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Zheng L, T'Kind R, Decuypere S, von Freyend SJ, Coombs GH, Watson DG. Profiling of lipids in Leishmania donovani using hydrophilic interaction chromatography in combination with Fourier transform mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2074-2082. [PMID: 20552712 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence from our current research on resistance to stibigluconate and from some previous observations that lipid composition may be altered in resistant Leishmania donovani and in order to explore this we required a comprehensive lipidomics method. Phospholipids can be analysed by direct infusion into a mass spectrometer and such methods can work very well. However, chromatographic methods can also be very effective and are extensively used. They potentially avoid ion suppression effects, associate lipid classes with a retention time range and deliver good quantitative accuracy. In the current study three chromatography columns were compared for their ability to separate different classes of lipid. Butylsilane (C-4), Zic-HILIC and a silica gel column were compared. The best results were obtained with a silica gel column used in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode with a mobile phase gradient consisting of (A) 20% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in acetonitrile (v/v) and (B) 20% IPA in 0.02 M ammonium formate. Using these conditions separate peaks were obtained for triglycerides (TG), phosphoinositols (PI), inositol phosphoceramides (IPC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylserines (PS), phosphatidylcholines (PC), sphingosines (SG), lysophosphatidyethanolamines (LPE) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC). The methodology was applied to the analysis of lipid extracts from Leishmania donovani and by coupling the chromatography with an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. It was possible to detect 188 lipid species in the extracts with the following breakdown: PC 59, PE 38, TG 35, PI 20, CPI 13, LPC 11, LPE 2 and SG 10. The fatty acid composition of the more abundant lipids was characterised by MS(2) and MS(3) experiments carried out by using an LCQ Deca low-resolution ion trap instrument coupled with the silica gel column. The separation of lipids into well-defined groups gives extra confidence in their identification and minimises the risk of ion suppression effects. High-resolution mass spectrometry was necessary in order to be able to differentiate between acyl- and acyl-alkyl-lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical and Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
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Blanksby SJ, Mitchell TW. Advances in mass spectrometry for lipidomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:433-65. [PMID: 20636050 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent expansion in research in the field of lipidomics has been driven by the development of new mass spectrometric tools and protocols for the identification and quantification of molecular lipids in complex matrices. Although there are similarities between the field of lipidomics and the allied field of mass spectrometry (e.g., proteomics), lipids present some unique advantages and challenges for mass spectrometric analysis. The application of electrospray ionization to crude lipid extracts without prior fractionation-the so-called shotgun approach-is one such example, as it has perhaps been more successfully applied in lipidomics than in any other discipline. Conversely, the diverse molecular structure of lipids means that collision-induced dissociation alone may be limited in providing unique descriptions of complex lipid structures, and the development of additional, complementary tools for ion activation and analysis is required to overcome these challenges. In this article, we discuss the state of the art in lipid mass spectrometry and highlight several areas in which current approaches are deficient and further innovation is required.
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53
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Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Brown HA. Identification of atypical ether-linked glycerophospholipid species in macrophages by mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1581-90. [PMID: 19965583 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d003715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A large scale profiling and analysis of glycerophospholipid species in macrophages has facilitated the identification of several rare and atypical glycerophospholipid species. By using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and comparison of the elution and fragmentation properties of the rare lipids to synthetic standards, we were able to identify an array of ether-linked phosphatidylinositols (PIs), phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylserines (PSs), very long chain phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) as well as phosphatidylthreonines (PTs) and a wide collection of odd carbon fatty acid-containing phospholipids in macrophages. A comprehensive qualitative analysis of glycerophospholipids from different macrophage cells was conducted. During the phospholipid profiling of the macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, we identified dozens of rare or previously uncharacterized phospholipids, including ether-linked PIs, PSs, and glycerophosphatidic acids, PTs, and PCs and PTs containing very long polyunsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, large numbers of phospholipids containing at least one odd carbon fatty acid were identified. Using the same methodology, we also identified many of the same species of glycerophospholipids in resident peritoneal macrophages, foam cells, and murine bone marrow derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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54
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Hsu FF, Turk J. Electrospray ionization with low-energy collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry of glycerophospholipids: mechanisms of fragmentation and structural characterization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2673-95. [PMID: 19269264 PMCID: PMC2723218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the use of low-energy collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) with both tandem quadrupole and ion-trap mass spectrometry toward structural characterization of glycerophospholipids (GPLs), including classes of glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoserine, glycerophosphoglycerol glycerophosphoinositol and glycerophosphatidic acid, as well as their lyso-, plasmanyl-, and plasmenylphospholipid subclasses. The mechanisms underlying the fragmentation processes leading to structural characterization of GPLs in various ion forms desorbed by electrospray ionization in the positive-ion and negative-ion modes are also discussed. The tandem mass spectrometric approaches afford the identification of the polar head group, the fatty acid substituents and the location of the radyl groups on the glycerol backbone of all the GPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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55
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Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Brown HA. Lipidomics: a mass spectrometry based systems level analysis of cellular lipids. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:526-31. [PMID: 19744877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomics is a logical outcome of the history and traditions of lipid biochemistry and advances in mass spectrometry are at the heart of a renaissance in understanding the roles of lipids in cellular functions. Our desire to understand the complexity of lipids in biology has led to new techniques that allow us to identify over 1000 phospholipids in mammalian cell types and tissues. Improvements in chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry have positioned us to determine not only the lipid composition (i.e. parts list) of cells and tissues, but also address questions regarding lipid substrates and products that previously overwhelmed traditional analytical technologies. In the decade since lipidomics was conceived much of the efforts have been on new methodologies, development of computer programs to decipher the gigabytes of raw data, and struggling with the highly variable nature of biological systems where absolute quantities of a given metabolite may be less important than its relative change in concentration. It is clear that the technology is now sufficiently developed to address fundamental questions about the roles of lipids in cellular signaling and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
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56
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Cui Z, Thomas MJ. Phospholipid profiling by tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2709-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cox D, Fox L, Tian R, Bardet W, Skaley M, Mojsilovic D, Gumperz J, Hildebrand W. Determination of cellular lipids bound to human CD1d molecules. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5325. [PMID: 19415116 PMCID: PMC2673035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 molecules are glycoproteins that present lipid antigens at the cell surface for immunological recognition by specialized populations of T lymphocytes. Prior experimental data suggest a wide variety of lipid species can bind to CD1 molecules, but little is known about the characteristics of cellular ligands that are selected for presentation. Here we have molecularly characterized lipids bound to the human CD1d isoform. Ligands were eluted from secreted CD1d molecules and separated by normal phase HPLC, then characterized by mass spectroscopy. A total of 177 lipid species were molecularly identified, comprising glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. The glycerophospholipids included common diacylglycerol species, reduced forms known as plasmalogens, lyso-phospholipids (monoacyl species), and cardiolipins (tetraacyl species). The sphingolipids included sphingomyelins and glycosylated forms, such as the ganglioside GM3. These results demonstrate that human CD1d molecules bind a surprising diversity of lipid structures within the secretory pathway, including compounds that have been reported to play roles in cancer, autoimmune diseases, lipid signaling, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Nazarene University, Bethany, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Lisa Fox
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Runying Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Wilfried Bardet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Matthew Skaley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Danijela Mojsilovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jenny Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Deeley JM, Thomas MC, Truscott RJW, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Identification of Abundant Alkyl Ether Glycerophospholipids in the Human Lens by Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1920-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802395d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane M. Deeley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia, and School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Michael C. Thomas
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia, and School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Roger J. W. Truscott
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia, and School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia, and School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia, and School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Nakanishi H, Ogiso H, Taguchi R. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of phospholipids by LC-MS for lipidomics. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 579:287-313. [PMID: 19763482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-322-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we are going to mention about three different approaches in lipidomics and how to effectively profile or calculate the amounts of phospholipids from major molecular species up to minor ones. 1) Precise identification and profiling of individual molecular species of phospholipids by data-dependent LC-ESIMS/MS combination with "Lipid Search". We have been using this method as a global analysis of phospholipid. We usually applied this method at least once for new biological samples. We constructed an automated search engine, "Lipid Search", for identification and profiling of phospholipids. Once after applying this analysis, a specified retention time can be obtained for each elution peak of individual phospholipid molecular species. Thus, reproducible identification results can be effectively obtained by our search engine from the data obtained by single LC or combination of LC with specified head group survey by using precursor ion scanning or neutral loss scanning. 2) An effective analytical method of LC-ESIMS for the identification of acidic phospholipids such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. This is an approach of how to obtain sharp chromatographic peaks for acidic lipids such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine that are normally detected as broad elution peaks. With this improvement very small amount of molecular species in minor acidic phospholipids were effectively obtained. 3) Identification and profiling of molecular species in focused phospholipids. Third one is a combination analysis of focused methods such as precursor ion scanning or neutral loss scanning and high efficient LC separation. As reported previously, different combinations of fatty acids on sn-1 and sn-2 can be mostly detected as separate peaks by reverse phase LC-ESIMS. Detection limit of precursor ion scanning or neutral loss scanning is more than ten times higher than that of the method without LC separation, because of decreased ion suppression. We will mention about application of this methods for focused analysis on phosphatidylethanolamine-plasmalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakanishi
- Department of Metabolome, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Saitama, Japan
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60
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Smith JC, Hou W, Whitehead SN, Ethier M, Bennett SAL, Figeys D. Identification of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and platelet activating factor (PAF) from PC12 cells and mouse cortex using liquid chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC/MS3). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3579-3587. [PMID: 18937225 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play essential roles in cellular structural support, energy storage and signal transduction. Recently, mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to produce three-dimensional maps that elucidate the lipid composition of complex cellular lysates. The identification of individual lipids within these maps is slow and requires the synthesis and spiking of each candidate lipid. We present a novel MS-based technique that rapidly elucidates the atomic connectivity of the fatty acid/alcohol substituent on the sn-1 position of several different families of glycerophosphocholine-containing lipids within the confines of a chromatographic separation. Sodiated lipid species were fragmented to produce radical cations which lost successive methylene groups upon further collisional activation to reveal the identity of the parent molecule. This approach was demonstrated to be effective on isobaric members of the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and platelet activating factor (PAF) families of glycerophospholipids. We demonstrate the application of this technique to unambiguously identify these species within complex cellular lysates and tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Smith
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8M5
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61
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Domingues MRM, Reis A, Domingues P. Mass spectrometry analysis of oxidized phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 156:1-12. [PMID: 18671956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The evidence that oxidized phospholipids play a role in signaling, apoptotic events and in age-related diseases is responsible for the increasing interest for the study of this subject. Phospholipid changes induced by oxidative reactions yield a huge number of structurally different oxidation products which difficult their isolation and characterization. Mass spectrometry (MS), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using the soft ionization methods (electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization) is one of the finest approaches for the study of oxidized phospholipids. Product ions in tandem mass spectra of oxidized phospholipids, allow identifying changes in the fatty acyl chain and specific features such as presence of new functional groups in the molecule and their location along the fatty acyl chain. This review describes the work published on the use of mass spectrometry in identifying oxidized phospholipids from the different classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosário M Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
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