51
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Colvin MM, Cook JL, Chang PP, Hsu DT, Kiernan MS, Kobashigawa JA, Lindenfeld J, Masri SC, Miller DV, Rodriguez ER, Tyan DB, Zeevi A. Sensitization in Heart Transplantation: Emerging Knowledge: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139:e553-e578. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensitization, defined as the presence of circulating antibodies, presents challenges for heart transplant recipients and physicians. When present, sensitization can limit a transplantation candidate’s access to organs, prolong wait time, and, in some cases, exclude the candidate from heart transplantation altogether. The management of sensitization is not yet standardized, and current therapies have not yielded consistent results. Although current strategies involve antibody suppression and removal with intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, and antibody therapy, newer strategies with more specific targets are being investigated.
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53
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Van Puyvelde J, Rega F, Minami T, Claus P, Cools B, Gewillig M, Meyns B. Creation of the Fontan circulation in sheep: a survival model. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2019; 29:15-21. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Van Puyvelde
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomoyuki Minami
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Claus
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Cools
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Gewillig
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Meyns
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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54
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Mortality, Resource Utilization, and Inpatient Costs Vary Among Pediatric Heart Transplant Indications: A Merged Data Set Analysis From the United Network for Organ Sharing and Pediatric Health Information Systems Databases. J Card Fail 2019; 25:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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55
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Platt JL, West LJ, Chinnock RE, Cascalho M. Toward a solution for cardiac failure in the newborn. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12479. [PMID: 30537350 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The newborn infant with severe cardiac failure owed to congenital structural heart disease or cardiomyopathy poses a daunting therapeutic challenge. The ideal solution for both might be cardiac transplantation if availability of hearts was not limiting and if tolerance could be induced, obviating toxicity of immunosuppressive therapy. If one could safely and effectively exploit neonatal tolerance for successful xenotransplantation of the heart, the challenge of severe cardiac failure in the newborn infant might be met. We discuss the need, the potential for applying neonatal tolerance in the setting of xenotransplantation and the possibility that other approaches to this problem might emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard E Chinnock
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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56
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Abstract
Heart failure remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). Although gender-specific outcomes are not robust, it seems that women with CHD may be more affected by late heart failure (HF) than men. A specialized and experienced adult CHD team is required to care for these women as they age, including assessment for reversible causes of HF and in the management of pregnancy, labor, and delivery.
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57
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Menachem JN, Lindenfeld J, Schlendorf K, Shah AS, Bichell DP, Book W, Brinkley DM, Danter M, Frischhertz B, Keebler M, Kogon B, Mettler B, Rossano J, Sacks SB, Young T, Wigger M, Zalawadiya S. Center volume and post-transplant survival among adults with congenital heart disease. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018; 37:1351-1360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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58
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Lo Rito M, Poretti G, Varrica A, Negura D, Micheletti A, Chessa M, Giamberti A. The Challenging Pathway Toward Heart Transplant Listing for Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients. Artif Organs 2018; 42:911-917. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana Negura
- Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato; San Donato Milanese Italy
| | - Angelo Micheletti
- Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato; San Donato Milanese Italy
| | - Massimo Chessa
- Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato; San Donato Milanese Italy
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59
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Serfas JD, Patel PA, Krasuski RA. Heart Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:81. [PMID: 30094510 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To assess current management strategies for advanced heart failure in adults with congenital heart disease, including heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support. RECENT FINDINGS Current data demonstrate that adults with CHD generally experience higher short-term mortality after heart transplantation and MCS implantation, but enjoy superior long-term survival. Such patients are nonetheless less likely to receive a transplant than non-ACHD peers due to a variety of factors, including lack of applicability of current listing criteria to HF in ACHD. MCS is underutilized in ACHD, but provides similar quality of life benefits for ACHD and non-ACHD patients alike. Heart failure in ACHD is complex and difficult to treat, and both heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support are often challenging to implement in this patient population. However, long-term results are encouraging, and existing data supports increasing use of MCS and transplant earlier in their disease course. Multidisciplinary care is critical to success in these complex patients.
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60
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Reardon LC, DePasquale EC, Tarabay J, Cruz D, Laks H, Biniwale RM, Busuttil RW, Kaldas FM, Saab S, Venick RS, Lin JP, Nsair A, Deng MC, Ardehali A, Caderias M, Iygengar A, Aboulhosn JA. Heart and heart-liver transplantation in adults with failing Fontan physiology. Clin Transplant 2018; 32:e13329. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C. Reardon
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center; Los Angeles California
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology; UCLA Children's Heart Center; Los Angeles California
| | | | - Jana Tarabay
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center; Los Angeles California
| | - Daniel Cruz
- Ahmanson/UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center; Los Angeles California
| | - Hillel Laks
- UCLA Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery; Los Angeles California
| | - Reshma M. Biniwale
- UCLA Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery; Los Angeles California
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- UCLA Department of Surgery; Pfleger Liver Institute; Los Angeles California
| | - Fady M. Kaldas
- UCLA Department of Surgery; Pfleger Liver Institute; Los Angeles California
| | - Sammy Saab
- UCLA Department of Medicine; Pfleger Liver Institute; Los Angeles California
| | - Robert S. Venick
- UCLA Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology; Los Angeles California
| | - Jeannette P. Lin
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center; Los Angeles California
| | - Ali Nsair
- Ahmanson/UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center; Los Angeles California
| | - Mario C. Deng
- Ahmanson/UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center; Los Angeles California
| | - Abbas Ardehali
- UCLA Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery; Los Angeles California
| | | | - Amit Iygengar
- David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles California
| | - Jamil A. Aboulhosn
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center; Los Angeles California
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61
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O'Connor MJ, Glatz AC, Rossano JW, Shaddy RE, Ryan R, Ravishankar C, Fuller S, Mascio CE, Gaynor JW, Lin KY. Cumulative Effect of Preoperative Risk Factors on Mortality After Pediatric Heart Transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 106:561-566. [PMID: 29684375 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk assessment in heart transplantation is critical for candidate selection, but current models inadequately assess individual risk of postoperative mortality. We sought to identify risk factors and develop a scoring system to predict mortality after heart transplantation in children. METHODS The records of patients undergoing heart transplantation at our institution from 2010 through 2016 were reviewed. Clinical characteristics were recorded and compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling of factors associated with postoperative mortality to develop a risk factor score. RESULTS There were 74 patients who underwent heart transplantation at a mean age of 8.8 ± 6.6 years. Congenital heart disease was the most common indication, comprising 48.6% of the cohort. Overall mortality was 18.9%, with 10 of 14 dying within 30 days of the operation or during the initial postoperative admission (early mortality). Preoperative factors associated with overall mortality were single-ventricle congenital heart disease (hazard ratio [HR], 3.2; p = 0.042), biventricular assist device (HR, 4.8; p = 0.043), history of four or more sternotomies (HR, 3.9; p = 0.023), panel reactive antibody exceeding 10% (HR, 4.4; p = 0.013), any previous operation at another institution (HR, 3.2; p = 0.038), and pulmonary vein disease (HR, 4.7; p = 0.045). Each risk factor was assigned a point value, based on similar magnitude of the HRs. A score of 4 or higher predicted mortality with 57% sensitivity and 90% specificity. CONCLUSIONS In this single-center pediatric cohort, postheart transplantation mortality could be predicted using patient-specific risk factors. The cumulative effect of these risk factors predicted mortality with high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J O'Connor
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph W Rossano
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert E Shaddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Ryan
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chitra Ravishankar
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Fuller
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher E Mascio
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J William Gaynor
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly Y Lin
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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62
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Menachem JN, Birati EY, Zamani P, Owens AT, Atluri P, Bermudez CA, Drajpuch D, Fuller S, Kim YY, Mascio CE, Palanivel V, Rame JE, Wald J, Acker MA, Mazurek JA. Pulmonary hypertension: Barrier or just a bump in the road in transplanting adults with congenital heart disease. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2018; 13:492-498. [DOI: 10.1111/chd.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Menachem
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Edo Y. Birati
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Payman Zamani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Anjali T. Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Pavan Atluri
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Christian A. Bermudez
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - David Drajpuch
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Stephanie Fuller
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Yuli Y. Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Christopher E. Mascio
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Vikram Palanivel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - J. Eduardo Rame
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Joyce Wald
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Michael A. Acker
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jeremy A. Mazurek
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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63
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Chen CK, Manlhiot C, Mital S, Schwartz SM, Van Arsdell GS, Caldarone C, McCrindle BW, Dipchand AI. Prelisting predictions of early postoperative survival in infant heart transplantation using classification and regression tree analysis. Pediatr Transplant 2018; 22. [PMID: 29271030 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infants listed for heart transplantation experience high waitlist and early post-transplant mortality, and thus, optimal allocation of scarce donor organs is required. Unfortunately, the creation and validation of multivariable regression models to identify risk factors and generate individual-level predictions are challenging. We sought to explore the use of data mining methods to generate a prediction model. CART analysis was used to create a model which, at the time of listing, would predict which infants listed for heart transplantation would survive at least 3 months post-transplantation. A total of 48 infants were included; 13 died while waiting, and six died within 3 months of heart transplant. CART analysis identified RRT, blood urea nitrogen, and hematocrit as terminal nodes with alanine transaminase as an intermediate node predicting death. No patients listed on RRT (n = 10) survived and only three of 12 (25%) patients listed on ECLS survived >3 months post-transplant. CART analysis overall accuracy was 83%, with sensitivity of 95% and specificity 76%. This study shows that CART analysis can be used to generate accurate prediction models in small patient populations. Model validation will be necessary before incorporation into decision-making algorithms used to determine transplant candidacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Kit Chen
- Cardiology Service, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Cedric Manlhiot
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Seema Mital
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven M Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Glen S Van Arsdell
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Caldarone
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne I Dipchand
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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64
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Zhong J, Wang S, Shen WB, Kaushal S, Yang P. The current status and future of cardiac stem/progenitor cell therapy for congenital heart defects from diabetic pregnancy. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:275-282. [PMID: 29016556 PMCID: PMC5876137 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregestational maternal diabetes induces congenital heart defects (CHDs). Cardiac dysfunction after palliative surgical procedures contributes to the high mortality of CHD patients. Autologous or allogeneic stem cell therapies are effective for improving cardiac function in animal models and clinical trials. c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), the most recognized CPCs, have the following basic properties of stem cells: self-renewal, multicellular clone formation, and differentiation into multiple cardiac lineages. However, there is ongoing debate regarding whether c-kit+ CPCs can give rise to sufficient cardiomyocytes. A new hypothesis to address the beneficial effect of c-kit+ CPCs is that these cells stimulate endogenous cardiac cells through a paracrine function in producing a robust secretome and exosomes. The values of other cardiac CPCs, including Sca1+ CPCs and cardiosphere-derived cells, are beginning to be revealed. These cells may be better choices than c-kit+ CPCs for generating cardiomyocytes. Adult mesenchymal stem cells are considered immune-incompetent and effective for improving cardiac function. Autologous CPC therapy may be limited by the observation that maternal diabetes adversely affects the biological function of embryonic stem cells and CPCs. Future studies should focus on determining the mechanistic action of these cells, identifying new CPC markers, selecting highly effective CPCs, and engineering cell-free products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shengbing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wei-Bin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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65
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Kenny LA, DeRita F, Nassar M, Dark J, Coats L, Hasan A. Transplantation in the single ventricle population. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 7:152-159. [PMID: 29492393 DOI: 10.21037/acs.2018.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The single ventricle patient population comprises the most complex cohort presenting to the cardiac transplant team, in terms of demographics, anatomic substrate, and unique physiology. It is also the most rapidly growing diagnostic group presenting for heart transplantation. In this manuscript, we aim to describe the changing landscape of transplantation in single ventricle conditions through reflection on our own institution's practice and experience, alongside contemporary literature review. Single ventricle patients are heterogeneous in terms of age, anatomic diagnosis and physiology according to surgical stage of repair. Progress in surgical palliative strategies has impacted upon the present composition of the population, with growing numbers of hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients and those with late physiology failure following Fontan completion. Multiple prior surgeries, immunological sensitivity and multi-organ involvement impart high peri-operative risk but can be mitigated in part by careful pre-operative planning by a dedicated multi-disciplinary team addressing issues such as planning of concurrent reconstructive surgery, minimizing the post-operative effect of collaterals, timely harvesting, oversizing of donor organs to minimize graft failure, and strategies to address anticipated post-operative elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance. Determining optimal timing for transplant in these patients remains unclear, but understanding the risk of alternative surgical options can help guide decision making with regards to listing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Kenny
- Adult Congenital and Paediatric Heart Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fabrizio DeRita
- Adult Congenital and Paediatric Heart Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mohamed Nassar
- Adult Congenital and Paediatric Heart Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - John Dark
- Adult Congenital and Paediatric Heart Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Louise Coats
- Adult Congenital and Paediatric Heart Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Asif Hasan
- Adult Congenital and Paediatric Heart Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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66
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Tsilimigras DI, Oikonomou EK, Moris D, Schizas D, Economopoulos KP, Mylonas KS. Stem Cell Therapy for Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. Circulation 2017; 136:2373-2385. [PMID: 29229621 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.029607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) constitutes the most prevalent and heterogeneous group of congenital anomalies. Although surgery remains the gold standard treatment modality, stem cell therapy has been gaining ground as a complimentary or alternative treatment option in certain types of CHD. The aim of this study was to present the existing published evidence and ongoing research efforts on the implementation of stem cell-based therapeutic strategies in CHD. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching Medline, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane library, along with reference lists of the included studies through April 23, 2017. RESULTS Nineteen studies were included in this review (8 preclinical, 6 clinical, and 5 ongoing trials). Various routes of cardiac stem cell delivery have been reported, including intracoronary, intramyocardial, intravenous, and epicardial. Depending on their origin and level of differentiation at which they are harvested, stem cells may exhibit different properties. Preclinical studies have mostly focused on modeling right ventricle dysfunction or failure and pulmonary artery hypertension by using pressure or volume overload in vitro or in vivo. Only a limited number of clinical trials on patients with CHD exist, and these primarily focus on hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Cell-based tissue engineering has recently been introduced, and research currently is focusing on developing cell-seeded grafts and patches that could potentially grow in parallel with whole body growth once implanted in the heart. CONCLUSIONS It seems that stem cell delivery to the diseased heart as an adjunct to surgical palliation may provide some benefits over surgery alone in terms of cardiac function, somatic growth, and quality of life. Despite encouraging preliminary results, stem cell therapies for patients with CHD should only be considered in the setting of well-designed clinical trials. More wet laboratory research experience is needed, and translation of promising findings to large clinical studies is warranted to clearly define the efficacy and safety profile of this alternative and potentially groundbreaking therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamantis I Tsilimigras
- School of Medicine (D.I.T.).,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Surgery Working Group (D.I.T., D.M., D.S., K.P.E)
| | | | - Demetrios Moris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Surgery Working Group (D.I.T., D.M., D.S., K.P.E).,Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece. Department of Surgery, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus (D.M.)
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital (D.S.).,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Surgery Working Group (D.I.T., D.M., D.S., K.P.E)
| | - Konstantinos P Economopoulos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Surgery Working Group (D.I.T., D.M., D.S., K.P.E) .,Organ Engineering and Regeneration Laboratory (K.P.E.)
| | - Konstantinos S Mylonas
- Pediatrics Working Group (K.S.M.).,Department of Pediatric Surgery (K.S.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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67
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Adams PS, Zahid M, Khalifa O, Feingold B, Lo CW. Low Nasal NO in Congenital Heart Disease With Systemic Right Ventricle and Postcardiac Transplantation. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.007447. [PMID: 29212650 PMCID: PMC5779050 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background NO bioavailability has not been systematically examined in congenital heart disease (CHD). To assess NO in patients with CHD, we measured nasal NO (nNO) generated by the nasal epithelia, given blood NO is difficult to measure (half‐life, <2 ms). Given NO's role in hemodynamic regulation and the association of NO bioavailability with heart failure risk, we hypothesized NO levels may differ with varying severity of CHD physiologic characteristics. Methods and Results Six‐hundred eighteen subjects, 483 with CHD and 135 controls, had nNO measured noninvasively via the nares using American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society guidelines. Subjects were dichotomized as having low or normal nNO based on age‐specific cutoff values. Prevalence of low nNO was examined by various CHD physiologic feature types. Low nNO was more prevalent with CHD than controls (odds ratio, 2.28; P=0.001). A logistic regression model showed overall significance (P=0.035) for single ventricle, systemic right ventricle, ventricular dysfunction, oxygen desaturation, and heterotaxy predicting low nNO, with systemic right ventricle independently having twice the odds of low nNO (odds ratio, 2.04; P=0.014). Patients with low nNO had a higher risk of experiencing heart transplant or death (hazard ratio, 2.75; P=0.048), and heart transplant recipients (N=16) exhibited 5 times the odds of low nNO (69% versus 30%; odds ratio, 5.1; P=0.001). Conclusions Patients with CHD have increased prevalence of low nNO, with highest odds seen with systemic right ventricle and heart transplant. Further studies are needed to investigate heart failure risks in patients with CHD with left versus right systemic ventricle physiologic characteristics and utility of low nNO for predicting heart failure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Adams
- Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Omar Khalifa
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brian Feingold
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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68
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Daniels CJ, Bradley EA, Landzberg MJ, Aboulhosn J, Beekman RH, Book W, Gurvitz M, John A, John B, Marelli A, Marino BS, Minich LL, Poterucha JJ, Rand EB, Veldtman GR. Fontan-Associated Liver Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:3173-3194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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69
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Hofferberth SC, Singh TP, Bastardi H, Blume ED, Fynn-Thompson F. Liver abnormalities and post-transplant survival in pediatric Fontan patients. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21. [PMID: 29105236 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The impact of liver parenchymal abnormalities on survival post-heart transplant remains unknown in pediatric Fontan patients. We assessed pediatric Fontan patients who underwent heart transplant and had documented pretransplant hepatic ultrasound (U/S) studies. Liver U/S findings were classified as normal (Group 1), mildly abnormal (Group 2, hepatomegaly/vascular congestion), or severely abnormal (Group 3, heterogeneous echotexture/nodularity). Among 30 study patients, 8 were classified as Group 1, 14 as Group 2, while 8 met Group 3 criteria. Pretransplant liver biochemistry and synthetic function were similar in all groups. Six Group 3 patients underwent liver biopsy; 4 demonstrated perisinusoidal or centrilobular fibrosis, and 2 had cirrhosis. Overall mortality was 30% (n = 9). Median follow-up was 5 years (range, 0.25-13 years). One-year survival was similar among all 3 groups (P = .37), with a trend toward higher cumulative 5-year survival in Group 1 (100%). The majority of pediatric Fontan patients who underwent heart transplant demonstrated abnormal preoperative liver ultrasound findings. Heterogeneous echotexture or nodularity detected on U/S frequently indicates underlying liver parenchymal abnormalities. The presence of severe liver abnormalities was not associated with higher early mortality post-heart transplant in pediatric Fontan patients; however, late outcomes must be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Hofferberth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tajinder P Singh
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Bastardi
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Blume
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francis Fynn-Thompson
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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70
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Trasplante cardiaco en pacientes adultos con cardiopatía congénita. CIRUGIA CARDIOVASCULAR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.circv.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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71
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Marrone C, Ferrero P, Uricchio N, Sebastiani R, Vittori C, Ciuffreda M, Terzi A, Galletti L. The unnatural history of failing univentricular hearts: outcomes up to 25 years after heart transplantation. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2017; 25:892-897. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivx352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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72
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Kirklin JK, Pearce FB, Dabal RJ, Carlo WF, Mauchley DC. Challenges of Cardiac Transplantation Following the Fontan Procedure. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2017; 8:480-486. [DOI: 10.1177/2150135117714460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James K. Kirklin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - F. Bennett Pearce
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert J. Dabal
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Waldemar F. Carlo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David C. Mauchley
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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73
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Meza JM, Hickey EJ, Blackstone EH, Jaquiss RDB, Anderson BR, Williams WG, Cai S, Van Arsdell GS, Karamlou T, McCrindle BW. The Optimal Timing of Stage 2 Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: An Analysis of the Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial Public Data Set. Circulation 2017; 136:1737-1748. [PMID: 28687711 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In infants requiring 3-stage single-ventricle palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, attrition after the Norwood procedure remains significant. The effect of the timing of stage 2 palliation (S2P), a physician-modifiable factor, on long-term survival is not well understood. We hypothesized that an optimal interval between the Norwood and S2P that both minimizes pre-S2P attrition and maximizes post-S2P survival exists and is associated with individual patient characteristics. METHODS The National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial public data set was used. Transplant-free survival (TFS) was modeled from (1) Norwood to S2P and (2) S2P to 3 years by using parametric hazard analysis. Factors associated with death or heart transplantation were determined for each interval. To account for staged procedures, risk-adjusted, 3-year, post-Norwood TFS (the probability of TFS at 3 years given survival to S2P) was calculated using parametric conditional survival analysis. TFS from the Norwood to S2P was first predicted. TFS after S2P to 3 years was then predicted and adjusted for attrition before S2P by multiplying by the estimate of TFS to S2P. The optimal timing of S2P was determined by generating nomograms of risk-adjusted, 3-year, post-Norwood, TFS versus the interval from the Norwood to S2P. RESULTS Of 547 included patients, 399 survived to S2P (73%). Of the survivors to S2P, 349 (87%) survived to 3-year follow-up. The median interval from the Norwood to S2P was 5.1 (interquartile range, 4.1-6.0) months. The risk-adjusted, 3-year, TFS was 68±7%. A Norwood-S2P interval of 3 to 6 months was associated with greatest 3-year TFS overall and in patients with few risk factors. In patients with multiple risk factors, TFS was severely compromised, regardless of the timing of S2P and most severely when S2P was performed early. No difference in the optimal timing of S2P existed when stratified by shunt type. CONCLUSIONS In infants with few risk factors, progressing to S2P at 3 to 6 months after the Norwood procedure was associated with maximal TFS. Early S2P did not rescue patients with greater risk factor burdens. Instead, referral for heart transplantation may offer their best chance at long-term survival. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00115934.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Meza
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.).
| | - Edward J Hickey
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
| | - Eugene H Blackstone
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
| | - Robert D B Jaquiss
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
| | - Brett R Anderson
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
| | - William G Williams
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
| | - Sally Cai
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
| | - Glen S Van Arsdell
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
| | - Tara Karamlou
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- From Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.M.M., E.J.H., W.G.W., S.C., G.S.V.A.); Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.H.B.); Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX (R.D.B.J.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian-Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center (B.R.A.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (T.K.); and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.)
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74
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Green DJ, Brooks MM, Burckart GJ, Chinnock RE, Canter C, Addonizio LJ, Bernstein D, Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Girnita DM, Zeevi A, Webber SA. The Influence of Race and Common Genetic Variations on Outcomes After Pediatric Heart Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1525-1539. [PMID: 27931092 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Significant racial disparity remains in the incidence of unfavorable outcomes following heart transplantation. We sought to determine which pediatric posttransplantation outcomes differ by race and whether these can be explained by recipient demographic, clinical, and genetic attributes. Data were collected for 80 black and 450 nonblack pediatric recipients transplanted at 1 of 6 centers between 1993 and 2008. Genotyping was performed for 20 candidate genes. Average follow-up was 6.25 years. Unadjusted 5-year rates for death (p = 0.001), graft loss (p = 0.015), acute rejection with severe hemodynamic compromise (p = 0.001), late rejection (p = 0.005), and late rejection with hemodynamic compromise (p = 0.004) were significantly higher among blacks compared with nonblacks. Black recipients were more likely to be older at the time of transplantation (p < 0.001), suffer from cardiomyopathy (p = 0.004), and have public insurance (p < 0.001), and were less likely to undergo induction therapy (p = 0.0039). In multivariate regression models adjusting for age, sex, cardiac diagnosis, insurance status, and genetic variations, black race remained a significant risk factor for all the above outcomes. These clinical and genetic variables explained only 8-19% of the excess risk observed for black recipients. We have confirmed racial differences in survival, graft loss, and several rejection outcomes following heart transplantation in children, which could not be fully explained by differences in recipient attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Green
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Staff, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - M M Brooks
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - G J Burckart
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Staff, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - R E Chinnock
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - C Canter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO
| | - L J Addonizio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - D Bernstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J K Kirklin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - D C Naftel
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - D M Girnita
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A Zeevi
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - S A Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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75
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Berg CJ, Bauer BS, Hageman A, Aboulhosn JA, Reardon LC. Mortality Risk Stratification in Fontan Patients Who Underwent Heart Transplantation. Am J Cardiol 2017; 119:1675-1679. [PMID: 28341356 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients who require orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) for failing Fontan physiology continues to grow; however, the methods and tools to evaluate risk of OHT are limited. This study aimed to identify a set of preoperative variables and characteristics that were associated with a greater risk of postoperative mortality in patients who received OHT for failing Fontan physiology. Thirty-six Fontan patients were identified as having undergone OHT at University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center from 1991 to 2014. Data were collected retrospectively and analyzed. The primary end point was designated as postoperative mortality. After an average follow-up time of 3.5 years, 17 (44%) patients suffered postoperative mortality. Patient characteristics including (1) age <18 years at the time of OHT, (2) Fontan-OHT interval of <10 years, (3) systemic ventricular ejection fraction <20%, (4) moderate-to-severe atrioventricular valve insufficiency, (5) an elevated Model of End-stage Liver Disease, eXcluding INR score, or (6) need for advanced mechanical support before surgery were associated with an increased incidence of postoperative mortality. Using these risk factors, we present a theoretical framework to stratify risk of postoperative death in failing Fontan patients after OHT. In conclusion, a method such as this may aid in the transplantation evaluation and listing process of patients with failing Fontan physiology.
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76
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Ohye RG, Schranz D, D'Udekem Y. Current Therapy for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Related Single Ventricle Lesions. Circulation 2017; 134:1265-1279. [PMID: 27777296 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.022816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Universally fatal only 4 decades ago, the progress in the 3-stage palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and related single right ventricular lesions has drastically improved the outlook for these patients. Although the stage II operation (hemi-Fontan or bidirectional Glenn) and stage III Fontan procedure have evolved into relatively low-risk operations, the stage I Norwood procedure remains one of the highest-risk and costliest common operations performed in congenital heart surgery. Yet, despite this fact, experienced centers now report hospital survivals of >90% for the Norwood procedure. This traditional 3-stage surgical palliation has seen several innovations in the past decade aimed at improving outcomes, particularly for the Norwood procedure. One significant change is a renewed interest in the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt as the source of pulmonary blood flow, rather than the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt for the Norwood. The multi-institutional Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial randomly assigned 555 patients to one or the other shunt, and these subjects continue to be followed closely as they now approach 10 years postrandomization. In addition to modifications to the Norwood procedure, the hybrid procedure, a combined catheter-based and surgical approach, avoids the Norwood procedure in the newborn period entirely. The initial hybrid procedure is then followed by a comprehensive stage II, which combines components of both the Norwood and the traditional stage II, and later completion of the Fontan. Proponents of this approach hope to improve not only short-term survival, but also potentially longer-term outcomes, such as neurodevelopment, as well. Regardless of the approach, traditional surgical staged palliation or the hybrid procedure, survivals have vastly improved, and large numbers of these patients are surviving not only through their Fontan in early childhood, but also into adolescence and young adulthood. As this population grows, it becomes increasingly important to understand the longer-term outcomes of these Fontan patients, not only in terms of survival, but also in terms of the burden of disease, neurodevelopmental outcomes, psychosocial development, and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Ohye
- From University of Michigan C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (R.G.O.); Pediatric Heart Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (D.S.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (Y.D'U.).
| | - Dietmar Schranz
- From University of Michigan C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (R.G.O.); Pediatric Heart Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (D.S.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (Y.D'U.)
| | - Yves D'Udekem
- From University of Michigan C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (R.G.O.); Pediatric Heart Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (D.S.); and Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (Y.D'U.)
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77
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Matsuda H, Ichikawa H, Ueno T, Sawa Y. Heart transplantation for adults with congenital heart disease: current status and future prospects. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 65:309-320. [PMID: 28439697 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-017-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased survival rates after corrective or palliative surgery for complex congenital heart disease (CHD) in infancy and childhood are now being coupled with increased numbers of patients who survive to adulthood with various residual lesions or sequelae. These patients are likely to deteriorate in cardiac function or end-organ function, eventually requiring lifesaving treatment including heart transplantation. Although early and late outcomes of heart transplantation have been improving for adult survivors of CHD, outcomes and pretransplant management could still be improved. Survivors of Fontan procedures are a vulnerable cohort, particularly when single ventricle physiology fails, mostly with protein-losing enteropathy and hepatic dysfunction. Therefore, we reviewed single-institution and larger database analyses of adults who underwent heart transplantation for CHD, to enable risk stratification by identifying the indications and outcomes. As the results, despite relatively high early mortality, long-term results were encouraging after heart transplantation. However, further investigations are needed to improve the indication criteria for complex CHD, especially for failed Fontan. In addition, the current system of status criteria and donor heart allocation system in heart transplantation should be arranged as suitable for adults with complex CHD. Furthermore, there is a strong need to develop ventricular assist devices as a bridge to transplantation or destination therapy, especially where right-sided circulatory support is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Matsuda
- Professor Emeritus Osaka University, Cardiovascular Surgery, Higashi-Takarazuka Satoh Hospital, Nagao-cho 2-1, Takarazuka, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Hajime Ichikawa
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Sergey, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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78
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Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Heart Transplantation in Patients With a Failing Fontan. Am J Cardiol 2017; 119:1269-1274. [PMID: 28233535 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Fontan procedure is increasingly being used to palliate univentricular physiology. It is a complex anatomic and physiologic repair that can fail at any age, often leaving heart transplantation as the only remaining solution. A meta-analysis was performed to achieve the aim of systematically evaluating the existing evidence for survival after heart transplantation in patients who have undergone a Fontan palliation. MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for original research studies. The primary outcome was mortality at 1 and 5 years after transplantation. Five hundred eighty-two records were screened, after the removal of duplicates, 12 retrospective observational studies were selected for inclusion in our meta-analysis. This encompassed a total of 351 Fontan patients undergoing heart transplantation. Mean age was 14 years (range 7 to 24 years) and 65% were men. One- and 5-year survival rates after heart transplantation were found to be 80.3% (95% CI 75.9% to 84.2%) and 71.2% (95% CI 66.3% to 75.7%), respectively. No significant association was found between age, gender, and pulmonary pressures and 1-year mortality. In conclusion, in the largest analysis to date, we found that heart transplantation in younger patients after Fontan procedure has an acceptable early and mid-term mortality. It is comparable to published mortality data of heart transplantation for other forms of congenital heart disease. Heart transplantation in the younger failing Fontan population appears to be a reasonable option when all other avenues have been exhausted and appropriate screening has taken place.
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79
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Abstract
Dramatic evolution in medical and catheter interventions and complex surgeries to treat children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has led to a growing number of patients with a multitude of long-term complications associated with morbidity and mortality. Heart failure in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome predicated by functional single ventricle lesions is associated with an increase in CHD prevalence and remains a significant challenge. Pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the progression of CHD, including single ventricle lesions and dilated cardiomyopathy, and adult heart disease may inevitably differ. Although therapeutic options for advanced cardiac failure are restricted to heart transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, there is a strong impetus to develop novel therapeutic strategies. As lower vertebrates, such as the newt and zebrafish, have a remarkable ability to replace lost cardiac tissue, this intrinsic self-repair machinery at the early postnatal stage in mice was confirmed by partial ventricular resection. Although the underlying mechanistic insights might differ among the species, mammalian heart regeneration occurs even in humans, with the highest degree occurring in early childhood and gradually declining with age in adulthood, suggesting the advantage of stem cell therapy to ameliorate ventricular dysfunction in patients with CHD. Although effective clinical translation by a variety of stem cells in adult heart disease remains inconclusive with respect to the improvement of cardiac function, case reports and clinical trials based on stem cell therapies in patients with CHD may be invaluable for the next stage of therapeutic development. Dissecting the differential mechanisms underlying progressive ventricular dysfunction in children and adults may lead us to identify a novel regenerative therapy. Future regenerative technologies to treat patients with CHD are exciting prospects for heart regeneration in general practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Oh
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Japan
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80
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Fontan Patient Survival After Pediatric Heart Transplantation Has Improved in the Current Era. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 103:1315-1320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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81
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Menachem JN, Golbus JR, Molina M, Mazurek JA, Hornsby N, Atluri P, Fuller S, Birati EY, Kim YY, Goldberg LR, Wald JW. Successful cardiac transplantation outcomes in patients with adult congenital heart disease. Heart 2017; 103:1449-1454. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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82
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Poh CL, Zannino D, Weintraub RG, Winlaw DS, Grigg LE, Cordina R, Hornung T, Bullock A, Justo RN, Gentles TL, Verrall C, du Plessis K, Celermajer DS, d'Udekem Y. Three decades later: The fate of the population of patients who underwent the Atriopulmonary Fontan procedure. Int J Cardiol 2017; 231:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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83
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D'Souza BA, Fuller S, Gleason LP, Hornsby N, Wald J, Krok K, Shaked A, Goldberg LR, Pochettino A, Olthoff KM, Kim YY. Single-center outcomes of combined heart and liver transplantation in the failing Fontan. Clin Transplant 2017; 31. [PMID: 27988989 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term outcomes of the Fontan operation include Fontan failure and liver disease. Combined heart-liver transplantation (CHLT) is an option for select patients although limited data exist on this strategy. A retrospective review of Fontan patients 18 years or older referred for cardiac transplant evaluation between 2000 and 2013 at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania was performed. All patients were considered for potential CHLT. Clinical variables such as demographics, perioperative factors, and short-term outcomes were reviewed. Of 17 referrals for cardiac transplantation, seven Fontan patients underwent CHLT. All patients who underwent CHLT had either advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis on liver biopsy. There were no perioperative deaths. The most common postoperative morbidity was acute kidney injury. Short-term complications include one episode of acute liver rejection but no cardiac rejection greater than 1R. CHLT is an acceptable therapeutic option for patients with failing Fontan physiology who exhibit concomitant advanced liver fibrosis. However, optimal patient selection is currently undefined, and long-term outcomes are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A D'Souza
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fuller
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lacey P Gleason
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Hornsby
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joyce Wald
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Krok
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Abraham Shaked
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lee R Goldberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alberto Pochettino
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kim M Olthoff
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuli Y Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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84
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Isolated heart transplant and combined heart-liver transplant in adult congenital heart disease patients: Insights from the united network of organ sharing. Int J Cardiol 2017; 228:790-795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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85
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The Long-Term Management of Children and Adults with a Fontan Circulation: A Systematic Review and Survey of Current Practice in Australia and New Zealand. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:56-69. [PMID: 27787594 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-016-1484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although long-term survival is now the norm, Fontan patients face significant morbidity and premature mortality. Wide variation exists in long-term Fontan management. With an aim of improving their long-term management, we conducted a systematic review to identify best available evidence and gaps in knowledge for future research focus. We also surveyed cardiologists in Australia and New Zealand managing Fontan patients, to determine the alignment of current local practice with best available evidence. A systematic review was conducted using strict search criteria (PRISMA guidelines), pertaining to long-term Fontan management. All adult congenital and paediatric cardiologists registered with The Australia and New Zealand Fontan Registry were invited to respond to an online survey. Reasonable quality evidence exists for non-inferiority of aspirin over warfarin for thromboprophylaxis in standard-risk Fontan patients. No strong evidence is currently available for the routine use of ACE inhibitors, beta blockers or pulmonary vasodilators. Little evidence exists regarding optimal arrhythmia treatment, exercise restriction/prescription, routine fenestration closure, elective Fontan conversion and screening/management of liver abnormalities. Although pregnancy is generally well tolerated, there are high rates of miscarriage and premature delivery. Thirty-nine out of 78 (50 %) cardiologists responded to the survey. Heterogeneity in response was demonstrated with regard to long-term anti-coagulation, other medication use, fenestration closure and pregnancy and contraception counselling. Substantial gaps in our knowledge remain with regard to the long-term management of Fontan patients. This is reflected in the survey of cardiologists managing these patients. We have identified a number of key areas for future research.
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86
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Simpson KE. Changing expectations for Fontan patient survival after heart transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:1022-1023. [PMID: 27882688 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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87
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Urencio M, Greenleaf C, Salazar JD, Dodge-Khatami A. Resource and cost considerations in treating hypoplastic left heart syndrome. PEDIATRIC HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2016; 7:149-153. [PMID: 29388599 PMCID: PMC5683290 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s98327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) was a uniformly fatal diagnosis before 1983, when surgical treatment was first undertaken with the Norwood I operation as the first of 3-staged operations. Since then, operative survival rate of stage I has risen from 53% to over 90% in the current era, not only thanks to technical advances in surgery but also through prenatal diagnosis and imaging, enhanced cardiopulmonary bypass technology, better perioperative intensive care, and closer interstage monitoring. The improvements in patient outcomes achieved through rigorous multidisciplinary teamwork have come at a tremendous cost in manpower and resources, making HLHS still a challenge to all congenital heart programs, established or emerging. We review the various surgical steps to treat HLHS and their current expected outcomes, and put into perspective cost considerations compared to other more “simple” congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge D Salazar
- Children's Heart Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ali Dodge-Khatami
- Children's Heart Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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88
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Kirklin JK, Carlo WF, Pearce FB. Current Expectations for Cardiac Transplantation in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2016; 7:685-695. [DOI: 10.1177/2150135116660701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease accounts for 40% of pediatric heart transplants and presents unique challenges to the transplant team. Suitability for transplantation is defined in part by degree of sensitization, pulmonary vascular resistance, and hepatic reserves. The incremental transplant risk for patients with congenital heart disease occurs within the first 3 months, after which survival is equivalent to transplantation for cardiomyopathy. Single ventricle with prior palliation, and especially the failing Fontan, carry the highest risk for transplantation and are least amenable to bridging with mechanical circulatory support. More effective bridging to transplant with mechanical circulatory support will require improvements in the adverse event profile of available pumps and the introduction of miniaturized continuous flow technology. The major barriers to routine long-term survival are chronic allograft failure and allograft vasculopathy. Despite these many challenges, continuing improvements in the care of pediatric heart transplant patients have pushed the median posttransplant survival past 15 years for children and to 20 years for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Kirklin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Waldemar F. Carlo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - F. Bennett Pearce
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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89
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Doumouras BS, Alba AC, Foroutan F, Burchill LJ, Dipchand AI, Ross HJ. Outcomes in adult congenital heart disease patients undergoing heart transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 35:1337-1347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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90
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Burchill LJ. Heart transplantation in adult congenital heart disease. Heart 2016; 102:1871-1877. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-309074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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91
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Evolving heart transplantation across the lifespan: A growing population of adults with congenital heart disease. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 109:511-513. [PMID: 27595466 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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92
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Wu FM, Earing MG, Aboulhosn JA, Johncilla ME, Singh MN, Odze RD, Ukomadu C, Gauvreau K, Landzberg MJ, Valente AM. Predictive value of biomarkers of hepatic fibrosis in adult Fontan patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 36:211-219. [PMID: 27592026 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic fibrosis is highly prevalent in individuals with Fontan circulation. FibroSure (LabCorp, Burlington, NC) and hyaluronic acid (HA) have been validated for assessment of hepatic fibrosis in several forms of liver disease. We sought to determine whether these tests could identify Fontan patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. METHODS Subjects who had liver biopsy and FibroSure or HA testing within 6 months of biopsy were identified from the Alliance for Adult Research in Congenital Cardiology Fontan Liver Health study. Biopsy specimens were scored for degree of sinusoidal and portal fibrosis on a 3- and 5-point scale, respectively. Histologic findings were correlated with FibroSure and HA results. RESULTS The study included 27 subjects. Median age was 26.8 years (range, 17.4-59.8 years), and the median time since the Fontan surgery was 20.4 years (range, 12.0-31.3 years). FibroSure scores were elevated (>0.21) in 21 of 23 subjects (91%), and the scores for 3 (13%) suggested cirrhosis (>0.74). HA suggested cirrhosis (>46 ng/mL) in 3 of 17 subjects (18%). One subject died during the collection period. Eleven of 26 subjects (42%) had 4/5 or 5/5 portal fibrosis, consistent with cirrhosis; 17 (63%) had 3/3 sinusoidal fibrosis involving >66% of sinusoids. The FibroSure score and HA levels did not correlate with the degree of hepatic fibrosis and did not predict cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal biomarkers of hepatic fibrosis and specimen-proven hepatic fibrosis are common in adults with Fontan circulation. However, FibroSure and HA do not accurately predict the degree of histologic hepatic fibrosis. Further studies are needed to guide strategies for surveillance of liver disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred M Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Michael G Earing
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jamil A Aboulhosn
- Ahmanson/University of California Los Angeles Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Michael N Singh
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Chinweike Ukomadu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberlee Gauvreau
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael J Landzberg
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Marie Valente
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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93
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Abstract
Improvements in the care of children with cardiomyopathy, CHDs, and acquired heart disease have led to an increased number of children surviving with advanced heart failure. In addition, the advent of more durable mechanical circulatory support options in children has changed the outcome for many patients who otherwise would have succumbed while waiting for heart transplantation. As a result, more children with end-stage heart failure are being referred for heart transplantation, and there is increased demand for a limited donor organ supply. A review of important publications in the recent years related to paediatric heart failure, transplantation, and mechanical circulatory support show a trend towards pushing the limits of the current therapies to address the needs of this growing population. There have been a number of publications focussing on previously published risk factors perceived as barriers to successful heart transplantation, including elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, medication non-adherence, re-transplantation, transplantation of the failed Fontan patient, and transplantation in an infant or child bridged with mechanical circulatory support. This review will highlight some of these key articles from the last 3 years and describe recent advances in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of children with end-stage heart disease.
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94
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Lin SN, Huang SC, Chen YS, Chih NH, Wang CH, Chou NK, Yu HY, Wu IH, Shun CT, Wang SS. Case Series: Heart Transplantation After Fontan Operation-Single-Center Experience. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:959-64. [PMID: 27234779 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fontan failure (FF) occurs rarely. In patients with Fontan failure, heart transplantation is believed to be the most effective therapy. We review our experience in heart transplantations after the Fontan operation. METHODS From July 1987 to December 2014, 4 of 513 patients underwent orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Among them, 4 were due to FF. We reviewed these 4 cases via retrospective chart review. Clinical history, laboratory data, surgical technique, perioperative variables, and outcomes of long-term follow-up are presented herein. The primary outcomes were hospital mortality, 1-year-survival rate, and 4-year-survival rate. The secondary outcome is the improvement in patients with protein-losing enteropathy. RESULTS The hospital mortality rate was 0% in the 4 FF patients receiving OHT. No surgically related hemorrhage or infection was observed. The 1-year-survival rate was 100% (n = 4) and the 4-year-survival rate 50% (n = 2). One patient died of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. Hypoalbuminemia improved in 1 of 3 patients 4 months after OHT. CONCLUSIONS Despite technical challenges, heart transplantation can be performed successfully in patients with Fontan operation. However, protein-losing enteropathy might not be resolved quickly after heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-N Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-C Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-S Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - N-H Chih
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-H Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - N-K Chou
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-Y Yu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-H Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-T Shun
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-S Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, and Fu Jen Catholic University College of Medicine, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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95
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Besik J, Szarszoi O, Hegarova M, Konarik M, Smetana M, Netuka I, Pirk J, Maly J. Non-Fontan Adult Congenital Heart Disease Transplantation Survival Is Equivalent to Acquired Heart Disease Transplantation Survival. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:1768-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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96
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Li F, Cai J, Sun YF, Liu JP, Dong NG. Pediatric Heart Transplantation: Report from a Single Center in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:2290-4. [PMID: 26315074 PMCID: PMC4733789 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.163396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although heart transplantation (HTx) has become a standard therapy for end-stage heart diseases, experience with pediatric HTx is limited in China. In this article, we will try to provide the experience with indications, complications, perioperative management, immunosuppressive therapy, and survival for pediatric HTx based on our clinical work. METHODS This is a retrospective chart review of the pediatric patients undergoing HTx at Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Union Hospital from September 2008 to December 2014. We summarized the indications, surgical variables, postoperative complications, and survival for these patients. RESULTS Nineteen pediatric patients presented for HTx at Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, of whom 10 were male. The age at the time of transplantation ranged from 3 months to 18 years (median 15 years). Patient weight ranged from 5.2 kg to 57.0 kg (median 38.0 kg). Pretransplant diagnosis included cardiomyopathy (14 cases), complex congenital heart disease (3 cases), and tumor (2 cases). All recipients received ABO-compatible donor hearts. Postoperative complications occurred in 12 patients, including cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmia, pulmonary infection, renal dysfunction, and rejection. Two of them experienced cardiac failure and required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The immunosuppression regimen was comprised of prednisone, a calcineurin inhibitor, and mycophenolate. All patients recovered with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class I-II cardiac function and were discharged. Only one patient suffered sudden death 19 months after transplantation. CONCLUSION Orthotopic HTx is a promising therapeutic option with satisfying survival for the pediatric population in China with end-stage heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nian-Guo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
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97
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Shi WY, Yong MS, McGiffin DC, Jain P, Ruygrok PN, Marasco SF, Finucane K, Keogh A, d'Udekem Y, Weintraub RG, Konstantinov IE. Heart transplantation in Fontan patients across Australia and New Zealand. Heart 2016; 102:1120-6. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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98
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Miller JR, Simpson KE, Epstein DJ, Lancaster TS, Henn MC, Schuessler RB, Balzer DT, Shahanavaz S, Murphy JJ, Canter CE, Eghtesady P, Boston US. Improved survival after heart transplant for failed Fontan patients with preserved ventricular function. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 35:877-83. [PMID: 27068035 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a failing Fontan continue to have decreased survival after heart transplant (HT), particularly those with preserved ventricular function (PVF) compared with impaired ventricular function (IVF). In this study we evaluated the effect of institutional changes on post-HT outcomes. METHODS Data were retrospectively collected for all Fontan patients who underwent HT. Mode of failure was defined by the last echocardiogram before HT, with mild or no dysfunction considered PVF and moderate or severe considered IVF. Outcomes were compared between early era (EE, 1995 to 2008) and current era (CE, 2009 to 2014). Management changes in the CE included volume load reduction with aortopulmonary collateral (APC) embolization, advanced cardiothoracic imaging, higher goal donor/recipient weight ratio and aggressive monitoring for post-HT vasoplegia. RESULTS A total of 47 patients were included: 27 in the EE (13 PVF, 14 IVF) and 20 in the CE (12 PVF, 8 IVF). Groups were similar pre-HT, except for more PLE in PVF patients. More patients underwent APC embolization in the CE (80% vs 28%, p < 0.01). There was no difference in donor/recipient weight ratio between eras. There was a trend toward higher primary graft failure for PVF in the EE (77% vs 36%, p = 0.05) but not the CE (42% vs 75%, p = 0.20). Overall, 1-year survival improved in the CE (90%) from the EE (63%) (p = 0.05), mainly due to increased survival for PVF (82 vs 38%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Post-HT survival for failing Fontan patients has improved, particularly for PVF. In the CE, our Fontan patients had a 1-year post-HT survival similar to other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Miller
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kathleen E Simpson
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deirdre J Epstein
- Section of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Timothy S Lancaster
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew C Henn
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard B Schuessler
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David T Balzer
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shabana Shahanavaz
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua J Murphy
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles E Canter
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pirooz Eghtesady
- Section of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Umar S Boston
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Ross HJ, Law Y, Book WM, Broberg CS, Burchill L, Cecchin F, Chen JM, Delgado D, Dimopoulos K, Everitt MD, Gatzoulis M, Harris L, Hsu DT, Kuvin JT, Martin CM, Murphy AM, Singh G, Spray TL, Stout KK. Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support in Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation 2016; 133:802-20. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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100
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Stout KK, Broberg CS, Book WM, Cecchin F, Chen JM, Dimopoulos K, Everitt MD, Gatzoulis M, Harris L, Hsu DT, Kuvin JT, Law Y, Martin CM, Murphy AM, Ross HJ, Singh G, Spray TL. Chronic Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation 2016; 133:770-801. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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