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Galipeau J, Krampera M, Barrett J, Dazzi F, Deans RJ, DeBruijn J, Dominici M, Fibbe WE, Gee AP, Gimble JM, Hematti P, Koh MBC, LeBlanc K, Martin I, McNiece IK, Mendicino M, Oh S, Ortiz L, Phinney DG, Planat V, Shi Y, Stroncek DF, Viswanathan S, Weiss DJ, Sensebe L. International Society for Cellular Therapy perspective on immune functional assays for mesenchymal stromal cells as potency release criterion for advanced phase clinical trials. Cytotherapy 2015; 18:151-9. [PMID: 26724220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a pharmaceutical for ailments characterized by pathogenic autoimmune, alloimmune and inflammatory processes now cover the spectrum of early- to late-phase clinical trials in both industry and academic sponsored studies. There is a broad consensus that despite different tissue sourcing and varied culture expansion protocols, human MSC-like cell products likely share fundamental mechanisms of action mediating their anti-inflammatory and tissue repair functionalities. Identification of functional markers of potency and reduction to practice of standardized, easily deployable methods of measurements of such would benefit the field. This would satisfy both mechanistic research as well as development of release potency assays to meet Regulatory Authority requirements for conduct of advanced clinical studies and their eventual registration. In response to this unmet need, the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) addressed the issue at an international workshop in May 2015 as part of the 21st ISCT annual meeting in Las Vegas. The scope of the workshop was focused on discussing potency assays germane to immunomodulation by MSC-like products in clinical indications targeting immune disorders. We here provide consensus perspective arising from this forum. We propose that focused analysis of selected MSC markers robustly deployed by in vitro licensing and metricized with a matrix of assays should be responsive to requirements from Regulatory Authorities. Workshop participants identified three preferred analytic methods that could inform a matrix assay approach: quantitative RNA analysis of selected gene products; flow cytometry analysis of functionally relevant surface markers and protein-based assay of secretome. We also advocate that potency assays acceptable to the Regulatory Authorities be rendered publicly accessible in an "open-access" manner, such as through publication or database collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Section of Hematology, Stem Cell Research Laboratory and Cell Factory, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - John Barrett
- Stem Cell Allotransplantation Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Regenerative and Heamatological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Deans
- Regenerative Medicine, Athersys Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joost DeBruijn
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Division of Oncology, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Willem E Fibbe
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adrian P Gee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffery M Gimble
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mickey B C Koh
- Department of Haematology, St George's Hospital and Medical School, London, UK; Blood Services Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Katarina LeBlanc
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian K McNiece
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Steve Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Luis Ortiz
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donald G Phinney
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Planat
- IFR150 STROMALab UMR 5273 UPS-CNRS-EFS-INSERM U1031, Toulouse, France
| | - Yufang Shi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Luc Sensebe
- UMR5273 STROMALab CNRS/EFS/UPS-INSERM U1031, Toulouse, France
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Ketterl N, Brachtl G, Schuh C, Bieback K, Schallmoser K, Reinisch A, Strunk D. A robust potency assay highlights significant donor variation of human mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell immune modulatory capacity and extended radio-resistance. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26620155 PMCID: PMC4666276 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inherent immunomodulatory capacity of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs) encouraged initiation of multiple clinical trials. Release criteria for therapeutic MSPCs cover identity, purity and safety but appropriate potency assessment is often missing. Reports on functional heterogeneity of MSPCs created additional uncertainty regarding donor and organ/source selection. We established a robust immunomodulation potency assay based on pooling responder leukocytes to minimize individual immune response variability. Comparing various MSPCs revealed significant potency inconsistency and generally diminished allo-immunosuppression compared to dose-dependent inhibition of mitogenesis. Gamma-irradiation to block unintended MSPC proliferation did not prohibit chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in vivo, indicating the need for alternative safety strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ketterl
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Gabriele Brachtl
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Cornelia Schuh
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andreas Reinisch
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Salem B, Miner S, Hensel NF, Battiwalla M, Keyvanfar K, Stroncek DF, Gee AP, Hanley PJ, Bollard CM, Ito S, Barrett AJ. Quantitative activation suppression assay to evaluate human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell potency. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1675-86. [PMID: 26422657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS With the increasing use of cell therapies involving immune modulatory cells, there is a need for a simple standardized method to evaluate and compare the suppressive potency of different cell products. We used the Karpas 299 (K299) cell line as the reference suppressor cell to develop a standardized suppression assay to quantify the immune-modulatory capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs). METHODS Healthy donor CD4 T cells were co-cultured with the K299 cell line or with third-party BM-MSCs. After stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 beads, CD154 activation and proliferation of CD4 T cells were measured to calculate suppression. RESULTS The K299 cell line reproducibly suppressed both the activation and proliferation of healthy donor CD4 T cells in a dose-dependent manner. A rapid (16-h) assay that was based on activation-suppression was selected for development. In replicate testing, there was an inherent variability of suppression of 11% coefficient of variation between different responder T cells. Suppression by BM-MSCs on different responders correlated with suppression by K299. We therefore used K299 suppression as the reference to define suppression potency of BM-MSCs in K299 Suppression Units. We found that inter-donor variability, passage number, method of manufacture and exposure of BM-MSCs to steroids or interferon-γ all affected BM-MSC potency of suppression. CONCLUSIONS This method provides a platform for standardizing suppressor function to facilitate comparisons between laboratories and for use as a cell product release assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahey Salem
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samantha Miner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy F Hensel
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Minoo Battiwalla
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keyvan Keyvanfar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian P Gee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, and the Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, and the Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sawa Ito
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - A John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from various tissues: Biological, clinical and cryopreservation aspects. Cryobiology 2015; 71:181-97. [PMID: 26186998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally isolated from bone marrow, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have since been obtained from various fetal and post-natal tissues and are the focus of an increasing number of clinical trials. Because of their tremendous potential for cellular therapy, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, it is desirable to cryopreserve and bank MSCs to increase their access and availability. A remarkable amount of research and resources have been expended towards optimizing the protocols, freezing media composition, cooling devices and storage containers, as well as developing good manufacturing practices in order to ensure that MSCs retain their therapeutic characteristics following cryopreservation and that they are safe for clinical use. Here, we first present an overview of the identification of MSCs, their tissue sources and the properties that render them suitable as a cellular therapeutic. Next, we discuss the responses of cells during freezing and focus on the traditional and novel approaches used to cryopreserve MSCs. We conclude that viable MSCs from diverse tissues can be recovered after cryopreservation using a variety of freezing protocols, cryoprotectants, storage periods and temperatures. However, alterations in certain functions of MSCs following cryopreservation warrant future investigations on the recovery of cells post-thaw followed by expansion of functional cells in order to achieve their full therapeutic potential.
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