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Pallmer K, Barnstorf I, Baumann NS, Borsa M, Jonjic S, Oxenius A. NK cells negatively regulate CD8 T cells via natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) 1 during LCMV infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007725. [PMID: 30995287 PMCID: PMC6469806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their function in recognizing cancerous and virally infected cells, natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to shape adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanisms employed by NK cells to negatively regulate virus-specific CD8 T cell responses remain to be fully defined. Using activating receptor natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) 1 deficient (NCR1gfp/gfp) mice, we found increased numbers of virus-specific CD8 T cells, leading to enhanced virus control during acute LCMV infection. Furthermore, virus-specific CD8 T cells were more activated in the absence of NCR1, resulting in exacerbated immunopathology, documented by weight loss, and superior virus control early during chronic LCMV infection. Transfer experiments of virus-specific CD8 T cells into NCR1 deficient hosts revealed a direct cross talk between NK and CD8 T cells. Studies on the splenic microarchitecture revealed pronounced disorganization of T cells in infected NCR1gfp/gfp mice, resulting in enhanced immunopathology and disruption of the T cell niche upon chronic LCMV infection. Our data show a novel pathway employed by NK cells to regulate antiviral CD8 T cell responses, namely direct recognition and elimination of activated CD8 T cells via NCR1 early during infection to protect the host from an overshooting T cell response. LCMV, which is part of the Arenaviridae family, is a well-established mouse model for acute and chronic virus infections, and it has allowed the identification of many immunological principles that were subsequently confirmed in human infections, such as CTL escape or CD8 T cell exhaustion. NK cells belong to the first line defense, being activated early following infection or exposure to malignant cells, and mediate their antiviral or anti-tumoral effect by direct cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine secretion. While NK cells are dispensable for control of LCMV, NK cells have the potential to shape adaptive immunity by regulating T cell responses. The absence of NK cells leads to increased T cell immunity and thereby, to faster eradication of the virus. However, the detailed mechanisms of how NK cells control antiviral T cell responses is still poorly defined. Here, we identified the activating NK cell receptor NCR1 to be involved in the regulation of CD8 T cell responses during acute and chronic LCMV infection. The absence of NCR1 led to a more robust CD4 and CD8 T cell response and to superior viral control in acute and chronic LCMV infections. However, the increased CD8 T cell responses led to severe immunopathology in the setting of chronic infection. Hence, NK cells curtail CD8 T cell responses to protect the host from immunopathological damage in an NCR1 dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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52
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The inhibitory receptors on NK cells and CTLs are upregulated in adult and adolescent patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Clin Immunol 2019; 202:18-28. [PMID: 30914280 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) includes primary HLH (pHLH) and secondary HLH (sHLH). Mutations that cause abnormal functions in natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are frequently identified in pHLH. However, why NK cells and CTLs exhibit abnormal functions in sHLH remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that NK cells in sHLH exhibited a high expression of inhibitory receptor NKG2A and a low expression of activating receptor NKG2D. Besides, the expression of HLA-E on lymphocyte, the adaptor of NKG2A on NK cells, was elevated in sHLH. Moreover, CTLs in sHLH patients expressed a higher level of functional exhaustion markers PD-1, TIM-3 and LAG-3 as well as a lower secretion of IFN-γ and CD107a upon stimulation. In addition, the expression of MHC-I on lymphocytes was decreased. Taken together, our study indicates a potentially pathological mechanism of sHLH and may open up new avenues for the development of immunotherapies against sHLH.
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53
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Hudspeth K, Wang S, Wang J, Rahman S, Smith MA, Casey KA, Manna Z, Sanjuan M, Kolbeck R, Hasni S, Ettinger R, Siegel RM. Natural killer cell expression of Ki67 is associated with elevated serum IL-15, disease activity and nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:226-236. [PMID: 30693467 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder whose pathology involves multiple immune cell types, including B and T lymphocytes as well as myeloid cells. While it is clear that autoantibody-producing B cells, as well as CD4+ T cell help, are key contributors to disease, little is known regarding the role of innate lymphoid cells such as natural killer (NK) cells in the pathogenesis of SLE. We have characterized the phenotype of NK cells by multi-color flow cytometry in a large cohort of SLE patients. While the overall percentage of NK cells was similar or slightly decreased compared to healthy controls, a subset of patients displayed a high frequency of NK cells expressing the proliferation marker, Ki67, which was not found in healthy donors. Although expression of Ki67 on NK cells correlated with Ki67 on other immune cell subsets, the frequency of Ki67 on NK cells was considerably higher. Increased frequencies of Ki67+ NK cells correlated strongly with clinical severity and active nephritis and was also related to low NK cell numbers, but not overall leukopenia. Proteomic and functional data indicate that the cytokine interleukin-15 promotes the induction of Ki67 on NK cells. These results suggest a role for NK cells in regulating the immune-mediated pathology of SLE as well as reveal a possible target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hudspeth
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - J Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - S Rahman
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - M A Smith
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - K A Casey
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | -
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Z Manna
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Sanjuan
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - R Kolbeck
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - S Hasni
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - R Ettinger
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - R M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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54
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Ali A, Gyurova IE, Waggoner SN. Mutually assured destruction: the cold war between viruses and natural killer cells. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:130-139. [PMID: 30877885 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a multitude of antiviral roles that are significant enough to provoke viral counterefforts to subvert their activity. As innate lymphocytes, NK cells provide a rapid source of pro-inflammatory antiviral cytokines and bring to bear cytolytic activities that are collectively meant to constrain viral replication and dissemination. Additionally, NK cells participate in adaptive immunity both by shaping virus-specific T-cell responses and by developing adaptive features themselves, including enhanced antibody-dependent effector functions. The relative importance of different functional activities of NK cells are poorly understood, thereby obfuscating clinical use of these cells. Here we focus on opposing efforts of NK cells and viruses to gain tactical superiority during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayad Ali
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States.
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55
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Haspeslagh E, van Helden MJ, Deswarte K, De Prijck S, van Moorleghem J, Boon L, Hammad H, Vivier E, Lambrecht BN. Role of NKp46 + natural killer cells in house dust mite-driven asthma. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708657. [PMID: 29444897 PMCID: PMC5887908 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM)‐allergic asthma is driven by T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, but also innate immune cells control key aspects of the disease. The precise function of innate natural killer (NK) cells during the initiation and propagation of asthma has been very confusing, in part because different, not entirely specific, strategies were used to target these cells. We show that HDM inhalation rapidly led to the accumulation of NK cells in the lung‐draining lymph nodes and of activated CD69+ NK cells in the bronchoalveolar lumen. However, genetically engineered Ncr1‐DTA or Ncr1‐DTR mice that constitutively or temporarily lack NK cells, still developed all key features of acute or chronic HDM‐driven asthma, such as bronchial hyperreactivity, Th2 cytokine production, eosinophilia, mucus overproduction, and Th2‐dependent immunoglobulin serum titers. The same results were obtained by administration of conventional NK1.1 or asialo‐GM1 NK cell‐depleting antibodies, antibody‐mediated blocking of the NKG2D receptor, or genetic NKG2D deficiency. Thus, although NK cells accumulate in allergen‐challenged lungs, our findings comprehensively demonstrate that these cells are not required for HDM‐driven asthma in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Haspeslagh
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mary J van Helden
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Prijck
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine van Moorleghem
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hamida Hammad
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Inserm, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Marseille Cedex, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium .,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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56
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Ott M, Avendaño-Guzmán E, Ullrich E, Dreyer C, Strauss J, Harden M, Schön M, Schön MP, Bernhardt G, Stadelmann C, Wegner C, Brück W, Nessler S. Laquinimod, a prototypic quinoline-3-carboxamide and aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, utilizes a CD155-mediated natural killer/dendritic cell interaction to suppress CNS autoimmunity. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:49. [PMID: 30808363 PMCID: PMC6390632 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quinoline-3-carboxamides, such as laquinimod, ameliorate CNS autoimmunity in patients and reduce tumor cell metastasis experimentally. Previous studies have focused on the immunomodulatory effect of laquinimod on myeloid cells. The data contained herein suggest that quinoline-3-carboxamides improve the immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects of NK cells by upregulating the adhesion molecule DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1). Methods We explored how NK cell activation by laquinimod inhibits CNS autoimmunity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most utilized model of MS, and improves immunosurveillance of experimental lung melanoma metastasis. Functional manipulations included in vivo NK and DC depletion experiments and in vitro assays of NK cell function. Clinical, histological, and flow cytometric read-outs were assessed. Results We demonstrate that laquinimod activates natural killer (NK) cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and increases their DNAM-1 cell surface expression. This activation improves the cytotoxicity of NK cells against B16F10 melanoma cells and augments their immunoregulatory functions in EAE by interacting with CD155+ dendritic cells (DC). Noteworthy, the immunosuppressive effect of laquinimod-activated NK cells was due to decreasing MHC class II antigen presentation by DC and not by increasing DC killing. Conclusions This study clarifies how DNAM-1 modifies the bidirectional crosstalk of NK cells with CD155+ DC, which can be exploited to suppress CNS autoimmunity and strengthen tumor surveillance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1437-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ott
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erika Avendaño-Guzmán
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carolin Dreyer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Strauss
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Harden
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Margarete Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen and University of Osnabrück, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Günter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, Gebäude I11 OE 5240, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wegner
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Present Address: Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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57
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Nath PR, Gangaplara A, Pal-Nath D, Mandal A, Maric D, Sipes JM, Cam M, Shevach EM, Roberts DD. CD47 Expression in Natural Killer Cells Regulates Homeostasis and Modulates Immune Response to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2985. [PMID: 30643501 PMCID: PMC6320676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a ubiquitous cell surface receptor that directly regulates T cell immunity by interacting with its inhibitory ligand thrombospondin-1 and limits clearance of cells by phagocytes that express its counter-receptor signal-regulatory protein-α. Murine natural killer (NK) cells express higher levels of CD47 than other lymphocytes, but the role of CD47 in regulating NK cell homeostasis and immune function remains unclear. Cd47 -/- mice exhibited depletion of NK precursors in bone marrow, consistent with the antiphagocytic function of CD47. In contrast, antisense CD47 knockdown or gene disruption resulted in a dose dependent accumulation of immature and mature NK cells in spleen. Mature Cd47 -/- NK cells exhibited increased expression of NK effector and interferon gene signatures and an increased proliferative response to interleukin-15 in vitro. Cd47 -/- mice showed no defect in their early response to acute Armstrong lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection but were moderately impaired in controlling chronic Clone-13 LCMV infection, which was associated with depletion of splenic NK cells and loss of effector cytokine and interferon response gene expression in Cd47 -/- NK cells. Broad CD47-dependent differences in NK activation, survival, and exhaustion pathways were observed in NK cell transcriptional signatures in LCMV infected mice. These data identify CD47 as a cell-intrinsic and systemic regulator of NK cell homeostasis and NK cell function in responding to a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Ranjan Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dipasmita Pal-Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ajeet Mandal
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John M Sipes
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maggie Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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58
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Bern MD, Parikh BA, Yang L, Beckman DL, Poursine-Laurent J, Yokoyama WM. Inducible down-regulation of MHC class I results in natural killer cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2018; 216:99-116. [PMID: 30559128 PMCID: PMC6314522 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are thought to kill cells that down-regulate MHC class I (MHC-I) through "missing-self" recognition. NK cells from B2m-/- mice that lack surface MHC-I, however, are not autoreactive as predicted by the missing-self hypothesis. As a result, it is unclear if MHC-I down-regulation in vivo induces NK cell reactivity or tolerance to missing-self. Here, we generated a floxed B2m mouse to acutely down-regulate MHC-I in vivo in a host that normally expresses MHC-I. Global down-regulation of MHC-I induced NK cell hyporesponsiveness and tolerance to missing-self without overt missing-self reactivity. In contrast, down-regulation of MHC-I on a small fraction of hematopoietic cells triggered missing-self reactivity. Surprisingly, down-regulation of MHC-I only on CD4+ T cells predominately induced tolerance to missing-self without resetting NK cell responsiveness. In this setting, inflammation triggered substantial missing-self reactivity. These results show that MHC-I down-regulation can induce either NK cell tolerance or killing in vivo and that inflammation promotes missing-self reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Diana L Beckman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jennifer Poursine-Laurent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA/Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China/Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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60
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Laroni A. Enhancing natural killer cells is beneficial in multiple sclerosis - Yes. Mult Scler 2018; 25:510-512. [PMID: 30421641 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518800776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Laroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Science and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy/IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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61
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Geary CD, Krishna C, Lau CM, Adams NM, Gearty SV, Pritykin Y, Thomsen AR, Leslie CS, Sun JC. Non-redundant ISGF3 Components Promote NK Cell Survival in an Auto-regulatory Manner during Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1949-1957.e6. [PMID: 30134157 PMCID: PMC6153266 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that possess adaptive features, including antigen-specific clonal expansion and long-lived memory responses. Although previous work demonstrated that type I interferon (IFN) signaling is crucial for NK cell expansion and memory cell formation following mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, the global transcriptional mechanisms underlying type I IFN-mediated responses remained to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that among the suite of transcripts induced in activated NK cells, IFN-α is necessary and sufficient to promote expression of its downstream transcription factors STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, via an auto-regulatory, feedforward loop. Similar to STAT1 deficiency, we show that STAT2- or IRF9-deficient NK cells are defective in their ability to expand following MCMV infection, in part because of diminished survival rather than an inability to proliferate. Thus, our findings demonstrate that individual ISGF3 components are crucial cell-autonomous and non-redundant regulators of the NK cell response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair D Geary
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chirag Krishna
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Colleen M Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas M Adams
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sofia V Gearty
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuri Pritykin
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Allan R Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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62
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Immunometabolism of T cells and NK cells: metabolic control of effector and regulatory function. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:813-828. [PMID: 30066126 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flux can dictate cell fate, including immune cell effector and regulatory function. The metabolic regulation of cell function is well characterized with respect to effector, memory, and regulatory T cells. This knowledge may allow for manipulation of T cell metabolic pathways that set the stage for more effective T cell therapy. Natural Killer (NK) and T-lymphocytes have complementary roles in the defense against pathogens. However, studies of NK cell metabolism are only beginning to emerge and there is comparatively little knowledge on the metabolic regulation of NK-cell activation and effector function. Given their common lymphoid lineage, effector functions and cellular memory potential our current knowledge on T cell metabolism could inform investigation of metabolic reprogramming in NK cells. In this review, we compare the current knowledge of metabolic regulation in T cell and NK cell development, activation, effector and memory function. Commonalties in glucose transport, hypoxia-inducible factors and mTOR highlight metabolic control points in both cells types. Contrasting the glycolytic and oxidative nodes of metabolic regulation in T cells versus NK cells may provide insight into the contribution of specific immune responses to disease and promote the development of immunotherapeutic approaches targeting both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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63
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Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Ferreras MC, Buhler L, Jones ND, Schneider P, Perez-Simon JA, Del Rio ML. Therapeutic implications of NK cell regulation of allogeneic CD8 T cell-mediated immune responses stimulated through the direct pathway of antigen presentation in transplantation. MAbs 2018; 10:1030-1044. [PMID: 30036156 PMCID: PMC6204794 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1502127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a population of innate type I lymphoid cells essential for early anti-viral responses and are known to modulate the course of humoral and cellular-mediated T cell responses. We assessed the role of NK cells in allogeneic CD8 T cell-mediated responses in an immunocompetent mouse model across an MHC class I histocompatibility barrier to determine its impact in therapeutic clinical interventions with polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting lymphoid cells in transplantation. The administration of an NK cell depleting antibody to either CD8 T cell replete or CD8 T cell-depleted naïve C57BL/6 immunocompetent mice accelerated graft rejection. This accelerated rejection response was associated with an in vivo increased cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells against bm1 allogeneic hematopoietic cells and bm1 skin allografts. These findings show that NK cells were implicated in the control host anti-donor cytotoxic responses, likely by competing for common cell growth factors in both CD8 T cell replete and CD8 T cell-depleted mice, the latter reconstituting in response to lymphopenia. Our data calls for precaution in solid organ transplantation under tolerogenic protocols involving extensive depletion of lymphocytes. These pharmacological biologics with depleting properties over NK cells may accelerate graft rejection and promote aggressive CD8 T cell cytotoxic alloresponses refractory to current immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Rodriguez-Barbosa
- a Transplantation Immunobiology Section , University of León , Leon , Spain.,h Acción Estratégica en Salud , Consorcio CIBER-ONC, Seville, Spain
| | - M C Ferreras
- b Department of Animal Health, Mountain Livestock Institute (CSIC), School of Veterinary Sciences , University of Leon , Leon , Spain
| | - L Buhler
- c Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery , University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - N D Jones
- d MRC Centre of Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Medical School , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , United Kingdom
| | - P Schneider
- e Department of Biochemistry , University of Lausanne , Epalinges , Switzerland
| | - J A Perez-Simon
- f Department of Hematology , University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/Institute of Biomedicine (IBIS/CSIC) , Sevilla , Spain.,h Acción Estratégica en Salud , Consorcio CIBER-ONC, Seville, Spain
| | - M L Del Rio
- a Transplantation Immunobiology Section , University of León , Leon , Spain.,g Leon Regional Transplantation Coordination Center , Leon University Hospital , Leon , Spain.,h Acción Estratégica en Salud , Consorcio CIBER-ONC, Seville, Spain
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64
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Lymphocytes Negatively Regulate NK Cell Activity via Qa-1b following Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2528-2540. [PMID: 29186689 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells can reduce anti-viral T cell immunity during chronic viral infections, including infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). However, regulating factors that maintain the equilibrium between productive T cell and NK cell immunity are poorly understood. Here, we show that a large viral load resulted in inhibition of NK cell activation, which correlated with increased expression of Qa-1b, a ligand for inhibitory NK cell receptors. Qa-1b was predominantly upregulated on B cells following LCMV infection, and this upregulation was dependent on type I interferons. Absence of Qa-1b resulted in increased NK cell-mediated regulation of anti-viral T cells following viral infection. Consequently, anti-viral T cell immunity was reduced in Qa-1b- and NKG2A-deficient mice, resulting in increased viral replication and immunopathology. NK cell depletion restored anti-viral immunity and virus control in the absence of Qa-1b. Taken together, our findings indicate that lymphocytes limit NK cell activity during viral infection in order to promote anti-viral T cell immunity.
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65
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Formyl peptide receptor activation inhibits the expansion of effector T cells and synovial fibroblasts and attenuates joint injury in models of rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:140-149. [PMID: 29879657 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) on effector T cells and inflammation-causing tissue-resident cells are not well known. Here, we explored the effect of FPR activation on efferent T cell responses in models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and on the expansion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Compound 43 (Cpd43; FPR1/2 agonist) was administered to mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) or antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) after disease onset. Joint inflammation/damage and immunity were assessed. FLS were cultured with Cpd43 to test its effects on cell apoptosis and proliferation. To explore the effects of endogenous FPR2 ligands on FLS proliferation, FLS FPR2 was blocked or Annexin A1 (AnxA1) expression silenced. Cpd43 reduced arthritis severity in both models. In CIA, Cpd43 decreased CD4 T cell proliferation and survival and increased the production of the protective cytokine, IFNγ, in lymph nodes. In AIA, Cpd43 increased CD4 apoptosis and production of the anti-inflammatory IL-4, while augmenting the proportion of splenic regulatory T cells and their expression of IL-2Rα. In both models, Cpd43 increased CD4 IL-17A production, without affecting humoral immunity. FPR2 inhibitors reversed Cpd43-mediated effects on AIA and T cell immunity. Cpd43 decreased TNF-induced FLS proliferation and augmented FLS apoptosis in association with intracellular FPR2 accumulation, while endogenous AnxA1 and FPR2 reduced FLS proliferation via the ERK and NFκB pathways. Overall, FPR activation inhibits the expansion of arthritogenic effector CD4 T cells and FLS, and reduces joint injury in experimental arthritis. This suggests the therapeutic potential of FPR ligation for the treatment of RA.
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66
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Weak vaccinia virus-induced NK cell regulation of CD4 T cells is associated with reduced NK cell differentiation and cytolytic activity. Virology 2018; 519:131-144. [PMID: 29715623 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control antiviral adaptive immune responses in mice during some virus infections, but the universality of this phenomenon remains unknown. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice triggered potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells (NKLCMV) against activated CD4 T cells, tumor cells, and allogeneic lymphocytes. In contrast, NK cells activated by vaccinia virus (VACV) infection (NKVACV) exhibited weaker cytolytic activity against each of these target cells. Relative to NKLCMV cells, NKVACV cells exhibited a more immature (CD11b-CD27+) phenotype, and lower expression levels of the activation marker CD69, cytotoxic effector molecules (perforin, granzyme B), and the transcription factor IRF4. NKVACV cells expressed higher levels of the inhibitory molecule NKG2A than NKLCMV cells. Consistent with this apparent lethargy, NKVACV cells only weakly constrained VACV-specific CD4 T-cell responses. This suggests that NK cell regulation of adaptive immunity, while universal, may be limited with viruses that poorly activate NK cells.
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67
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Trembath AP, Markiewicz MA. More than Decoration: Roles for Natural Killer Group 2 Member D Ligand Expression by Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:231. [PMID: 29483917 PMCID: PMC5816059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The activating immune receptor natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), which is expressed by natural killer cells and T cell subsets, recognizes a number of ligands expressed by "stressed" or damaged cells. NKG2D has been extensively studied for its role in tumor immunosurveillance and antiviral immunity. To date, the majority of studies have focused on NKG2D-mediated killing of target cells expressing NKG2D ligands. However, with a number of reports describing expression of NKG2D ligands by cells that are not generally considered stressed, it is becoming clear that some healthy cells also express NKG2D ligands. Expression of these ligands by cells within the skin, intestinal epithelium, and the immune system suggests other immune functions for NKG2D ligand expression in addition to its canonical role as a "kill me" signal. How NKG2D ligands function in this capacity is just now starting to be unraveled. In this review, we examine the expression of NKG2D ligands by immune cells and discuss current literature describing the effects of this expression on immunity and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Trembath
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Mary A. Markiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
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68
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Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J, Hogan EL. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis: role of sphingolipids, invariant NKT cells and other immune elements in control of inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 2017; 385:198-214. [PMID: 29406905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is classified as being an autoimmune response in the genetically susceptible individual to a persistent but unidentified antigen(s). Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems are likely to contribute significantly to MS pathogenesis. This review summarizes current understanding of the characteristics of MS autoimmunity in the initiation and progression of the disease. In particular we find it timely to classify the autoimmune responses by focusing on the immunogenic features of myelin-derived lipids in MS including molecular mimicry; on alterations of bioactive sphingolipids mediators in MS; and on functional roles for regulatory effector cells, including innate lymphocyte populations, like the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells which bridge adaptive and innate immune systems. Recent progress in identifying the nature of sphingolipids recognition for iNKT cells in immunity and the functional consequences of the lipid-CD1d interaction opens new avenues of access to the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS as well as design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA; Laboratory of Signal Transduction Molecules, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biopharmaceutical & Medical Science, School of Science & Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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69
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Bian Y, Shang S, Siddiqui S, Zhao J, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Cantor H, Wang CR. MHC Ib molecule Qa-1 presents Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide antigens to CD8+ T cells and contributes to protection against infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006384. [PMID: 28475642 PMCID: PMC5435364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of nonclassical MHC Ib molecules recognizing distinct microbial antigens have been implicated in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). HLA-E has been identified to present numerous Mtb peptides to CD8+ T cells, with multiple HLA-E-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and regulatory T cell lines isolated from patients with active and latent tuberculosis (TB). In other disease models, HLA-E and its mouse homolog Qa-1 can act as antigen presenting molecules as well as regulators of the immune response. However, it is unclear what precise role(s) HLA-E/Qa-1 play in the immune response to Mtb. In this study, we found that murine Qa-1 can bind and present Mtb peptide antigens to CD8+ T effector cells during aerosol Mtb infection. Further, mice lacking Qa-1 (Qa-1-/-) were more susceptible to high-dose Mtb infection compared to wild-type controls, with higher bacterial burdens and increased mortality. The increased susceptibility of Qa-1-/- mice was associated with dysregulated T cells that were more activated and produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. T cells from Qa-1-/- mice also had increased expression of inhibitory and apoptosis-associated cell surface markers such as CD94/NKG2A, KLRG1, PD-1, Fas-L, and CTLA-4. As such, they were more prone to cell death and had decreased capacity in promoting the killing of Mtb in infected macrophages. Lastly, comparing the immune responses of Qa-1 mutant knock-in mice deficient in either Qa-1-restricted CD8+ Tregs (Qa-1 D227K) or the inhibitory Qa-1-CD94/NKG2A interaction (Qa-1 R72A) with Qa-1-/- and wild-type controls indicated that both of these Qa-1-mediated mechanisms were involved in suppression of the immune response in Mtb infection. Our findings reveal that Qa-1 participates in the immune response to Mtb infection by presenting peptide antigens as well as regulating immune responses, resulting in more effective anti-Mtb immunity. The disease tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the microbe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and remains a major public health concern. More research is needed to understand the diverse immune responses against Mtb to develop better vaccines. Mouse Qa-1 and its human counterpart HLA-E are nonclassical MHC I molecules that can activate or inhibit immune responses in a variety of diseases. However, their role during the immune response to Mtb remains unknown. We found that Qa-1 can present Mtb peptides to activate CD8+ T effector cells during aerosol Mtb infection. Further, Mtb-infected mice that lacked Qa-1 (Qa-1-/-) had higher numbers of bacteria and died more often than infected mice that expressed Qa-1 (Qa-1+/+). The lack of Qa-1 results in over-activation of the immune response upon infection, which is less efficient in controlling Mtb. Using mice expressing different mutant forms of Qa-1, we showed that Qa-1 can regulate immune responses against Mtb through the interaction with inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors as well as the activation of regulatory CD8+ T cells. We believe our study sheds light on the diverse mechanisms at play in generating protective immune responses against Mtb and will inform future mouse and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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70
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Fu G, Xu Q, Qiu Y, Jin X, Xu T, Dong S, Wang J, Ke Y, Hu H, Cao X, Wang D, Cantor H, Gao X, Lu L. Suppression of Th17 cell differentiation by misshapen/NIK-related kinase MINK1. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1453-1469. [PMID: 28400474 PMCID: PMC5413330 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 17 cells (Th17 cells) are major contributors to many autoimmune diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that the germinal center kinase family member MINK1 (misshapen/NIK-related kinase 1) negatively regulates Th17 cell differentiation. The suppressive effect of MINK1 on induction of Th17 cells is mediated by the inhibition of SMAD2 activation through direct phosphorylation of SMAD2 at the T324 residue. The importance of MINK1 to Th17 cell differentiation was strengthened in the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Moreover, we show that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl cysteine boosts Th17 cell differentiation in a MINK1-dependent manner and exacerbates the severity of EAE. Thus, we have not only established MINK1 as a critical regulator of Th17 cell differentiation, but also clarified that accumulation of ROS may limit the generation of Th17 cells. The contribution of MINK1 to ROS-regulated Th17 cell differentiation may suggest an important mechanism for the development of autoimmune diseases influenced by antioxidant dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guotong Fu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanjun Qiu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuexiao Jin
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shunli Dong
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hu Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study of the Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China .,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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71
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Marshall NB, Vong AM, Devarajan P, Brauner MD, Kuang Y, Nayar R, Schutten EA, Castonguay CH, Berg LJ, Nutt SL, Swain SL. NKG2C/E Marks the Unique Cytotoxic CD4 T Cell Subset, ThCTL, Generated by Influenza Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1142-1155. [PMID: 28031335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells can differentiate into multiple effector subsets, including ThCTL that mediate MHC class II-restricted cytotoxicity. Although CD4 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been reported in multiple viral infections, their characteristics and the factors regulating their generation are unclear, in part due to a lack of a signature marker. We show in this article that, in mice, NKG2C/E identifies the ThCTL that develop in the lung during influenza A virus infection. ThCTL express the NKG2X/CD94 complex, in particular the NKG2C/E isoforms. NKG2C/E+ ThCTL are part of the lung CD4 effector population, and they mediate influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic activity. The phenotype of NKG2C/E+ ThCTL indicates they are highly activated effectors expressing high levels of binding to P-selectin, T-bet, and Blimp-1, and that more of them secrete IFN-γ and readily degranulate than non-ThCTL. ThCTL also express more cytotoxicity-associated genes including perforin and granzymes, and fewer genes associated with recirculation and memory. They are found only at the site of infection and not in other peripheral sites. These data suggest ThCTL are marked by the expression of NKG2C/E and represent a unique CD4 effector population specialized for cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki B Marshall
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Allen M Vong
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | - Matthew D Brauner
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ribhu Nayar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Elizabeth A Schutten
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Catherine H Castonguay
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
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72
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Gross CC, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Wiendl H, Marcenaro E, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Uccelli A, Laroni A. Regulatory Functions of Natural Killer Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:606. [PMID: 28066417 PMCID: PMC5165263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that natural killer (NK) cells exhibit regulatory features. Among them, CD56bright NK cells have been suggested to play a major role in controlling T cell responses and maintaining homeostasis. Dysfunction in NK cell-mediated regulatory features has been recently described in untreated multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting a contribution to MS pathogenesis. Moreover, biological disease-modifying treatments effective in MS apparently enhance the frequencies and/or regulatory function of NK cells, further pointing toward an immunoprotective role of NK cells in MS. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulatory functions of NK cells, based on their interactions with other cells belonging to the innate compartment, as well as with adaptive effector cells. We review the more recent data reporting disruption of NK cell/T cell interactions in MS and discuss how disease-modifying treatments for MS affect NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster , Münster , Germany
| | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Alice Laroni
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
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73
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Andersson A, Malmhäll C, Houltz B, Tengvall S, Sjöstrand M, Qvarfordt I, Lindén A, Bossios A. Interleukin-16-producing NK cells and T-cells in the blood of tobacco smokers with and without COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:2245-2258. [PMID: 27695312 PMCID: PMC5029848 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term exposure to tobacco smoke causes local inflammation in the airways that involves not only innate immune cells, including NK cells, but also adaptive immune cells such as cytotoxic (CD8+) and helper (CD4+) T-cells. We have previously demonstrated that long-term tobacco smoking increases extracellular concentration of the CD4+-recruiting cytokine interleukin (IL)-16 locally in the airways. Here, we hypothesized that tobacco smoking alters IL-16 biology at the systemic level and that this effect involves oxygen free radicals (OFR). Methods We quantified extracellular IL-16 protein (ELISA) and intracellular IL-16 in NK cells, T-cells, B-cells, and monocytes (flow cytometry) in blood samples from long-term tobacco smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in never-smokers. NK cells from healthy blood donors were stimulated with water-soluble tobacco smoke components (cigarette smoke extract) with or without an OFR scavenger (glutathione) in vitro and followed by quantification of IL-16 protein. Results The extracellular concentrations of IL-16 protein in blood did not display any substantial differences between groups. Notably, intracellular IL-16 protein was detected in all types of blood leukocytes. All long-term smokers displayed a decrease in this IL-16 among NK cells, irrespective of COPD status. Further, both NK and CD4+ T-cell concentrations displayed a negative correlation with pack-years. Moreover, cigarette smoke extract caused release of IL-16 protein from NK cells in vitro, and this was not affected by glutathione, in contrast to the decrease in intracellular IL-16, which was prevented by this drug. Conclusion Long-term exposure to tobacco smoke does not markedly alter extracellular concentrations of IL-16 protein in blood. However, it does decrease the intracellular IL-16 concentrations in blood NK cells, the latter effect involving OFR. Thus, long-term tobacco smoking exerts an impact at the systemic level that involves NK cells; innate immune cells that are critical for host defense against viruses and tumors – conditions that are overrepresented among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Andersson
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Krefting Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Houltz
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Tengvall
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sjöstrand
- Krefting Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Qvarfordt
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Apostolos Bossios
- Krefting Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Laroni A, Armentani E, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Ivaldi F, Marcenaro E, Sivori S, Gandhi R, Weiner HL, Moretta A, Mancardi GL, Uccelli A. Dysregulation of regulatory CD56 bright NK cells/T cells interactions in multiple sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Frenkel D, Zhang F, Guirnalda P, Haynes C, Bockstal V, Radwanska M, Magez S, Black SJ. Trypanosoma brucei Co-opts NK Cells to Kill Splenic B2 B Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005733. [PMID: 27403737 PMCID: PMC4942092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After infection with T. brucei AnTat 1.1, C57BL/6 mice lost splenic B2 B cells and lymphoid follicles, developed poor parasite-specific antibody responses, lost weight, became anemic and died with fulminating parasitemia within 35 days. In contrast, infected C57BL/6 mice lacking the cytotoxic granule pore-forming protein perforin (Prf1-/-) retained splenic B2 B cells and lymphoid follicles, developed high-titer antibody responses against many trypanosome polypeptides, rapidly suppressed parasitemia and did not develop anemia or lose weight for at least 60 days. Several lines of evidence show that T. brucei infection-induced splenic B cell depletion results from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity: i) B2 B cells were depleted from the spleens of infected intact, T cell deficient (TCR-/-) and FcγRIIIa deficient (CD16-/-) C57BL/6 mice excluding a requirement for T cells, NKT cell, or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ii) administration of NK1.1 specific IgG2a (mAb PK136) but not irrelevant IgG2a (myeloma M9144) prevented infection-induced B cell depletion consistent with a requirement for NK cells; iii) splenic NK cells but not T cells or NKT cells degranulated in infected C57BL/6 mice co-incident with B cell depletion evidenced by increased surface expression of CD107a; iv) purified NK cells from naïve C57BL/6 mice killed purified splenic B cells from T. brucei infected but not uninfected mice in vitro indicating acquisition of an NK cell activating phenotype by the post-infection B cells; v) adoptively transferred C57BL/6 NK cells prevented infection-induced B cell population growth in infected Prf1-/- mice consistent with in vivo B cell killing; vi) degranulated NK cells in infected mice had altered gene and differentiation antigen expression and lost cytotoxic activity consistent with functional exhaustion, but increased in number as infection progressed indicating continued generation. We conclude that NK cells in T. brucei infected mice kill B cells, suppress humoral immunity and expedite early mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Frenkel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick Guirnalda
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carole Haynes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Viki Bockstal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Magez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel J. Black
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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76
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Pallmer K, Oxenius A. Recognition and Regulation of T Cells by NK Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:251. [PMID: 27446081 PMCID: PMC4919350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of T cell responses by innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is increasingly documented and studied. Direct or indirect crosstalk between ILCs and T cells early during and after T cell activation can affect their differentiation, polarization, and survival. Natural killer (NK) cells that belong to the ILC1 group were initially described for their function in recognizing and eliminating "altered self" and as source of early inflammatory cytokines, most notably type II interferon. Using signals conveyed by various germ-line encoded activating and inhibitory receptors, NK cells are geared to sense sudden cellular changes that can be caused by infection events, malignant transformation, or cellular stress responses. T cells, when activated by TCR engagement (signal 1), costimulation (signal 2), and cytokines (signal 3), commit to a number of cellular alterations, including entry into rapid cell cycling, metabolic changes, and acquisition of effector functions. These abrupt changes may alert NK cells, and T cells might thereby expose themselves as NK cell targets. Here, we review how activated T cells can be recognized and regulated by NK cells and what consequences such regulation bears for T cell immunity in the context of vaccination, infection, or autoimmunity. Conversely, we will discuss mechanisms by which activated T cells protect themselves against NK cell attack and outline the significance of this safeguard mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
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77
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Iraolagoitia XLR, Spallanzani RG, Torres NI, Araya RE, Ziblat A, Domaica CI, Sierra JM, Nuñez SY, Secchiari F, Gajewski TF, Zwirner NW, Fuertes MB. NK Cells Restrain Spontaneous Antitumor CD8+ T Cell Priming through PD-1/PD-L1 Interactions with Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:953-61. [PMID: 27342842 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the classical function of NK cells in the elimination of tumor and of virus-infected cells, evidence for a regulatory role for NK cells has been emerging in different models of autoimmunity, transplantation, and viral infections. However, this role has not been fully explored in the context of a growing tumor. In this article, we show that NK cells can limit spontaneous cross-priming of tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, leading to reduced memory responses. After challenge with MC57 cells transduced to express the model Ag SIY (MC57.SIY), NK cell-depleted mice exhibited a significantly higher frequency of SIY-specific CD8(+) T cells, with enhanced IFN-γ production and cytotoxic capability. Depletion of NK cells resulted in a CD8(+) T cell population skewed toward an effector memory T phenotype that was associated with enhanced recall responses and delayed tumor growth after a secondary tumor challenge with B16.SIY cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) from NK cell-depleted tumor-bearing mice exhibited a more mature phenotype. Interestingly, tumor-infiltrating and tumor-draining lymph node NK cells displayed an upregulated expression of the inhibitory molecule programmed death ligand 1 that, through interaction with programmed death-1 expressed on DCs, limited DC activation, explaining their reduced ability to induce tumor-specific CD8(+) T cell priming. Our results suggest that NK cells can, in certain contexts, have an inhibitory effect on antitumor immunity, a finding with implications for immunotherapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena L Raffo Iraolagoitia
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Raul G Spallanzani
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Nicolás I Torres
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Romina E Araya
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Andrea Ziblat
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Carolina I Domaica
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Jessica M Sierra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Sol Y Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Florencia Secchiari
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Norberto W Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Mercedes B Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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78
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Schuster IS, Coudert JD, Andoniou CE, Degli-Esposti MA. "Natural Regulators": NK Cells as Modulators of T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:235. [PMID: 27379097 PMCID: PMC4905977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known as frontline responders capable of rapidly mediating a response upon encountering transformed or infected cells. Recent findings indicate that NK cells, in addition to acting as innate effectors, can also regulate adaptive immune responses. Here, we review recent studies on the immunoregulatory function of NK cells with a specific focus on their ability to affect the generation of early, as well as long-term antiviral T cell responses, and their role in modulating immune pathology and disease. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge of the factors governing regulatory NK cell responses and discuss origin, tissue specificity, and open questions about the classification of regulatory NK cells as classical NK cells versus group 1 innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona S Schuster
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jerome D Coudert
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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79
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NK cell education via nonclassical MHC and non-MHC ligands. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:321-330. [PMID: 27264685 PMCID: PMC5380944 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell education, a process for achieving functional maturation and self-tolerance, has been previously defined by the interaction between self-major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules and their specific inhibitory receptors. Over the past several years, growing evidence has highlighted the important roles of nonclassical MHC-I and non-MHC-I molecules in NK cell education. Herein, we review the current knowledge of NK cell education, with a particular focus on nonclassical MHC-I- and non-MHC-I-dependent education, and compare them with the classical MHC-I-dependent education theory. In addition, we update and extend this theory by presenting the 'Confining Model', discussing cis and trans characteristics, reassessing quantity and quality control, and elucidating the redundancy of NK cell education in tumor and virus infection.
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80
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NLRC5 shields T lymphocytes from NK-cell-mediated elimination under inflammatory conditions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10554. [PMID: 26861112 PMCID: PMC4749981 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRC5 is a transcriptional regulator of MHC class I (MHCI), which maintains high MHCI expression particularly in T cells. Recent evidence highlights an important NK–T-cell crosstalk, raising the question on whether NLRC5 specifically modulates this interaction. Here we show that NK cells from Nlrc5-deficient mice exhibit moderate alterations in inhibitory receptor expression and responsiveness. Interestingly, NLRC5 expression in T cells is required to protect them from NK-cell-mediated elimination upon inflammation. Using T-cell-specific Nlrc5-deficient mice, we show that NK cells surprisingly break tolerance even towards ‘self' Nlrc5-deficient T cells under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, during chronic LCMV infection, the total CD8+ T-cell population is severely decreased in these mice, a phenotype reverted by NK-cell depletion. These findings strongly suggest that endogenous T cells with low MHCI expression become NK-cell targets, having thus important implications for T-cell responses in naturally or therapeutically induced inflammatory conditions. NK cell tolerance to self-MHCI levels is calibrated during their development. Here the authors show that this tolerance is overcome by an inflammatory environment and that NLRC5 protects T cells from NK cell-mediated elimination by maintaining high MHCI expression.
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81
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The Inhibitory Receptor NKG2A Sustains Virus-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells in Response to a Lethal Poxvirus Infection. Immunity 2015; 43:1112-24. [PMID: 26680205 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells and NK cells protect from viral infections by killing virally infected cells and secreting interferon-γ. Several inhibitory receptors limit the magnitude and duration of these anti-viral responses. NKG2A, which is encoded by Klrc1, is a lectin-like inhibitory receptor that is expressed as a heterodimer with CD94 on NK cells and activated CD8(+) T cells. Previous studies on the impact of CD94/NKG2A heterodimers on anti-viral responses have yielded contrasting results and the in vivo function of NKG2A remains unclear. Here, we generated Klrc1(-/-) mice and found that NKG2A is selectively required for resistance to ectromelia virus (ECTV). NKG2A functions intrinsically within ECTV-specific CD8(+) T cells to limit excessive activation, prevent apoptosis, and preserve the specific CD8(+) T cell response. Thus, although inhibitory receptors often cause T cell exhaustion and viral spreading during chronic viral infections, NKG2A optimizes CD8(+) T cell responses during an acute poxvirus infection.
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82
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Iwaszko M, Świerkot J, Kolossa K, Jeka S, Wiland P, Bogunia-Kubik K. Polymorphisms within the human leucocyte antigen-E gene and their associations with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis as well as clinical outcome of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:270-7. [PMID: 26307125 PMCID: PMC4636889 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of the non-classical human leucocyte antigen-E (HLA-E) in both innate and acquired immune response suggests its possible role in development of autoimmune pathologies. This study was undertaken to investigate relationships between the HLA-E gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as to evaluate a potential of these polymorphisms to modulate clinical outcome of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatment in female patients. A total of 223 female patients with RA receiving anti-TNF biological therapy and 134 female healthy subjects were enrolled into the study. Genotypings for two SNPs within the HLA-E gene (rs1264457 HLA-E*01:01/01:03; rs1059510 HLA-E*01:03:01/01:03:02) were performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification employing LightSNiP assays. Clinical response was evaluated according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria at 12 and 24 weeks after initiation of the therapy. The frequency of the HLA-E*01:01/01:01 genotype was decreased significantly in RA patients in comparison to controls (P = 0.031). The presence of the HLA-E*01:01/01:01 genotype in patients correlated with better EULAR response after 12 weeks of anti-TNF treatment, while 01:03 allele carriers were generally unresponsive to the treatment (P = 0.014). The HLA-E*01:03/01:03 genotype was also over-represented among non-responding patients in comparison to HLA-E*01:01/01:01 homozygotes (P = 0.021). With respect to the HLA-E rs1059510 variation, a better response after 12 weeks was observed more frequently in patients carrying the HLA-E*01:03:01/01:03:01 genotype than other genotypes (P = 0.009). The results derived from this study imply that HLA-E polymorphisms may influence RA susceptibility and affect clinical outcome of anti-TNF therapy in female RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwaszko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - J Świerkot
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw
| | - K Kolossa
- Clinical Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Hospital University Number 2 Jana BizielaBydgoszcz, Poland
| | - S Jeka
- Clinical Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Hospital University Number 2 Jana BizielaBydgoszcz, Poland
| | - P Wiland
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw
| | - K Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
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83
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Crouse J, Xu HC, Lang PA, Oxenius A. NK cells regulating T cell responses: mechanisms and outcome. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:49-58. [PMID: 25432489 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate effectors in immunity. NK cells also have a role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response, and have been shown, in different contexts, to stimulate or inhibit T cell responses. Recent findings have expanded our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this regulation, revealing that regulation by NK cells can result from both direct interactions between NK cells and T cells, as well as indirectly, involving interactions with antigen presenting cells and the impact of NK cells on infected cells and pathogen load. We review these recent findings here, and outline emerging principles of how this regulation influences the overall outcome of adaptive immunity in infection and disease.
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84
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von Burg N, Turchinovich G, Finke D. Maintenance of Immune Homeostasis through ILC/T Cell Interactions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:416. [PMID: 26322047 PMCID: PMC4534831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as a new family of immune cells with crucial functions in innate and adaptive immunity. ILC subsets mirror the cytokine and transcriptional profile of CD4+ T helper (TH) cell subsets. Hence, group 1 (ILC1), group 2 (ILC2), and group 3 (ILC3) ILCs can be distinguished by the production of TH1, TH2, and TH17-type cytokines, respectively. Cytokine release by ILCs not only shapes early innate immunity but can also orchestrate TH immune responses to microbial or allergen exposure. Recent studies have identified an unexpected effector function of ILCs as antigen presenting cells. Both ILC2s and ILC3s are able to process and present foreign antigens (Ags) via major histocompatibility complex class II, and to induce cognate CD4+ T cell responses. In addition, Ag-stimulated T cells promote ILC activation and effector functions indicating a reciprocal interaction between the adaptive and innate immune system. A fundamental puzzle in ILC function is how ILC/T cell interactions promote host protection and prevent autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the way in which microenvironmental and inflammatory signals determine the outcome of ILC/T cell immune responses in various tissues is not yet understood. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that coordinate the collaboration between ILCs and T cells under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. We also discuss the potential roles of T cells and other immune cells to regulate ILC functions and to maintain homeostasis in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole von Burg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ; University of Basel Children's Hospital , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ; University of Basel Children's Hospital , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Daniela Finke
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ; University of Basel Children's Hospital , Basel , Switzerland
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85
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Rydyznski CE, Waggoner SN. Boosting vaccine efficacy the natural (killer) way. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:536-46. [PMID: 26272882 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of the innate and adaptive immune systems is paramount to the development of protective humoral and cellular immunity following vaccination. Natural killer (NK) cells are front-line soldiers of the innate immune system, and recent studies have revealed functions for NK cells in long-lived immune memory and the regulation of adaptive immune responses. These findings suggest that NK cells may play important roles in the development of efficacious vaccines, as well as, in some contexts, failed immunizations. Here, we review the current understanding of the immunomodulatory and memory differentiation capabilities of NK cells. We examine the context dependency of the mechanisms and the nature of NK cell-mediated modulation of the immune response, and discuss how these insights may impact immunization strategies and the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Rydyznski
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE) and Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, S6.214, MLC 15012, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE) and Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, S6.214, MLC 15012, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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86
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Wu SF, Wang WJ, Gao YQ. Natural killer cells in hepatitis B virus infection. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:417-25. [PMID: 26119852 PMCID: PMC9427491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells are a unique type of lymphocytes with cytotoxic capacity, and play important roles against tumors and infections. Recently, natural killer cells have been increasingly valued in their effects in hepatitis B virus infection. Since hepatitis B virus is not cytopathic, the subsequent antiviral immune responses of the host are responsible for sustaining the liver injury, which may result in cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Many studies have confirmed that natural killer cells participate in anti-hepatitis B virus responses both in the early phase after infection and in the chronic phase via cytolysis, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. However, natural killer cells play dichotomic roles: they exert antiviral and immunoregulatory functions whilst contribute to the pathogenesis of liver injury. Here, we review the roles of natural killer cells in hepatitis B virus infection, introducing novel therapeutic strategies for controlling hepatitis B virus infection via the modulation of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-fei Wu
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-jing Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-qiu Gao
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Hagberg N, Theorell J, Hjorton K, Spee P, Eloranta ML, Bryceson YT, Rönnblom L. Functional anti-CD94/NKG2A and anti-CD94/NKG2C autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1000-11. [PMID: 25510434 DOI: 10.1002/art.38999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently we serendipitously identified a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who was positive for autoantibodies to CD94/natural killer receptor group 2A (NKG2A). The present study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and function of autoantibodies targeting lectin-like NK cell receptors in SLE. METHODS Sera from 203 SLE patients and 90 healthy individuals were analyzed, by flow cytometry, for Ig binding to Ba/F3 cells transfected with CD94/NKG2A, CD94/NKG2C, or NKG2D. Autoantibodies identified were characterized with regard to interference with HLA-E binding, effect on NK cell activation in response to HLA-E-transfected K562 cells, and capacity to facilitate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Levels of autoantibodies were determined in longitudinally sampled sera, and correlations with disease activity (SLE Disease Activity Index 2000) and severity (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index) were investigated. RESULTS Anti-CD94/NKG2A autoantibodies were identified in 7 SLE patients. The autoantibodies from 6 patients inhibited binding of HLA-E to CD94/NKG2A, whereas those from the seventh patient augmented this binding. Autoantibodies from 2 patients also reacted with the activating receptor CD94/NKG2C, with inhibition of the binding of HLA-E to CD94/NKG2C observed in 1 case and enhancement of this binding in the other. None of the sera contained anti-NKG2D autoantibodies. The levels of anti-CD94/NKG2A and anti-CD94/NKG2C autoantibodies correlated with disease activity and with a more severe SLE phenotype. Mechanistically, anti-CD94/NKG2A and anti-CD94/NKG2C autoantibodies both interfered with HLA-E-mediated regulation of NK cell activation and facilitated the elimination of target cells expressing CD94/NKG2A or CD94/NKG2C through ADCC. CONCLUSION Anti-CD94/NKG2A and anti-CD94/NKG2C autoantibodies occur in a subset of patients with clinically active SLE. Given their capacity to deplete certain NK cell subsets and interfere with particular NK cell function, such autoantibodies may promote the pathogenesis of SLE.
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88
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Wilson KA, Goding SR, Neely HR, Harris KM, Antony PA. Depletion of B220 +NK1.1 + cells enhances the rejection of established melanoma by tumor-specific CD4 + T cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1019196. [PMID: 26405570 PMCID: PMC4570124 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1019196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-year survival rates for patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma are less than 5%. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) has achieved an objective response of 50% by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) in this patient population. For ACT to be maximally effective, the host must first be lymphodepleted. It is hypothesized that lymphodepletion may remove regulatory elements and cytokine sinks, or increase the activation and availability of antigen presenting cells (APCs). We use an in vivo model to study the ACT of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD4+ T cells (TRP-1 cells). We have discovered that depletion of NK1.1+ cells enhances the rejection of established melanoma tumors by adoptively transferred TRP-1 CD4+ T cells. NK1.1+ cell depletion increases the number of CD4+ T cells, the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, autoimmune vitiligo, host survival and prevented recurrence after ACT. Because multiple cells express NK1.1, we targeted different NK1.1+ cell populations using antibodies specific for NK cells, pre-mNK cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Our data suggests that NK1.1+B220+ pre-mNK cells (also known as interferon-producing killer dendritic cells; IKDCs) are an important inhibitor of the CD4+ T cell response to melanoma. Understanding this mechanism may help design new immunotherapies to modulate the activity of pre-mNKs in the face of an antitumor immune response and inhibit their suppression of adoptively transferred T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wilson
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Stephen R Goding
- Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Harold R Neely
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Paul Andrew Antony
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program; University of Maryland Cancer Center ; Baltimore, MD USA
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90
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Deauvieau F, Fenis A, Dalençon F, Burdin N, Vivier E, Kerdiles Y. Lessons from NK Cell Deficiencies in the Mouse. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 395:173-90. [PMID: 26385768 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1970s, in vivo studies on mouse natural killer (NK) cell almost entirely relied on the use of depleting antibodies and were associated with significant limitations. More recently, large-scale gene-expression analyses allowed the identification of NKp46 as one of the best markers of NK cells across mammalian species. Since then, NKp46 has been shown to be expressed on other subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) such as the closely related ILC1 and the mucosa-associated NCR(+) ILC3. Based on this marker, several mouse models specifically targeting NKp46-expressing cell have recently been produced. Here, we review recent advances in the generation of models of deficiency in NKp46-expressing cells and their use to address the role of NK cells in immunity, notably on the regulation of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Deauvieau
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Aurore Fenis
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nicolas Burdin
- SANOFI-Pasteur, Campus Merieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Yann Kerdiles
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France.
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91
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Chang JH, Chung Y. Regulatory T cells in B cell follicles. Immune Netw 2014; 14:227-36. [PMID: 25360073 PMCID: PMC4212083 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.5.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding germinal center reactions is crucial not only for the design of effective vaccines against infectious agents and malignant cells but also for the development of therapeutic intervention for the treatment of antibody-mediated immune disorders. Recent advances in this field have revealed specialized subsets of T cells necessary for the control of B cell responses in the follicle. These cells include follicular regulatory T cells and Qa-1-restricted cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge related to the role of regulatory T cells in the B cell follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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92
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Kim HJ, Cantor H. The path to reactivation of antitumor immunity and checkpoint immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:926-36. [PMID: 25281320 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunology has recently made major therapeutic inroads that represent clinical application of basic insights into mechanisms that govern immunity against tumors. Research into fundamental elements of T-cell and natural killer-cell biology, including the basis of antigen recognition, activation, proliferation, and survival, has informed the design of new therapeutic approaches to augment the body's natural anticancer immune response. Here, we describe some of the key steps that have provided the foundation for current strategies of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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93
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Ely KH, Matsuoka M, DeBerge MP, Ruby JA, Liu J, Schneider MJ, Wang Y, Hahn YS, Enelow RI. Tissue-protective effects of NKG2A in immune-mediated clearance of virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108385. [PMID: 25251060 PMCID: PMC4177548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection triggers a CD8+ T cell response that aids in virus clearance, but also expresses effector functions that may result in tissue injury. CD8+ T cells express a variety of activating and inhibiting ligands, though regulation of the expression of inhibitory receptors is not well understood. The ligand for the inhibitory receptor, NKG2A, is the non-classical MHC-I molecule Qa1b, which may also serve as a putative restricting element for the T cell receptors of purported regulatory CD8+ T cells. We have previously shown that Qa1b-null mice suffer considerably enhanced immunopathologic lung injury in the context of CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance of influenza infection, as well as evidence in a non-viral system that failure to ligate NKG2A on CD8+ effector T cells may represent an important component of this process. In this report, we examine the requirements for induction of NKG2A expression, and show that NKG2A expression by CD8+ T cells occurs as a result of migration from the MLN to the inflammatory lung environment, irrespective of peripheral antigen recognition. Further, we confirmed that NKG2A is a mediator in limiting immunopathology in virus infection using mice with a targeted deletion of NKG2A, and infecting the mutants with two different viruses, influenza and adenovirus. In neither infection is virus clearance altered. In influenza infection, the enhanced lung injury was associated with increased chemoattractant production, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, and significantly enhanced alveolar hemorrhage. The primary mechanism of enhanced injury was the loss of negative regulation of CD8+ T cell effector function. A similar effect was observed in the livers of mutant mice infected intravenously with adenovirus. These results demonstrate the immunoregulatory role of CD8+ NKG2A expression in virus infection, which negatively regulates T cell effector functions and contributes to protection of tissue integrity during virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Ely
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KHE); (MM)
| | - Mitsuo Matsuoka
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KHE); (MM)
| | - Matthew P. DeBerge
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Ruby
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Young S. Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard I. Enelow
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
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94
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Dungan LS, McGuinness NC, Boon L, Lynch MA, Mills KHG. Innate IFN-γ promotes development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A role for NK cells and M1 macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2903-17. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara S. Dungan
- Immune Regulation Research Group; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Niamh C. McGuinness
- Immune Regulation Research Group; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros Holding BV; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina A. Lynch
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Kingston H. G. Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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95
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Nielsen N, Pascal V, Fasth AER, Sundström Y, Galsgaard ED, Ahern D, Andersen M, Baslund B, Bartels EM, Bliddal H, Feldmann M, Malmström V, Berg L, Spee P, Söderström K. Balance between activating NKG2D, DNAM-1, NKp44 and NKp46 and inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors determine natural killer degranulation towards rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Immunology 2014; 142:581-93. [PMID: 24673109 PMCID: PMC4107668 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and synovial hyperplasia leading to progressive joint destruction. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are central components of the aggressive, tumour-like synovial structure termed pannus, which invades the joint space and cartilage. A distinct natural killer (NK) cell subset expressing the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor is present in RA synovial fluid. Little is known about possible cellular interactions between RA-FLS and NK cells. We used cultured RA-FLS and the human NK cell line Nishi, of which the latter expresses an NK receptor repertoire similar to that of NK cells in RA synovial fluid, as an in vitro model system of RA-FLS/NK cell cross-talk. We show that RA-FLS express numerous ligands for both activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors, and stimulate degranulation of Nishi cells. We found that NKG2D, DNAM-1, NKp46 and NKp44 are the key activating receptors involved in Nishi cell degranulation towards RA-FLS. Moreover, blockade of the interaction between CD94/NKG2A and its ligand HLA-E expressed on RA-FLS further enhanced Nishi cell degranulation in co-culture with RA-FLS. Using cultured RA-FLS and the human NK cell line Nishi as an in vitro model system of RA-FLS/NK cell cross-talk, our results suggest that cell-mediated cytotoxicity of RA-FLS may be one mechanism by which NK cells influence local joint inflammation in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Degranulation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Female
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Male
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/immunology
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/metabolism
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/immunology
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- HLA-E Antigens
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Nielsen
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
| | - Veronique Pascal
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
| | - Andreas E R Fasth
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Sundström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | | | - David Ahern
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of OxfordLondon, UK
| | - Martin Andersen
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
- The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University HospitalFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bo Baslund
- Department of Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else M Bartels
- The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University HospitalFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henning Bliddal
- The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University HospitalFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of OxfordLondon, UK
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Berg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Pieter Spee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
| | - Kalle Söderström
- Department of Translational Immunology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of OxfordLondon, UK
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Type I interferons protect T cells against NK cell attack mediated by the activating receptor NCR1. Immunity 2014; 40:961-73. [PMID: 24909889 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct type I interferon (IFN) signaling on T cells is necessary for the proper expansion, differentiation, and survival of responding T cells following infection with viruses prominently inducing type I IFN. The reasons for the abortive response of T cells lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar1(-/-)) remain unclear. We report here that Ifnar1(-/-) T cells were highly susceptible to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing in a perforin-dependent manner. Depletion of NK cells prior to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection completely restored the early expansion of Ifnar1(-/-) T cells. Ifnar1(-/-) T cells had elevated expression of natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (NCR1) ligands upon infection, rendering them targets for NCR1 mediated NK cell attack. Thus, direct sensing of type I IFNs by T cells protects them from NK cell killing by regulating the expression of NCR1 ligands, thereby revealing a mechanism by which T cells can evade the potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells.
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97
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Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor expression on lymphocyte subsets in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-β: evaluation as biomarkers for clinical response. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:559-70. [PMID: 24599774 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the adaptative and the innate immune systems interplay in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogeny. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are key regulators of the immune response, with activating and inhibitory isoforms. OBJECTIVE In this study we analysed whether the expression of KIR isoforms is implicated in MS pathogenesis and in the therapeutic response to interferon (IFN)-β. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from 78 IFN-β-treated MS patients and 46 healthy controls (HC). KIR expression was evaluated by flow cytometry on natural killer (NK) and T cells. RESULTS The expression of KIRs on NK cells and T lymphocytes did not differ between MS patients and HC. IFN-β therapy decreased the expression of KIR2DL1/2DS1 and increased that of KIR2DL2/3 on NK cells. This therapy also reduced KIR2DL1/2DS1, KIR2DL2/2DL3 and KIR3DL2 expression on CD8(+) T cells. The baseline evaluation of the percentage of circulating CD16(+) NK cells was predictive of the clinical response to IFN-β; however, response to this therapy did not appear related to KIR expression. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that expression of KIR isoforms on NK and T lymphocytes correlated in different ways with IFN-β therapy, suggesting that KIR dynamics may be associated with the pathways involved in the mechanisms of action of IFN-β.
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98
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Regulation of the adaptive immune system by innate lymphoid cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 27:75-82. [PMID: 24594491 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a group of lymphocytes that promote rapid cytokine-dependent innate immunity, inflammation and tissue repair. In addition, a growing body of evidence suggests ILCs can influence adaptive immune cell responses. During fetal development a subset of ILCs orchestrate the generation and maturation of secondary lymphoid tissues. Following birth, ILCs continue to modulate adaptive immune cell responses indirectly through interactions with stromal cells in lymphoid tissues and epithelial cells at barrier surfaces. In this review we summarize the current understanding of how ILCs modulate the magnitude and quality of adaptive immune cell responses, and in particular focus on recent evidence suggesting that ILCs can also directly regulate CD4(+) T cells. Further, we discuss the implications that these pathways may have on human health and disease.
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99
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DNAM-1 control of natural killer cells functions through nectin and nectin-like proteins. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:237-44. [PMID: 24343663 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent key innate immune cells that restrain viral infection and malignant transformation and help mount an adaptive immune response. To perform such complicated tasks, NK cells express a wide set of inhibitory and activating receptors that alert them against cellular stress without damaging healthy cells. A new family of receptors that recognize nectin and nectin-like molecules has recently emerged as a critical regulator of NK cell functions. The most famous member of this family, DNAX accessory molecule (DNAM-1, CD226), is an adhesion molecule that control NK cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production against a wide range of cancer and infected cells. Its ligands CD112 and CD155 have been described in different pathological conditions, and recent evidence indicates that their expression is regulated by cellular stress. Additional receptors have been shown to bind DNAM-1 ligands and modulate NK cell functions bringing another level of complexity. These include CD96 (TACTILE) and TIGIT (WUCAM, VSTM3). Here, we review the role of DNAM-1, TIGIT and CD96 in NK cell biology summarizing the recent advances made on the role of these receptors in various pathologies, such as cancer, viral infections and autoimmunity.
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100
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Genetic disruption of CD8+ Treg activity enhances the immune response to viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:21089-94. [PMID: 24324159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320999110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological interactions that regulate the T-cell response to chronic viral infection are insufficiently understood. Here we study a cellular interaction that may enhance the antiviral immune response and constrain immunopathology. We analyze the contribution of Qa-1-restricted CD8(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) to antiviral immunity after infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. These CD8(+) Treg cells recognize and eliminate target cells through an interaction with the murine class Ib MHC molecule Qa-1 (HLA-E in humans). Using Qa-1 mutant mice (B6.Qa-1-D227K [B6-DK]) that harbor a single mutation that abrogates binding of Qa-1 peptide to the CD8-TCR (T-cell receptor) complex, we show that disruption of immune suppression mediated by CD8(+) Treg cells results in robust antiviral immune responses in both acute and chronic viral infection. Enhanced antiviral responses of B6-DK mice were accompanied by increased control of virus, reduced tissue inflammation in the acute phase, and dramatic alleviation of disease in the chronic phase. In addition, CD8(+) effector T cells in B6-DK mice displayed a less exhausted phenotype characterized by decreased expression of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), LAG3 (CD223), and 2B4 (CD244) and increased expression of NKG2D (CD314) and killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 (KLRG1). Enhanced antiviral immunity in B6-DK mice reflected, in part, reduced inhibition of CD8(+) effector cells by CD8(+) Treg cells. These findings indicate that direct inhibition of effector CD8(+) T cells by Qa-1-restricted CD8(+) Treg cells results in increased disease severity and delayed recovery. These data suggest that depletion or inactivation of CD8(+) Treg cells represents a potentially effective strategy to enhance protective immunity to chronic viral infection.
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