51
|
Tsukioka K, Takahashi K, Gomibuchi T, Kono T, Yajima T, Owa M. Mycotic Iliac Artery Aneurysm Caused by Clostridium difficile in a Patient with Axillobifemoral Bypass for Leriche Syndrome. Ann Vasc Dis 2013; 6:87-90. [PMID: 23641291 DOI: 10.3400/avd.cr.12.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 74-year old man on hemodialysis developed a mycotic aneurysm caused by Clostridium difficile. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second case of such an aneurysm reported in the literature. He had previously undergone axillobifemoral bypass grafting because of symptomatic infrarenal aortic stenosis. Although no blood flow was detected in his occluded right common iliac artery, it expanded rapidly despite intensive antibiotic therapy. As the blood supply to the lower limbs was already secured, only resection of the infected arteries was performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Tsukioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Suwa Red Cross Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Duburcq T, Parmentier-Decrucq E, Poissy J, Mathieu D. Pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile as a cause of perineal necrotising fasciitis. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2012-008153. [PMID: 23345501 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-008153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rare, pseudomembranous colitis may be a cause of perineal necrotising fasciitis in a context of immunosuppression, as in the case we report. This origin must be quickly identified because the therapeutic management, especially surgery, is unlikely to be the same as usual. Similarly, antibiotic treatment is also a matter of discussion due to the potential deleterious role of antibiotics in pseudomembranous colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Duburcq
- Service d'Urgence Respiratoire, Réanimation Médicale et Medecine Hyperbare, Université de Lille II et Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Contribution of adenosine A(2B) receptors in Clostridium difficile intoxication and infection. Infect Immun 2012; 80:4463-73. [PMID: 23045479 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00782-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) induce a pronounced systemic and intestinal inflammatory response. A(2B) adenosine receptors (A(2B)ARs) are the predominant adenosine receptors in the intestinal epithelium. We investigated whether A(2B)ARs are upregulated in human intestinal cells by TcdA or TcdB and whether blockade of A(2B)ARs can ameliorate C. difficile TcdA-induced enteritis and alter the outcome of C. difficile infection (CDI). Adenosine receptor subtype (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3)) mRNAs were assayed in HCT-8 cells. Ileal loops from wild-type rabbits and mice and A(2B)AR(-/-) mice were treated with TcdA, with or without the selective A(2B)AR antagonist ATL692 or PSB1115. A murine model of CDI was used to determine the effect of A(2B)AR deletion or blockade with the orally available agent ATL801, on clinical outcome, histopathology and intestinal interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression from infection. TcdA and TcdB upregulated A(2B)AR gene expression in HCT-8 cells. ATL692 decreased TcdA-induced secretion and epithelial injury in rabbit ileum. Deletion of A(2B)ARs reduced secretion and histopathology in TcdA-challenged mouse ileum. Deletion or blockade of A(2B)ARs reduced histopathology, IL-6 expression, weight loss, diarrhea, and mortality in C. difficile-infected mice. A(2B)ARs mediate C. difficile toxin-induced enteritis and disease. Inhibition of A(2B)AR activation may be a potential strategy to limit morbidity and mortality from CDI.
Collapse
|
54
|
Mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm caused by toxigenic Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe 2012; 18:270-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
55
|
Clostridium difficile bacteremia and meningitis as a complication of prolonged cephalosporin therapy in a case of staphylococcal pyogenic arthritis. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(13)60040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
56
|
Vaishnavi C. Clostridium difficile infection: clinical spectrum and approach to management. Indian J Gastroenterol 2011; 30:245-54. [PMID: 22183580 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-011-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is recognized globally as an important enteric pathogen associated with considerable morbidity and mortality due to the widespread use of antibiotics. The overall incidence of C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) is increasing due to the emergence of a hypervirulent strain known as NAP1/BI/027. C. difficile acquisition by a host can result in a varied spectrum of clinical conditions inclusive of both colonic and extracolonic manifestations. Repeated occurrence of CDAD, manifested by the sudden re-appearance of diarrhea and other symptoms usually within a week of stopping treatment, makes it a difficult clinical problem. C. difficile infection has also been reported to be involved in exacerbation of inflammatory bowel diseases. The first step in the management of a suspected CDAD case is the withdrawal of the offending agent and changing the antibiotic regimens. Antimicrobial therapy directed against C. difficile viz. metronidazole for mild cases and vancomycin for severe cases is needed. For patients with ileus, oral vancomycin with simultaneous intravenous (IV) metronidazole and intracolonic vancomycin may be given. Depending on the severity of disease, the further line of management may include surgery, IV immunoglobulin treatment or high dose of vancomycin. Adjunctive measures used for CDAD are probiotics and prebiotics, fecotherapy, adsorbents and immunoglobulin therapy. Among the new therapies fidaxomicin has recently been approved by the American Food and Drugs Administration for treatment of CDAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetana Vaishnavi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Musgrave CR, Bookstaver PB, Sutton SS, Miller AD. Use of alternative or adjuvant pharmacologic treatment strategies in the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e438-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
58
|
Two case reports of Clostridium difficile bacteremia, one with the epidemic NAP-1 strain. Infection 2011; 39:371-3. [PMID: 21509425 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-011-0115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile bacteremia is rare. Here, we report two cases of C. difficile bacteremia in patients with significant underlying gastrointestinal pathology. In one case, the bacteremia was caused by the North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) type 1 (NAP-1) strain, which is responsible for recent outbreaks of C. difficile infections of increased severity.
Collapse
|
59
|
Bailey MT, Dowd SE, Galley JD, Hufnagle AR, Allen RG, Lyte M. Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:397-407. [PMID: 21040780 PMCID: PMC3039072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 779] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bodies of most animals are populated by highly complex and genetically diverse communities of microorganisms. The majority of these microbes reside within the intestines in largely stable but dynamically interactive climax communities that positively interact with their host. Studies from this laboratory have shown that stressor exposure impacts the stability of the microbiota and leads to bacterial translocation. The biological importance of these alterations, however, is not well understood. To determine whether the microbiome contributes to stressor-induced immunoenhancement, mice were exposed to a social stressor called social disruption (SDR), that increases circulating cytokines and primes the innate immune system for enhanced reactivity. Bacterial populations in the cecum were characterized using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing. Stressor exposure significantly changed the community structure of the microbiota, particularly when the microbiota were assessed immediately after stressor exposure. Most notably, stressor exposure decreased the relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Bacteroides, while increasing the relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Clostridium. The stressor also increased circulating levels of IL-6 and MCP-1, which were significantly correlated with stressor-induced changes to three bacterial genera (i.e., Coprococcus, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Dorea). In follow up experiments, mice were treated with an antibiotic cocktail to determine whether reducing the microbiota would abrogate the stressor-induced increases in circulating cytokines. Exposure to SDR failed to increase IL-6 and MCP-1 in the antibiotic treated mice. These data show that exposure to SDR significantly affects bacterial populations in the intestines, and remarkably also suggest that the microbiota are necessary for stressor-induced increases in circulating cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Bailey
- Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- Research and Testing Laboratory and Medical Biofilm Research Institute, Lubbock, TX 79407
| | - Jeffrey D. Galley
- Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Amy R. Hufnagle
- Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Rebecca G. Allen
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Training Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Durojaiye O, Gaur S, Alsaffar L. Bacteraemia and breast abscess: unusual extra-intestinal manifestations of Clostridium difficile infection. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:378-380. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.027409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-intestinal manifestations of Clostridium difficile infection are uncommon. Most cases are associated with gastrointestinal disease and often occur as a mixed infection with other gut flora. We report a case of breast abscess following monomicrobial C. difficile bacteraemia in a female with background chronic hepatitis C infection and alcoholic liver disease. No evidence of colitis was found. Our case shows that C. difficile is indeed capable of spreading from the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyewole Durojaiye
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 6PQ, UK
| | - Soma Gaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Cardiff Road, Newport NP20 2UB, UK
| | - Layth Alsaffar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 6PQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Monomicrobial Clostridium difficile bacteraemias and relationship to gut infection. J Hosp Infect 2011; 77:170-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
62
|
Abstract
To determine clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with Clostridium difficile bacteremia (CDB), we identified 12 patients with CDB in 2 medical centers in Taiwan; all had underlying systemic diseases. Five had gastrointestinal diseases or conditions, including pseudomembranous colitis (2 patients); 4 recalled diarrhea, but only 5 had recent exposure to antimicrobial drugs. Ten available isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. Five isolates had C. difficile toxin A or B. Of 5 patients who died, 3 died of CDB. Of 8 patients treated with metronidazole or vancomycin, only 1 died, and all 4 patients treated with other drugs died (12.5% vs. 100%; p = 0.01). C. difficile bacteremia, although uncommon, is thus associated with substaintial illness and death rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Yao Lee
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital and Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Dubberke ER, Haslam DB, Lanzas C, Bobo LD, Burnham CAD, Gröhn YT, Tarr PI. The ecology and pathobiology of Clostridium difficile infections: an interdisciplinary challenge. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 58:4-20. [PMID: 21223531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a well recognized pathogen of humans and animals. Although C. difficile was first identified over 70 years ago, much remains unknown in regards to the primary source of human acquisition and its pathobiology. These deficits in our knowledge have been intensified by dramatic increases in both the frequency and severity of disease in humans over the last decade. The changes in C. difficile epidemiology might be due to the emergence of a hypervirulent stain of C. difficile, ageing of the population, altered risk of developing infection with newer medications, and/or increased exposure to C. difficile outside of hospitals. In recent years, there have been numerous reports documenting C. difficile contamination of various foods, and reports of similarities between strains that infect animals and strains that infect humans as well. The purposes of this review are to highlight the many challenges to diagnosing, treating, and preventing C. difficile infection in humans, and to stress that collaboration between human and veterinary researchers is needed to control this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Dubberke
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Mallozzi M, Viswanathan VK, Vedantam G. Spore-forming Bacilli and Clostridia in human disease. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1109-23. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria in the Firmicute phylum are important members of the human commensal microbiota, which, in rare cases, cause opportunistic infections. Other spore-formers, however, have evolved to become dedicated pathogens that can cause a striking variety of diseases. Despite variations in disease presentation, the etiologic agent is often the spore, with bacterially produced toxins playing a central role in the pathophysiology of infection. This review will focus on the specific diseases caused by spores of the Clostridia and Bacilli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mallozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, 1117, East Lowell St., Building 90, Room 303, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - VK Viswanathan
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, 1117, East Lowell St., Building 90, Room 303, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Viswanathan VK, Mallozzi MJ, Vedantam G. Clostridium difficile infection: An overview of the disease and its pathogenesis, epidemiology and interventions. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:234-242. [PMID: 21327030 PMCID: PMC3023605 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.4.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the primary cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is a significant nosocomial disease. In the past ten years, variant toxin-producing strains of C. difficile have emerged, that have been associated with severe disease as well as outbreaks worldwide. This review summarizes current information on C. difficile pathogenesis and disease, and highlights interventions used to combat single and recurrent episodes of CDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- VK Viswanathan
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA
| | - MJ Mallozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Gayatri Vedantam
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ USA,Research Service; Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System; Tucson, AZ USA
| |
Collapse
|