51
|
Cai P, Gobert GN, You H, McManus DP. The Tao survivorship of schistosomes: implications for schistosomiasis control. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:453-63. [PMID: 26873753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is a major public health problem which contributes substantially to the economic and financial burdens of many nations in the developing world. An array of survival strategies, such as the unique structure of the tegument which acts as a major host-parasite interface, immune modulation mechanisms, gene regulation, and apoptosis and self-renewal have been adopted by schistosome parasites over the course of long-term evolution with their mammalian definitive hosts. Recent generation of complete schistosome genomes together with numerous biological, immunological, high-throughput "-omics" and gene function studies have revealed the Tao or strategies that schistosomes employ not only to promote long-term survival, but also to ensure effective life cycle transmission. New scenarios for the future control of this important neglected tropical disease will present themselves as our understanding of these Tao increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cai
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hong You
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Wang T, Zhao M, Rotgans BA, Strong A, Liang D, Ni G, Limpanont Y, Ramasoota P, McManus DP, Cummins SF. Proteomic Analysis of the Schistosoma mansoni Miracidium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147247. [PMID: 26799066 PMCID: PMC4723143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive control efforts, schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health problem in developing nations in the tropics and sub-tropics. The miracidium, along with the cercaria, both of which are water-borne and free-living, are the only two stages in the life-cycle of Schistosoma mansoni which are involved in host invasion. Miracidia penetrate intermediate host snails and develop into sporocysts, which lead to cercariae that can infect humans. Infection of the snail host by the miracidium represents an ideal point at which to interrupt the parasite’s life-cycle. This research focuses on an analysis of the miracidium proteome, including those proteins that are secreted. We have identified a repertoire of proteins in the S. mansoni miracidium at 2 hours post-hatch, including proteases, venom allergen-like proteins, receptors and HSP70, which might play roles in snail-parasite interplay. Proteins involved in energy production and conservation were prevalent, as were proteins predicted to be associated with defence. This study also provides a strong foundation for further understanding the roles that neurohormones play in host-seeking by schistosomes, with the potential for development of novel anthelmintics that interfere with its various life-cycle stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Wang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Rotgans
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - April Strong
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Di Liang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Guoying Ni
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pongrama Ramasoota
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Donald P. McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Scott F. Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ziniel PD, Karumudi B, Barnard AH, Fisher EMS, Thatcher GRJ, Podust LM, Williams DL. The Schistosoma mansoni Cytochrome P450 (CYP3050A1) Is Essential for Worm Survival and Egg Development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004279. [PMID: 26713732 PMCID: PMC4694641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects millions of people in developing countries and is responsible for more than 200,000 deaths annually. Because of toxicity and limited spectrum of activity of alternatives, there is effectively only one drug, praziquantel, available for its treatment. Recent data suggest that drug resistance could soon be a problem. There is therefore the need to identify new drug targets and develop drugs for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Analysis of the Schistosoma mansoni genome sequence for proteins involved in detoxification processes found that it encodes a single cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene. Here we report that the 1452 bp open reading frame has a characteristic heme-binding region in its catalytic domain with a conserved heme ligating cysteine, a hydrophobic leader sequence present as the membrane interacting region, and overall structural conservation. The highest sequence identity to human CYP450s is 22%. Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) silencing of S. mansoni (Sm)CYP450 in schistosomula results in worm death. Treating larval or adult worms with antifungal azole CYP450 inhibitors results in worm death at low micromolar concentrations. In addition, combinations of SmCYP450-specific dsRNA and miconazole show additive schistosomicidal effects supporting the hypothesis that SmCYP450 is the target of miconazole. Treatment of developing S. mansoni eggs with miconazole results in a dose dependent arrest in embryonic development. Our results indicate that SmCYP450 is essential for worm survival and egg development and validates it as a novel drug target. Preliminary structure-activity relationship suggests that the 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-ol moiety of miconazole is necessary for activity and that miconazole activity and selectivity could be improved by rational drug design. Over 600 million people in endemic countries are at risk of contracting schistosomiasis, which results in over 200,000 deaths each year and significant illness to most people that are infected. There are concerns that the drug widely used for the treatment of schistosomiasis, praziquantel, may be losing efficacy due to evolution of drug resistant worms. Since the disease mainly affects the poor in developing countries, pharmaceutical companies have little interest in developing new drugs and none are currently being tested. In this paper we focus on a novel parasite protein, cytochrome P450, which we propose to be a new drug target. Worms are unusual in having only one cytochrome P450 gene; humans have 57 cytochrome P450 genes. By using reverse genetic and chemical approaches we found that the schistosome cytochrome P450 is essential for worm survival and egg development and, therefore, is an essential and druggable target. Drugs that target fungal cytochrome P450s and are already in use for treating several human diseases were identified as potential hits for further development for schistosomiasis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Ziniel
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bhargava Karumudi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew H. Barnard
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ethan M. S. Fisher
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Driguez P, McManus DP, Gobert GN. Clinical implications of recent findings in schistosome proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 13:19-33. [PMID: 26558506 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1116390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease of clinical significance that, despite years of research, still requires an effective vaccine and improved diagnostics for surveillance, control and potential elimination. Furthermore, the causes of host pathology during schistosomiasis are still not completely understood. The recent sequencing of the genomes of the three key schistosome species has enabled the discovery of many new possible vaccine and drug targets, as well as diagnostic biomarkers, using high-throughput and sensitive proteomics methods. This review focuses on the literature of the last 5 years that has reported on the use of proteomics to both better understand the biology of the schistosome parasites and the disease they cause in definitive mammalian hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Driguez
- a QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Disease Division , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- a QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Disease Division , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- a QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Disease Division , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Meyer NH, Mayerhofer H, Tripsianes K, Blindow S, Barths D, Mewes A, Weimar T, Köhli T, Bade S, Madl T, Frey A, Haas H, Mueller-Dieckmann J, Sattler M, Schramm G. A Crystallin Fold in the Interleukin-4-inducing Principle of Schistosoma mansoni Eggs (IPSE/α-1) Mediates IgE Binding for Antigen-independent Basophil Activation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22111-26. [PMID: 26163514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.675066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE/α-1), the major secretory product of eggs from the parasitic worm S. mansoni, efficiently triggers basophils to release the immunomodulatory key cytokine interleukin-4. Activation by IPSE/α-1 requires the presence of IgE on the basophils, but the detailed molecular mechanism underlying activation is unknown. NMR and crystallographic analysis of IPSEΔNLS, a monomeric IPSE/α-1 mutant, revealed that IPSE/α-1 is a new member of the βγ-crystallin superfamily. We demonstrate that this molecule is a general immunoglobulin-binding factor with highest affinity for IgE. NMR binding studies of IPSEΔNLS with the 180-kDa molecule IgE identified a large positively charged binding surface that includes a flexible loop, which is unique to the IPSE/α-1 crystallin fold. Mutational analysis of amino acids in the binding interface showed that residues contributing to IgE binding are important for IgE-dependent activation of basophils. As IPSE/α-1 is unable to cross-link IgE, we propose that this molecule, by taking advantage of its unique IgE-binding crystallin fold, activates basophils by a novel, cross-linking-independent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Helge Meyer
- From the Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science and Biomolecular NMR, Department of Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching
| | | | - Konstantinos Tripsianes
- From the Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science and Biomolecular NMR, Department of Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Weimar
- the Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thies Köhli
- the Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steffen Bade
- Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostic Section, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, and
| | - Tobias Madl
- From the Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science and Biomolecular NMR, Department of Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching
| | - Andreas Frey
- Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostic Section, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, and
| | | | | | - Michael Sattler
- From the Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science and Biomolecular NMR, Department of Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching,
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
van der Ree AM, Mutapi F. The helminth parasite proteome at the host-parasite interface - Informing diagnosis and control. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:48-58. [PMID: 26116863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites are a significant health burden for humans in the developing world and also cause substantial economic losses in livestock production across the world. The combined lack of vaccines for the major human and veterinary helminth parasites in addition to the development of drug resistance to anthelmintics in sheep and cattle mean that controlling helminth infection and pathology remains a challenge. However, recent high throughput technological advances mean that screening for potential drug and vaccine candidates is now easier than in previous decades. A better understanding of the host-parasite interactions occurring during infection and pathology and identifying pathways that can be therapeutically targeted for more effective and 'evolution proof' interventions is now required. This review highlights some of the advances that have been made in understanding the host-parasite interface in helminth infections using studies of the temporal expression of parasite proteins, i.e. the parasite proteome, and discuss areas for potential future research and translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M van der Ree
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Neves LX, Sanson AL, Wilson RA, Castro-Borges W. What's in SWAP? Abundance of the principal constituents in a soluble extract of Schistosoma mansoni revealed by shotgun proteomics. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:337. [PMID: 26088647 PMCID: PMC4484702 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The soluble antigen preparation of adult schistosomes (SWAP) has often been used to probe host responses against these blood-dwelling parasites. Despite its long-established use there is limited knowledge about its composition. The information we provide here on the molecular composition of SWAP may contribute as a guide for a rational selection of antigenic targets. Methods Label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics was employed to determine the composition and abundance of SWAP constituents. Briefly, paired adult Schistosoma mansoni worms were sonicated in PBS pH 7.2 and ultracentrifuged for recovery of the soluble supernatant. An aliquot was subjected to trypsin digestion. Resulting peptides were separated under ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and analysed using an orbitrap mass spectrometer. Spectral data were interrogated using SequestHT against an in-house S. mansoni database. Proteins were quantified by recording the mean area under curve obtained for up to three most intense detected peptides. Proteins within the 90th percentile of the total SWAP mass were categorized according to their sub-cellular/tissue location. Results In this work we expanded significantly the list of known SWAP constituents. Through application of stringent criteria, a total of 633 proteins were quantitatively identified. Only 18 proteins account to 50 % of the total SWAP mass as revealed by their cumulative abundance. Among them, none is predicted as a secreted molecule reinforcing the point that SWAP is dominated by cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins. In contrast, only 3 % of the mass comprised proteins proposed to function at the host-parasite interfaces (tegument and gut), which could conceivably represent vulnerable targets of a protective immune response. Paradoxically, at least 11 SWAP proteins, comprising ~25 % of its mass, have been tested as vaccine candidates. Conclusions Our data suggest that use of SWAP to probe host responses has greatest value for diagnostic purposes or assessing intensity of infection. However, the preparation is of limited utility as an antigen source for investigating host responses to proteins expressed at or secreted from worm-host interfaces. The data also pose the question as to why vaccination with SWAP, containing so many proposed vaccine candidates, has no additive or even synergistic effects on the induction of protection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0943-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Xavier Neves
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Proteômica, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ananda Lima Sanson
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Proteômica, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York, YO10 5YW, UK.
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Proteômica, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Smit CH, van Diepen A, Nguyen DL, Wuhrer M, Hoffmann KF, Deelder AM, Hokke CH. Glycomic Analysis of Life Stages of the Human Parasite Schistosoma mansoni Reveals Developmental Expression Profiles of Functional and Antigenic Glycan Motifs. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1750-69. [PMID: 25883177 PMCID: PMC4587318 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.048280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans present on glycoproteins and glycolipids of the major human parasite Schistosoma mansoni induce innate as well as adaptive immune responses in the host. To be able to study the molecular characteristics of schistosome infections it is therefore required to determine the expression profiles of glycans and antigenic glycan-motifs during a range of critical stages of the complex schistosome lifecycle. We performed a longitudinal profiling study covering schistosome glycosylation throughout worm- and egg-development using a mass spectrometry-based glycomics approach. Our study revealed that during worm development N-glycans with Galβ1–4(Fucα1–3)GlcNAc (LeX) and core-xylose motifs were rapidly lost after cercariae to schistosomula transformation, whereas GalNAcβ1–4GlcNAc (LDN)-motifs gradually became abundant and predominated in adult worms. LeX-motifs were present on glycolipids up to 2 weeks of schistosomula development, whereas glycolipids with mono- and multifucosylated LDN-motifs remained present up to the adult worm stage. In contrast, expression of complex O-glycans diminished to undetectable levels within days after transformation. During egg development, a rich diversity of N-glycans with fucosylated motifs was expressed, but with α3-core fucose and a high degree of multifucosylated antennae only in mature eggs and miracidia. N-glycan antennae were exclusively LDN-based in miracidia. O-glycans in the mature eggs were also diverse and contained LeX- and multifucosylated LDN, but none of these were associated with miracidia in which we detected only the Galβ1–3(Galβ1–6)GalNAc core glycan. Immature eggs also exhibited short O-glycan core structures only, suggesting that complex fucosylated O-glycans of schistosome eggs are derived primarily from glycoproteins produced by the subshell envelope in the developed egg. Lipid glycans with multifucosylated GlcNAc repeats were present throughout egg development, but with the longer highly fucosylated stretches enriched in mature eggs and miracidia. This global analysis of the developing schistosome's glycome provides new insights into how stage-specifically expressed glycans may contribute to different aspects of schistosome-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis H Smit
- From the ‡Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela van Diepen
- From the ‡Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Linh Nguyen
- From the ‡Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- §Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- ¶Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, United Kingdom
| | - André M Deelder
- §Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- From the ‡Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Hagen J, Scheerlinck JPY, Young ND, Gasser RB, Kalinna BH. Prospects for Vector-Based Gene Silencing to Explore Immunobiological Features of Schistosoma mansoni. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:85-122. [PMID: 25911366 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a prevalent, socioeconomically important disease of humans caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma (schistosomes or blood flukes). Currently, more than 200 million people worldwide are infected with schistosomes. Despite major research efforts, there is only one drug routinely used for effective treatment, and no vaccine is available to combat schistosomiasis. The purpose of the present article is to (1) provide a background on the parasites and different forms of disease; (2) describe key immunomolecular aspects of disease induced in the host; and (3) critically appraise functional genomic methods employed to explore parasite biology, parasite-host interactions and disease at the molecular level. Importantly, the article also describes the features and advantages of lentiviral delivery of artificial microRNAs to silence genes. It also discusses the first successful application of such an approach in schistosomes, in order to explore the immunobiological role of selected target proteins known to be involved in egg-induced disease. The lentiviral transduction system provides exciting prospects for future, fundamental investigations of schistosomes, and is likely to have broad applicability to other eukaryotic pathogens and infectious diseases. The ability to achieve effective and stable gene perturbation in parasites has major biotechnological implications, and might facilitate the development of radically new methods for the treatment and control of parasitic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hagen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernd H Kalinna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Philippsen GS, Wilson RA, DeMarco R. Accelerated evolution of schistosome genes coding for proteins located at the host-parasite interface. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:431-43. [PMID: 25567667 PMCID: PMC4350168 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of proteins located at the host–parasite interface in schistosomes might provide clues about the mechanisms utilized by the parasite to escape the host immune system attack. Micro-exon gene (MEG) protein products and venom allergen-like (VAL) proteins have been shown to be present in schistosome secretions or associated with glands, which led to the hypothesis that they are important components in the molecular interaction of the parasite with the host. Phylogenetic and structural analysis of genes and their transcripts in these two classes shows that recent species-specific expansion of gene number for these families occurred separately in three different species of schistosomes. Enrichment of transposable elements in MEG and VAL genes in Schistosoma mansoni provides a credible mechanism for preferential expansion of gene numbers for these families. Analysis of the ratio between synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates (dN/dS) in the comparison between schistosome orthologs for the two classes of genes reveals significantly higher values when compared with a set of a control genes coding for secreted proteins, and for proteins previously localized in the tegument. Additional analyses of paralog genes indicate that exposure of the protein to the definitive host immune system is a determining factor leading to the higher than usual dN/dS values in those genes. The observation that two genes encoding S. mansoni vaccine candidate proteins, known to be exposed at the parasite surface, also display similar evolutionary dynamics suggests a broad response of the parasite to evolutionary pressure imposed by the definitive host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele S Philippsen
- Departamento de Física e Ciência Interdisciplinar, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo DeMarco
- Departamento de Física e Ciência Interdisciplinar, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:48-59. [PMID: 25437821 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth-derived molecules are being identified as a new therapeutic approach for immune-mediated diseases. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and the immunological mechanisms of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SmSEA) in a mouse model of chronic colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in immunocompromised severe combined immunodeficiency mice by the adoptive transfer of CD4CD25CD62L T cells. Two weeks post-transfer, SmSEA treatments were started (study 1: 1 × 20 μg SmSEA per week 5 times; study 2: 2 × 20 μg SmSEA per week 3 times). From the start of the treatment (week 2), the clinical outcome and colonic inflammation were assessed at different time points by a clinical disease score and colonoscopy, respectively. At the end of the studies, the colons were harvested for macroscopic examination, and colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells were isolated for flow cytometric T-cell characterization. RESULTS In both studies, administration of SmSEA in colitis mice improved all the inflammatory parameters studied. However in study 1, this beneficial effect on inflammation diminished with time, and the T-cell characterization of the lamina propria mononuclear cells, performed at week 6, revealed no immunological effects of the SmSEA treatment. In study 2, mice were killed earlier (week 4) and at that time point, we found a significant downregulation of the number of interleukin-17A-producing T cells and a significant upregulation of the number of interleukin-4-producing T cells in the colon of the SmSEA-treated colitis mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the administration of SmSEA reduces the severity of colitis in the adoptive transfer mouse model characterized by an increased Th2 response and a suppressed Th17 response in the colon.
Collapse
|
62
|
Omega-1 knockdown in Schistosoma mansoni eggs by lentivirus transduction reduces granuloma size in vivo. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5375. [PMID: 25400038 PMCID: PMC4243216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases worldwide, is caused by flatworms (blood flukes or schistosomes) that live in the bloodstream of humans. The hepatointestinal form of this debilitating disease results from a chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma japonicum. No vaccine is available to prevent schistosomiasis, and treatment relies predominantly on the use of a single drug, praziquantel. In spite of considerable research effort over the years, very little is known about the complex in vivo events that lead to granuloma formation and other pathological changes during infection. Here we use, for the first time, a lentivirus-based transduction system to deliver microRNA-adapted short hairpin RNAs (shRNAmirs) into the parasite to silence and explore selected protein-encoding genes of S. mansoni implicated in the disease process. This gene-silencing system has potential to be used for functional genomic–phenomic studies of a range of socioeconomically important pathogens. Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, is caused by flatworms such as Schistosoma mansoni. Here, Hagen et al. describe a lentivirus-based transduction system to deliver microRNA-adapted small hairpin RNAs into S. mansoni to inhibit transcription of selected genes implicated in the disease process.
Collapse
|
63
|
Mourão MDM, Bitar M, Lobo FP, Peconick AP, Grynberg P, Prosdocimi F, Waisberg M, Cerqueira GC, Macedo AM, Machado CR, Yoshino T, Franco GR. A directed approach for the identification of transcripts harbouring the spliced leader sequence and the effect of trans-splicing knockdown in Schistosoma mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:707-17. [PMID: 24037192 PMCID: PMC3970683 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108062013006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease caused by trematodes from the genus Schistosoma. Because schistosomes exhibit a complex life cycle and numerous mechanisms for regulating gene expression, it is believed that spliced leader (SL) trans-splicing could play an important role in the biology of these parasites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of trans-splicing in Schistosoma mansoni through analysis of genes that may be regulated by this mechanism and via silencing SL-containing transcripts through RNA interference. Here, we report our analysis of SL transcript-enriched cDNA libraries from different S. mansoni life stages. Our results show that the trans-splicing mechanism is apparently not associated with specific genes, subcellular localisations or life stages. In cross-species comparisons, even though the sets of genes that are subject to SL trans-splicing regulation appear to differ between organisms, several commonly shared orthologues were observed. Knockdown of trans-spliced transcripts in sporocysts resulted in a systemic reduction of the expression levels of all tested trans-spliced transcripts; however, the only phenotypic effect observed was diminished larval size. Further studies involving the findings from this work will provide new insights into the role of trans-splicing in the biology of S. mansoni and other organisms. All Expressed Sequence Tags generated in this study were submitted to dbEST as five different libraries. The accessions for each library and for the individual sequences are as follows: (i) adult worms of mixed sexes (LIBEST_027999: JZ139310 - JZ139779), (ii) female adult worms (LIBEST_028000: JZ139780 - JZ140379), (iii) male adult worms (LIBEST_028001: JZ140380 - JZ141002), (iv) eggs (LIBEST_028002: JZ141003 - JZ141497) and (v) schistosomula (LIBEST_028003: JZ141498 - JZ141974).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Moraes Mourão
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Yoshino TP, Brown M, Wu XJ, Jackson CJ, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Chalmers IW, Kolb M, Hokke CH, Hoffmann KF. Excreted/secreted Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like 9 (SmVAL9) modulates host extracellular matrix remodelling gene expression. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:551-63. [PMID: 24859313 PMCID: PMC4079936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni VAL9 (SmVAL9) is a secreted N-linked glycoprotein containing a unique, difucosyl modification. SmVAL9 is found throughout miracidia/sporocyst parenchymal cell inclusions/vesicles and germinal cells. SmVAL9 differentially regulates murine and snail matrix metalloproteinases.
The Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like (SmVAL) protein family consists of 29 members, each possessing a conserved α-β-α sandwich tertiary feature called the Sperm-coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 (SCP/TAPS) domain. While the SmVALs have been found in both excretory/secretory (E/S) products and in intra/sub-tegumental (non-E/S) fractions, the role(s) of this family in host/parasite relationships or schistosome developmental processes remains poorly resolved. In order to begin quantifying SmVAL functional diversity or redundancy, dissecting the specific activity (ies) of individual family members is necessary. Towards this end, we present the characterisation of SmVAL9; a protein previously found enriched in both miracidia/sporocyst larval transformation proteins and in egg secretions. While our study confirms that SmVAL9 is indeed found in soluble egg products and miracidia/sporocyst larval transformation proteins, we find it to be maximally transcribed/translated in miracidia and subsequently down-regulated during in vitro sporocyst development. SmVAL9 localisation within sporocysts appears concentrated in parenchymal cells/vesicles as well as associated with larval germinal cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that egg-derived SmVAL9 carries an N-linked glycan containing a schistosome-specific difucosyl element and is an immunogenic target during chronic murine schistosomiasis. Finally, we demonstrate that recombinant SmVAL9 affects the expression of extracellular matrix, remodelling matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) gene products in both Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic cell (BgMMP1) and Mus musculus bone marrow-derived macrophage (MmMMP2, MmMMP9, MmMMP12, MmMMP13, MmMMP14, MmMMP28, TIMP1 and TIMP2) in vitro cultures. These findings importantly suggest that excreted/secreted SmVAL9 participates in tissue reorganisation/extracellular matrix remodelling during intra-mammalian egg translocation, miracidia infection and intra-molluscan sporocyst development/migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Martha Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Ramon Ocadiz-Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Iain W Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Marlen Kolb
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Turner JD, Bourke CD, Meurs L, Mbow M, Dièye TN, Mboup S, Polman K, Mountford AP. Circulating CD14brightCD16+ 'intermediate' monocytes exhibit enhanced parasite pattern recognition in human helminth infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2817. [PMID: 24762736 PMCID: PMC3998941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating monocyte sub-sets have recently emerged as mediators of divergent immune functions during infectious disease but their role in helminth infection has not been investigated. In this study we evaluated whether ‘classical’ (CD14brightCD16−), ‘intermediate’ (CD14brightCD16+), and ‘non-classical’ (CD14dimCD16+) monocyte sub-sets from peripheral blood mononuclear cells varied in both abundance and ability to bind antigenic material amongst individuals living in a region of Northern Senegal which is co-endemic for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. Monocyte recognition of excretory/secretory (E/S) products released by skin-invasive cercariae, or eggs, of S. mansoni was assessed by flow cytometry and compared between S. mansoni mono-infected, S. mansoni and S. haematobium co-infected, and uninfected participants. Each of the three monocyte sub-sets in the different infection groups bound schistosome E/S material. However, ‘intermediate’ CD14brightCD16+ monocytes had a significantly enhanced ability to bind cercarial and egg E/S. Moreover, this elevation of ligand binding was particularly evident in co-infected participants. This is the first demonstration of modulated parasite pattern recognition in CD14brightCD16+ intermediate monocytes during helminth infection, which may have functional consequences for the ability of infected individuals to respond immunologically to infection. The parasite Schistosoma infects over 200 million people world-wide and can cause serious morbidity. Infection occurs following exposure to larvae (cercariae) which release excretory/secretory (E/S) material to aid their entry into exposed skin. Larvae mature into adult worms that produce hundreds of eggs per day which also release E/S material. Both sources of E/S material have the potential to stimulate the host’s innate immune system. Circulating monocytes are important cells that act as potential sentinels in the recognition of these E/S materials. Different sub-sets of human monocytes can be identified according to their expression of CD14 and CD16 but their role following infection with schistosome helminths has not been investigated. In the current study, three sub-sets (classical, intermediate and non-classical) were enumerated in individuals living in a region co-endemic for S. mansoni and S. haematobium. Although all three monocyte sub-sets bound to fluorescently-labelled schistosome E/S material, the intermediate sub-set had significantly enhanced ability to recognise cercarial and egg E/S in co-infected participants. This is the first demonstration that circulating human monocytes can recognize schistosome E/S antigens and that their ability to do so is modulated by infection which may affect the development of schistosome immunopathology and/or protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Claire D Bourke
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Meurs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Moustapha Mbow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Immunology Department of the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology of Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Tandakha Ndiaye Dièye
- Immunology Department of the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology of Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Mboup
- Immunology Department of the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology of Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian P Mountford
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Ludolf F, Patrocínio PR, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Gazzinelli A, Falcone FH, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Perales J, Oliveira GC, Silva-Pereira RA. Serological screening of the Schistosoma mansoni adult worm proteome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2745. [PMID: 24651847 PMCID: PMC3961189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New interventions tools are a priority for schistosomiasis control and elimination, as the disease is still highly prevalent. The identification of proteins associated with active infection and protective immune response may constitute the basis for the development of a successful vaccine and could also indicate new diagnostic candidates. In this context, post-genomic technologies have been progressing, resulting in a more rational discovery of new biomarkers of resistance and antigens for diagnosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two-dimensional electrophoresed Schistosoma mansoni adult worm protein extracts were probed with pooled sera of infected and non-infected (naturally resistant) individuals from a S. mansoni endemic area. A total of 47 different immunoreactive proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Although the different pooled sera shared most of the immunoreactive protein spots, nine protein spots reacted exclusively with the serum pool of infected individuals, which correspond to annexin, major egg antigen, troponin T, filamin, disulphide-isomerase ER-60 precursor, actin and reticulocalbin. One protein spot, corresponding to eukaryotic translation elongation factor, reacted exclusively with the pooled sera of non-infected individuals living in the endemic area. Western blotting of two selected recombinant proteins, major egg antigen and hemoglobinase, showed a similar recognition pattern of that of the native protein. CONCLUDING/SIGNIFICANCE Using a serological proteome analysis, a group of antigens related to the different infection status of the endemic area residents was identified and may be related to susceptibility or resistance to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ludolf
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Paola R. Patrocínio
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Gazzinelli
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Nursing School, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- The University of Nottingham, School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular and Cellular Science, Nottingham, East Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Fiocruz/RJ, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Toxicology Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Fiocruz/RJ, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Toxicology Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A. Silva-Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Wu C, Chen Q, Fang Y, Wu J, Han Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chu M, Feng Y, Tan L, Guo X, Hu W, Wang Z. Schistosoma japonicum egg specific protein SjE16.7 recruits neutrophils and induces inflammatory hepatic granuloma initiation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2703. [PMID: 24551263 PMCID: PMC3923719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are known to play a major role in the egg granulomatous lesions caused by Schistosoma japonicum, but the precise mechanism by which eggs recruit or active neutrophil is unknown. Here we report S. japonicum egg specific EF-hand protein-SjE16.7 is a potent neutrophil recruiter and initiates the egg associated inflammatory granuloma in schistosomiasis. We show that the expression of SjE16.7 at level of both mRNA and protein is restricted to the egg stage. It locates in the miracidium and subshell area of the egg and can be secreted by the egg. The antigenic properties of SjE16.7 strongly suggest a role for SjE16.7 as an egg-derived molecule involved in host-parasite interactions. To study SjE16.7 functions in vivo, we challenged murine air pouch with recombinant SjE16.7. The results showed SjE16.7 trigged more inflammatory cell infiltration than vehicle or control protein. Using peritoneal exudate neutrophils from mice, we found that SjE16.7 significantly induced neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro, and the observed phenotypes were associated with enhanced Rac GTPase activation in SjE16.7 treated cells. Finally, in vivo hepatic granuloma formation model showed SjE16.7 coupled beads recruited more inflammatory cell infiltration than control beads. Our findings suggest SjE16.7 is an important pathogenic factor derived from egg. By recruiting neutrophils and inducing local inflammation, SjE16.7 facilitates eggs to be excreted through gut tissues and also initiates pathology in the liver; therefore SjE16.7 is a possible target for the prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis. As a neglected disease, schistosomiasis continues to be a significant cause of parasitic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Schistosoma japonicum is one of the major causative agents of human schistosomiasis. Trapped in the liver or intestinal tissue, S. japonicum eggs are the main cause of pathology following infection. They induce vigorous immune responses from the host, which facilitate the passage of the eggs from the tissue to the gut lumen and cause the pathology in liver. In this paper, we described, for the first time, S. japonicum egg specific EF-hand protein-SjE16.7 is a potent neutrophil recruiter and initiates the egg associated inflammatory granuloma in schistosomiasis. This study presents a precise mechanism by which eggs recruit neutrophil and induce inflammatory response. It furthers our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of human schistosomiasis. In addition, it provides a potential target for the prevention and treatment of this globally important parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyun Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Han
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chu
- The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linping Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Anthony BJ, James KR, Gobert GN, Ramm GA, McManus DP. Schistosomajaponicum Eggs Induce a Proinflammatory, Anti-Fibrogenic Phenotype in Hepatic Stellate Cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68479. [PMID: 23840855 PMCID: PMC3686876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis induced by egg deposition is the most serious pathology associated with chronic schistosomiasis, in which the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) plays a central role. While the effect of Schistosoma mansoni eggs on the fibrogenic phenotype of HSCs has been investigated, studies determining the effect of eggs of S. japonicum on HSCs are lacking. Disease caused by S. japonicum is much more severe than that resulting from S. mansoni infection so it is important to compare the pathologies caused by these two parasites, to determine whether this phenotype is due to the species interacting differently with the mammalian host. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of S. japonicum eggs on the human HSC cell line, LX-2, with and without TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor beta) co-treatment, so as to determine the impact on genes associated with fibrogenesis, inflammation and matrix re-organisation. Activation status of HSCs was assessed by αSMA (Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin) immunofluorescence, accumulation of Oil Red O-stained lipid droplets and the relative expression of selected genes associated with activation. The fibrogenic phenotype of HSCs was inhibited by the presence of eggs both with or without TGF-β treatment, as evidenced by a lack of αSMA staining and reduced gene expression of αSMA and Col1A1 (Collagen 1A1). Unlike S. mansoni-treated cells, however, expression of the quiescent HSC marker PPAR-γ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma) was not increased, nor was there accumulation of lipid droplets. In contrast, S. japonicum eggs induced the mRNA expression of MMP-9 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 9), CCL2 (Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2) and IL-6 (Interleukin 6) in HSCs indicating that rather than inducing complete HSC quiescence, the eggs induced a proinflammatory phenotype. These results suggest HSCs in close proximity to S. japonicum eggs in the liver may play a role in the proinflammatory regulation of hepatic granuloma formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barrie J. Anthony
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kylie R. James
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N. Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- The Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Tian F, Hou M, Chen L, Gao Y, Zhang X, Ji M, Wu G. Proteomic analysis of schistosomiasis japonica vaccine candidate antigens recognized by UV-attenuated cercariae-immunized porcine serum IgG2. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2791-803. [PMID: 23715679 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have showed that the radiation-attenuated cercariae (RAC) vaccine could induce the high protection of laboratory animals to resist the schistosoma infection by cellular and humoral mechanism. Here, we aimed to identify possible vaccine antigens by using specific IgG2 antibody from RAC-vaccinated pigs or vaccination and challenge pigs. The antigens from the schistosomal soluble worm antigen preparation (SWAP) recognized by the porcine IgG2 antibody were obtained using immunoprecipitation technique. These antigens were separated by 2-D electrophoresis, and 116 spots were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF MS from about 400 putative spots in gels. Among these spots, 113 spots could match to the Schistosoma japonicum. These identified proteins in four groups were classified by Gene Ontology (Go) database, and the mainly functions of these proteins were involved in binding, catalytic activity (thioredoxin peroxidase-2, et al.), signal transduction class (MAP Kinase, et al.), cell process (the heat shock 70-kDa protein 9B, et al.), and the intracellular component (tektin, et al.). Our methods suggested that it was possible to pull-down the interesting proteins recognized by specific antibodies. Our results may provide new clues for exploring the mechanism of high protection induced by RAC and shed some light on the research for anti-schistosomiasis japonica vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology& Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Hams E, Aviello G, Fallon PG. The schistosoma granuloma: friend or foe? Front Immunol 2013; 4:89. [PMID: 23596444 PMCID: PMC3625856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of man with Schistosoma species of trematode parasite causes marked chronic morbidity. Individuals that become infected with Schistosomes may develop a spectrum of pathology ranging from mild cercarial dermatitis to severe tissue inflammation, in particular within the liver and intestines, which can lead to life threatening hepatosplenomegaly. It is well established that the etiopathology during schistosomiasis is primarily due to an excessive or unregulated inflammatory response to the parasite, in particular to eggs that become trapped in various tissue. The eggs forms the foci of a classical type 2 granulomatous inflammation, characterized by an eosinophil-rich, CD4+ T helper (Th) 2 cell dominated infiltrate with additional infiltration of alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Indeed the sequela of the type 2 perioval granuloma is marked fibroblast infiltration and development of fibrosis. Paradoxically, while the granuloma is the cause of pathology it also can afford some protection, whereby the granuloma minimizes collateral tissue damage in the liver and intestines. Furthermore, the parasite is exquisitely reliant on the host to mount a granulomatous reaction to the eggs as this inflammatory response facilitates the successful excretion of the eggs from the host. In this focused review we will address the conundrum of the S. mansoni granuloma acting as both friend and foe in inflammation during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hams
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Hong Y, Sun A, Zhang M, Gao F, Han Y, Fu Z, Shi Y, Lin J. Proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in schistosomula and adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Trop 2013; 126:1-10. [PMID: 23270889 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma japonicum has a complex lifecycle and exhibits dramatic changes in its biology and morphology at different developmental stages. The schistosomulum and adult worm are two stages of this complex lifecycle and differentially expressed proteins in these two stages should be important for survival, development, and reproduction of the parasites. In this study, soluble and hydrophobic proteins were extracted from eggs, cercariae, schistosomula (8d and 19d), and male and female adult worms (42d) of Schistosoma japonicum, and separated by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. A total of 1376±52, 928±61, 1465±41, 1230±30, 904±34, and 1080±26 soluble proteins and 1437±44, 845±53, 986±22, 1145±35, 1066±39, and 1123±45 hydrophobic proteins were separated from eggs, cercariae, schistosomula (8d and 19d), and male and female adult worms (42d), respectively. There were 65±14, 27±7, 37±17 and 48±9 soluble protein spots only present in schistosomula (8d and/or 19d) and adult schistosomes (male and/or female). We successfully identified 22 spots from schistosomula and 11 spots from adult schistosomes by mass spectrometry. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to examine six differentially expressed proteins at the transcription level. These proteins only found in schistosomula or adults stage by the proteomics analysis were highly expressed in the corresponding stage at mRNA level. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins from schistosomula were mainly involved in cellular metabolic processes, stress response and developmental process. Differentially expressed proteins from adult schistosomes were involved with gene expression and protein metabolism processes. The results of this study might provide new insights to stimulate further exploration of the mechanism of growth and development in schistosomes and help identify candidate molecules for developing new vaccines or drugs.
Collapse
|
72
|
Liu P, Wang M, Lu XD, Zhang SJ, Tang WX. Schistosoma japonicum egg antigen up-regulates fibrogenesis and inhibits proliferation in primary hepatic stellate cells in a concentration-dependent manner. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1230-1238. [PMID: 23482848 PMCID: PMC3587479 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i8.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) egg antigen on fibrogenesis and apoptosis in primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).
METHODS: A mouse model of schistosomiasis-associated liver fibrosis (SSLF) was established by infecting mice with schistosomal cercaria via the abdomen. HSCs were isolated from SSLF mice by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation, and their identity was confirmed by immunofluorescence double staining of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and desmin. The growth inhibitory effect and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of S. japonicum egg antigen for primary HSCs (24 h) were determined using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expression levels of α-SMA, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMOL/LP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in HSCs in response to different concentrations of S. japonicum egg antigen were detected by Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The levels of phospho-P38 (P-P38), phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase (P-JNK) and phospho-Akt (P-AKT) in HSCs were detected by Western blotting.
RESULTS: An SSLF mouse model was established, and primary HSCs were successfully isolated and cultured. S. japonicum egg antigen inhibited HSC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 of the S. japonicum egg antigen was 244.53 ± 35.26 μg/mL. S. japonicum egg antigen enhanced α-SMA expression at both the mRNA and protein levels and enhanced TIMP-1 expression at the mRNA level in HSCs (P < 0.05), whereas the expression of MMOL/LP-9 was attenuated at both the mRNA and protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). A high concentration of S. japonicum egg antigen enhanced P-P38, P-JNK and P-AKT activation (P < 0.05). The changes in α-SMA and MMOL/LP-9 expression induced by S. japonicum egg antigen were closely correlated with P-P38 and P-JNK activation (P < 0.05). The attenuation of MMOL/LP-9 was also correlated with P-AKT activation (P < 0.05), but the increase in α-SMA expression was not. TIMP-1 expression was not correlated with P-P38, P-JNK or P-AKT activation.
CONCLUSION: S. japonicum egg antigen promotes fibrogenesis, activates the P38/JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT/PI3K signaling pathways and inhibits proliferation in primary HSCs isolated from SSLF mice in a concentration-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
73
|
A Study of the Granulomatous Responses Induced by Different Strains of Schistosoma mansoni. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2012. [PMID: 23193397 PMCID: PMC3501992 DOI: 10.1155/2012/953524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased pathogenesis of the Schistosoma mansoni BH strain compared with the SJ strain has been attributed to the number of granulomas formed in experimental infections, which increase the mortality in definitive hosts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of granulomas around the eggs of the S. mansoni BH and SJ strains and to determine whether this host reaction was strain specific. Four experimental groups were analyzed. Two groups contained mice inoculated in the caudal vein with eggs from the S. mansoni BH or SJ strains and the other two contained mice that were infected with cercariae of the BH strain prior to being inoculated with eggs. The number of granulomas per tissue area in the lungs and liver, as well as the size of the granulomas, was analyzed to characterize the response to schistosome infection. The largest granulomatous responses were observed around eggs of the BH strain. Granulomas covered a larger area in the lungs of mice that were previously infected with cercariae and subsequently inoculated with eggs of the BH strain. These results indicated that specific granulomatous responses occurred following an infection with the BH and SJ strains of S. mansoni.
Collapse
|
74
|
Wilson RA. Virulence factors of schistosomes. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1442-50. [PMID: 22982150 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review considers whether the products of schistosomes in the mammalian host can be considered as virulence factors. These include: the cercarial secretions used in infection, those of the migrating schistosomulum, surface-exposed proteins of adult worms in the portal system and their gut vomitus in the context of immune evasion, secretions of the egg facilitating its escape from gut tissues and micro-exon gene products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Chalmers IW, Hoffmann KF. Platyhelminth Venom Allergen-Like (VAL) proteins: revealing structural diversity, class-specific features and biological associations across the phylum. Parasitology 2012; 139:1231-45. [PMID: 22717097 PMCID: PMC3435950 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During platyhelminth infection, a cocktail of proteins is released by the parasite to aid invasion, initiate feeding, facilitate adaptation and mediate modulation of the host immune response. Included amongst these proteins is the Venom Allergen-Like (VAL) family, part of the larger sperm coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 (SCP/TAPS) superfamily. To explore the significance of this protein family during Platyhelminthes development and host interactions, we systematically summarize all published proteomic, genomic and immunological investigations of the VAL protein family to date. By conducting new genomic and transcriptomic interrogations to identify over 200 VAL proteins (228) from species in all 4 traditional taxonomic classes (Trematoda, Cestoda, Monogenea and Turbellaria), we further expand our knowledge related to platyhelminth VAL diversity across the phylum. Subsequent phylogenetic and tertiary structural analyses reveal several class-specific VAL features, which likely indicate a range of roles mediated by this protein family. Our comprehensive analysis of platyhelminth VALs represents a unifying synopsis for understanding diversity within this protein family and a firm context in which to initiate future functional characterization of these enigmatic members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain W Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Abstract
SUMMARYAnthelmintics are the cornerstone of parasitic helminth control. Surprisingly, understanding of the biochemical pathways used by parasitic helminths to detoxify anthelmintics is fragmented, despite the increasing global threat of anthelmintic resistance within the ruminant and equine industries. Reductionist biochemistry has likely over-estimated the enzymatic role of glutathione transferases in anthelmintic metabolism and neglected the potential role of the cytochrome P-450 superfamily (CYPs). Proteomic technologies offers the opportunity to support genomics, reverse genetics and pharmacokinetics, and provide an integrated insight into both the cellular mechanisms underpinning response to anthelmintics and also the identification of biomarker panels for monitoring the development of anthelmintic resistance. To date, there have been limited attempts to include proteomics in anthelmintic metabolism studies. Optimisations of membrane, post-translational modification and interaction proteomic technologies in helminths are needed to especially study Phase I CYPs and Phase III ABC transporter pumps for anthelmintics and their metabolites.
Collapse
|
77
|
Mourão MM, Grunau C, LoVerde PT, Jones MK, Oliveira G. Recent advances in Schistosoma genomics. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:151-62. [PMID: 22145587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Schistosome research has entered the genomic era with the publications reporting the Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum genomes. Schistosome genomics is motivated by the need for new control tools. However, much can also be learned about the biology of Schistosoma, which is a tractable experimental model. In this article, we review the recent achievements in the field of schistosome research and discuss future perspectives on genomics and how it can be integrated in a usable format, on the genetic mapping and how it has improved the genome assembly and provided new research approaches, on how epigenetics provides interesting insights into the biology of the species and on new functional genomics tools that will contribute to the understanding of the function of genes, many of which are parasite- or taxon specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Mourão
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Proteomics at the schistosome-mammalian host interface: any prospects for diagnostics or vaccines? Parasitology 2012; 139:1178-94. [PMID: 22717150 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since 2004 there has been a remarkable increment in our knowledge of the proteins and glycans that reside at, or are released from the surfaces of schistosomes in the mammalian host. Initial characterization of the soluble proteome permits distinctions to be made between the parasite secretome and its necrotome. The principal proteins secreted by the cercaria to gain access to the skin have been described as well as those released by migrating schistosomula. An inventory of transporters, enzymes and structural proteins has been shown to reside the tegument surface, but also immunoglobulins, complement factors and host CD44. The secreted membranocalyx that overlies the plasma membrane may contain a small number of proteins, not simply acting as physical barrier, but its lipid composition remains elusive. Analysis of worm vomitus has provided insights into blood feeding, increasing the number of known lysosomal hydrolases, and identifying a series of carrier proteins potentially involved in uptake of lipids and inorganic ions by the gut epithelium. The egg secretions that aid escape from the tissues include a mixture of MEG-2 and MEG-3 family variant proteins. The utility of identified proteins for the development of new diagnostics, and their potential as vaccines candidates is evaluated.
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major human helminth infection endemic in developing countries. Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by S. haematobium, is the most prevalent human schistosome disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently control of schistosome infection is by treatment of infected people with the anthelmintic drug praziquantel, but there are calls for continued efforts to develop a vaccine against the parasites. In order for successful vaccine development, it is necessary to understand the biology and molecular characteristics of the parasite. Ultimately, there is need to understand the nature and dynamics of the relationship between the parasite and the natural host. Thus, my studies have focused on molecular characterization of different parasite stages and integrating this information with quantitative approaches to investigate the nature and development of protective immunity against schistosomes in humans. Proteomics has proved a powerful tool in these studies allowing the proteins expressed by the parasite to be characterized at a molecular and immunological level. In this review, the application of proteomic approaches to understanding the human-schistosome relationship as well as testing specific hypotheses on the nature and development of schistosome-specific immune responses is discussed. The contribution of these approaches to informing schistosome vaccine development is highlighted.
Collapse
|
80
|
Qi Y, Song XR, Shen JL, Xu YH, Shen Q, Luo QL, Zhong ZR, Wang W, Chu DY, Song WJ. Tim-2 up-regulation and galectin-9-Tim-3 pathway activation in Th2-biased response in Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice. Immunol Lett 2012; 144:60-6. [PMID: 22469568 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain (Tim) family, a new gene that expresses on the surface of T cells, plays a critical role in regulation of T cells response. Previous data have shown that Tim-3 expressed on Th1 cells promotes itself apoptosis. Tim-2 is preferentially up-regulated during Th2 differentiation and functions as a potent costimulatory molecule for T-cell immunity. The present study aims to learn whether Tims are responsible for Th2-biased response evoked by Schistosoma japonicum infection. The expressions of Tim-2 and Tim-3 in spleen lymphocytes from S. japonicum-infected mice were examined, and the possible role of galectin-9-Tim-3 pathway in Th2-biased response triggered by schistosome infection was discussed. Our results showed that Tim-2 mRNAs were up-regulated in the spleen of schistosome-infected mice, which coincided with elevated IL-4 gene expression. Administration of galectin-9 significantly induced apoptosis of naïve spleen lymphocytes with down-regulation IFN-γexpression in vitro. Additionally, Tim-3-Fc fusion protein notably enhanced Th1 cells and decreased Th2 cells in vitro. Thus, we concluded that pro-apoptotic effects on Th1 population through galectin-9-Tim-3 pathway and the up-regulation of Tim-2 on Th2 cells might be critical to Th2-biased response of host with schistosomiasis japonica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qi
- Provincial Key Laboratories of Microbiology & Parasitology, and Zoonoses Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Specific glycan elements determine differential binding of individual egg glycoproteins of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni by host C-type lectin receptors. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
82
|
Farias LP, Rodrigues D, Cunna V, Rofatto HK, Faquim-Mauro EL, Leite LCC. Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen like proteins present differential allergic responses in a murine model of airway inflammation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1510. [PMID: 22347513 PMCID: PMC3274501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Schistosoma mansoniVenom-Allergen-Like proteins (SmVALs) are members of the SCP/TAPS (Sperm-coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7) protein superfamily, which may be important in the host-pathogen interaction. Some of these molecules were suggested by us and others as potential immunomodulators and vaccine candidates, due to their functional classification, expression profile and predicted localization. From a vaccine perspective, one of the concerns is the potential allergic effect of these molecules. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein, we characterized the putative secreted proteins SmVAL4 and SmVAL26 and explored the mouse model of airway inflammation to investigate their potential allergenic properties. The respective recombinant proteins were obtained in the Pichia pastoris system and the purified proteins used to produce specific antibodies. SmVAL4 protein was revealed to be present only in the cercarial stage, increasing from 0–6 h in the secretions of newly transformed schistosomulum. SmVAL26 was identified only in the egg stage, mainly in the hatched eggs' fluid and also in the secretions of cultured eggs. Concerning the investigation of the allergic properties of these proteins in the mouse model of airway inflammation, SmVAL4 induced a significant increase in total cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, mostly due to an increase in eosinophils and macrophages, which correlated with increases in IgG1, IgE and IL-5, characterizing a typical allergic airway inflammation response. High titers of anaphylactic IgG1 were revealed by the Passive Cutaneous Anaphylactic (PCA) hypersensitivity assay. Additionally, in a more conventional protocol of immunization for vaccine trials, rSmVAL4 still induced high levels of IgG1 and IgE. Conclusions Our results suggest that members of the SmVAL family do present allergic properties; however, this varies significantly and therefore should be considered in the design of a schistosomiasis vaccine. Additionally, the murine model of airway inflammation proved to be useful in the investigation of allergic properties of potential vaccine candidates. The Schistosoma mansoni Venom Allergen Like proteins (SmVALs) have been identified in the Transcriptome and Post-Genomic studies as targets for immune interventions. Two secreted members of the family were obtained as recombinant proteins in the native conformation. Antibodies produced against them showed that SmVAL4 was present mostly in cercarial secretions and SmVAL26 in egg secretions and that only the native SmVAL4 contained carbohydrate moieties. Due to concerns with potential allergic characteristics of this class of molecules, we have explored the mouse model of airway inflammation in order to investigate these properties in a more confined system. Sensitization and challenge with rSmVAL4, but not rSmVAL26, induced extensive migration of cells to the lungs, mostly eosinophils and macrophages; moreover, immunological parameters were also characteristic of an allergic inflammatory response. Our results showed that the allergic potential of this class of proteins can be variable and that the vaccine candidates should be characterized; the mouse model of airway inflammation can be useful to evaluate these properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dunia Rodrigues
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vinicius Cunna
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - Luciana C. C. Leite
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Whole-genome sequence of Schistosoma haematobium. Nat Genet 2012; 44:221-5. [PMID: 22246508 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by blood flukes (genus Schistosoma; schistosomes) and affecting 200 million people worldwide. No vaccines are available, and treatment relies on one drug, praziquantel. Schistosoma haematobium has come into the spotlight as a major cause of urogenital disease, as an agent linked to bladder cancer and as a predisposing factor for HIV/AIDS. The parasite is transmitted to humans from freshwater snails. Worms dwell in blood vessels and release eggs that become embedded in the bladder wall to elicit chronic immune-mediated disease and induce squamous cell carcinoma. Here we sequenced the 385-Mb genome of S. haematobium using Illumina-based technology at 74-fold coverage and compared it to sequences from related parasites. We included genome annotation based on function, gene ontology, networking and pathway mapping. This genome now provides an unprecedented resource for many fundamental research areas and shows great promise for the design of new disease interventions.
Collapse
|
84
|
Abdulla MH, Lim KC, McKerrow JH, Caffrey CR. Proteomic identification of IPSE/alpha-1 as a major hepatotoxin secreted by Schistosoma mansoni eggs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1368. [PMID: 22039561 PMCID: PMC3201919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eggs deposited in the liver of the mammalian host by the blood fluke parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, normally drive a T-helper-2 (Th2)-mediated granulomatous response in immune-competent mice. By contrast, in mice deprived of T-cells and incapable of producing granulomata, egg-secreted proteins (ESP) induce acute hepatic injury and death. Previous work has shown that one such ESP, the T2 ribonuclease known as omega-1, is hepatotoxic in vivo in that specific antisera to omega-1 prevent hepatocyte damage. Methodology/Principal Findings Using an in vitro culture system employing mouse primary hepatocytes and alanine transaminase (ALT) activity as a marker of heptocyte injury, we demonstrated that S. mansoni eggs, egg-secreted proteins (ESP), soluble-egg antigen (SEA), and omega-1 are directly hepatotoxic and in a dose-dependent manner. Depletion of omega-1 using a monoclonal antibody abolished the toxicity of pure omega-1 and diminished the toxicity in ESP and SEA by 47 and 33%, respectively. Anion exchange chromatography of ESP yielded one predominant hepatotoxic fraction. Proteomics of that fraction identified the presence of IPSE/alpha-1 (IL-4 inducing principle from S. mansoni eggs), a known activator of basophils and inducer of Th2-type responses. Pure recombinant IPSE/alpha-1 also displayed a dose-dependent hepatotoxicity in vitro. Monoclonal antibody depletion of IPSE/alpha-1 abolished the latter's toxicity and diminished the total toxicity of ESP and SEA by 32 and 35%, respectively. Combined depletion of omega-1 and IPSE/alpha-1 diminished hepatotoxicity of ESP and SEA by 60 and 58% respectively. Conclusions We identified IPSE/alpha-1 as a novel hepatotoxin and conclude that both IPSE/alpha-1 and omega-1 account for the majority of the hepatotoxicity secreted by S. mansoni eggs. The flatworm disease, schistosomiasis, is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, South America and East Asia. A hallmark of infection with Schistosoma mansoni is the immune response to parasite eggs trapped in the liver and other organs. This response involves an infiltration of cells that surround the parasite egg forming a “granuloma.” In mice deprived of T-cells, this granulomatous response is lacking, and toxic products released by eggs quickly cause liver damage and death. Thus the granulomata protect the host from toxic egg products. Only one hepatotoxic molecule, omega-1, has been described to date. We set out to identify other S. mansoni egg hepatotoxins using liver cells grown in culture. We first showed that live eggs, their secretions, and pure omega-1 are toxic. Using a physical separation technique to prepare fractions from whole egg secretions, we identified the presence of IPSE/alpha-1, a protein that is known to strongly influence the immune system. We showed that IPSE/alpha-1 is also hepatotoxic, and that toxicity of both omega-1 and IPSE/alpha-1 can be prevented by first mixing the proteins with specific neutralizing antibodies. Both proteins constitute the majority of hepatotoxicity released by eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha-Hamadien Abdulla
- The Colorectal Research Center, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
The recombinant gut-associated M17 leucine aminopeptidase in combination with different adjuvants confers a high level of protection against Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep. Vaccine 2011; 29:9057-63. [PMID: 21939713 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica M17 leucine aminopeptidase (FhLAP) is thought to play a role in catabolizing peptides generated by the concerted activity of gut-associated endopeptidases on host polypeptides, thus releasing amino acids to be used in protein anabolism. In this study, a recombinant functional form of this homo hexameric metallopeptidase produced in Escherichia coli was used in combination with adjuvants of different types in a vaccination trial in Corriedale sheep against experimental challenge with F. hepatica metacercariae. The experimental assay consisted of 6 groups of 10 animals; 5 of the groups (1-5) were subcutaneously inoculated at weeks 0 and 4 with 100 μg of rFhLAP mixed with Freund's complete plus incomplete adjuvant (group 1), Alum (group 2), Adyuvac 50 (group 3), DEAE-D (group 4) and Ribi (group 5); the adjuvant control group (group 6) received Freund's adjuvant. Two weeks after the booster, the sheep were orally challenged with 200 metacercariae. Immunization with rFhLAP induced significant reduction in fluke burdens in all vaccinated groups: 83.8% in the Freund's group, 86.7% in the Alum group, 74.4% in the Adyuvac 50 group, 49.8% in the Ribi group and 49.5% in the DEAE-D group compared to the adjuvant control group. Morphometric analysis of recovered liver flukes showed no significant size modifications in the different vaccination groups. All vaccine preparations elicited specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 responses. This study shows that a liver fluke vaccine based on rFhLAP combined with different adjuvants significantly reduced worm burden in a ruminant species that was high in animals that received the enzyme along with the commercially approved adjuvants Alum and Adyuvac 50.
Collapse
|
86
|
deWalick S, Tielens AGM, van Hellemond JJ. Schistosoma mansoni: the egg, biosynthesis of the shell and interaction with the host. Exp Parasitol 2011; 132:7-13. [PMID: 21840309 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The schistosome eggshell is a hardened and tanned structure made from cross-linked proteins. It is synthesized within the female worm from many different kinds of proteins and glycoproteins. Once the egg is released in the circulation, the outer surface of the eggshell is exposed and hence a direct site of interaction between the parasite and the host. The major eggshell protein is p14, but about one third of the eggshell is made from common cellular proteins, some of which are known to be immunogenic. This has many consequences for parasite-host interactions. However, so far, the eggshell has gained little attention from researchers. We will discuss the structure of the eggshell and its role in granuloma formation, host factor binding and egg excretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia deWalick
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Parker-Manuel SJ, Ivens AC, Dillon GP, Wilson RA. Gene expression patterns in larval Schistosoma mansoni associated with infection of the mammalian host. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1274. [PMID: 21912711 PMCID: PMC3166049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infective schistosome cercaria develops within the intramolluscan daughter sporocyst from an undifferentiated germ ball, during which synthesis of proteins essential for infection occurs. When the aquatic cercaria locates the mammalian host it rapidly penetrates into the epidermis using glandular secretions. It then undergoes metamorphosis into the schistosomulum, including replacement of its tegument surface membranes, a process taking several days before it exits the skin. Patterns of gene expression underlying this transition have been characterised. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS All gene models from the S. mansoni genome (www.GeneDB.org) were incorporated into a high-density oligonucleotide array. Double-stranded cDNA from germ balls, cercariae, and day 3 schistosomula was hybridised to the array without amplification. Statistical analysis was performed using Bioconductor to reveal differentially transcribed loci. Genes were categorised on the basis of biological process, tissue association or molecular function to aid understanding of the complex processes occurring. Genes necessary for DNA replication were enriched only in the germ ball, while those involved in translation were up-regulated in the germ ball and/or day 3 schistosomulum. Different sets of developmental genes were up-regulated at each stage. A large number of genes encoding elastases and invadolysins, and some venom allergen-like proteins were up-regulated in the germ ball, those encoding cysteine and aspartic proteases in the cercaria and schistosomulum. Micro exon genes encoding variant secreted proteins were highly up-regulated in the schistosomulum along with tegument and gut-associated genes, coincident with remodelling of the parasite body. Genes encoding membrane proteins were prominently up-regulated in the cercaria and/or day 3 schistosomulum. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study highlights an expanded number of transcripts encoding proteins potentially involved in skin invasion. It illuminates the process of metamorphosis into the schistosomulum and highlights the very early activation of gut-associated genes whilst revealing little change in the parasite's energy metabolism or stress responses.
Collapse
|
88
|
Castro-Borges W, Simpson DM, Dowle A, Curwen RS, Thomas-Oates J, Beynon RJ, Wilson RA. Abundance of tegument surface proteins in the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni determined by QconCAT proteomics. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1519-33. [PMID: 21704203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The schistosome tegument provides a major interface with the host blood stream in which it resides. Our recent proteomic studies have identified a range of proteins present in the complex tegument structure, and two models of protective immunity have implicated surface proteins as mediating antigens. We have used the QconCAT technique to evaluate the relative and absolute amounts of tegument proteins identified previously. A concatamer comprising R- or K-terminated peptides was generated with [(13)C(6)] lysine/arginine amino acids. Two tegument surface preparations were each spiked with the purified SmQconCAT as a standard, trypsin digested, and subjected to MALDI ToF-MS. The absolute amounts of protein in the biological samples were determined by comparing the areas under the pairs of peaks, separated by 6m/z units, representing the light and heavy peptides derived from the biological sample and SmQconCAT, respectively. We report that aquaporin is the most abundant transmembrane protein, followed by two phosphohydrolases. Tetraspanin Tsp-2 and Annexin-2 are also abundant but transporters are scarce. Sm200 surface protein comprised the bulk of the GPI-anchored fraction and likely resides in the secreted membranocalyx. Two host IgGs were identified but in amounts much lower than their targets. The findings are interpreted in relation to the models of protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Castro-Borges
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Meevissen MHJ, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hokke CH. Schistosoma mansoni egg glycoproteins and C-type lectins of host immune cells: molecular partners that shape immune responses. Exp Parasitol 2011; 132:14-21. [PMID: 21616068 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Schistosome eggs and egg-derived molecules are potent immunomodulatory agents. There is increasing evidence that the interplay between egg glycoproteins and host C-type lectins plays an important role in shaping immune responses during schistosomiasis. As most experiments in this field so far have been performed using complex protein/glycoprotein mixtures or synthetic model glycoconjugates, it is still largely unclear which individual moieties of schistosome eggs are immunologically active. In this review we will discuss molecular aspects of Schistosoma mansoni egg glycoproteins, their interactions with C-type lectins, and the relevance to schistosome egg immunobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moniek H J Meevissen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Boukli NM, Delgado B, Ricaurte M, Espino AM. Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma mansoni: identification of common proteins by comparative proteomic analysis. J Parasitol 2011; 97:852-61. [PMID: 21506812 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2495.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not unusual to find common molecules among parasites of different species, genera, or phyla. When those molecules are antigenic, they may be used for developing drugs or vaccines that simultaneously target different species or genera of parasite. In the present study, we used a proteomic-based approach to identify proteins that are common to adult Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma mansoni. Whole-worm extracts from each parasite were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), and digital images of both proteomes were superimposed using imaging software to identify proteins with identical isoelectric points and molecular weights. Protein identities were determined by mass spectrometry. Imaging and immunoblot analyses identified 28 immunoreactive proteins that are common to both parasites. Among these molecules are antioxidant proteins (thioredoxin and glutathione-S-transferase), glycolytic enzymes (glyceraldehyde 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and enolase), proteolytic enzymes (cathepsin-L and -D), inhibitors (Kunitz-type, Stefin-1), proteins with chaperone activity (heat shock protein 70 and fatty acid-binding protein), and structural proteins (calcium-binding protein, actin, and myosin). Some of the identified proteins could be used to develop drugs and vaccines against fascioliasis and schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nawal M Boukli
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Dewalick S, Bexkens ML, van Balkom BWM, Wu YP, Smit CH, Hokke CH, de Groot PG, Heck AJR, Tielens AGM, van Hellemond JJ. The proteome of the insoluble Schistosoma mansoni eggshell skeleton. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:523-32. [PMID: 21236260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In schistosomiasis, the majority of symptoms of the disease is caused by the eggs that are trapped in the liver. These eggs elicit an immune reaction that leads to the formation of granulomas. The eggshell, which is a rigid insoluble structure built from cross-linked proteins, is the site of direct interaction between the egg and the immune system. However, the exact protein composition of the insoluble eggshell was previously unknown. To identify the proteins of the eggshell of Schistosoma mansoni we performed LC-MS/MS analysis, immunostaining and amino acid analysis on eggshell fragments. For this, eggshell protein skeleton was prepared by thoroughly cleaning eggshells in a four-step stripping procedure of increasing strength including urea and SDS to remove all material that is not covalently linked to the eggshell itself, but is part of the inside of the egg, such as Reynold's layer, von Lichtenberg's envelope and the miracidium. We identified 45 proteins of which the majority are non-structural proteins and non-specific for eggs, but are house-keeping proteins that are present in large quantities in worms and miracidia. Some of these proteins are known to be immunogenic, such as HSP70, GST and enolase. In addition, a number of schistosome-specific proteins with unknown function and no homology to any known annotated protein were found to be incorporated in the eggshell. Schistosome-specific glycoconjugates were also shown to be present on the eggshell protein skeleton. This study also confirmed that the putative eggshell protein p14 contributes largely to the eggshell. Together, these results give new insights into eggshell composition as well as eggshell formation. Those proteins that are present at the site and time of eggshell formation are incorporated in the cross-linked eggshell and this cross-linking does no longer occur when the miracidium starts secreting proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Dewalick
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Interleukin-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs contains a functional C-terminal nuclear localization signal necessary for nuclear translocation in mammalian cells but not for its uptake. Infect Immun 2011; 79:1779-88. [PMID: 21220486 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01048-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4-inducing principle from schistosome eggs (IPSE/alpha-1) is a protein produced exclusively by the eggs of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni. IPSE/alpha-1 is a secretory glycoprotein which activates human basophils via an IgE-dependent but non-antigen-specific mechanism. Sequence analyses revealed a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the C terminus of IPSE/alpha-1. Here we show that this sequence (125-PKRRRTY-131) is both necessary and sufficient for nuclear localization of IPSE or IPSE-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusions. While transiently expressed EGFP-IPSE/alpha-1 was exclusively nuclear in the Huh7 and U-2 OS cell lines, a mutant lacking amino acids 125 to 134 showed both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. Moreover, insertion of the IPSE/alpha-1 NLS into a tetra-EGFP construct rendered the protein nuclear. Alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed a requirement for the KRRR residues. Fluorescence microscopy depicted, and Western blotting further confirmed, that recombinant IPSE/alpha-1 protein added exogenously is rapidly internalized by CHO cells and accumulates in nuclei in an NLS-dependent manner. A mutant protein in which the NLS motif was disrupted by triple mutation (RRR to AAA) was able to penetrate CHO cells but did not translocate to the nucleus. Furthermore, the uptake of native glycosylated IPSE/alpha-1 was confirmed in human primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells and was found to be a calcium- and temperature-dependent process. Live-cell imaging showed that IPSE/alpha-1 is not targeted to lysosomes. In contrast, peripheral blood basophils do not take up IPSE/alpha-1 and do not require the presence of an intact NLS for activation. Taken together, our results suggest that IPSE/alpha-1 may have additional nuclear functions in host cells.
Collapse
|
93
|
Ghanem LY, Dahmen U, Dirsch O, Nosseir MM, Mahmoud SS, Mansour WA. Does granulocyte-colony stimulating factor administration induce damage or repair response in schistosomiasis? World J Hepatol 2010; 2:434-41. [PMID: 21191519 PMCID: PMC3010513 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i12.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To introduce Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a new therapeutic modality for schistosomiasis through stem cell mobilization, immunomodulation or fibrosis remodeling. METHODS In this study, a 5 d course of human recombinant G-CSF (100 μg/kg sc) was applied to Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice at different stages of disease (5 d before infection as well as 3, 5 and 7 wk post-infection). The animals were sacrificed at 10 d as well as 4, 6 and 8 wk post infection. Mice were examined for: (1) Total leukocyte count which is an accepted surrogate marker for the stem cell mobilization into the circulation; (2) Egg count in intestine and liver tissue to assess the parasitic load; and (3) Histopathological changes in Hx/E and Masson trichrome stained sections as well as collagen content in Sirius red-stained liver sections to determine the severity of liver fibrosis. RESULTS Mice developed leukocytosis. The egg load and the number of granulomas were not affected by the G-CSF treatment but there was an obvious change in the composition of granulomas towards an increased cellularity. Moreover, fibrosis was significantly decreased in treated groups compared to untreated animals (collagen content either preinfection or at 3 and 5 wk post infection: 5.8 ± 0.5, 4.7 ± 0.5, 4.0 ± 0.7 vs 8.2 ± 0.9; P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSION Although G-CSF did not cause direct elimination of the parasite, it enhanced granulomatous reaction and reduced the fibrosis. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of these two actions is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Y Ghanem
- Lobna Y Ghanem, Department of Electron Microscope, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, PO Box 30 Imbaba, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Schramm G, Haas H. Th2 immune response against Schistosoma mansoni infection. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:881-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
95
|
Taft AS, Yoshino TP. Cloning and functional characterization of two calmodulin genes during larval development in the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 2010; 97:72-81. [PMID: 21348610 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2586.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is endemic in over 70 countries, in which more than 200 million people are infected with the various schistosome species. Understanding the physiological processes underlying key developmental events could be useful in developing novel chemotherapeutic reagents or infection intervention strategies. Calmodulin is a small, calcium-sensing protein found in all eukaryotes and, although the protein has been previously identified in various Schistosoma mansoni stages and implicated in egg hatching and miracidia transformation, few molecular and functional data are available for this essential protein. Herein, we report the molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization of calmodulin in the miracidia and primary sporocyst stages of S. mansoni. Two transcripts, SmCaM1 and SmCaM2, were cloned and sequenced, and a recombinant SmCaM1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and used to generate anti-CaM antibodies. The 2 protein sequences were highly conserved when compared to other model organisms. The alignment of the predicted proteins of both SmCaM1 and SmCaM2 exhibited 99% identity to each other and 97-98% identity with mammalian calmodulins. Analysis of steady-state transcript abundance indicate that the 2 calmodulin transcripts differ in their stage-associated expression patterns, although the CaM protein isotype appears to be constitutively expressed during early larval development. Application of RNAi to larval parasites results in a "stunted growth" phenotype in sporocysts with 30 and 35% reduction in transcript abundance for SmCaM1 and SmCaM2, respectively, and a corresponding 35% reduction in protein level after incubation in double-stranded RNA. Differential expression of CaM transcripts during early larval development and a growth defect-inducing effect associated with partial transcript and protein inhibition as a result of RNAi suggest a potentially important role of calmodulin during early larval development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Taft
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
DeMarco R, Mathieson W, Manuel SJ, Dillon GP, Curwen RS, Ashton PD, Ivens AC, Berriman M, Verjovski-Almeida S, Wilson RA. Protein variation in blood-dwelling schistosome worms generated by differential splicing of micro-exon gene transcripts. Genome Res 2010; 20:1112-21. [PMID: 20606017 PMCID: PMC2909574 DOI: 10.1101/gr.100099.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is a well-adapted blood-dwelling parasitic helminth, persisting for decades in its human host despite being continually exposed to potential immune attack. Here, we describe in detail micro-exon genes (MEG) in S. mansoni, some present in multiple copies, which represent a novel molecular system for creating protein variation through the alternate splicing of short (< or =36 bp) symmetric exons organized in tandem. Analysis of three closely related copies of one MEG family allowed us to trace several evolutionary events and propose a mechanism for micro-exon generation and diversification. Microarray experiments show that the majority of MEGs are up-regulated in life cycle stages associated with establishment in the mammalian host after skin penetration. Sequencing of RT-PCR products allowed the description of several alternate splice forms of micro-exon genes, highlighting the potential use of these transcripts to generate a complex pool of protein variants. We obtained direct evidence for the existence of such pools by proteomic analysis of secretions from migrating schistosomula and mature eggs. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunolocalization showed that MEG transcripts and proteins were restricted to glands or epithelia exposed to the external environment. The ability of schistosomes to produce a complex pool of variant proteins aligns them with the other major groups of blood parasites, but using a completely different mechanism. We believe that our data open a new chapter in the study of immune evasion by schistosomes, and their ability to generate variant proteins could represent a significant obstacle to vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo DeMarco
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Anthony B, Mathieson W, de Castro-Borges W, Allen J. Schistosoma mansoni: egg-induced downregulation of hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:409-20. [PMID: 20045695 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eggs of Schistosoma mansoni trapped in human liver can lead to fibrosis. Since liver fibrosis requires activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) from a quiescent to a myofibroblastic phenotype, we investigated the effects of S. mansoni eggs on this process using in vitro co-cultures with human HSC and evaluated established biomarkers for activation and fibrosis. HSC demonstrate significantly reduced expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (p<0.001), connective tissue growth factor (p<0.01) and type I collagen (p<0.001) but significantly increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (p<0.01). Morphologically, HSC exhibited elongated fine cellular processes and reduced size, increased accumulation of lipid droplets and reduced expression and organization of alpha-smooth muscle actin and F-actin stress fibres. Additionally, schistosome eggs prevented the HSC fibrogenic response to exogenous transforming growth factor-beta. In summary, schistosome eggs blocked fibrogenesis in HSC, a finding which may have implications for our understanding of the fibrotic pathology in S. mansoni infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barrie Anthony
- Centre for Parasitology and Disease, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|