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Espíndola ODM, Siteur-van Rijnstra E, Frankin E, Weijer K, van der Velden YU, Berkhout B, Blom B, Villaudy J. Early Effects of HTLV-1 Infection on the Activation, Exhaustion, and Differentiation of T-Cells in Humanized NSG Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102514. [PMID: 34685494 PMCID: PMC8534134 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive malignancy of CD4+ T-cells associated with HTLV-1 infection. In this study, we used the model of immunodeficient NSG mice reconstituted with a functional human immune system (HIS) to investigate early events in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Upon infection, human T-cells rapidly increased in the blood and lymphoid tissues, particularly CD4+CD25+ T-cells. Proliferation of CD4+ T-cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) correlated with HTLV-1 proviral load and CD25 expression. In addition, splenomegaly, a common feature of ATLL in humans, was also observed. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells predominantly displayed an effector memory phenotype (CD45RA−CCR7−) and expressed CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokine receptors, suggesting the polarization into a Th1 phenotype. Activated CD8+ T-cells expressed granzyme B and perforin; however, the interferon-γ response by these cells was limited, possibly due to elevated PD-1 expression and increased frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells in MLN. Thus, HTLV-1-infected HIS-NSG mice reproduced several characteristics of infection in humans, and it may be helpful to investigate ATLL-related events and to perform preclinical studies. Moreover, aspects of chronic infection were already present at early stages in this experimental model. Collectively, we suggest that HTLV-1 infection modulates host immune responses to favor viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio de Melo Espíndola
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Esther Siteur-van Rijnstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Esmay Frankin
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Kees Weijer
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Yme Ubeles van der Velden
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.U.v.d.V.); (B.B.); (J.V.)
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.U.v.d.V.); (B.B.); (J.V.)
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Julien Villaudy
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.U.v.d.V.); (B.B.); (J.V.)
- J&S Preclinical Solutions, 5345 RR Oss, The Netherlands
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2
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van der Velden YU, Villaudy J, Siteur-van Rijnstra E, van der Linden CA, Vink MA, Schermer EE, Weijer K, Berkhout B, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. Diverse HIV-1 escape pathways from broadly neutralizing antibody PGDM1400 in humanized mice. MAbs 2020; 12:1845908. [PMID: 33218286 PMCID: PMC7755169 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1845908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the potential of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) for HIV-1 treatment. One of the candidate antibodies moving into clinical trials is the bnAb PGDM1400. Here, we studied the therapeutic potency and escape pathways of bnAb PGDM1400 during monovalent therapy in human immune system (HIS) mice using the BG505, REJO, MJ4 and AMC008 virus isolates. PGDM1400 administered during chronic infection caused a modest decrease in viral load in the first week of administration in 7 out of 10 animals, which correlated with the in vitro neutralization sensitivity of the viruses to PGDM1400. As expected for monotherapy, viral loads rebounded after about a week and different viral escape pathways were observed, involving the deletion of glycans in the envelope glycoprotein at positions 130 or 160. (Pre)clinical trials should reveal whether PGDM1400 is a useful component of an antibody combination treatment or as part of a tri-specific antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yme U van der Velden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Villaudy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,AIMM Therapeutics , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cynthia A van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,HIS mouse facility, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique A Vink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edith E Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Weijer
- HIS mouse facility, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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van der Velden YU, Villaudy J, Siteur-van Rijnstra E, van der Linden CA, Frankin E, Weijer K, Schermer E, Vink MA, Berkhout B, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. Short Communication: Protective Efficacy of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PGDM1400 Against HIV-1 Challenge in Humanized Mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:790-793. [PMID: 30003812 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) such as PGDM1400 show promise as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against HIV-1. Human immune system mice were passively immunized with different doses of PGDM1400 and challenged 24 h later with a high dose of HIV-1JRCSF. We found that PGDM1400 provided protection against HIV-1 challenge in a concentration dependent manner and that the protective concentration in blood was ∼75-fold higher than the in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration. The results demonstrate that PGDM1400 might be a promising component of strategies to prevent HIV-1 infection and provide support for the pursuit of vaccines that induce PGDM1400-like bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yme U. van der Velden
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Villaudy
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cynthia A. van der Linden
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- HIS Mouse Facility, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esmay Frankin
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Weijer
- HIS Mouse Facility, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edith Schermer
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique A. Vink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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García-Peydró M, Fuentes P, Mosquera M, García-León MJ, Alcain J, Rodríguez A, García de Miguel P, Menéndez P, Weijer K, Spits H, Scadden DT, Cuesta-Mateos C, Muñoz-Calleja C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Toribio ML. The NOTCH1/CD44 axis drives pathogenesis in a T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia model. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2802-2818. [PMID: 29781813 DOI: 10.1172/jci92981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NOTCH1 is a prevalent signaling pathway in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), but crucial NOTCH1 downstream signals and target genes contributing to T-ALL pathogenesis cannot be retrospectively analyzed in patients and thus remain ill defined. This information is clinically relevant, as initiating lesions that lead to cell transformation and leukemia-initiating cell (LIC) activity are promising therapeutic targets against the major hurdle of T-ALL relapse. Here, we describe the generation in vivo of a human T cell leukemia that recapitulates T-ALL in patients, which arises de novo in immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic progenitors ectopically expressing active NOTCH1. This T-ALL model allowed us to identify CD44 as a direct NOTCH1 transcriptional target and to recognize CD44 overexpression as an early hallmark of preleukemic cells that engraft the BM and finally develop a clonal transplantable T-ALL that infiltrates lymphoid organs and brain. Notably, CD44 is shown to support crucial BM niche interactions necessary for LIC activity of human T-ALL xenografts and disease progression, highlighting the importance of the NOTCH1/CD44 axis in T-ALL pathogenesis. The observed therapeutic benefit of anti-CD44 antibody administration in xenotransplanted mice holds great promise for therapeutic purposes against T-ALL relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina García-Peydró
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, and
| | - Patricia Fuentes
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, and
| | - Marta Mosquera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, and
| | - María J García-León
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, and
| | - Juan Alcain
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, and
| | - Antonio Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Menéndez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBER-ONC), Barcelona, ISCIII, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kees Weijer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, and
| | - Hergen Spits
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Harvard University Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Cuesta-Mateos
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Toribio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, and
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5
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Paciejewska MM, Maijenburg MW, Gilissen C, Kleijer M, Vermeul K, Weijer K, Veltman JA, von Lindern M, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C. Different Balance of Wnt Signaling in Adult and Fetal Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 25:934-47. [PMID: 27154244 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are applied as novel therapeutics for their regenerative and immune-suppressive capacities. Clinical applications, however, require extensive expansion of MSCs. Fetal bone marrow-derived MSCs (FBMSCs) proliferate faster than adult bone marrow-derived MSC (ABMSCs). To optimize expansion and function of MSC in general, we explored the differences between ABMSC and FBMSC. Gene expression profiling implicated differential expression of genes encoding proteins in the Wnt signaling pathway, including excreted inhibitors of Wnt signaling, particularly by ABMSC. Both MSC types had a similar basal level of canonical Wnt signaling. Abrogation of autocrine Wnt production by inhibitor of Wnt production-2 (IWP2) reduced canonical Wnt signaling and cell proliferation of FBMSCs, but hardly affected ABMSC. Addition of exogenous Wnt3a, however, induced expression of the target genes lymphocyte enhancer-binding factor (LEF) and T-cell factor (TCF) faster and at lower Wnt3a levels in ABMSC compared to FBMSC. Medium replacement experiments indicated that ABMSC produce an inhibitor of Wnt signaling that is effective on ABMSC itself but not on FBMSC, whereas FBMSC excrete (Wnt) factors that stimulate proliferation of ABMSC. In contrast, FBMSC were not able to support hematopoiesis, whereas ABMSC displayed hematopoietic support sensitive to IWP2, the inhibitor of Wnt factor excretion. In conclusion, ABMSC and FBMSC differ in their Wnt signature. While FBMSC produced factors, including Wnt signals, that enhanced MSC proliferation, ABMSC produced Wnt factors in a setting that enhanced hematopoietic support. Thus, further unraveling the molecular basis of this phenomenon may lead to improvement of clinical expansion protocols of ABMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Paciejewska
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke W Maijenburg
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,2 Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Kleijer
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Vermeul
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Weijer
- 4 Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris A Veltman
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,5 Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- 2 Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,5 Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- 1 Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,2 Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Deurholt T, ten Bloemendaal L, Chhatta AA, van Wijk ACWA, Weijer K, Seppen J, Elferink RPJO, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. In Vitro Functionality of Human Fetal Liver Cells and Clonal Derivatives under Proliferative Conditions. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:811-22. [PMID: 17269451 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783464417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature human hepatocytes are not suitable for large-scale in vitro applications that rely on hepatocyte function, due to their limited availability and insufficient proliferation capacity in vitro. In contrast, human fetal liver cells (HFLC) can be easily expanded in vitro. In this study we evaluated the hepatic function of HFLCs under proliferative conditions, to determine whether HFLCs can replace mature hepatocytes for in vitro applications. HFLCs were isolated from fetal livers of 16 weeks gestation. Hepatic functions of HFLCs were determined in primary culture and after expansion in vitro. Clonal derivatives were selected and tested for hepatic functionality. Results were compared to primary mature human hepatocytes in vitro. No differences were observed between primary HFLCs and mature human hepatocytes in albumin production and mRNA levels of various liver-specific genes. Ureagenesis was 4.4-fold lower and ammonia elimination was absent in HFLCs. Expanding HFLCs decreased hepatic functions and increased cell stretching. In contrast, clonal derivatives had stable functionality and morphology and responded to differentiation stimuli. Although their hepatic functions were higher than in passaged HFLCs, functionality was at least 20 times lower compared to mature human hepatocytes. HFLCs cannot replace mature human hepatocytes in in vitro applications requiring extensive in vitro expansion, because this is associated with decreased hepatic functionality. Selecting functional subpopulations can, at least partly, prevent this. In addition, defining conditions that support hepatic differentiation is necessary to obtain HFLC cultures suitable for in vitro hepatic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Deurholt
- AMC Liver Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Paciejweska MM, Maijenburg MW, gilissen C, Kleijer M, Weijer K, Veltman JA, Lindern MV, van der Schoot E, Voermans C. Differential effects of Wnt signaling in adult and fetal bone marrow-derived MSCs. Cytotherapy 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.03.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Strick-Marchand H, Dusséaux M, Darche S, Huntington ND, Legrand N, Masse-Ranson G, Corcuff E, Ahodantin J, Weijer K, Spits H, Kremsdorf D, Di Santo JP. A novel mouse model for stable engraftment of a human immune system and human hepatocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119820. [PMID: 25782010 PMCID: PMC4364106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic infections by hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Plasmodium parasites leading to acute or chronic diseases constitute a global health challenge. The species tropism of these hepatotropic pathogens is restricted to chimpanzees and humans, thus model systems to study their pathological mechanisms are severely limited. Although these pathogens infect hepatocytes, disease pathology is intimately related to the degree and quality of the immune response. As a first step to decipher the immune response to infected hepatocytes, we developed an animal model harboring both a human immune system (HIS) and human hepatocytes (HUHEP) in BALB/c Rag2-/- IL-2Rγc-/- NOD.sirpa uPAtg/tg mice. The extent and kinetics of human hepatocyte engraftment were similar between HUHEP and HIS-HUHEP mice. Transplanted human hepatocytes were polarized and mature in vivo, resulting in 20-50% liver chimerism in these models. Human myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages developed at similar frequencies in HIS and HIS-HUHEP mice, and splenic and hepatic compartments were humanized with mature B cells, NK cells and naïve T cells, as well as monocytes and dendritic cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HIS-HUHEP mice can be stably (> 5 months) and robustly engrafted with a humanized immune system and chimeric human liver. This novel HIS-HUHEP model provides a platform to investigate human immune responses against hepatotropic pathogens and to test novel drug strategies or vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Strick-Marchand
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Dusséaux
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Darche
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Nicholas D. Huntington
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Legrand
- Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillemette Masse-Ranson
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Corcuff
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
| | - James Ahodantin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U845, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Kees Weijer
- Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dina Kremsdorf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U845, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U668, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Qiu Y, Wang H, Demore CEM, Hughes DA, Glynne-Jones P, Gebhardt S, Bolhovitins A, Poltarjonoks R, Weijer K, Schönecker A, Hill M, Cochran S. Acoustic devices for particle and cell manipulation and sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2014; 14:14806-38. [PMID: 25123465 PMCID: PMC4179044 DOI: 10.3390/s140814806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An emerging demand for the precise manipulation of cells and particles for applications in cell biology and analytical chemistry has driven rapid development of ultrasonic manipulation technology. Compared to the other manipulation technologies, such as magnetic tweezing, dielectrophoresis and optical tweezing, ultrasonic manipulation has shown potential in a variety of applications, with its advantages of versatile, inexpensive and easy integration into microfluidic systems, maintenance of cell viability, and generation of sufficient forces to handle particles, cells and their agglomerates. This article briefly reviews current practice and reports our development of various ultrasonic standing wave manipulation devices, including simple devices integrated with high frequency (>20 MHz) ultrasonic transducers for the investigation of biological cells and complex ultrasonic transducer array systems to explore the feasibility of electronically controlled 2-D and 3-D manipulation. Piezoelectric and passive materials, fabrication techniques, characterization methods and possible applications are discussed. The behavior and performance of the devices have been investigated and predicted with computer simulations, and verified experimentally. Issues met during development are highlighted and discussed. To assist long term practical adoption, approaches to low-cost, wafer level batch-production and commercialization potential are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Qiu
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK; E-Mails: (Y.Q.); (H.W.); (C.E.M.D.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Han Wang
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK; E-Mails: (Y.Q.); (H.W.); (C.E.M.D.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Christine E. M. Demore
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK; E-Mails: (Y.Q.); (H.W.); (C.E.M.D.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - David A. Hughes
- School of Engineering and Computing, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Peter Glynne-Jones
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; E-Mails: (P.G.-J.); (M.H.)
| | - Sylvia Gebhardt
- Smart Materials and Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technology and Systems, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; E-Mails: (S.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Aleksandrs Bolhovitins
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK; E-Mails: (Y.Q.); (H.W.); (C.E.M.D.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Romans Poltarjonoks
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK; E-Mails: (Y.Q.); (H.W.); (C.E.M.D.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Kees Weijer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; E‐Mail:
| | - Andreas Schönecker
- Smart Materials and Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technology and Systems, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; E-Mails: (S.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Martyn Hill
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; E-Mails: (P.G.-J.); (M.H.)
| | - Sandy Cochran
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK; E-Mails: (Y.Q.); (H.W.); (C.E.M.D.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
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10
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Centlivre M, Legrand N, Klamer S, Liu YP, Eije KJV, Bohne M, Rijnstra ESV, Weijer K, Blom B, Voermans C, Spits H, Berkhout B. Preclinical in vivo evaluation of the safety of a multi-shRNA-based gene therapy against HIV-1. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2013; 2:e120. [PMID: 24002730 PMCID: PMC3808742 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the quality of life and the life expectancy of HIV-infected individuals. Still, drug-induced side effects and emergence of drug-resistant viral variants remain important issues that justify the exploration of alternative therapeutic options. One strategy consists of a gene therapy based on RNA interference to induce the sequence-specific degradation of the HIV-1 RNA genome. We have selected four potent short hairpin RNA (shRNA) candidates targeting the viral capside, integrase, protease and tat/rev open-reading frames and screened the safety of them during human hematopoietic cell development, both in vitro and in vivo. Although the four shRNA candidates appeared to be safe in vitro, one shRNA candidate impaired the in vivo development of the human immune system in Balb/c Rag2(-/-)IL-2Rγc(-/-) (BRG) mice. The three remaining shRNA candidates were combined into one single lentiviral vector (LV), and safety of the shRNA combination during human hematopoietic cell development was confirmed. Overall, we demonstrate here the preclinical in vivo safety of a LV expressing three shRNAs against HIV-1, which is proposed for a future Phase I clinical trial.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e120; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.48; published online 3 September 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Centlivre
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR-S 945, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 91 Bld de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- AXENIS, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sofieke Klamer
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ying Poi Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Jasmijn von Eije
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martino Bohne
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kees Weijer
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- HIS mouse facility, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute of Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Voermans C, Paciejewska M, Maijenburg M, Gilissen C, Vermeul K, Kleijer M, Weijer K, Veltman J, von Lindern M, van der Schoot C. A different balance in wnt-signaling in adult and fetal bone marrow-derived MSC. Exp Hematol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.05.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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van der Fits L, Rebel HG, Out-Luiting JJ, Pouw SM, Smit F, Vermeer KG, van Zijl L, Tensen CP, Weijer K, Vermeer MH. A novel mouse model for Sézary syndrome using xenotransplantation of Sézary cells into immunodeficient RAG2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice. Exp Dermatol 2013; 21:706-9. [PMID: 22897578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with CD4+ tumor cells localized in the skin, lymph nodes and peripheral blood. Characteristic molecular aberrancies in SS have been identified; however, paucity of functional models severely hampered the translation of these observations into pathogenic mechanisms, and subsequent validation of novel therapeutic targets. We therefore developed a mouse model for SS using intrahepatic injection of SS cells in newborn immunodeficient RAG2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice that are completely devoid of T-, B- and NK-cell activity. Injection of the SS cell line SeAx led to long-term and reproducible systemic repopulation of the mice. Injection of mice with the SS cell line HuT-78 led to the death of the mice owing to massive growth of internal tumors. Four weeks after injection of primary SS cells, human CD3+ T cells could be tracked back in the liver, peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen and skin of the mice, although the engraftment rate varied when using cells from different patients. In conclusion, we demonstrate that injection of SS cell lines or primary cells in newborn RAG2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice results in long-term systemic repopulation of the mice, thereby providing a novel mouse model for Sézary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie van der Fits
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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13
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Bernink JH, Peters CP, Munneke M, te Velde AA, Meijer SL, Weijer K, Hreggvidsdottir HS, Heinsbroek SE, Legrand N, Buskens CJ, Bemelman WA, Mjösberg JM, Spits H. Human type 1 innate lymphoid cells accumulate in inflamed mucosal tissues. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:221-9. [PMID: 23334791 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are effectors of innate immunity and regulators of tissue modeling. Recently identified ILC populations have a cytokine expression pattern that resembles that of the helper T cell subsets T(H)2, T(H)17 and T(H)22. Here we describe a distinct ILC subset similar to T(H)1 cells, which we call 'ILC1'. ILC1 cells expressed the transcription factor T-bet and responded to interleukin 12 (IL-12) by producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ). ILC1 cells were distinct from natural killer (NK) cells as they lacked perforin, granzyme B and the NK cell markers CD56, CD16 and CD94, and could develop from RORγt(+) ILC3 under the influence of IL-12. The frequency of the ILC1 subset was much higher in inflamed intestine of people with Crohn's disease, which indicated a role for these IFN-γ-producing ILC1 cells in the pathogenesis of gut mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem H Bernink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Legrand N, van der Velden GJ, Fang RHT, Douaisi M, Weijer K, Das AT, Blom B, Uittenbogaart CH, Berkhout B, Centlivre M. A doxycycline-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replicates in vivo without inducing CD4+ T-cell depletion. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2017-2027. [PMID: 22647372 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.042796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel genetic approach for the control of virus replication was used for the design of a conditionally replicating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variant, HIV-rtTA. HIV-rtTA gene expression and virus replication are strictly dependent on the presence of a non-toxic effector molecule, doxycycline (dox), and thus can be turned on and off at will in a graded and reversible manner. The in vivo replication capacity, pathogenicity and genetic stability of this HIV-rtTA variant were evaluated in a humanized mouse model of haematopoiesis that harbours lymphoid and myeloid components of the human immune system (HIS). Infection of dox-fed BALB Rag/γc HIS (BRG-HIS) mice with HIV-rtTA led to the establishment of a productive infection without CD4(+) T-cell depletion. The virus did not show any sign of escape from dox control for up to 10 weeks after the onset of infection. No reversion towards a functional Tat-transactivating responsive (TAR) RNA element axis was observed, confirming the genetic stability of the HIV-rtTA variant in vivo. These results demonstrate the proof of concept that HIV-rtTA replicates efficiently in vivo. HIV-rtTA is a promising tool for fundamental research to study virus-host interactions in vivo in a controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela J van der Velden
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raphaël Ho Tsong Fang
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marc Douaisi
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kees Weijer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Atze T Das
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel H Uittenbogaart
- Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille Centlivre
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Huntington ND, Alves NL, Legrand N, Lim A, Strick-Marchand H, Plet A, Weijer K, Jacques Y, Spits H, Di Santo JP. Autonomous and extrinsic regulation of thymopoiesis inhuman immune system (HIS) mice. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2883-2893. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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16
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Maijenburg MW, Gilissen C, Melief SM, Kleijer M, Weijer K, Ten Brinke A, Roelofs H, Van Tiel CM, Veltman JA, de Vries CJM, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C. Nuclear receptors Nur77 and Nurr1 modulate mesenchymal stromal cell migration. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:228-38. [PMID: 21480782 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed understanding of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) migration is imperative for future cellular therapies. To identify genes involved in the process of MSC migration, we generated gene expression profiles of migrating and nonmigrating fetal bone marrow MSC (FBMSC). Only 12 genes showed differential expression in migrating versus nonmigrating FBMSC. The nuclear receptors Nur77 and Nurr1 showed the highest expression in migratory MSC. Nur77 and Nurr1 are members of NR4A nuclear orphan receptor family, and we found that their expression is rapidly increased upon exposure of FBMSC to the migratory stimuli stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Lentiviral expression of Nur77 or Nurr1 resulted in enhanced migration of FBMSC toward SDF-1α compared with mock-transduced FBMSC. Analysis of the cell cycle, known to be involved in MSC migration, revealed that expression of Nur77 and Nurr1 decreases the proportion of cells in S-phase compared with control cells. Further, gain-of-function experiments showed increased hepatocyte growth factor expression and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production in MSC. Despite the altered cytokine profile, FBMSC expressing Nur77 or Nurr1 maintained the capacity to inhibit T-cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Our results demonstrate that Nur77 and Nurr1 promote FBMSC migration. Modulation of Nur77 and Nurr1 activity may therefore offer perspectives to enhance the migratory potential of FBMSC which may specifically regulate the local immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke W Maijenburg
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Becker PD, Legrand N, van Geelen CMM, Noerder M, Huntington ND, Lim A, Yasuda E, Diehl SA, Scheeren FA, Ott M, Weijer K, Wedemeyer H, Di Santo JP, Beaumont T, Guzman CA, Spits H. Generation of human antigen-specific monoclonal IgM antibodies using vaccinated "human immune system" mice. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20957227 PMCID: PMC2949385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Passive transfer of antibodies not only provides immediate short-term protection against disease, but also can be exploited as a therapeutic tool. However, the ‘humanization’ of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a time-consuming and expensive process that has the inherent drawback of potentially altering antigenic specificity and/or affinity. The immortalization of human B cells represents an alternative for obtaining human mAbs, but relies on the availability of biological samples from vaccinated individuals or convalescent patients. In this work we describe a novel approach to generate fully human mAbs by combining a humanized mouse model with a new B cell immortalization technique. Methodology/Principal Findings After transplantation with CD34+CD38− human hematopoietic progenitor cells, BALB/c Rag2−/−IL-2Rγc−/− mice acquire a human immune system and harbor B cells with a diverse IgM repertoire. “Human Immune System” mice were then immunized with two commercial vaccine antigens, tetanus toxoid and hepatitis B surface antigen. Sorted human CD19+CD27+ B cells were retrovirally transduced with the human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes, and subsequently cultured in the presence of CD40-ligand and IL-21. This procedure allows generating stable B cell receptor-positive B cells that secrete immunoglobulins. We recovered stable B cell clones that produced IgM specific for tetanus toxoid and the hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively. Conclusion/Significance This work provides the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this novel method based on the immunization of humanized mice for the rapid generation of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D. Becker
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miriam Noerder
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nicholas D. Huntington
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Annick Lim
- INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferenc A. Scheeren
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ott
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Twincore Centre of Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kees Weijer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Twincore Centre of Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Carlos A. Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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18
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van Lent AU, Dontje W, Nagasawa M, Siamari R, Bakker AQ, Pouw SM, Maijoor KA, Weijer K, Cornelissen JJ, Blom B, Di Santo JP, Spits H, Legrand N. IL-7 enhances thymic human T cell development in "human immune system" Rag2-/-IL-2Rgammac-/- mice without affecting peripheral T cell homeostasis. J Immunol 2010; 183:7645-55. [PMID: 19923447 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-7 is a central cytokine in the development of hematopoietic cells, although interspecies discrepancies have been reported. By coculturing human postnatal thymus hematopoietic progenitors and OP9-huDL1 stromal cells, we found that murine IL-7 is approximately 100-fold less potent than human IL-7 for supporting human T cell development in vitro. We investigated the role of human IL-7 in newborn BALB/c Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) as an in vivo model of human hematopoiesis using three approaches to improve IL-7 signaling: administration of human IL-7, ectopic expression of human IL-7 by the transplanted human HSC, or enforced expression of a murine/human chimeric IL-7 receptor binding murine IL-7. We show that premature IL-7 signaling at the HSC stage, before entrance in the thymus, impeded T cell development, whereas increased intrathymic IL-7 signaling significantly enhanced the maintenance of immature thymocytes. Increased thymopoiesis was also observed when we transplanted BCL-2- or BCL-x(L)-transduced human HSC. Homeostasis of peripheral mature T cells in this humanized mouse model was not improved by any of these strategies. Overall, our results provide evidence for an important role of IL-7 in human T cell development in vivo and highlight the notion that IL-7 availability is but one of many signals that condition peripheral T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja U van Lent
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Immunology of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Scheeren FA, van Lent AU, Nagasawa M, Weijer K, Spits H, Legrand N, Blom B. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces early human B-cell proliferation and differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:955-65. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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van Lent AU, Centlivre M, Nagasawa M, Karrich JJ, Pouw SM, Weijer K, Spits H, Blom B, Legrand N. In vivo modulation of gene expression by lentiviral transduction in "human immune system" Rag2-/- gamma c -/- mice. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 595:87-115. [PMID: 19941107 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-421-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, several humanized mouse models have been used to experimentally analyze the function and development of the human immune system. Recent advances have lead to the establishment of new murine-human chimeric models with improved characteristics, both in terms of human engraftment efficiency and in situ multilineage human hematopoietic development. We describe here the use of newborn BALB/c Rag2(-/-)gamma(c) (-/-) mice as recipients of human hematopoietic progenitor cells to produce "human immune system" (HIS) (BALB-Rag/gamma) mice, using human fetal liver progenitors. The two major subsets of the human dendritic cell lineage, namely, BDCA2(+)CD11c(-) plasmacytoid dendritic cells and BDCA2(-)CD11c(+) conventional dendritic cells, can be found in HIS (BALB-Rag/gamma) mice. In order to manipulate the expression of genes of interest, the human hematopoietic progenitor cells can be genetically engineered ex vivo by lentiviral transduction before performing xenograft transplantation. Using this mouse model, the human immune system can be assessed for both fundamental and pre-clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja U van Lent
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Legrand N, Ploss A, Balling R, Becker PD, Borsotti C, Brezillon N, Debarry J, de Jong Y, Deng H, Di Santo JP, Eisenbarth S, Eynon E, Flavell RA, Guzman CA, Huntington ND, Kremsdorf D, Manns MP, Manz MG, Mention JJ, Ott M, Rathinam C, Rice CM, Rongvaux A, Stevens S, Spits H, Strick-Marchand H, Takizawa H, van Lent AU, Wang C, Weijer K, Willinger T, Ziegler P. Humanized mice for modeling human infectious disease: challenges, progress, and outlook. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:5-9. [PMID: 19616761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 800 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, resulting in more than 5 million deaths annually. Here we discuss the potential and challenges of humanized mouse models for developing effective and affordable therapies and vaccines, which are desperately needed to combat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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22
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Maijenburg MW, Noort WA, Kleijer M, Kompier CJA, Weijer K, van Buul JD, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C. Cell cycle and tissue of origin contribute to the migratory behaviour of human fetal and adult mesenchymal stromal cells. Br J Haematol 2009; 148:428-40. [PMID: 19863541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are potential cells for cellular therapies, in which the recruitment and migration of MSC towards injured tissue is crucial. Our data show that culture-expanded MSC from fetal lung and bone marrow, adult bone marrow and adipose tissue contained a small percentage of migrating cells in vitro, but the optimal stimulus was different. Overall, fetal lung-MSC had the highest migratory capacity. As fetal bone marrow-MSC had lower migratory potential than fetal lung-MSC, the tissue of origin may determine the migratory capacity of MSC. No additive effect in migration towards combined stimuli was observed, which suggests only one migratory MSC fraction. Interestingly, actin rearrangement and increased paxillin phosphorylation were observed in most MSC upon stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha or platelet-derived growth factor-BB stimulation, indicating that this mechanism involved in responding to migratory cues is not restricted to migratory MSC. Migratory MSC maintained differentiation and migration potential, and contained significantly less cells in S- and G2/M-phase than their non-migrating counterpart. In conclusion, our results suggest that MSC from various sources have different migratory capacities, depending on the tissue of origin. Similar to haematopoietic stem cells, cell cycle contributes to MSC migration, which offers perspectives for modulation of MSC to enhance efficacy of future cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke W Maijenburg
- Department of Experimental Immunohaematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
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23
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Centlivre M, Zhou X, Pouw SM, Weijer K, Kleibeuker W, Das AT, Blom B, Seppen J, Berkhout B, Legrand N. Autoregulatory lentiviral vectors allow multiple cycles of doxycycline-inducible gene expression in human hematopoietic cells in vivo. Gene Ther 2009; 17:14-25. [PMID: 19727135 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficient control of gene expression in vivo from lentiviral vectors remains technically challenging. To analyze inducible gene expression in a human setting, we generated 'human immune system' (HIS) mice by transplanting newborn BALB/c Rag2(-/-)IL-2Rgamma(c)(-/-) immunodeficient mice with human hematopoietic stem cells transduced with a doxycycline-inducible lentiviral vector. We compared several methods of doxycycline delivery to mice, and could accurately measure doxycycline in vivo using a new sensitive detection assay. Two different lentiviral vector designs with constitutive (TRECMV-V14) or autoregulatory (TREAuto-V14) expression of an optimized reverse tetracycline transactivator were used to transduce human hematopoietic stem cells. After transplantation into immunodeficient mice, we analyzed the expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene in the human hematopoiesis-derived cells that develop and accumulate in the generated HIS mice. We show efficient inducible GFP expression in adult HIS mice containing TREAuto-V14-transduced human cells, whereas GFP expression is poor with the TRECMV-V14 vector. Multiple cycles of doxycycline exposure in the TREAuto-V14 group result in repeated cycles of GFP expression with no loss of intensity. These findings are of major interest for gene therapy and basic research settings that require inducible gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Centlivre
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Haridass D, Yuan Q, Becker PD, Cantz T, Iken M, Rothe M, Narain N, Bock M, Nörder M, Legrand N, Wedemeyer H, Weijer K, Spits H, Manns MP, Cai J, Deng H, Di Santo JP, Guzman CA, Ott M. Repopulation efficiencies of adult hepatocytes, fetal liver progenitor cells, and embryonic stem cell-derived hepatic cells in albumin-promoter-enhancer urokinase-type plasminogen activator mice. Am J Pathol 2009; 175:1483-92. [PMID: 19717639 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fetal liver progenitor cell suspensions (FLPC) and hepatic precursor cells derived from embryonic stem cells (ES-HPC) represent a potential source for liver cell therapy. However, the relative capacity of these cell types to engraft and repopulate a recipient liver compared with adult hepatocytes (HC) has not been comprehensively assessed. We transplanted mouse and human HC, FLPC, and ES-HPC into a new immunodeficient mouse strain (Alb-uPA(tg(+/-))Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice) and estimated the percentages of HC after 3 months. Adult mouse HC repopulated approximately half of the liver mass (46.6 +/- 8.0%, 1 x 10(6) transplanted cells), whereas mouse FLPC derived from day 13.5 and 11.5 post conception embryos generated only 12.1 +/- 3.0% and 5.1 +/- 1.1%, respectively, of the recipient liver and smaller cell clusters. Adult human HC and FLPC generated overall less liver tissue than mouse cells and repopulated 10.0 +/- 3.9% and 2.7 +/- 1.1% of the recipient livers, respectively. Mouse and human ES-HPC did not generate HC clusters in our animal model. We conclude that, in contrast to expectations, adult HC of human and mouse origin generate liver tissue more efficiently than cells derived from fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells in a highly immunodeficient Alb-uPA transgenic mouse model system. These results have important implications in the context of selecting the optimal strategy for human liver cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Haridass
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School and Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover 30625, Germany
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25
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Cupedo T, Crellin NK, Papazian N, Rombouts EJ, Weijer K, Grogan JL, Fibbe WE, Cornelissen JJ, Spits H. Human fetal lymphoid tissue-inducer cells are interleukin 17-producing precursors to RORC+ CD127+ natural killer-like cells. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:66-74. [PMID: 19029905 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human body contains over 500 individual lymph nodes, yet the biology of their formation is poorly understood. Here we identify human lymphoid tissue-inducer cells (LTi cells) as lineage-negative RORC+ CD127+ cells with the functional ability to interact with mesenchymal cells through lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor. Human LTi cells were committed natural killer (NK) cell precursors that produced interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-22. In vitro, LTi cells gave rise to RORC+ CD127+ NK cells that retained the ability to produce IL-17 and IL-22. Postnatally, similar populations of LTi cell-like cells and RORC+ CD127+ NK cells were present in tonsils, and both secreted IL-17 and IL-22 but no interferon-gamma. Our data indicate that lymph node organogenesis is controlled by an NK cell precursor population with adaptive immune features and demonstrate a previously unappreciated link between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Huntington ND, Legrand N, Alves NL, Jaron B, Weijer K, Plet A, Corcuff E, Mortier E, Jacques Y, Spits H, Di Santo JP. IL-15 trans-presentation promotes human NK cell development and differentiation in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 206:25-34. [PMID: 19103877 PMCID: PMC2626663 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo requirements for human natural killer (NK) cell development and differentiation into cytotoxic effectors expressing inhibitory receptors for self-major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I; killer Ig-like receptors [KIRs]) remain undefined. Here, we dissect the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in human NK cell development using Rag2(-/-)gamma c(-/-) mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells. Human NK cell reconstitution was intrinsically low in this model because of the poor reactivity to mouse IL-15. Although exogenous human IL-15 (hIL-15) alone made little improvement, IL-15 coupled to IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha) significantly augmented human NK cells. IL-15-IL-15R alpha complexes induced extensive NK cell proliferation and differentiation, resulting in accumulation of CD16(+)KIR(+) NK cells, which was not uniquely dependent on enhanced survival or preferential responsiveness of this subset to IL-15. Human NK cell differentiation in vivo required hIL-15 and progressed in a linear fashion from CD56(hi)CD16(-)KIR(-) to CD56(lo)CD16(+)KIR(-), and finally to CD56(lo)CD16(+)KIR(+). These data provide the first evidence that IL-15 trans-presentation regulates human NK cell homeostasis. Use of hIL-15 receptor agonists generates a robust humanized immune system model to study human NK cells in vivo. IL-15 receptor agonists may provide therapeutic tools to improve NK cell reconstitution after bone marrow transplants, enhance graft versus leukemia effects, and increase the pool of IL-15-responsive cells during immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Huntington
- Immunology Department, 2 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, 3 INSERM U883, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France.
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27
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Scheeren FA, Nagasawa M, Weijer K, Cupedo T, Kirberg J, Legrand N, Spits H. T cell-independent development and induction of somatic hypermutation in human IgM+ IgD+ CD27+ B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2033-42. [PMID: 18695003 PMCID: PMC2526198 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells from peripheral blood have been described as circulating marginal zone B cells. It is still unknown when and where these cells develop. These IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells exhibit somatic hypermutations (SHMs) in their B cell receptors, but the exact nature of the signals leading to induction of these SHMs remains elusive. Here, we show that IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells carrying SHMs are observed during human fetal development. To examine the role of T cells in human IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cell development we used an in vivo model in which Rag2−/−γC−/− mice were repopulated with human hematopoietic stem cells. Using Rag2−/−γC−/− mice on a Nude background, we demonstrated that development and induction of SHMs of human IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells can occur in a T cell–independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc A Scheeren
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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An DS, Poon B, Ho Tsong Fang R, Weijer K, Blom B, Spits H, Chen ISY, Uittenbogaart CH. Use of a novel chimeric mouse model with a functionally active human immune system to study human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:391-6. [PMID: 17314230 PMCID: PMC1865603 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00403-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a small-animal model to study human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis in blood and primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice that are neonatally injected with human CD34(+) cells develop a functional human immune system (HIS), with human hematopoietic cells being found in the thymuses, peripheral blood, spleens, and bone marrow of the animals (hereafter these animals are referred to as HIS-Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice). HIS-Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice were infected with small amounts of CCR5-tropic HIV-1. Viral replication and immunophenotypic changes in the human cells in peripheral blood and lymphoid organs were examined. The productive infection of human cells in peripheral blood, thymus and spleen tissue, and bone marrow was detected. Ratios of CD4(+) T cells to CD8(+) T cells in the infected animals declined. Although no specific anti-HIV-1 immune responses were detected, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to an unidentified fetal calf serum protein present in the virus preparation were found in the inoculated animals. Thus, we have shown that the HIS-Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mouse model can be used for infection with low doses of CCR5-tropic HIV-1, which is most commonly transmitted during primary infections. HIS-Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice can serve as a small-animal model for investigating HIV-1 pathogenesis and testing potential HIV-1 therapies, and studies with this model may replace some long and costly studies with nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sung An
- Department of Medicine, David E. Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1747, USA
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29
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Legrand N, Cupedo T, van Lent AU, Ebeli MJ, Weijer K, Hanke T, Spits H. Transient accumulation of human mature thymocytes and regulatory T cells with CD28 superagonist in “human immune system” Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Blood 2006; 108:238-45. [PMID: 16514056 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and quick reconstitution of T-cell compartments in lymphopenic patients is of great importance to prevent opportunistic infections, but remains difficult to achieve. Human T-cell proliferation in a T-cell-receptor (TCR)-independent manner is possible in vitro with superagonist anti-CD28 antibodies, and such molecules are therefore promising therapeutic tools. Here, we investigated the in vivo effects of superagonist anti-CD28 treatment on human developing and mature T cells, in the recently developed model of “human immune system” BALB/c Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Our results show that superagonist anti-CD28 treatment transiently induces a 7-fold increase in thymocyte numbers and up to 18-fold accumulation of mature thymocytes. The increased thymic production lead to transient accumulation of mature T cells in the periphery at the peak of treatment effect (day 6). In addition, long-term peripheral T-cell depletion was induced. Furthermore, the concomitant selective expansion and accumulation of suppressive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells was induced in a transient manner. Superagonist anti-CD28 therapy could therefore be of clinical interest in humans, both for beneficial effect on thymic T-cell production as well as regulatory T-cell accumulation. (Blood. 2006;108:238-245)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Abstract
The study of development and function of the immune system in vivo has made intensive use of animal models, but performing such work in humans is difficult for experimental, practical, and ethical reasons. Confronted with this scientific challenge, several pioneering groups have developed in the late 1980s mouse models of human immune system development. Although these experimental approaches were proven successful and useful, they were suffering from limitations due to xenograft transplantation barriers. By reviewing the characteristics of the successive models over the last 20 years, it becomes apparent that screening of potentially interesting mouse strains and usage of combinations of genetic deficiencies has led to major advances. This is particularly true for human T cell development in the murine thymus. This review will focus on these advances and the potential future improvements that remain to be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Abstract
There is an increasing amount of knowledge on the functional properties of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the adult immune system, but data on the generation and function of these cells during human embryonic development are scarce. In this study, we show that in the fetal thymus, double-positive cells initiate expression of CD25, GITR, CTLA4 and CD122 during their transition from the CD27- to the CD27+ stage. Moreover, CD4+CD25+ fetal thymocytes already have the potential to suppress proliferation of CD25- cells. After leaving the thymus, FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ Treg enter the fetal lymph nodes and spleen, where they acquire a primed/memory phenotype. A model is proposed for the development of human fetal Treg that encompasses two sequential maturation steps: initiation of a regulatory phenotype and suppressive activity in the thymus; and subsequent activation within the peripheral lymphoid organs. Upon activation, FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ Treg suppress potentially deleterious responses by autoreactive lymphocytes and maintain homeostasis within the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cupedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Schotte R, Nagasawa M, Weijer K, Spits H, Blom B. The ETS transcription factor Spi-B is required for human plasmacytoid dendritic cell development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 200:1503-9. [PMID: 15583020 PMCID: PMC2211952 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of transcription factors that act as molecular switches for hematopoietic lineage decisions have been identified. We recently described the ETS transcription factor Spi-B to be exclusively expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), but not in myeloid DCs. To assess whether Spi-B is required for pDC development we used an RNA interference knock down approach to specifically silence Spi-B protein synthesis in CD34(+) precursor cells. We observed that a knock down of Spi-B mRNA strongly inhibited the ability of CD34(+) precursor cells to develop into pDCs in both in vitro assays as well as in vivo upon injection into recombination activating gene 2(-/-) gamma common(-/-) mice. The observed effects were restricted to the pDC lineage as the differentiation of pro-B cells and CD14(+) myeloid cells was not inhibited but slightly elevated by Spi-B knock down. Knock down of the related ETS factor PU.1 also inhibited in vitro development of CD34(+) cells into pDCs. However, in contrast to Spi-B, PU.1 knock down inhibited B cell and myeloid cell development as well. These results identify Spi-B as a key regulator of human pDC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko Schotte
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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33
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Gimeno R, Weijer K, Voordouw A, Uittenbogaart CH, Legrand N, Alves NL, Wijnands E, Blom B, Spits H. Monitoring the effect of gene silencing by RNA interference in human CD34+ cells injected into newborn RAG2-/- gammac-/- mice: functional inactivation of p53 in developing T cells. Blood 2004; 104:3886-93. [PMID: 15319293 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays an important role in regulating cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Here we applied RNA interference to study the role of p53 in human hematopoietic development in vivo. An siRNA construct specifically targeting the human tumor-suppressor gene p53 was introduced into human CD34(+) progenitor cells by lentivirus-mediated gene transfer, which resulted in more than 95% knockdown of p53. We adapted the human-SCID mouse model to optimize the development of hematopoietic cells, particularly of T cells. This was achieved by the intraperitoneal injection of CD34(+) precursor cells into newborn Rag2(-/-) gammac(-/-) mice that lack T, B, and NK cells. Robust development of T cells was observed in these mice, with peripheral T-cell repopulation 8 weeks after injection of the precursor cells. Other lymphocyte and myeloid subsets also developed in these mice. Injecting p53 siRNA-transduced CD34(+) cells resulted in stable expression and down-modulation of p53 in the mature T-cell offspring. Inactivating p53 did not affect the development of CD34(+) cells into various mature leukocyte subsets, including T cells, but it conferred resistance to gamma-irradiation and other p53-dependent apoptotic stimuli to the T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Gimeno
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Verra NCV, Jorritsma A, Weijer K, Ruizendaal JJ, Voordouw A, Weder P, Hooijberg E, Schumacher TNM, Haanen JBAG, Spits H, Luiten RM. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase-transduced human cytotoxic T cells suppress the growth of human melanoma in immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res 2004; 64:2153-61. [PMID: 15026357 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of melanoma by adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive T lymphocytes aims at increasing the number of activated effectors at the tumor site that can mediate tumor regression. The limited life span of human T lymphocytes, however, hampers obtaining sufficient cells for adoptive transfer therapy. We have shown previously that the life span of human T cells can be greatly extended by transduction with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, without altering antigen specificity or effector function. We developed a murine model to evaluate the efficacy of hTERT-transduced human CTLs with antitumor reactivity to eradicate autologous tumor cells in vivo. We transplanted the human melanoma cell line melAKR or melAKR-Flu, transduced with a retrovirus encoding the influenza virus/HLA-A2 epitope, in RAG-2(-/-) IL-2Rgamma (-/-) double knockout mice. Adoptive transfer of the hTERT-transduced influenza virus-specific CTL clone INFA24 or clone INFA13 inhibited the growth of melAKR-Flu tumors in vivo and not of the parental melAKR melanoma cells. Furthermore, the hTERT-transduced CTL clone INFA13 inhibited tumor growth to the same extent in vivo as the untransduced CTL clone, as determined by in vivo imaging of luciferase gene-transduced melAKR-Flu tumors, indicating that hTERT did not affect the in vivo function of CTL. These results demonstrate that hTERT-transduced human CTLs are capable of mediating antitumor activity in vivo in an antigen-specific manner. hTERT-transduced MART-1-specific CTL clones AKR4D8 and AKR103 inhibited the growth of syngeneic melAKR tumors in vivo. Strikingly, melAKR-Flu cells were equally killed by the MART-1-specific CTL clones and influenza virus-specific CTL clones in vitro, but only influenza-specific CTLs were able to mediate tumor regression in vivo. The influenza-specific CTL clones were found to produce higher levels of IFNgamma on tumor cell recognition than the MART-1-specific CTL clones, which may result from the higher functional avidity of the influenza virus-specific CTL clones. Also, melAKR-Flu tumors were growing faster than melAKR tumors, which may have surpassed the relatively modest antitumor effect of the MART-1-specific CTL, as compared with the influenza virus-specific CTL. Taken together, the adoptive transfer model described here shows that hTERT-transduced T cells are functional in vivo, and allows us to evaluate the balance between functional activity of the CTL and tumor growth rate in vivo, which determines the efficacy of CTLs to eradicate tumors in adoptive transfer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Genetic Vectors
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Nuclear Proteins
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha C V Verra
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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van Rijn RS, Simonetti ER, Hagenbeek A, Hogenes MCH, de Weger RA, Canninga-van Dijk MR, Weijer K, Spits H, Storm G, van Bloois L, Rijkers G, Martens ACM, Ebeling SB. A new xenograft model for graft-versus-host disease by intravenous transfer of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in RAG2-/- gammac-/- double-mutant mice. Blood 2003; 102:2522-31. [PMID: 12791667 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe application of new strategies for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is hampered by the lack of a clinically relevant model for preclinical testing. Current models are based on intraperitoneal transfer of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (huPBMCs) into NOD-SCID (nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient)/SCID mice. Intravenous transfer would be preferred but this has always been ineffective. We developed a new model for xenogeneic GVHD (X-GVHD) by intravenous transfer of huPBMCs into RAG2-/- gammac-/-mice. Our results show a high human T-cell chimerism of more than 20% (up to 98%) in more than 90% of mice, associated with a consistent development of XGVHD within 14 to 28 days and a total mortality rate of 85% shorter than 2 months. After murine macrophage depletion, engraftment was earlier and equally high with lower doses of huPBMCs. Human macrophages were also absent in these mice. Purified huCD3+ cells showed a similar X-GVH effect with contribution of both CD4 and CD8 phenotypes. Human immunoglobulins and cytokines were produced in diseased mice. One of 30 mice developed chronic X-GVHD with skin histology similar to human GVHD. In conclusion, we present a new model for X-GVHD by intravenous transfer of huPBMCs in RAG2-/- gammac-/- mice. Murine and human macrophages do not seem to be necessary for acute X-GVHD in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozemarijn S van Rijn
- Jordan Laboratory for Hemato-Oncology, Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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36
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Schotte R, Rissoan MC, Bendriss-Vermare N, Bridon JM, Duhen T, Weijer K, Brière F, Spits H. The transcription factor Spi-B is expressed in plasmacytoid DC precursors and inhibits T-, B-, and NK-cell development. Blood 2003; 101:1015-23. [PMID: 12393575 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), also called type 2 dendritic cell precursors or natural interferon (IFN)-producing cells, represent a cell type with distinctive phenotypic and functional features. They are present in the thymus and probably share a common precursor with T and natural killer (NK) cells. In an effort to identify genes that control pDC development we searched for genes of which the expression is restricted to human pDC using a cDNA subtraction technique with activated monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) as competitor. We identified the transcription factor Spi-B to be expressed in pDCs but not in Mo-DCs. Spi-B expression in pDCs was maintained on in vitro maturation of pDCs. Spi-B was expressed in early CD34(+)CD38(-) hematopoietic progenitors and in CD34(+)CD1a(-) thymic precursors. Spi-B expression is down-regulated when uncommitted CD34(+)CD1a(-) thymic precursors differentiate into committed CD34(+)CD1a(+) pre-T cells. Overexpression of Spi-B in hematopoietic progenitor cells resulted in inhibition of development of T cells both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, development of progenitor cells into B and NK cells in vitro was also inhibited by Spi-B overexpression. Our results indicate that Spi-B is involved in the control of pDC development by limiting the capacity of progenitor cells to develop into other lymphoid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko Schotte
- Division of Immunology of the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Weijer K, Uittenbogaart CH, Voordouw A, Couwenberg F, Seppen J, Blom B, Vyth-Dreese FA, Spits H. Intrathymic and extrathymic development of human plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors in vivo. Blood 2002; 99:2752-9. [PMID: 11929763 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.8.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC2) from human CD34(+) stem cells in vivo was studied in RAG-2(-/-) interleukin (IL)-2Rgamma(-/-) mice that lack functional T and B cells and natural killer cells. CD34(+) cells isolated from fetal liver or thymus were labeled with 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and were injected into a human thymus grafted subcutaneously in the RAG-2(-/-) IL-2Rgamma(-/-) mice. One to 4 weeks later the CFSE label was found not only in T cells but also in CD123(+/high) CD4(+)CD45RA(+) pDC2, indicating that the CD34(+) cells can develop into pDC2 within a thymus. In addition to pDC2, CFSE-labeled dendritic cells with a mature phenotype, determined by the cell surface markers CD11c, CD83, and CD80, were found in the injected human thymus graft. pDC2 was not found in the periphery of mice carrying a human thymic graft, indicating that the intrathymic pDC2 failed to emigrate from the thymus. We also demonstrate that pDC2 can develop outside the thymus because relatively high percentages of pDC2 were found in the periphery after the intravenous injection of CD34(+)CD38(-) fetal liver cells in RAG-2(-/-) IL-2Rgamma(-/-) mice without a human thymus graft. These data indicate that the thymus and the peripheral pDC2 develop independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Weijer
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Spits H, Couwenberg F, Bakker AQ, Weijer K, Uittenbogaart CH. Id2 and Id3 inhibit development of CD34(+) stem cells into predendritic cell (pre-DC)2 but not into pre-DC1. Evidence for a lymphoid origin of pre-DC2. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1775-84. [PMID: 11120774 PMCID: PMC2213506 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.12.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We found previously that Id3, which inhibits transcriptional activities of many basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, blocked T and B cell development but stimulated natural killer (NK) cell development. Here we report that ectopic expression of Id3 and another Id protein, Id2, strongly inhibited the development of primitive CD34(+)CD38(-) progenitor cells into CD123(high) dendritic cell (DC)2 precursors. In contrast, development of CD34(+)CD38(-) cells into CD4(+)CD14(+) DC1 precursors and mature DC1 was not affected by ectopic Id2 or Id3 expression. These observations support the notion of a common origin of DC2 precursors, T and B cells. As Id proteins did not block development of NK cells, a model presents itself in which these proteins drive common lymphoid precursors to develop into NK cells by inhibiting their options to develop into T cells, B cells, and pre-DC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hergen Spits
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 10066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franka Couwenberg
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 10066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Q. Bakker
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 10066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Weijer
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 10066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cangul IT, van Garderen E, van der Poel HJ, Weijer K, Misdorp W. Tyrosinase gene expression in clear cell sarcoma indicates a melanocytic origin: insight from the first reported canine case. APMIS 1999; 107:982-8. [PMID: 10598869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize a metastasizing soft tissue tumor in a dog, which clinically, grossly and histologically showed a close resemblance to human clear cell sarcoma, a soft tissue variant of malignant melanoma. Ultrastructurally, melanosomes were found, indicating a melanocytic origin of the tumor. Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, expression of the gene encoding tyrosinase was determined in tumor cells. With this first case of canine clear cell sarcoma, as well as the earlier report from our laboratory on amelanotic melanomas in the cat, we demonstrate that expression of the tyrosinase gene may occur in a broader range of less differentiated melanocytic tumors in different species, including man.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Cangul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Jaleco AC, Stegmann AP, Heemskerk MH, Couwenberg F, Bakker AQ, Weijer K, Spits H. Genetic modification of human B-cell development: B-cell development is inhibited by the dominant negative helix loop helix factor Id3. Blood 1999; 94:2637-46. [PMID: 10515867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic and gene targeted mice have contributed greatly to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying B-cell development. We describe here a model system that allows us to apply molecular genetic techniques to the analysis of human B-cell development. We constructed a retroviral vector with a multiple cloning site connected to a gene encoding green fluorescent protein by an internal ribosomal entry site. Human CD34(+)CD38(-) fetal liver cells, cultured overnight in a combination of stem cell factor and interleukin-7 (IL-7), could be transduced with 30% efficiency. We ligated the gene encoding the dominant negative helix loop helix (HLH) factor Id3 that inhibits many enhancing basic HLH transcription factors into this vector. CD34(+)CD38(-) FL cells were transduced with Id3-IRES-GFP and cultured with the murine stromal cell line S17. In addition, we cultured the transduced cells in a reaggregate culture system with an SV-transformed human fibroblast cell line (SV19). It was observed that overexpression of Id3 inhibited development of B cells in both culture systems. B-cell development was arrested at a stage before expression of the IL-7Ralpha. The development of CD34(+)CD38(-) cells into CD14(+) myeloid cells in the S17 system was not inhibited by overexpression of Id3. Moreover, Id3(+) cells, although inhibited in their B-cell development, were still able to develop into natural killer (NK) cells when cultured in a combination of Flt-3L, IL-7, and IL-15. These findings confirm the essential role of bHLH factors in B-cell development and demonstrate the feasibility of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer as a tool to genetically modify human B-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Jaleco
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Huis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Weimar IS, Weijer K, van den Berk PC, Muller EJ, Miranda N, Bakker AQ, Heemskerk MH, Hekman A, de Gast GC, Gerritsen WR. HGF/SF and its receptor c-MET play a minor role in the dissemination of human B-lymphoma cells in SCID mice. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:43-53. [PMID: 10487611 PMCID: PMC2374344 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MET protooncogene, c-MET, encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor. The ligand for c-MET is hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (SF), which is known to affect proliferation and motility of primarily epithelial cells. Recently, HGF/SF was also shown to affect haemopoiesis. Studies with epithelial and transfected NIH3T3 cells indicated that the HGF/SF-c-MET interaction promotes invasion in vitro and in vivo. We previously demonstrated that HGF/SF induces adhesion of c-MET-positive B-lymphoma cells to extracellular matrix molecules, and promoted migration and invasion in in vitro assays. Here, the effect of HGF/SF on tumorigenicity of c-MET-positive and c-MET-negative human B-lymphoma cell lines was studied in C.B-17 scid/scid (severe combined immune deficient) mice. Intravenously (i.v.) injected c-MET-positive (BJAB) as well as c-MET-negative (Daudi and Ramos cells) B-lymphoma cells formed tumours in SCID mice. The B-lymphoma cells invaded different organs, such as liver, kidney, lymph nodes, lung, gonads and the central nervous system. We assessed the effect of human HGF/SF on the dissemination of the B-lymphoma cells and found that administration of 5 microg HGF/SF to mice, injected (i.v.) with c-MET-positive lymphoma cells, significantly (P = 0.018) increased the number of metastases in lung, liver and lymph nodes. In addition, HGF/SF did not significantly influence dissemination of c-MET-negative lymphoma cells (P = 0.350 with Daudi cells and P= 0.353 with Ramos cells). Thus the effect of administration of HGF/SF on invasion of lymphoma cells is not an indirect one, e.g. via an effect on endothelial cells. Finally, we investigated the effect of HGF/SF on dissemination of c-MET-transduced Ramos cells. In response to HGF/SF, c-MET-transduced Ramos cells showed an increased migration through Matrigel in Boyden chambers compared to wild-type and control-transduced Ramos cells. The dissemination pattern of c-MET-transduced cells did not differ from control cells in in vivo experiments using SCID mice. Also no effect of HGF/SF administration could be documented, in contrast to the in vitro experiments. From our experiments can be concluded that the HGF/SF-c-MET interaction only plays a minor role in the dissemination of human B-lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Weimar
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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Spits H, Blom B, Jaleco AC, Weijer K, Verschuren MC, van Dongen JJ, Heemskerk MH, Res PC. Early stages in the development of human T, natural killer and thymic dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 1998; 165:75-86. [PMID: 9850853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T-cell development is initiated when CD34+ pluripotent stem cells or their immediate progeny leave the bone marrow to migrate to the thymus. Upon arrival in the thymus the stem cell progeny is not yet committed to the T-cell lineage as it has the capability to develop into T, natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DC). Primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in the human thymus express CD34 and lack CD1a. When these progenitor cells develop into T cells they traverse a number of checkpoints. One early checkpoint is the induction of T-cell commitment, which correlates with appearance of CD1a and involves the loss of capacity to develop into NK cells and DC and the initiation of T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements. Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors play a role in induction of T-cell commitment. CD1a+CD34+ cells develop into CD4+CD8 alpha+ beta+ cells by upregulating first CD4, followed by CD8 alpha and then CD8 beta. Selection for productive TCR beta gene rearrangements (beta selection) likely occurs in the CD4+CD8 alpha+ beta- and CD4+CD8 alpha+ beta+ populations. Although the T and NK-cell lineages are closely related to each other, NK cells can develop independently of the thymus. The fetal thymus is most likely one site of NK-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Spits
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Martínez-Cáceres E, Jaleco AC, Res P, Noteboom E, Weijer K, Spits H. Characterization of CD34+ thymic stromal cells located in the subcapsular cortex of the human thymus. Exp Hematol 1998; 26:588-96. [PMID: 9657133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report that suspensions of human fetal thymocytes contain cells that express high levels of CD34 and Thy-1. These cells were characterized with regard to location within the thymus, phenotype, and function. Confocal laser scan analysis of frozen sections of fetal thymus with anti-CD34 and Thy-1 antibodies revealed that the double-labeled cells were located in the pericortical area. In addition, it was found that the CD34+Thy-1+ cells lacked CD45 and CD50, indicating that these cells are not of hematopoietic origin; this was confirmed by the finding that these cells could be cultured as adherent cells in a medium with cholera toxin and dexamethasone, but failed to grow in mixtures of hematopoietic growth factors. Further analysis indicated that most cultured CD34+Thy-1+ cells expressed cytokeratin (CK) 14 but lacked CK 13, suggesting that these cells are immature epithelial cells. Cultured CD34+Thy-1+ cells were able to induce differentiation of CD1-CD34+CD3-CD4-CD8- thymic precursors into CD4+CD8+ cells in a reaggregate culture in the absence of exogenous cytokines. The CD4+CD8+ cells that developed in these cultures did not express CD3, indicating that CD34+Thy-1+ thymic stromal cells are not capable of completing full T cell differentiation of thymic hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Heemskerk MH, Blom B, Nolan G, Stegmann AP, Bakker AQ, Weijer K, Res PC, Spits H. Inhibition of T cell and promotion of natural killer cell development by the dominant negative helix loop helix factor Id3. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1597-602. [PMID: 9348318 PMCID: PMC2199115 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.9.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipotential T/natural killer (NK) progenitor cells are present in the human thymus. Despite their bipotential capacity, these progenitors develop predominantly to T cells in the thymus. The mechanisms controlling this developmental choice are unknown. Here we present evidence that a member(s) of the family of basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors determines lineage specification of NK/T cell progenitors. The natural dominant negative HLH factor Id3, which blocks transcriptional activity of a number of known bHLH factors, was expressed in CD34+ progenitor cells by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Constitutive expression of Id3 completely blocks development of CD34+ cells into T cells in a fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). In contrast, development into NK cells in an FTOC is enhanced. Thus, the activity of a bHLH transcription factor is necessary for T lineage differentiation of bipotential precursors, in the absence of which a default pathway leading to NK cell development is chosen. Our results identify a molecular switch for lineage specification in early lymphoid precursors of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Heemskerk
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Jaleco AC, Blom B, Res P, Weijer K, Lanier LL, Phillips JH, Spits H. Fetal liver contains committed NK progenitors, but is not a site for development of CD34+ cells into T cells. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.2.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The presence of T and NK cells in the human fetal liver and the fact that fetal liver hemopoietic progenitor cells develop into T and NK cells suggest a role for the fetal liver compartment in T and NK cell development. In this work, we show that the capacity of fetal liver progenitors to develop into T cells, in a human/mouse fetal thymic organ culture system, is restricted to an immature subset of CD34+ CD38- cells. No T cell-committed precursors are contained within the more differentiated CD34+ CD38+ population. This conclusion is supported by the observations that no TCR-delta gene rearrangements and no pre-TCR-alpha expression can be detected in this population. However, NK cells were derived from CD34+ CD38- and CD34+ CD38+ fetal liver cells cultured in the presence of IL-15, IL-7, and Flt-3 ligand. Eighty to ninety percent of cells arising from the CD34+ CD38+ population expressed the NK cell-associated markers CD56, CD16, CD94, and NKR-P1A. Several subpopulations of NK cell precursors were identified by differential expression of these receptors. Based on the detection of populations with a similar antigenic profile in freshly isolated fetal liver cells, we propose a model of NK cell differentiation. Collectively, our findings suggest that CD34+ cells differentiate into NK cells, but not into mature T cells, in the human fetal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Jaleco
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - B Blom
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - P Res
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - K Weijer
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - L L Lanier
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - J H Phillips
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - H Spits
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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46
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Jaleco AC, Blom B, Res P, Weijer K, Lanier LL, Phillips JH, Spits H. Fetal liver contains committed NK progenitors, but is not a site for development of CD34+ cells into T cells. J Immunol 1997; 159:694-702. [PMID: 9218584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of T and NK cells in the human fetal liver and the fact that fetal liver hemopoietic progenitor cells develop into T and NK cells suggest a role for the fetal liver compartment in T and NK cell development. In this work, we show that the capacity of fetal liver progenitors to develop into T cells, in a human/mouse fetal thymic organ culture system, is restricted to an immature subset of CD34+ CD38- cells. No T cell-committed precursors are contained within the more differentiated CD34+ CD38+ population. This conclusion is supported by the observations that no TCR-delta gene rearrangements and no pre-TCR-alpha expression can be detected in this population. However, NK cells were derived from CD34+ CD38- and CD34+ CD38+ fetal liver cells cultured in the presence of IL-15, IL-7, and Flt-3 ligand. Eighty to ninety percent of cells arising from the CD34+ CD38+ population expressed the NK cell-associated markers CD56, CD16, CD94, and NKR-P1A. Several subpopulations of NK cell precursors were identified by differential expression of these receptors. Based on the detection of populations with a similar antigenic profile in freshly isolated fetal liver cells, we propose a model of NK cell differentiation. Collectively, our findings suggest that CD34+ cells differentiate into NK cells, but not into mature T cells, in the human fetal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Jaleco
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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47
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Heemskerk M, Res P, Blom B, Nolan G, Bakker A, Weijer K, Spits H. bHLH transcription factors play a critical role in T cell development. Immunol Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)85030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Blom B, Res P, Noteboom E, Weijer K, Spits H. Prethymic CD34+ progenitors capable of developing into T cells are not committed to the T cell lineage. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.8.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Progenitor cells that seed the fetal thymus are derived from the fetal liver and the bone marrow. These cells migrate through the fetal blood to the thymus. In this work, we address which peripheral progenitor cells have the potential to become T cells and whether these progenitor cells are already committed to the T cell lineage. All CD34+CD38- precursor cells, regardless of their origin, are able to develop into T cells in a hybrid human/mouse fetal thymic organ culture. Previously, we found that the more differentiated CD34+CD38+ progenitor cells from fetal liver cannot develop into T cells. In this work, we show that CD34+CD38+ cells from fetal bone marrow and cord blood are capable of T cell development. In spite of the T cell-developing potential, we did not detect rearrangements of TCR-delta or TCR-beta loci in any of the CD34+ peripheral precursors. CD34+ fetal bone marrow cell subpopulations express pre-TCR-alpha. However, we could not detect expression of pT alpha or of recombination-activating gene 1 in CD34+ cord blood cells. Since cord blood CD34+ cells should contain the direct progenitors of the CD34+ thymocytes, our data do not support the notion that in humans commitment to the T cell lineage occurs before the cells migrate into the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blom
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - P Res
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - E Noteboom
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - K Weijer
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - H Spits
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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49
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Blom B, Res P, Noteboom E, Weijer K, Spits H. Prethymic CD34+ progenitors capable of developing into T cells are not committed to the T cell lineage. J Immunol 1997; 158:3571-7. [PMID: 9103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Progenitor cells that seed the fetal thymus are derived from the fetal liver and the bone marrow. These cells migrate through the fetal blood to the thymus. In this work, we address which peripheral progenitor cells have the potential to become T cells and whether these progenitor cells are already committed to the T cell lineage. All CD34+CD38- precursor cells, regardless of their origin, are able to develop into T cells in a hybrid human/mouse fetal thymic organ culture. Previously, we found that the more differentiated CD34+CD38+ progenitor cells from fetal liver cannot develop into T cells. In this work, we show that CD34+CD38+ cells from fetal bone marrow and cord blood are capable of T cell development. In spite of the T cell-developing potential, we did not detect rearrangements of TCR-delta or TCR-beta loci in any of the CD34+ peripheral precursors. CD34+ fetal bone marrow cell subpopulations express pre-TCR-alpha. However, we could not detect expression of pT alpha or of recombination-activating gene 1 in CD34+ cord blood cells. Since cord blood CD34+ cells should contain the direct progenitors of the CD34+ thymocytes, our data do not support the notion that in humans commitment to the T cell lineage occurs before the cells migrate into the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blom
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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50
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Res P, Blom B, Hori T, Weijer K, Spits H. Downregulation of CD1 marks acquisition of functional maturation of human thymocytes and defines a control point in late stages of human T cell development. J Exp Med 1997; 185:141-51. [PMID: 8996250 PMCID: PMC2196108 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated whether in the human thymus transition of CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) to CD4+ or CD8+ single positive (SP) cells is sufficient for generation of functional immunocompetent T cells. Using the capacity of thymocytes to expand in vitro in response to PHA and IL-2 as a criterion for functional maturity, we found that functional maturity of both SP and DP thymocytes correlates with downregulation of CD1a. CD1a- cells with a persistent DP phenotype were also found in neonatal cord blood, suggesting that at least a proportion of mature DP cells can emigrate from the thymus. The requirements for generating functional T cells were investigated in a hybrid human/mouse fetal thymic organ culture. MHC class II-positive, but not MHC class II-negative, mouse thymic microenvironments support differentiation of human progenitors into TCR alpha beta+CD4+ SP cells, indicating that mouse MHC class II can positively select TCR alpha beta +CD4+ SP human cells. Strikingly, these SP are arrested in the CD1a+ stage and could not be expanded in vitro with PHA and IL-2. CD1a+CD4+ SP thymocytes do not represent an end stage population because purified CD1a+CD4+ SP thymocytes differentiate to expandable CD1a- cells upon cocultivation with human thymic stromal cells. Taken together these data indicate that when CD1a+ DP TCR alpha beta low cells mature, these cells interact with MHC, but that an additional, apparently species-specific, signal is required for downregulation of CD1a to generate functional mature TCR alpha beta + cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Res
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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