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Sapp JL, Wells GA, Parkash R, Stevenson WG, Blier L, Sarrazin JF, Thibault B, Rivard L, Gula L, Leong-Sit P, Essebag V, Nery PB, Tung SK, Raymond JM, Sterns LD, Veenhuyzen GD, Healey JS, Redfearn D, Roux JF, Tang ASL. Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation versus Escalation of Antiarrhythmic Drugs. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:111-21. [PMID: 27149033 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1513614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent ventricular tachycardia among survivors of myocardial infarction with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is frequent despite antiarrhythmic drug therapy. The most effective approach to management of this problem is uncertain. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial involving patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and an ICD who had ventricular tachycardia despite the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either catheter ablation (ablation group) with continuation of baseline antiarrhythmic medications or escalated antiarrhythmic drug therapy (escalated-therapy group). In the escalated-therapy group, amiodarone was initiated if another agent had been used previously. The dose of amiodarone was increased if it had been less than 300 mg per day or mexiletine was added if the dose was already at least 300 mg per day. The primary outcome was a composite of death, three or more documented episodes of ventricular tachycardia within 24 hours (ventricular tachycardia storm), or appropriate ICD shock. RESULTS Of the 259 patients who were enrolled, 132 were assigned to the ablation group and 127 to the escalated-therapy group. During a mean (±SD) of 27.9±17.1 months of follow-up, the primary outcome occurred in 59.1% of patients in the ablation group and 68.5% of those in the escalated-therapy group (hazard ratio in the ablation group, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 0.98; P=0.04). There was no significant between-group difference in mortality. There were two cardiac perforations and three cases of major bleeding in the ablation group and two deaths from pulmonary toxic effects and one from hepatic dysfunction in the escalated-therapy group. CONCLUSIONS In patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and an ICD who had ventricular tachycardia despite antiarrhythmic drug therapy, there was a significantly lower rate of the composite primary outcome of death, ventricular tachycardia storm, or appropriate ICD shock among patients undergoing catheter ablation than among those receiving an escalation in antiarrhythmic drug therapy. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; VANISH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00905853.).
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Sapp
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - George A Wells
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Ratika Parkash
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - William G Stevenson
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Louis Blier
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Jean-Francois Sarrazin
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Bernard Thibault
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Lena Rivard
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Lorne Gula
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Peter Leong-Sit
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Vidal Essebag
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Pablo B Nery
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Stanley K Tung
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Jean-Marc Raymond
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Laurence D Sterns
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - George D Veenhuyzen
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Jeff S Healey
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Damian Redfearn
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Jean-Francois Roux
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
| | - Anthony S L Tang
- From the Department of Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (J.L.S., R.P.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (G.A.W., P.B.N.), Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC (L.B., J.-F.S.), Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (B.T., L.R.), McGill University Health Center and Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (V.E.), and Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montréal (J.-M.R.), Montreal, Western University, London, ON (L.G., P.L.-S., A.S.L.T.), the Division of Cardiology, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC (S.K.T.), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC (L.D.S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary (G.D.V.), Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (J.S.H.), Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON (D.R.), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (J.-F.R.) - all in Canada; and the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (W.G.S.)
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