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Ndumbi P, Gillis J, Raboud J, Cooper C, Hogg RS, Montaner JSG, Burchell AN, Loutfy MR, Machouf N, Klein MB, Tsoukas C. Characteristics and determinants of T-cell phenotype normalization in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2013; 15:153-64. [DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Ndumbi
- McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Canada
| | - J Gillis
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
| | - J Raboud
- Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
- University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - C Cooper
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Canada
| | - RS Hogg
- Simon Fraser University; Burnaby Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS; Vancouver Canada
| | - JSG Montaner
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS; Vancouver Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - AN Burchell
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network; Toronto Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - MR Loutfy
- University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute; Toronto Canada
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic; Toronto Canada
| | - N Machouf
- Clinique Médicale l'Actuel; Montreal Canada
| | - MB Klein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service; McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Canada
| | - C Tsoukas
- McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Canada
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52
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Condotta SA, Cabrera-Perez J, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. T-cell-mediated immunity and the role of TRAIL in sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Crit Rev Immunol 2013; 33:23-40. [PMID: 23510024 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2013006721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in most intensive care units, and the death of septic patients usually does not result from the initial septic event but rather from subsequent nosocomial infections. Patients who survive severe sepsis often display severely compromised immune function. Not only is there significant apoptosis of lymphoid and myeloid cells that depletes critical components of the immune system during sepsis, there is also decreased function of the remaining immune cells. Studies of animals and humans suggest the immune defects that occur during sepsis may be critical to pathogenesis and subsequent mortality. This review focuses on sepsis-induced alterations with the cluster differentiation (CD) 8 T-cell compartment that can affect the control of secondary heterologous infections. Understanding how a septic event directly influences CD8 T-cell populations through apoptotic death and homeostatic proliferation and indirectly by immune-mediated suppression will provide valuable starting points for developing new treatment options.
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53
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Rodriguez GM, D'Urbano D, Bobbala D, Chen XL, Yeganeh M, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran S. SOCS1 prevents potentially skin-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes from gaining the ability to cause inflammatory lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2013-22. [PMID: 23443260 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is a critical regulator of T lymphocyte homeostasis. SOCS1-deficient mice accumulate CD8(+) T cells, which display a memory-like phenotype and proliferate strongly to IL-15. Socs1(-/-) mice develop inflammatory skin lesions, however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In order to investigate the role of SOCS1 in regulating CD8(+) T cells potentially reactive to tissue antigens (Ags) of the skin, we generated Socs1(-/-) mice expressing MHC-I-restricted Pmel-1 transgenic TCR specific to the melanoma-derived gp100 Ag, which is also expressed by normal melanocytes. Socs1(-/-) Pmel-1 cells express increased levels of memory markers CD44, Ly6C, CD122, and CD62L, and show downregulation of TCR and upregulation of CD5, suggesting in vivo TCR stimulation. However, stimulation of Socs1(-/-)Pmel-1 cells with gp100-derived peptide induced only marginal proliferation in vitro despite eliciting strong effector functions, which was associated with elevated Blimp-1 induction. Following adoptive transfer to Rag1(-/-) mice, Socs1(-/-)Pmel-1 cells underwent lymphopenia-induced proliferation and caused severe skin pathology characterized by inflammatory lesions in ears, muzzle, extremities, and eyes. These findings underscore the importance of SOCS1 in regulating potentially skin-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which could get activated under conditions that promote Ag-nonspecific, cytokine-driven proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galaxia Maria Rodriguez
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Koni PA, Bolduc A, Takezaki M, Ametani Y, Huang L, Lee JR, Nutt SL, Kamanaka M, Flavell RA, Mellor AL, Tsubata T, Shimoda M. Constitutively CD40-activated B cells regulate CD8 T cell inflammatory response by IL-10 induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3189-96. [PMID: 23440421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
B cells are exposed to high levels of CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) in chronic inflammatory diseases. In addition, B cells expressing both CD40 and CD40L have been identified in human diseases such as autoimmune diseases and lymphoma. However, how such constitutively CD40-activated B cells under inflammation may impact on T cell response remains unknown. Using a mouse model in which B cells express a CD40L transgene (CD40LTg) and receive autocrine CD40/CD40L signaling, we show that CD40LTg B cells stimulated memory-like CD4 and CD8 T cells to express IL-10. This IL-10 expression by CD8 T cells was dependent on IFN-I and programmed cell death protein 1, and was critical for CD8 T cells to counterregulate their overactivation. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of naive CD8 T cells in RAG-1(-/-) mice normally induces colitis in association with IL-17 and IFN-γ cytokine production. Using this model, we show that adoptive cotransfer of CD40LTg B cells, but not wild-type B cells, significantly reduced IL-17 response and regulated colitis in association with IL-10 induction in CD8 T cells. Thus, B cells expressing CD40L can be a therapeutic goal to regulate inflammatory CD8 T cell response by IL-10 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandelakis A Koni
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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55
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Zonios D, Sheikh V, Sereti I. Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia: a case of missing, wandering or ineffective T cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:222. [PMID: 22971990 PMCID: PMC3580591 DOI: 10.1186/ar4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a presumed heterogenous syndrome with key element low CD4 T-cell counts (below 300/mm3) without evidence of HIV infection or other known immunodeficiency. The etiology, pathogenesis, and management of ICL remain poorly understood and inadequately defined. The clinical presentation can range from serious opportunistic infections to incidentally diagnosed asymptomatic individuals. Cryptococcal and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy are the most significant presenting infections, although the spectrum of opportunistic diseases can be similar to that in patients with lymphopenia and HIV infection. Malignancy is common and related to opportunistic pathogens with an oncogenic potential. Autoimmune diseases are also seen in ICL with an increased incidence. The etiology of ICL is unknown. Mechanisms implicated in CD4 reduction may include decreased production, increased destruction, and tissue sequestration. New distinct genetic defects have been identified in certain patients with ICL, supporting the hypothesis of the lack of a common etiology in this syndrome. The management of ICL is focused on the treatment of opportunistic infections, appropriate prophylactic antibiotics, and close monitoring. In selected patients with life-threatening infections or profound immunodeficiency, strategies to increase T-cell counts or enhance immune function could be considered and have included interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, interleukin-7, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The prognosis is influenced by the accompanying opportunistic infections and may be affected by publication bias of severe cases with unfavorable outcomes. As newer laboratory investigation techniques are being developed and targeted experimental treatments become available, our comprehension and prognosis of this rare syndrome could be significantly improved.
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56
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Garcia S, Freitas AA. Humanized mice: Current states and perspectives. Immunol Lett 2012; 146:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Nedergaard MK, Hedegaard CJ, Poulsen HS. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in solid tumor malignancies. BioDrugs 2012; 26:83-99. [PMID: 22385404 DOI: 10.2165/11599760-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is over-expressed, as well as mutated, in many types of cancers. In particular, the EGFR variant type III mutant (EGFRvIII) has attracted much attention as it is frequently and exclusively found on many tumor cells, and hence both EGFR and EGFRvIII have been proposed as valid targets in many cancer therapy settings. Different strategies have been developed in order to either inhibit EGFR/EGFRvIII activity or to ablate EGFR/EGFRvIII-positive tumor cells. Drugs that inhibit these receptors include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to the extracellular part of EGFR, blocking the binding sites for the EGFR ligands, and intracellular tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that block the ATP binding site of the tyrosine kinase domain. Besides an EGFRvIII-targeted vaccine, conjugated anti-EGFR mAbs have been used in different settings to deliver lethal agents to the EGFR/EGFRvIII-positive cells; among these are radio-labelled mAbs and immunotoxins. This article reviews the current status and efficacy of EGFR/EGFRvIII-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette K Nedergaard
- Department of Radiation Biology, Finsencenter, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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58
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Abstract
Control of the alloimmune response requires elimination and/or suppression of alloreactive immune cells. Lymphodepleting induction therapies are increasingly used to accomplish this goal, both as part of tolerance induction protocols or to reduce the requirements for maintenance immunosuppression in the peritransplant setting. However, it is well recognized that lymphopenia induces compensatory proliferation of immune cells, generally termed ``homeostatic proliferation,'' which favors the emergence of memory T cells. Paradoxically therefore, the result may be a situation that favors graft rejection and/or makes tolerance difficult to achieve or sustain. Yet all depletion is not alike, particularly with respect to the timing of reconstitution and the types of cells that repopulate the host. Thus, to design more effective induction strategies it is important to understand the homeostatic mechanisms, which exist to maintain a balanced repertoire of naïve and memory T and B cells in the periphery and how they respond to lymphodepletion. Here we will review the biology of homeostatic proliferation stimulated by lymphopenia, the effects of specific depleting agents on reconstitution of the T- and B-cell immune repertoire, drawing from both from animal models and human experience, and potential strategies to enhance allodepletion while minimizing the adverse effects of homeostatic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Tchao
- Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, CA, USA
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59
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Do JS, Foucras G, Kamada N, Schenk AF, Shaw M, Nuñez G, Paul WE, Min B. Both exogenous commensal and endogenous self antigens stimulate T cell proliferation under lymphopenic conditions. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:117-23. [PMID: 22169530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within lymphopenic recipients, naïve T cells undergo proliferation that is induced by homeostatic mechanisms. Earlier studies have demonstrated that commensal antigens play a key role in inducing the proliferation. However, a relative contribution of endogenous self antigens in this process has not been formally investigated. In this study, we utilized a pharmacologic inhibitor that blocks T cell egress from the lymphoid tissues, antibiotics, and germ-free animals to examine the role of commensal and self antigens. The results suggest that T cell proliferation under lymphopenic conditions is a heterogeneous process triggered by both exogenous commensal and endogenous self antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-su Do
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
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60
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Aksoylar HI, Lampe K, Barnes MJ, Plas DR, Hoebe K. Loss of immunological tolerance in Gimap5-deficient mice is associated with loss of Foxo in CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:146-54. [PMID: 22106000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported the abrogation of quiescence and reduced survival in lymphocytes from Gimap5(sph/sph) mice, an ENU germline mutant with a missense mutation in the GTPase of immunity-associated protein 5 (Gimap5). These mice showed a progressive loss of peripheral lymphocyte populations and developed spontaneous colitis, resulting in early mortality. In this study, we identify the molecular pathways that contribute to the onset of colitis in Gimap5(sph/sph) mice. We show that CD4(+) T cells become Th1/Th17 polarized and are critically important for the development of colitis. Concomitantly, regulatory T cells become reduced in frequency in the peripheral tissues, and their immunosuppressive capacity becomes impaired. Most importantly, these progressive changes in CD4(+) T cells are associated with the loss of Forkheadbox group O (Foxo)1, Foxo3, and Foxo4 expression. Our data establish a novel link between Gimap5 and Foxo expression and provide evidence for a regulatory mechanism that controls Foxo protein expression and may help to maintain immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ibrahim Aksoylar
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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61
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Housley WJ, Adams CO, Vang AG, Brocke S, Nichols FC, LaCombe M, Rajan TV, Clark RB. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is required for CD4+ T cell-mediated lymphopenia-associated autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4161-9. [PMID: 21908737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was shown to play an immunoregulatory role in many immune-related cell types, and activation of PPARγ was reported to be an effective therapeutic approach in murine and human autoimmune disease. However, despite an association between lymphopenia and autoimmunity, there has been no study on the role of T cell PPARγ in lymphopenia-associated autoimmunity. In the present studies, we examined the role of PPARγ in CD4(+) T cells in two murine models of lymphopenia-associated autoimmunity. Surprisingly, we found that PPARγ expression in CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells (T effector cells [Teffs]) is actually required for development of autoimmunity under lymphopenic conditions. Mechanistically, the inability of PPARγ-deficient (T-PPAR) Teffs to mediate lymphopenic autoimmunity is associated with a significant decrease in accumulation of Teffs in the spleen, lymph nodes, and tissues after adoptive transfer. This abnormal accumulation of T-PPAR Teffs was associated with defects in both in vivo proliferation and survival. Additionally, T-PPAR Teffs demonstrated decreased cytokine production in inflammatory sites and decreased expression of the homing receptor α4β7. Finally, these abnormalities in T-PPAR Teff function were not elicited by lymphopenia alone but also required the additional activation involved in the mediation of autoimmunity. Thus, in contrast to its documented immunosuppressive role, we identified an unexpected function for PPARγ in Teffs: a role in Teff proliferation and survival in lymphopenia-associated autoimmunity. These findings highlight both the multifunctional role of PPARγ in T cells and the complexity of PPARγ as a potential therapeutic target in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Housley
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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62
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Collins EL, Jager LD, Dabelic R, Benitez P, Holdstein K, Lau K, Haider MI, Johnson HM, Larkin J. Inhibition of SOCS1-/- lethal autoinflammatory disease correlated to enhanced peripheral Foxp3+ regulatory T cell homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2666-76. [PMID: 21788442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1-deficient (SOCS1(-/-)) mice, which are lymphopenic, die <3 wk after birth of a T cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by leukocyte infiltration and destruction of vital organs. Notably, Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be particularly potent in inhibiting inflammation-associated autoimmune diseases. We observed that SOCS1(-/-) mice were deficient in peripheral Tregs despite enhanced thymic development. The adoptive transfer of SOCS1-sufficient Tregs, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, or administration of SOCS1 kinase inhibitory region (KIR), a peptide that partially restores SOCS1 function, mediated a statistically significant but short-term survival of SOCS1(-/-) mice. However, the adoptive transfer of SOCS1-sufficient CD4(+) T lymphocytes, combined with the administration of SOCS1-KIR, resulted in a significant increase in the survival of SOCS1(-/-) mice both short and long term, where 100% death occurred by day 18 in the absence of treatment. Moreover, the CD4(+)/SOCS1-KIR combined therapy resulted in decreased leukocytic organ infiltration, reduction of serum IFN-γ, and enhanced peripheral accumulation of Foxp3(+) Tregs in treated mice. These data show that CD4(+)/SOCS1-KIR combined treatment can synergistically promote the long-term survival of perinatal lethal SOCS1(-/-) mice. In addition, these results strongly suggest that SOCS1 contributes to the stability of the Foxp3(+) Treg peripheral population under conditions of strong proinflammatory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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63
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Kekäläinen E, Lehto MK, Smeds E, Miettinen A, Meri S, Jarva H, Arstila TP. Defective central tolerance in Aire-deficient mice is not sufficient to induce symptomatic autoimmunity during lymphopenia-induced T cell proliferation. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:71-9. [PMID: 21352256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulator autoimmune regulator (AIRE) controls thymic negative selection but it is also expressed in secondary lymphoid organs. The relative contribution of AIRE's central and peripheral function to the maintenance of tolerance is unclear. We transferred mature lymphocytes from Aire(-/-) or wild-type donors to Aire(+/+) lymphopenic recipients, which allowed us to gauge the autoreactivity inherent in the cells originating in an Aire(-/-) thymus. In the ensuing lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP), the recipients of cells from Aire(-/-) showed definite T cell hyperproliferation and developed autoantibodies at a higher frequency than the recipients of wild-type cells. However, neither of the recipient groups developed clinical symptoms, and pathological tissue infiltrates were also absent. The recipients of Aire(-/-) cells showed hyperproliferation and increased accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), especially in tissues susceptible to inflammation triggered by LIP. These data are consistent with the view that T cells developing in the absence of Aire are autoreactive. However, overt autoimmunity was prevented, most likely by the suppressive function of Treg cells in the Aire-sufficient recipients. Our results support the importance of the peripheral AIRE expression in the maintenance of immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kekäläinen
- Department of Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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64
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Pugliese A, Reijonen HK, Nepom J, Burke GW. Recurrence of autoimmunity in pancreas transplant patients: research update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:229-238. [PMID: 21927622 DOI: 10.2217/dmt.10.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder leading to loss of pancreatic β-cells and insulin secretion, followed by insulin dependence. Islet and whole pancreas transplantation restore insulin secretion. Pancreas transplantation is often performed together with a kidney transplant in patients with end-stage renal disease. With improved immunosuppression, immunological failures of whole pancreas grafts have become less frequent and are usually categorized as chronic rejection. However, growing evidence indicates that chronic islet autoimmunity may eventually lead to recurrent diabetes, despite immunosuppression to prevent rejection. Thus, islet autoimmunity should be included in the diagnostic work-up of graft failure and ideally should be routinely assessed pretransplant and on follow-up in Type 1 diabetes recipients of pancreas and islet cell transplants. There is a need to develop new treatment regimens that can control autoimmunity, as this may not be effectively suppressed by conventional immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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65
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Osborne LC, Patton DT, Seo JH, Abraham N. Elevated IL-7 Availability Does Not Account for T Cell Proliferation in Moderate Lymphopenia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:1981-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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66
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Sampson JH, Aldape KD, Archer GE, Coan A, Desjardins A, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, Gilbert MR, Herndon JE, McLendon RE, Mitchell DA, Reardon DA, Sawaya R, Schmittling R, Shi W, Vredenburgh JJ, Bigner DD, Heimberger AB. Greater chemotherapy-induced lymphopenia enhances tumor-specific immune responses that eliminate EGFRvIII-expressing tumor cells in patients with glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2010; 13:324-33. [PMID: 21149254 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is a tumor-specific mutation widely expressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and other neoplasms, but absent from normal tissues. Immunotherapeutic targeting of EGFRvIII could eliminate neoplastic cells more precisely but may be inhibited by concurrent myelosuppressive chemotherapy like temozolomide (TMZ), which produces a survival benefit in GBM. A phase II, multicenter trial was undertaken to assess the immunogenicity of an experimental EGFRvIII-targeted peptide vaccine in patients with GBM undergoing treatment with serial cycles of standard-dose (STD) (200 mg/m(2) per 5 days) or dose-intensified (DI) TMZ (100 mg/m(2) per 21 days). All patients receiving STD TMZ exhibited at least a transient grade 2 lymphopenia, whereas those receiving DI TMZ exhibited a sustained grade 3 lymphopenia (<500 cells/μL). CD3(+) T-cell (P = .005) and B-cell (P = .004) counts were reduced significantly only in the DI cohort. Patients in the DI cohort had an increase in the proportion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (T(Reg); P = .008). EGFRvIII-specific immune responses developed in all patients treated with either regimen, but the DI TMZ regimen produced humoral (P = .037) and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses (P = .036) of greater magnitude. EGFRvIII-expressing tumor cells were also eradicated in nearly all patients (91.6%; CI(95): 64.0%-99.8%; P < .0001). The median progression-free survival (15.2 months; CI(95): 11.0-18.5 months; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.35; P = .024) and overall survival (23.6 months; CI(95): 18.5-33.1 months; HR = 0.23; P = .019) exceeded those of historical controls matched for entry criteria and adjusted for known prognostic factors. EGFRvIII-targeted vaccination induces patient immune responses despite therapeutic TMZ-induced lymphopenia and eliminates EGFRvIII-expressing tumor cells without autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Sampson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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67
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Goiman EV, Kudaeva OT, Ilyina NA, Borisov VI, Kozhevnikov VS, Kolesnikova OP, Kozlov VA. Processes of homeostatic proliferation in the pathogenesis of autoimmune glomerulonephritis induced by chronic graft-versus-host reaction. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 149:54-6. [PMID: 21113458 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphopenia developing at the early stage of chronic graft-versus-host reaction is associated with increased content of IL-7 in the peripheral blood and leads to an increase of the CD4(+)and CD8(+)cell subpopulations in the spleen of the recipient. After 3 months, some animals develop autoimmune glomerulonephritis (lupus recipients). High levels of IL-7 and T-cells with the memory cell phenotype (CD4(+)CD45RB(low)and CD8(+)CD45RB(low)) persist in these animals, in contrast to nonlupus recipients without signs of autoimmune disease. This can attest to the involvement of homeostatic proliferation processes in the formation of autoimmune disease in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Goiman
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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68
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Galgani M, Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Carbone F, Chieffi P, La Cava A, Matarese G. Leptin Modulates the Survival of Autoreactive CD4+ T Cells through the Nutrient/Energy-Sensing Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7474-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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69
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Esparza EM, Takeshita J, George E. Lymphomatoid hypersensitivity reaction to levofloxacin during autologous stem cell transplantation: a potential diagnostic pitfall in patients treated for lymphoma or leukemia. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 38:33-7. [PMID: 20887372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug-associated cutaneous lymphomatoid hypersensitivity reactions are rare eruptions that can clinically and microscopically mimic a bona fide lymphomatous process. Clinically, the appearance ranges from papulosquamous to purpuric. Histopathologically, these reactions simulate a wide variety of lymphoma subtypes; the most frequently reported examples resemble mycosis fungoides. We report a 61-year-old female who developed a purpuric eruption prior to engraftment of an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant for stage IV mantle cell lymphoma. Skin biopsies showed a superficial perivascular and interstitial infiltrate of large, immature-appearing mononuclear cells associated with spongiosis, papillary dermal edema and erythrocyte extravasation. The cells were immunoreactive for T-cell markers and lacked B-cell marker expression, excluding recurrence of the underlying mantle cell lymphoma as a diagnostic possibility. The cutaneous eruption was temporally linked to levofloxacin administration and resolved after discontinuation of this medication. This is the first report of a lymphomatoid hypersensitivity reaction associated with fluoroquinolone use. The histopathologic features presented in this paper underscore the potential for misdiagnosis of such lesions as lymphoma or acute myeloid leukemia, particularly in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for underlying lymphoma or leukemia. Clinical correlation, morphologic comparison to the original malignancy and immunohistochemical studies aid the dermatopathologist in rendering the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Esparza
- Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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70
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Le Saout C, Villard M, Cabasse C, Jacquet C, Taylor N, Hernandez J. IL-2 mediates CD4+ T cell help in the breakdown of memory-like CD8+ T cell tolerance under lymphopenic conditions. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12659. [PMID: 20856822 PMCID: PMC2939396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphopenia results in the proliferation and differentiation of naïve T cells into memory-like cells in the apparent absence of antigenic stimulation. This response, at least in part due to a greater availability of cytokines, is thought to promote anti-self responses. Although potentially autoreactive memory-like CD8+ T cells generated in a lymphopenic environment are subject to the mechanisms of peripheral tolerance, they can induce autoimmunity in the presence of antigen-specific memory-like CD4+ T helper cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we studied the mechanisms underlying CD4 help under lymphopenic conditions in transgenic mice expressing a model antigen in the beta cells of the pancreas. Surprisingly, we found that the self-reactivity mediated by the cooperation of memory-like CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was not abrogated by CD40L blockade. In contrast, treatment with anti-IL-2 antibodies inhibited the onset of autoimmunity. IL-2 neutralization prevented the CD4-mediated differentiation of memory-like CD8+ T cells into pathogenic effectors in response to self-antigen cross-presentation. Furthermore, in the absence of helper cells, induction of IL-2 signaling by an IL-2 immune complex was sufficient to promote memory-like CD8+ T cell self-reactivity. Conclusions/Significance IL-2 mediates the cooperation of memory-like CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the breakdown of cross-tolerance, resulting in effector cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation and the induction of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Saout
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Villard
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Clémence Cabasse
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Jacquet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Hernandez
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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71
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Matsuoka KI, Kim HT, McDonough S, Bascug G, Warshauer B, Koreth J, Cutler C, Ho VT, Alyea EP, Antin JH, Soiffer RJ, Ritz J. Altered regulatory T cell homeostasis in patients with CD4+ lymphopenia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1479-93. [PMID: 20389017 DOI: 10.1172/jci41072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs have an indispensable role in the maintenance of tolerance after allogeneic HSC transplantation (HSCT). Patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have fewer circulating Tregs, but the mechanisms that lead to this deficiency of Tregs after HSCT are not known. Here, we analyzed reconstitution of Tregs and conventional CD4+ T cells (Tcons) in patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT after myeloablative conditioning. Following transplant, thymic generation of naive Tregs was markedly impaired, and reconstituting Tregs had a predominantly activated/memory phenotype. In response to CD4+ lymphopenia after HSCT, Tregs underwent higher levels of proliferation than Tcons, but Tregs undergoing homeostatic proliferation also showed increased susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Prospective monitoring of CD4+ T cell subsets revealed that Tregs rapidly expanded and achieved normal levels by 9 months after HSCT, but Treg levels subsequently declined in patients with prolonged CD4+ lymphopenia. This resulted in a relative deficiency of Tregs, which was associated with a high incidence of extensive chronic GVHD. These studies indicate that CD4+ lymphopenia is a critical factor in Treg homeostasis and that prolonged imbalance of Treg homeostasis after HSCT can result in loss of tolerance and significant clinical disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Matsuoka
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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72
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Winstead CJ, Reilly CS, Moon JJ, Jenkins MK, Hamilton SE, Jameson SC, Way SS, Khoruts A. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells optimize diversity of the conventional T cell repertoire during reconstitution from lymphopenia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4749-60. [PMID: 20357265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The functional capacity of the adaptive immune system is dependent on the size and the diversity of the T cell population. In states of lymphopenia, T cells are driven to proliferate to restore the T cell population size. However, different T cell clones proliferate at different rates, and some T cells experience burst-like expansion called spontaneous lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP). These T cells are likely receiving stimulation from cognate Ags and are most responsible for inflammatory pathology that can emerge in lymphopenic states. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) selectively inhibit spontaneous LIP, which may contribute to their ability to prevent lymphopenia-associated autoimmunity. We hypothesized that another potential negative consequence of unrestrained spontaneous LIP is constriction of the total T cell repertoire. We demonstrate that the absence of Foxp3(+) Tregs during the period of immune reconstitution results in the development of TCR repertoire "holes" and the loss of Ag-specific responsiveness to infectious microorganisms. In contrast, the presence of Tregs during the period of immune reconstitution preserves optimal TCR diversity and foreign Ag responsiveness. This finding contrasts with the generally accepted immunosuppressive role of Tregs and provides another example of Treg activity that actually enhances immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Winstead
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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73
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Abstract
Functional inactivation of self-reactive T lymphocytes contributes to the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance. At the same time, tolerance induction limits immune responses against tumors expressing tolerizing self-antigens. Some cancer therapies include the adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive T lymphocytes into lymphopenic patients. Lymphopenia provides an activation signal to T lymphocytes, which undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP), acquire effector functions, and reject tumors. However, it is so far unknown to which extent LIP may result in reversal of established antigen-specific CD8 T-cell tolerance. Here, we report that neonatally induced dominant CD8 T-cell tolerance remained stable under lymphopenic conditions also in the presence of systemic inflammation induced by Toll-like receptor ligands. However, when lymphopenic recipients were irradiated, the tolerant status was lost, because CD8 T cells acquired effector functions in an interleukin-15-dependent fashion and efficiently rejected tumors. In conclusion, we show that lymphopenia is not sufficient to break CD8 T-cell tolerance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pretreatment regimens are crucial to circumvent this problem and to optimize adoptive T-cell therapy.
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74
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Feng T, Elson CO, Cong Y. Microbiota: dual-faceted player in experimental colitis. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:388-91. [PMID: 21468221 PMCID: PMC3056104 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.6.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that microbiota stimulation of innate immune pathways is required for T cell spontaneous proliferation and chronic intestinal inflammation. Microbiota promoted spontaneous proliferation of T cells by activating dendritic cells to produce interleukin (IL)-6 via a TLR/Myd88-dependent pathway. Although both CBir1-specific Tcr transgenic (CBir1 Tg) T cells, which are specific for an immunodominant microbiota antigen and OT-II T cells, which are specific for the model antigen ovalbumin, underwent spontaneous proliferation, only CBir1 Tg T cells but not OT-II T cells induced colitis in specific pathogen-free RAG(-/-) mice. Blockade of il-6 or il-6-mediated spontaneous proliferation of CBir1 Tg T cells abrogated colitis induction in this adoptive transfer model. Our data reveal that microbiota serves as a natural adjuvant for T cell spontaneous proliferation and development of chronic intestinal inflammation and that both microbiota stimulation of innate immune cells with subsequent T cell spontaneous proliferation and microbiota antigen activation of antigen-specific Tcr are required for the induction of experimental colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Departments of Microbiology/Immunology and Pathology; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Charles O Elson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Departments of Microbiology/Immunology and Pathology; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
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75
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Mislocalization of SLP-76 leads to aberrant inflammatory cytokine and autoantibody production. Blood 2009; 115:2186-95. [PMID: 20029045 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-237438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral tolerance is required to prevent immune responses to self-antigens. We now present a mouse model in which wild-type (WT) SH2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) has been constitutively targeted to the membrane, where CD4+ T cells become spontaneously dysregulated and develop an inflammatory phenotype. Mice bearing membrane-targeted SLP-76 (MTS) have a partial T-cell lymphopenia and impaired signaling though the mature T-cell receptor. The CD4+ T cells that develop in these mice possess an activated-like phenotype and are skewed toward the inflammatory T(H)1 and T(H)17 lineages. MTS mice also spontaneously develop autoantibodies at an early age. To rule out abnormal thymic selection as the sole cause of the MTS phenotype, we expressed WT SLP-76 along with the MTS followed by deletion of the WT allele in peripheral T cells. The peripheral MTS-expressing T cells demonstrate skewed cytokine responses when transferred into lymphopenic hosts. Thus, the abnormal effector T-cell phenotype still occurs in the presence of preserved central and peripheral tolerance, suggesting that diminished T-cell receptor signaling can promote skewed T-cell responses.
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76
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Gillard P, Huurman V, Van der Auwera B, Decallonne B, Poppe K, Roep BO, Gorus F, Mathieu C, Pipeleers D, Keymeulen B. Graves hyperthyroidism after stopping immunosuppressive therapy in type 1 diabetic Islet cell recipients with pretransplant TPO autoantibodies. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:1817-9. [PMID: 19549735 PMCID: PMC2752930 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After an initially successful islet cell transplantation, a number of patients return to C-peptide negativity, and therefore immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued. Some are then found to have developed Graves disease. We examined the risk of Graves disease after immunosuppression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Immunosuppressive therapy was stopped in 13 type 1 diabetic islet cell recipients who had received one course of antithymocyte globulin and maintenance doses of mycophenolate mofetil and a calcineurin inhibitor. None had a history of thyroid disease. RESULTS In four patients, clinical Graves hyperthyroidism was observed within 21 months after discontinuation and 30-71 months after the start of immunosuppressive therapy. All four patients exhibited a pretransplant positivity for thyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies, while the nine others were TPO negative pre- and posttransplantation. CONCLUSIONS Type 1 diabetic recipients of islet cell grafts with pretransplant TPO autoantibody positivity exhibit a high risk for developing Graves hyperthyroidism after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued for a failing graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Gillard
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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77
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Lymphocyte proliferation in immune-mediated diseases. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:430-8. [PMID: 19699149 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defects in T cell homeostatic mechanisms can result in T cell lymphopenia, defined as decreased numbers of lymphocytes. Lymphopenia results in homeostatic proliferation in order to maintain T cell homeostasis. It has been proposed that homeostatic proliferation can expand the pool of autoreactive T cells that promote autoimmunity, and indeed recent studies have further substantiated this observation in both animal models and humans. Conversely, homeostatic proliferation can promote tumor immunity by allowing tumor-specific T cells to accumulate. In this review, we discuss how the outcome of homeostatic proliferation can function both in a deleterious manner in autoimmunity and a beneficial way in tumor immunity. We also discuss the roles of various cytokines and T regulatory cells that control homeostatic proliferation.
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78
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Cheung KP, Yang E, Goldrath AW. Memory-like CD8+ T cells generated during homeostatic proliferation defer to antigen-experienced memory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3364-72. [PMID: 19675163 PMCID: PMC2866069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Naive T cells proliferate in response to lymphopenia and acquire the phenotypic and functional qualities of memory T cells, providing enhanced protection against infection. How well memory-like T cells generated during lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation (HP)-memory differentiate into secondary memory cells and compete with Ag-experienced true-memory cells is unknown. We found that CD8(+) HP-memory T cells generated robust responses upon infection and produced a secondary memory population comparable to true-memory cells in the absence of competition. However, when true-memory and HP-memory T cells competed during infection, HP-memory cells contributed less to the effector population, contracted earlier, and formed fewer secondary memory cells. Furthermore, HP- and true-memory cells demonstrated distinct chemokine receptor expression and localization within the spleen during infection, indicating differential access to signals necessary for secondary memory formation. Thus, HP-memory T cells provide protection without compromising the true-memory population. Differences in HP- and true-memory T cells may reveal the basis of competition for limited resources within the memory-T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty P Cheung
- University of California, San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
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79
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Laufer TM, Wu GF. Treating MS: getting to know the two birds in the bush. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1852-3. [PMID: 19603540 DOI: 10.1172/jci39963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and MS, could represent the proverbial bird in the hand - a known entity, yet limited in potential. Emerging biologic therapeutics for these diseases carry with them the potential for known as well as unknown adverse effects. Alemtuzumab, a biologic that depletes leukocytes, shows great promise for the treatment of MS. However, a significant number of patients develop autoimmunity after treatment, raising the level of caution for the use of this drug. In this issue of the JCI, Jones et al. describe a link between IL-21 levels and alemtuzumab-associated autoimmunity (see the related article beginning on page 2052). They show that proliferation of lymphocytes in those patients with autoimmunity is higher than in those without autoimmunity and suggest that the lymphopenia-driven proliferation of T cells, in combination with higher IL-21 levels, results in autoimmunity. This study helps inspire new enthusiasm for making a grab for the proverbial two birds in the bush - representing undiscovered therapies - with greater confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri M Laufer
- Department of Medicine and 2Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6100, USA.
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80
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Mitchell DA, Sampson JH. Toward effective immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:527-38. [PMID: 19560742 PMCID: PMC2763142 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunologic treatment of cancer has long been heralded as a targeted molecular therapeutic with the promise of eradicating tumor cells with minimal damage to surrounding normal tissues. However, a demonstrative example of the efficacy of immunotherapy in modulating cancer progression is still lacking for most human cancers. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanisms leading to full T-cell activation, and recognition of the importance of overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms, have shed new light on how to generate effective anti-tumor immune responses in humans, and sparked a renewed and enthusiastic effort to realize the full potential of cancer immunotherapy. The immunologic treatment of invasive malignant brain tumors has not escaped this re-invigorated endeavor, and promising therapies are currently under active investigation in dozens of clinical trials at several institutions worldwide. This review will focus on some of the most important breakthroughs in our understanding of how to generate potent anti-tumor immune responses, and some of the clear challenges that lie ahead in achieving effective immunotherapy for the majority of patients with malignant brain tumors. A review of immunotherapeutic strategies currently under clinical evaluation, as well as an outline of promising novel approaches on the horizon, is included to provide perspective on the active and stalwart progress toward effective immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane A Mitchell
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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81
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Kinter AL, Godbout EJ, McNally JP, Sereti I, Roby GA, O'Shea MA, Fauci AS. The common gamma-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 induce the expression of programmed death-1 and its ligands. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6738-46. [PMID: 18981091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The programmed death (PD)-1 molecule and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), negative regulatory members of the B7 family, play an important role in peripheral tolerance. Previous studies have demonstrated that PD-1 is up-regulated on T cells following TCR-mediated activation; however, little is known regarding PD-1 and Ag-independent, cytokine-induced T cell activation. The common gamma-chain (gamma c) cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21, which play an important role in peripheral T cell expansion and survival, were found to up-regulate PD-1 and, with the exception of IL-21, PD-L1 on purified T cells in vitro. This effect was most prominent on memory T cells. Furthermore, these cytokines induced, indirectly, the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on monocytes/macrophages in PBMC. The in vivo correlate of these observations was confirmed on PBMC isolated from HIV-infected individuals receiving IL-2 immunotherapy. Exposure of gamma c cytokine pretreated T cells to PD-1 ligand-IgG had no effect on STAT5 activation, T cell proliferation, or survival driven by gamma c cytokines. However, PD-1 ligand-IgG dramatically inhibited anti-CD3/CD28-driven proliferation and Lck activation. Furthermore, following restimulation with anti-CD3/CD28, cytokine secretion by both gamma c cytokine and anti-CD3/CD28 pretreated T cells was suppressed. These data suggest that gamma c cytokine-induced PD-1 does not interfere with cytokine-driven peripheral T cell expansion/survival, but may act to suppress certain effector functions of cytokine-stimulated cells upon TCR engagement, thereby minimizing immune-mediated damage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Kinter
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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82
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Memory-like CD8+ and CD4+ T cells cooperate to break peripheral tolerance under lymphopenic conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19414-9. [PMID: 19033460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807743105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of autoimmunity in experimental rodent models and patients frequently correlates with a lymphopenic state. In this condition, the immune system has evolved compensatory homeostatic mechanisms that induce quiescent naive T cells to proliferate and differentiate into memory-like lymphocytes even in the apparent absence of antigenic stimulation. Because memory T cells have less stringent requirements for activation than naive cells, we hypothesized that autoreactive T cells that arrive to secondary lymphoid organs in a lymphopenic environment could differentiate and bypass the mechanisms of peripheral tolerance such as those mediated by self-antigen cross-presentation. Here, we show that lymphopenia-driven proliferation and differentiation of potentially autoreactive CD8(+) T cells into memory-like cells is not sufficient to induce self-reactivity against a pancreatic antigen. Induction of an organ-specific autoimmunity required antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell help. Notably, we found that this function could be accomplished by memory-like CD4(+) T cells generated in vivo through lymphopenia-induced proliferation. These helper cells promoted the further differentiation of memory-like CD8(+) T cells into effectors in response to antigen cross-presentation, resulting in their migration to the tissue of antigen expression where autoimmunity ensued. Thus, the cooperation of self-reactive memory-like CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells under lymphopenic conditions overcomes cross-tolerance resulting in autoimmunity.
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83
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Wong SY, Lu CP, Roth DB. A RAG1 mutation found in Omenn syndrome causes coding flank hypersensitivity: a novel mechanism for antigen receptor repertoire restriction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4124-30. [PMID: 18768869 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypomorphic RAG mutants with severely reduced V(D)J recombination activity cause Omenn Syndrome (OS), an immunodeficiency with features of immune dysregulation and a restricted TCR repertoire. Precisely how RAG mutants produce autoimmune and allergic symptoms has been unclear. Current models posit that the severe recombination defect restricts the number of lymphocyte clones, a few of which are selected upon Ag exposure. We show that murine RAG1 R972Q, corresponding to an OS mutation, renders the recombinase hypersensitive to selected coding sequences at the hairpin formation step. Other RAG1 OS mutants tested do not manifest this sequence sensitivity. These new data support a novel mechanism for OS: by selectively impairing recombination at certain coding flanks, a RAG mutant can cause primary repertoire restriction, as opposed to a more random, limited repertoire that develops secondary to severely diminished recombination activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serre-Yu Wong
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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84
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Datta S, Sarvetnick NE. IL-21 limits peripheral lymphocyte numbers through T cell homeostatic mechanisms. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3118. [PMID: 18773086 PMCID: PMC2527999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IL-21, a member of the common γ-chain utilizing family of cytokines, participates in immune and inflammatory processes. In addition, the cytokine has been linked to autoimmunity in humans and rodents. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate the mechanism whereby IL-21 affects the immune system, we investigated its role in T cell homeostasis and autoimmunity in both non-autoimmune C57BL/6 and autoimmune NOD mice. Our data indicate that IL-21R knockout C57BL/6 and NOD mice show increased size of their lymphocyte population and decreased homeostatic proliferation. In addition, our experimental results demonstrate that IL-21 inhibits T cell survival. These data suggest that IL-21 acts to limit the size of the T cell pool. Furthermore, our data suggest IL-21 may contribute to the development of autoimmunity. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our results suggest that IL-21 plays a global role in regulating T cell homeostasis, promoting the continuous adaptation of the T cell lymphoid space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrimati Datta
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nora E. Sarvetnick
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Winstead CJ, Fraser JM, Khoruts A. Regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells selectively inhibit the spontaneous form of lymphopenia-induced proliferation of naive T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7305-17. [PMID: 18490730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells play a critical role in controlling autoimmunity and T cell homeostasis. However, their role in regulation of lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP), a potential mechanism for generation of autoaggressive T cells, has been poorly defined. Currently, two forms of LIP are recognized: spontaneous and homeostatic. Spontaneous LIP is characterized by fast, burst-like cell-cycle activity, and may allow effector T cell differentiation. Homeostatic LIP is characterized by slow and steady cell cycle activity and is not associated with the acquisition of an effector phenotype. In this study, we demonstrate that CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells suppress the spontaneous, but not homeostatic, LIP of naive CD8 and CD4 T cells. However, selective inhibition of spontaneous LIP does not fully explain the tolerogenic role of Tregs in lymphopenia-associated autoimmunity. We show here that suppression of LIP in the lymphoid tissues is independent of Treg-derived IL-10. However, IL-10-deficient Tregs are partially defective in their ability to prevent colitis caused by adoptive transfer of CD4 T cells into RAG(-/-) mice. We propose that Tregs may inhibit emergence of effector T cells during the inductive phase of the immune response in the secondary lymphoid tissues by IL-10-independent mechanisms. In contrast, Treg-mediated inhibition of established effector T cells does require IL-10. Both Treg functions appear to be important in control of lymphopenia-associated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Winstead
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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86
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Monti P, Scirpoli M, Maffi P, Ghidoli N, De Taddeo F, Bertuzzi F, Piemonti L, Falcone M, Secchi A, Bonifacio E. Islet transplantation in patients with autoimmune diabetes induces homeostatic cytokines that expand autoreactive memory T cells. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1806-14. [PMID: 18431516 DOI: 10.1172/jci35197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful transplantation requires the prevention of allograft rejection and, in the case of transplantation to treat autoimmune disease, the suppression of autoimmune responses. The standard immunosuppressive treatment regimen given to patients with autoimmune type 1 diabetes who have received an islet transplant results in the loss of T cells. In many other situations, the immune system responds to T cell loss through cytokine-dependant homeostatic proliferation of any remaining T cells. Here we show that T cell loss after islet transplantation in patients with autoimmune type 1 diabetes was associated with both increased serum concentrations of IL-7 and IL-15 and in vivo proliferation of memory CD45RO(+) T cells, highly enriched in autoreactive glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-specific T cell clones. Immunosuppression with FK506 and rapamycin after transplantation resulted in a chronic homeostatic expansion of T cells, which acquired effector function after immunosuppression was removed. In contrast, the cytostatic drug mycophenolate mofetil efficiently blocked homeostatic T cell expansion. We propose that the increased production of cytokines that induce homeostatic expansion could contribute to recurrent autoimmunity in transplanted patients with autoimmune disease and that therapy that prevents the expansion of autoreactive T cells will improve the outcome of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Monti
- Immunology of Diabetes Unit and Clinical Transplant Unit, Telethon-Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Center for Beta Cell Replacement, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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87
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Voehringer D, Liang HE, Locksley RM. Homeostasis and effector function of lymphopenia-induced "memory-like" T cells in constitutively T cell-depleted mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4742-53. [PMID: 18354198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naive T lymphocytes acquire a phenotype similar to Ag-experienced memory T cells as a result of proliferation under lymphopenic conditions. Such "memory-like" T (T(ML)) cells constitute a large fraction of the peripheral T cell pool in patients recovering from T cell ablative therapies, HIV patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy, and in the elderly population. To generate a model that allows characterization of T(ML) cells without adoptive transfer, irradiation, or thymectomy, we developed genetically modified mice that express diphtheria toxin A under control of a loxP-flanked stop cassette (R-DTA mice). Crossing these mice to CD4Cre mice resulted in efficient ablation of CD4 single-positive thymocytes, whereas double-positive and CD8 single-positive thymocytes were only partially affected. In the periphery the pool of naive (CD44(low)CD62L(high)) T cells was depleted. However, some T cells were resistant to Cre activity, escaped deletion in the thymus, and underwent lymphopenia-induced proliferation resulting in a pool of T(ML) cells that was similar in size and turnover to the pool of CD44(high)CD62L(low) "memory phenotype" T cells in control mice. CD4Cre/R-DTA mice remained lymphopenic despite the large available immunological "space" and normal Ag-induced T cell proliferation. CD4Cre/R-DTA mice showed a biased TCR repertoire indicating oligoclonal T cell expansion. Infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis resulted in diminished effector cell recruitment and impaired worm expulsion, demonstrating that T(ML) cells are not sufficient to mediate an effective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Voehringer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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88
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Li CR, Santoso S, Lo DD. Quantitative analysis of T cell homeostatic proliferation. Cell Immunol 2008; 250:40-54. [PMID: 18313651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
T cell homeostatic proliferation occurs on transfer of T cells into lymphopenic recipients; transferred cells undergo several rounds of division in the absence of specific antigen stimulation. For a quantitative analysis of this phenomenon, we applied a mathematical method to describe proliferating T cells to match peak distributions from actual CFSE dilution data. For in vitro stimulation of T cells with anti-CD3/anti-CD28, our simulation confirmed a high proportion of cells entering cell cycle with a low proportion undergoing apoptosis. When applied to homeostatic proliferation, it described striking differences in CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation rates, and accurately predicted that successive divisions were accompanied by higher rates of apoptosis, limiting the accumulation of proliferating cells. Thus, the presence of multiple CFSE dilution peaks cannot be considered equivalent to lymphocyte expansion. Finally, genetic effects were identified that may help explain links between homeostatic proliferation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rui Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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89
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Perkins JA, Tempero RM, Hannibal MC, Manning SC. Clinical Outcomes in Lymphocytopenic Lymphatic Malformation Patients. Lymphat Res Biol 2007; 5:169-74. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Perkins
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard M. Tempero
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark C. Hannibal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Genetics, Immunology and Developmental Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Scott C. Manning
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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90
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Legrand N, Dontje W, van Lent AU, Spits H, Blom B. Human thymus regeneration and T cell reconstitution. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:280-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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91
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Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the commonest chromosome deletion syndrome. 22q11.2 deletion may result in variable clinical phenotypes which may differ even between patients with identical deletions. Abnormal pharyngeal arch development results in defects in the development of the parathyroid glands, thymus and conotruncal region of the heart. Defective thymic development is associated with impaired immune function. 'Complete' DiGeorge syndrome with total absence of the thymus and a severe T-cell immunodeficiency accounts for <0.5% of patients. The majority of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndromes have 'partial' defects with impaired thymic development rather than complete absence with variable defects in T-cell numbers. Immunodeficiency in these patients is not solely due to T-cell deficiency and abnormalities of T-cell clonality or impairment of proliferative responses may play a role. Humoral deficiencies including defects in the B-cell compartment have also been identified in these patients. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome patients are at increased risk of a variety of autoimmune diseases. A number of immune defects may predispose to the development of autoimmunity in these patients including increased infection, impaired development of natural T-regulatory cells and impaired thymic central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McLean-Tooke
- Department of Immunology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryDepartment of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - G P Spickett
- Department of Immunology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryDepartment of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A R Gennery
- Department of Immunology, Royal Victoria InfirmaryDepartment of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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92
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Lin SJ, Peacock CD, Bahl K, Welsh RM. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) defines a transient and dysfunctional oligoclonal T cell population in acute homeostatic proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2321-33. [PMID: 17785507 PMCID: PMC2118444 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The host responds to lymphopenic environments by acute homeostatic proliferation, which is a cytokine- and endogenous peptide-driven expansion of lymphocytes that restores the numbers and diversity of T cells. It is unknown how these homeostatically proliferating (HP) cells are ultimately controlled. Using a system where lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-immune C57BL/6 splenocytes were transferred into lymphopenic T cell-deficient hosts and allowed to reconstitute the environment, we defined the following three populations of T cells: slowly dividing Ly6C+ cells, which contained bona fide virus-specific memory cells, and more rapidly dividing Ly6C- cells segregating into programmed death (PD)-1+ and PD-1- fractions. The PD-1+ HP cell population, which peaked in frequency at day 21, was dysfunctional in that it failed to produce interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor alpha on T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, had down-regulated expression of interleukin (IL)-7Ralpha, IL-15Rbeta, and Bcl-2, and reacted with Annexin V, which is indicative of a preapoptotic state. The PD-1+ HP cells, in contrast to other HP cell fractions, displayed highly skewed TCR repertoires, which is indicative of oligoclonal expansion; these skewed repertoires and the PD-1+ population disappeared by day 70 from the host, presumably because of apoptosis. These results suggest that PD-1 may play a negative regulatory role to control rapidly proliferating and potentially pathogenic autoreactive CD8+ T cells during homeostatic reconstitution of lymphopenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Jane Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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93
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Singh N, Chandler PR, Seki Y, Baban B, Takezaki M, Kahler DJ, Munn DH, Larsen CP, Mellor AL, Iwashima M. Role of CD28 in fatal autoimmune disorder in scurfy mice. Blood 2007; 110:1199-206. [PMID: 17463170 PMCID: PMC1939901 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-054585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scurfy mice develop CD4 T-cell-mediated lymphoproliferative disease leading to death within 4 weeks of age. The scurfy mutation causes loss of function of the foxp3 gene (foxp3(sf)), which is essential for development and maintenance of naturally occurring regulatory CD4 T cells (nTregs). In humans, mutations of the foxp3 gene cause immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome (IPEX). In most patients with IPEX and also in scurfy mice, T cells show hyperreactivity and levels of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines are substantially elevated. We report that removal of CD28 expression rescued scurfy mice from early death. Longer-term surviving CD28-deficient scurfy mice still had lymphoproliferative disorder, but their CD4 T cells showed decreased interferon-gamma and no sign of interleukin-4 or interleukin-10 hyperproduction. Furthermore, injection of CTLA4-Ig to block CD28-B7 interactions substantially improved the survival of scurfy mice by blocking effector T-cell differentiation. These data support the hypothesis that CD28-B7 interactions play a critical role in the etiology of lethal autoimmune disease in scurfy mice by stimulating the differentiation of antigen-activated naive T cells into effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Singh
- Immunotherapy Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
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94
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Abstract
Recognition of a systemic antigen by CD4+ T cells in a lymphopenic host leads to the sequential generation of pathogenic effector cells and protective CD25+ forkhead box protein (Foxp3+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery. Such an experimental model is potentially valuable for defining the stimuli that determine the balance of effector and regulatory T cells. Our studies have shown that interleukin-2 (IL-2) enhances the development of effector cells and is essential for the peripheral generation of regulatory cells. Other models of peripheral Treg generation suggest that the concentration of antigen, the nature of the antigen-presenting cells, and cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta and IL-10 may all influence the peripheral generation of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lohr
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
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95
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Bosco N, Agenes F, Rolink AG, Ceredig R. Peripheral T Cell Lymphopenia and Concomitant Enrichment in Naturally Arising Regulatory T Cells: The Case of the Pre-Tα Gene-Deleted Mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:5014-23. [PMID: 17015684 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In pre-Talpha (pTalpha) gene-deleted mice, the positively selectable CD4+ CD8+ double-positive thymocyte pool is only 1% that in wild-type mice. Consequently, their peripheral T cell compartment is severely lymphopenic with a concomitant increase in proportion of CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, where thymic output was 1% normal, the pTalpha(-/-) peripheral T cell phenotype could be reproduced with normal cells. In the pTalpha(-/-) thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs, FoxP3+ CD4+ cells were enriched. Parabiosis experiments showed that many pTalpha(-/-) CD4+ single-positive thymocytes represented recirculating peripheral T cells. Therefore, the enrichment of FoxP3+ CD4+ single-positive thymocytes was not solely due to increased thymic production. Thus, the pTalpha(-/-) mouse serves as a model system with which to study the consequences of chronic decreased thymic T cell production on the physiology of the peripheral T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Bosco
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 548, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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96
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Marinkovic T, Garin A, Yokota Y, Fu YX, Ruddle NH, Furtado GC, Lira SA. Interaction of mature CD3+CD4+ T cells with dendritic cells triggers the development of tertiary lymphoid structures in the thyroid. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2622-32. [PMID: 16998590 PMCID: PMC1570377 DOI: 10.1172/jci28993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of CC chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) in the thyroid leads to development of lymphoid structures that resemble those observed in Hashimoto thyroiditis. Deletion of the inhibitor of differentiation 2 (Id2) gene, essential for generation of CD3-CD4+ lymphoid tissue-inducer (LTi) cells and development of secondary lymphoid organs, did not affect formation of tertiary lymphoid structures. Rather, mature CD3+CD4+ T cells were critical for the development of tertiary lymphoid structures. The initial stages of this process involved interaction of CD3+CD4+ T cells with DCs, the appearance of peripheral-node addressin-positive (PNAd+) vessels, and production of chemokines that recruit lymphocytes and DCs. These findings indicate that the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures does not require Id2-dependent conventional LTis but depends on a program initiated by mature CD3+CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Marinkovic
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexandre Garin
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yoshifumi Yokota
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nancy H. Ruddle
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Glaucia C. Furtado
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sergio A. Lira
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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97
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Legrand N, Cupedo T, van Lent AU, Ebeli MJ, Weijer K, Hanke T, Spits H. Transient accumulation of human mature thymocytes and regulatory T cells with CD28 superagonist in “human immune system” Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Blood 2006; 108:238-45. [PMID: 16514056 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and quick reconstitution of T-cell compartments in lymphopenic patients is of great importance to prevent opportunistic infections, but remains difficult to achieve. Human T-cell proliferation in a T-cell-receptor (TCR)-independent manner is possible in vitro with superagonist anti-CD28 antibodies, and such molecules are therefore promising therapeutic tools. Here, we investigated the in vivo effects of superagonist anti-CD28 treatment on human developing and mature T cells, in the recently developed model of “human immune system” BALB/c Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Our results show that superagonist anti-CD28 treatment transiently induces a 7-fold increase in thymocyte numbers and up to 18-fold accumulation of mature thymocytes. The increased thymic production lead to transient accumulation of mature T cells in the periphery at the peak of treatment effect (day 6). In addition, long-term peripheral T-cell depletion was induced. Furthermore, the concomitant selective expansion and accumulation of suppressive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells was induced in a transient manner. Superagonist anti-CD28 therapy could therefore be of clinical interest in humans, both for beneficial effect on thymic T-cell production as well as regulatory T-cell accumulation. (Blood. 2006;108:238-245)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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98
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Dejaco C, Duftner C, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Schirmer M. Imbalance of regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2006; 117:289-300. [PMID: 16476048 PMCID: PMC1782226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of mechanisms assuring the recognition of self and non-self is a hallmark feature of autoimmune diseases. In the past 10 years, there has been a steadily increasing interest in a subpopulation of regulatory T cells, which exert their suppressive function in vitro in a contact-dependent manner and preferentially express high levels of CD25 and forkhead and winged-helix family transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) (TREGs). Recent findings of changed prevalences and functional efficiencies indicate that these TREGs play a unique role in autoimmune diseases. Clinical findings in patients with mutated FOXP3 genes and a specific polymorphism in the promotor region of FOXP3 also support the role of FOXP3 as a 'master control gene' in the development and functioning of TREGs. Both altered generation of TREGs and insufficient suppression of inflammation in autoimmune diseases are considered to be crucial for the initiation and perpetuation of disease. TREG-related somatic cell therapy is considered as an intriguing new intervention to approach autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dejaco
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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99
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Serra P, Santamaria P. To 'B' regulated: B cells as members of the regulatory workforce. Trends Immunol 2005; 27:7-10. [PMID: 16300995 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, immune regulation was thought to be predominantly mediated by specialized subsets of T lymphocytes. However, although B lymphocytes have previously been shown to have regulatory properties in autoimmunity, a recent report by Knoechel et al. establishes a role for B lymphocytes in the control of pathogenic autoreactive T cell responses arising when the number of lymphocytes is abnormally low (lymphopenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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