacological therapies. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:851-62. [PMID: 24857537 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.923756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a chronic process leading to fibrosis and mineralization of the aortic valve. Investigations in the last several years have emphasized that key underlying molecular processes are involved in the pathogenesis of CAVD. In this regard, the processing of lipids and their retention has been underlined as an important mechanism that triggers inflammation. In turn, inflammation promotes/enhances the mineralization of valve interstitial cells, the main cellular component of the aortic valve. On the other hand, transformation of valve interstitial cells into myofibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells is determined by several signaling pathways having reciprocal cross-talks. In addition, the mineralization of the aortic valve has been shown to rely on ectonucleotidase and purinergic signaling. In this review, the authors have highlighted key molecular underpinnings of CAVD that may have significant relevance for the development of novel pharmaceutical therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mathieu
- Department of Surgery, Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Mathieu P, Boulanger MC. Basic mechanisms of calcific aortic valve disease. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:982-93. [PMID: 25085215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disorder. There is no medical treatment to prevent and/or promote the regression of CAVD. Hence, it is of foremost importance to delineate and understand the key basic underlying mechanisms involved in CAVD. In the past decade our comprehension of the underpinning processes leading to CAVD has expanded at a fast pace. Hence, our understanding of the basic pathobiological processes implicated in CAVD might lead eventually to the development of novel pharmaceutical therapies for CAVD. In this review, we discuss molecular processes that are implicated in fibrosis and mineralization of the aortic valve. Specifically, we address the role of lipid retention, inflammation, phosphate signalling and osteogenic transition in the development of CAVD. Interplays between these different processes and the key regulation pathways are discussed along with their clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Québec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Québec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Galeone A, Paparella D, Colucci S, Grano M, Brunetti G. The role of TNF-α and TNF superfamily members in the pathogenesis of calcific aortic valvular disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:875363. [PMID: 24307884 PMCID: PMC3836568 DOI: 10.1155/2013/875363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) represents a slowly progressive pathologic process associated with major morbidity and mortality. The process is characterized by multiple steps: inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification. Numerous studies focalized on its physiopathology highlighting different "actors" for the multiple "acts." This paper focuses on the role of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members in the pathogenesis of CAVD. In particular, we discuss the clinical and experimental studies providing evidence of the involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL), its membrane receptor RANK and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG), and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in valvular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Galeone
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | - Domenico Paparella
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|