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Nutrient density, but not cost of diet, is associated with anemia and iron deficiency in school-age children in South Africa. Nutrition 2020; 84:111096. [PMID: 33453623 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the relationship of nutrient density and diet cost with anemia and iron deficiency (ID) in children. METHODS Dietary intake data of 5- to 12-y-old children (n = 578) from three independent studies in low-income communities were pooled. Nutrient densities were calculated using the Nutrient Rich Foods index and Nutrient Rich Diet index, with higher scores indicating more nutrient-dense foods and diets. Food prices and food intake data were used to calculate ratios of nutrient density to price for foods and diets. Descriptive and correlation analyses examined associations of nutrient density and diet cost with anemia and ID. RESULTS Most children (>50%) consumed starchy staples (100%), vegetables that are not vitamin A rich (63.9%), and legumes (58.1%), with mean NRF9.3 scores ranging from 31.9 to 56.3. Cheese, eggs, organ meat, fish, dark-green leafy vegetables, and vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits had mean NRF9.3 scores ranging from 112.6 to 184.7, but each was consumed by less than a third of the children. Children with anemia or ID had lower NRD9.3 scores than children without (P < 0.001 and P = 0.039, respectively). Diet cost did not differ according to anemia and iron status, but nutrient-density-to-price ratio was lower in children with anemia than without (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Careful selection of nutrient-dense foods as substitutes for foods with lower nutrient density could make it possible for children to consume a diet richer in specific nutrients and help prevent anemia and ID without affecting diet cost.
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Galani YJH, Orfila C, Gong YY. A review of micronutrient deficiencies and analysis of maize contribution to nutrient requirements of women and children in Eastern and Southern Africa. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1568-1591. [PMID: 33176441 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1844636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews and analyses the importance of maize as staple food in Eastern and Southern Africa (E&SA) and contributes in understanding the nexus between maize nutritional composition and prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) in these regions. MNDs remain a major public health concern particularly for women and children, with calcium, iodine, iron, selenium, zinc, folate and vitamin A deficiencies being the most common. Estimates of their prevalence are among the highest in E&SA: iron-deficient anemia affected 26 to 31% of women of reproductive age, and deficiencies up to 53%, 36%, 66%, 75% and 62% for vitamin A, iodine, zinc, calcium and selenium, respectively, were measured in populations of these regions. Besides, these two regions show the highest worldwide maize per capita consumption (g/person/day) as main staple, with 157 in Eastern Africa and 267 in Southern Africa, including up to 444 in Lesotho. The analysis of food composition tables from these regions showed that 100 g of maize foods consumed by these populations could to some extent, contribute in satisfying dietary reference intakes (DRIs) of children and women in energy, proteins, carbohydrates, magnesium, zinc, vitamins B1 and B6. However, it provides very low supply of fats, calcium, sodium, selenium, vitamins C, A and E. The high occurrence of MNDs and considerable nutritional potential of maize consumed in E&SA can be explained by loss of nutrients due to processing practices, low food diversification and reduced nutrients bioavailability. Success cases of the main strategies to tackle the issue of MNDs in these regions by improving maize nutritional quality are discussed in this paper. Maize fortification was shown to improve nutrition and health outcomes of population. Increasing dietary diversity by complementing maize with other foods has improved nutrition through integration of micronutrient-rich foods in the diet. Mostly, biofortification has successfully contributed in reducing vitamin A and zinc deficiencies in rural communities more than nutrient supplementation, fortification and dietary diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J H Galani
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Orfila
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Y Y Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Bouhajeb R, Selmi S, Nakbi A, Jlassi I, Montevecchi G, Flamini G, Zarrad I, Dabbou S. Chemical Composition Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Eggplant Leaves. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000405. [PMID: 33171022 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural by-products represent one of the biggest pollutants for the environment, therefore, investigating new sources for the extraction of bioactive compounds is a topic of great interest for the entire scientific community. This work is aimed at studying the chemical composition (pigments, phenolics, volatile compounds) and biological activities (antioxidant and antimicrobial properties) of young and mature leaves of five eggplant cultivars (Solanum melongena L.) grown in Tunisia (Tizona, A1014, Nawel, A336, and Mirval). Pigment analysis showed no statistical variations between the two types of leaves, whereas higher levels of anthocyanins were recorded in young leaves of three out of five cultivars (24.7-52.8 mg 100 g-1 ). Total phenolic compounds (966.5-2072.6 mg 100 g-1 ) and o-diphenols (343.9-741.2 mg 100 g-1 ) contents varied significantly according to leaf age and cultivar. However, no statistically significant variation between young and mature leaves was found in flavonols and tannins content. As for volatile profiles, 62 constituents were characterized with non-terpene derivatives (52.0-61.6 %) and apocarotenes (19.9-35.6 %) as major chemical classes. Regarding the antioxidant activity, methanol extracts of Tizona cultivar mature leaves displayed important antiradical properties using DPPH, ABTS, and phosphomolybdenum assays (IC50 0.1, 0.2 and 0.01 mg mL-1 , respectively). With regards to reducing power determination, the most active extract was obtained from mature A1014 leaves. Further, young Mirval leaves proved to be significantly active from a bactericidal point of view against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus of 3.1 mg mL-1 and 0.2 mg mL-1 MBC, respectively. In conclusion, eggplant leaves are a noteworthy source of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds with potential use in the pharmaceutical, the cosmetics and the food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Bouhajeb
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salima Selmi
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amel Nakbi
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, 5121, Rejiche, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Jlassi
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Giuseppe Montevecchi
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42124, Modena, Italy
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute" University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Imen Zarrad
- Regional Commission for Agricultural Development of Monastir (CRDA), Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Fisheries, Sath Jabeur, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Samia Dabbou
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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Mehlomakulu NN, Emmambux MN. Nutritional Quality of Wet and Dry Processed Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1831527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sogbohossou EOD, Achigan-Dako EG, Mumm R, de Vos RCH, Schranz ME. Natural variation in specialised metabolites production in the leafy vegetable spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.)) in Africa and Asia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 178:112468. [PMID: 32771676 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The improvement and promotion of leafy vegetables, used for both food and medicine, benefits greatly from detailed knowledge of their health-promoting specialised metabolites. In the present study, we investigated the global metabolite variation in the leaves of 48 accessions of the leafy vegetable Gynandropsis gynandra using two complementary analytical platforms: liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for an untargeted comparison of non-volatile semi-polar metabolites and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for an untargeted comparison of volatile metabolites. Our results revealed large variation in 936 semi-polar compounds including flavonoids, terpene glycosides, glucosinolates and various phenolic compounds. Unsupervised multivariate analysis indicated the variation in levels of the semi-polar metabolites was mainly driven by geography, with accessions from both West Africa and Asia forming a group clearly separated from East African accessions. Detected volatile metabolites included various sesquiterpenes, aldehydes, ketones, and sulphur-containing isothiocyanates. Variation in these compounds was however not geographically specific, but most likely linked to the taste and aroma of the leaves. The relative abundance in glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in the leaves allowed the clustering of accessions into two main groups that could be used for further plant-herbivore interaction studies. This study revealed both the broad spectrum of phytochemicals present in Gynandropsis gynandra leaves and the substantial variation in metabolite profiles among accessions from different regions of the world. Our results provide a basis for the development of breeding programs aiming at improving the levels of specialised metabolites in this tropical leafy vegetable for increased resistance against pests and diseases and improved human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Dêêdi Sogbohossou
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Genetics, Horticulture and Seed Sciences, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP, 2549, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Enoch G Achigan-Dako
- Laboratory of Genetics, Horticulture and Seed Sciences, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP, 2549, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Roland Mumm
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Kruger J, Taylor JRN, Ferruzzi MG, Debelo H. What is food-to-food fortification? A working definition and framework for evaluation of efficiency and implementation of best practices. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3618-3658. [PMID: 33337067 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Food-to-food fortification (FtFF) is an emerging food-based strategy that can complement current strategies in the ongoing fight against micronutrient deficiencies, but it has not been defined or characterized. This review has proposed a working definition of FtFF. Comparison with other main food-based strategies clearly differentiates FtFF as an emerging strategy with the potential to address multiple micronutrient deficiencies simultaneously, with little dietary change required by consumers. A review of literature revealed that despite the limited number of studies (in vitro and in vivo), the diversity of food-based fortificants investigated and some contradictory data, there are promising fortificants, which have the potential to improve the amount of bioavailable iron, zinc, and provitamin A from starchy staple foods. These fortificants are typically fruits and vegetables, with high mineral as well as ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents. However, as the observed improvements in micronutrient bioavailability and status are relatively small, measuring the positive outcomes is more likely to be impactful only if the FtFF products are consumed as regular staples. Considering best practices in implementation of FtFF, raw material authentication and ingredient documentation are critical, especially as the contents of target micronutrients and bioavailability modulators as well as the microbiological quality of the plant-based fortificants can vary substantially. Also, as there are only few developed supply chains for plant-based fortificants, procurement of consistent materials may be problematic. This, however, provides the opportunity for value chain development, which can contribute towards the economic growth of communities, or hybrid approaches that leverage traditional premixes to standardize product micronutrient content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanita Kruger
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John R N Taylor
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Hawi Debelo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
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Kruger J. Potential of food-to-food fortification with cowpea leaves and orange-fleshed sweet potato, in combination with conventional fortification, to improve the cellular uptake of iron and zinc from ready-to-eat maize porridges. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3190-3199. [PMID: 32724584 PMCID: PMC7382155 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging tool in the fight against the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa is the production of nutritionally enhanced staple food products, through food-to-food fortification with micronutrient-dense fruits and vegetables. This study investigated food-to-food fortification with cowpea leaves (CL) and orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) in combination with conventional micronutrient fortification and fermentation on the mineral and antinutrient contents and Caco-2 cellular uptake of iron and zinc from ready-to-eat maize porridges. The amount of iron and zinc taken up from maize porridges (0.05 and 0.06 mg/100 g, db, respectively) was increased more after fortification with CL, compared to OFSP (0.32 and 0.23 mg/100 g, db versus. 0.11 and 0.04 mg/100 g, db, respectively). Despite the moderate cellular uptakes of iron and zinc from the CL fortified porridges (2.71% and 3.10%, respectively) compared to the OFSP fortified porridges (6.51% and 5.22%, respectively), the CL fortified porridges had much higher high iron and zinc contents (12.2-14.1 and 7.6-8.9 mg/100 g, db versus. 2.1-3.7 and 1.5-2.7 mg/100 g, db, respectively). This highlights the importance of increasing both the mineral content and bioavailability when fortifying a product. Even when a food product contains substantial antinutrients such as CL, if the mineral content and contents of bioavailability enhancers are high enough, the amounts of bioavailable iron and zinc can still be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanita Kruger
- Institute of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences and Institute of Food Nutrition and Well‐beingUniversity of PretoriaHatfieldPretoriaSouth Africa
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Ray A, Ray R, Sreevidya EA. How Many Wild Edible Plants Do We Eat—Their Diversity, Use, and Implications for Sustainable Food System: An Exploratory Analysis in India. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild edible plants are still eaten by a large section of the global population and ensure both affordable food and nutritional security. We tested this in an Indian context, where an enormous diversity of such plants constitutes a significant part of the rural diet and their acceptance has been high. In this study, we assessed the diversity of wild edible plant resource and the importance of species based on the use and its pattern. We have also shortlisted a set of plants to make an informed decision on prioritization. We found a great variety of plants (1,403 species) from 184 families were consumed across India, although the first 44 families (24%) contributed largely to the (75%) diversity. Leguminosae followed by Compositae, Poaceae, Malvaceae, and Rosaceae, were the families with the highest number of species. We note that a few species from the large pool were extensively used throughout the country while another few were valued for their multiple edible plant parts. Leafy shoots (722 species) followed by fruits (652 species) were the two most-eaten plant parts. Our results strengthen the fact that: (a) wild edibles have been an integral part of the diet; (b) their widespread assimilation into local food culture suggests an untapped potential to ensure easy availability and access to micronutrients for sustainable food systems, and thus in social welfare; and (c) they should be incorporated into the national food policy for formal cultivation and promotion.
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Arias-Rico J, Macías-León FJ, Alanís-García E, Cruz-Cansino NDS, Jaramillo-Morales OA, Barrera-Gálvez R, Ramírez-Moreno E. Study of Edible Plants: Effects of Boiling on Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Physicochemical Properties. Foods 2020; 9:E599. [PMID: 32397074 PMCID: PMC7278626 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of vegetables in Mexico includes a wide variety of plants that grow naturally as weeds in the fields. The intake of these vegetables is very important in the Mexican diet because these plants supply an important input of nutrients and compounds such as fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Thus, the plants may be universally promoted as healthy. However, there is little information about these vegetables of popular consumption, especially in terms of the nutritional changes caused by boiling. To determine the influence of boiling on five plants of popular consumption in Mexico, the nutritional composition (proximal analysis, dietary fiber, and oxalates), antioxidant compounds (ascorbic acid, phenolics), antioxidant activity (measured by ABTS and DPPH assays), and physicochemical characteristics (water retention capacity, viscosity, color, and SEM) were evaluated. The boiling affected the nutritional composition of plants, mainly soluble compounds as carbohydrates (sugars and soluble fiber), ash, ascorbic acid, and phenolic compounds and caused changes in food hydration and color. Therefore, it is recommended that these plants be consumed raw or with short boiling times and included the cooking water in other preparations to take advantage of the nutrients released in the food matrix. In the future, to complete studies, 3 to 5 min of cooking should be considered to minimize undesirable modifications in terms of the vegetables' composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Arias-Rico
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico; (J.A.-R.); (O.A.J.-M.); (R.B.-G.)
| | - Francisco Jesús Macías-León
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico; (F.J.M.-L.); (E.A.-G.); (N.d.S.C.-C.)
| | - Ernesto Alanís-García
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico; (F.J.M.-L.); (E.A.-G.); (N.d.S.C.-C.)
| | - Nelly del Socorro Cruz-Cansino
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico; (F.J.M.-L.); (E.A.-G.); (N.d.S.C.-C.)
| | - Osmar Antonio Jaramillo-Morales
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico; (J.A.-R.); (O.A.J.-M.); (R.B.-G.)
| | - Rosario Barrera-Gálvez
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico; (J.A.-R.); (O.A.J.-M.); (R.B.-G.)
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico; (F.J.M.-L.); (E.A.-G.); (N.d.S.C.-C.)
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Akinola R, Pereira LM, Mabhaudhi T, de Bruin FM, Rusch L. A Review of Indigenous Food Crops in Africa and the Implications for more Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2020; 12:3493. [PMID: 33520291 PMCID: PMC7116648 DOI: 10.3390/su12083493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous and traditional foods crops (ITFCs) have multiple uses within society, and most notably have an important role to play in the attempt to diversify the food in order to enhance food and nutrition security. However, research suggests that the benefits and value of indigenous foods within the South African and the African context have not been fully understood and synthesized. Their potential value to the African food system could be enhanced if their benefits were explored more comprehensively. This synthesis presents a literature review relating to underutilized indigenous crop species and foods in Africa. It organizes the findings into four main contributions, nutritional, environmental, economic, and social-cultural, in line with key themes of a sustainable food system framework. It also goes on to unpack the benefits and challenges associated with ITFCs under these themes. A major obstacle is that people are not valuing indigenous foods and the potential benefit that can be derived from using them is thus neglected. Furthermore, knowledge is being lost from one generation to the next, with potentially dire implications for long-term sustainable food security. The results show the need to recognize and enable indigenous foods as a key resource in ensuring healthy food systems in the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal Akinola
- Faculty of Agrisciences, Stellenbosch University, Mike de Vries, Merriman Ave, Stellenbosch Central, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Laura Maureen Pereira
- Centre for Food Policy, City University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Francia-Marié de Bruin
- Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Central 7599, South Africa
| | - Loubie Rusch
- Making KOS, 7 Purley Street, Kenilworth 7708, South Africa
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van 't Hag L, Danthe J, Handschin S, Mutuli GP, Mbuge D, Mezzenga R. Drying of African leafy vegetables for their effective preservation: the difference in moisture sorption isotherms explained by their microstructure. Food Funct 2020; 11:955-964. [PMID: 31956871 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The problem of malnutrition and nutrition deficiency, as well as droughts that lead to reduction in food supply and starvation, is well documented for Sub-Saharan Africa. Reducing post-harvest losses of five species of African leafy vegetables (ALVs) by preservation through drying is studied herein. Energy efficient gentle drying conditions using superabsorbent polymers and a temperature of 40 °C were shown to preserve most leaf structures and vitamins. The microbial safe moisture content of the ALVs was found to be ≤14% dry basis. Dried Slender Leaf and Nightshade leaves could be rehydrated to the equilibrium moisture content of fresh leaves upon dry storage, while it was not possible for Jute Mallow, Cowpea and Amaranthus. This was attributed to different palisade parenchyma cell lengths. An increased amount of starch granules as observed in the microstructure of Cowpea and Nightshade leaves is suggested to explain their fibrous texture upon cooking. These results show that the ALVs can be effectively preserved using the same drying method and that this can be used to fight micro-nutrient deficiencies during droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie van 't Hag
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Moyo SM, Serem JC, Bester MJ, Mavumengwana V, Kayitesi E. African Green Leafy Vegetables Health Benefits Beyond Nutrition. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1717519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Moyo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J. C. Serem
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M. J. Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - V. Mavumengwana
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - E. Kayitesi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Manhivi VE, Sultanbawa Y, Sivakumar D. Enhancement of the phytonutrient content of a gluten-free soup using a composite of vegetables. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1778028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vimbainashe E. Manhivi
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Dharini Sivakumar
- Phytochemical Food Network Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Kalumbi M, Matumba L, Mtimuni B, Mwangwela A, Gama AP. Hydrothermally Treated Soybeans Can Enrich Maize Stiff Porridge (Africa's Main Staple) without Negating Sensory Acceptability. Foods 2019; 8:E650. [PMID: 31817621 PMCID: PMC6963911 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize-based stiff porridge, a starchy protein-deficient staple food, dominates among the populations in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Unfortunately, this is often consumed along with leafy vegetables since the majority of the population in this region lack resources for the purchase of high protein animal source foods, a situation that exacerbates protein-energy malnutrition. Considering this, the current study evaluated the effect of enriching maize-based stiff porridge with flour made from hydrothermally treated soybeans on consumer acceptability. A total of nine experimental flours were prepared from maize and maize-soybean mixtures following a 32 factorial design involving two factors, namely maize flour type (whole maize, non-soaked dehulled maize, and soaked dehulled maize) and soybean flour proportion (0%, 20%, and 30%). A total of 125 adult consumers from a rural setting in Malawi evaluated maize-based stiff porridges made thereof using a 7-point hedonic scale. Subsequently, the participants were asked to guess an ingredient that was added to some of the test samples. The 10% and 20% soybean-enriched maize-based stiff porridges scored 5/7 and above, with some being statistically similar to plain maize-based stiff porridges. No participant recognized that soybeans were incorporated into the maize-based stiff porridges. The study has clearly demonstrated the potential of enriching maize-based stiff porridge with hydrothermally treated soybeans without compromising consumer acceptability. This innovation could significantly contribute towards reducing the burden of energy-protein under-nutrition in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kalumbi
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Box 219 Lilongwe, Malawi; (M.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Food Technology and Nutrition Research Group—NRC, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Box 143 Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Beatrice Mtimuni
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Box 219 Lilongwe, Malawi; (M.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Agnes Mwangwela
- Department Food Science, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Box 219 Lilongwe, Malawi; (A.M.); (A.P.G.)
| | - Aggrey P. Gama
- Department Food Science, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Box 219 Lilongwe, Malawi; (A.M.); (A.P.G.)
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Debelo H, Ndiaye C, Kruger J, Hamaker BR, Ferruzzi MG. African Adansonia digitata fruit pulp (baobab) modifies provitamin A carotenoid bioaccessibility from composite pearl millet porridges. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 57:1382-1392. [PMID: 32180634 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food-to-food fortification of staple cereal products using nutrient-dense plants shows promise to address multiple micronutrient deficiencies including vitamin A, iron and zinc in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is limited information on the potential interaction effects that such food-to-food fortified strategies may have on individual micronutrient bioavailability. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of incorporating Adansonia digitata (baobab fruit pulp), a mineral-rich plant material, on the delivery of carotenoids from a composite cereal porridge. Formulations of native fruit/vegetable-cereal composites were screened for interactions which could influence both bioaccessibility and subsequent intestinal uptake of provitamin A carotenoids. Proportions of pearl millet flour and plant materials were dry blended to provide composite cereal porridges with total provitamin A carotenoid concentrations ranging from 3590.7 ± 23.4 to 3698.5 ± 26.5 μg/100 g (fw) and baobab concentrations ranging from 0 to 25% (dw).While there were no significant differences in provitamin A carotenoid bioaccessibility from porridge formulations containing 5 or 15% baobab, inclusion of 25% baobab resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in bioaccessibility (13.3%) as compared to the control (23.8%). Despite the reduced bioaccessibility, 6 h uptake efficiency of provitamin A carotenoids by Caco-2 human intestinal cells was not significantly altered by 25% baobab inclusion. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects on carotenoid micellarization (bioaccessibility) observed with increased baobab addition may not ultimately limit the bioavailability of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawi Debelo
- 1Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.,2Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC USA
| | - Cheikh Ndiaye
- 3Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Johanita Kruger
- 4Department of Consumer and Food Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,5Present Address: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- 3Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- 2Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC USA
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66
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Ejoh SI, Wireko-Manu FD, Page D, Renard CMGC. Traditional green leafy vegetables as underutilised sources of micronutrients in a rural farming community in south-west Nigeria I: estimation of vitamin C, carotenoids and mineral contents. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2019.1652963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Isibhakhomen Ejoh
- UMR408 SQPOV ‘Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d’Origine Végétale’, INRA, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
| | - Faustina Dufie Wireko-Manu
- UMR408 SQPOV ‘Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d’Origine Végétale’, INRA, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
| | - David Page
- UMR408 SQPOV ‘Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d’Origine Végétale’, INRA, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
| | - Catherine MGC Renard
- UMR408 SQPOV ‘Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d’Origine Végétale’, INRA, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
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67
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Catarino L, Romeiras MM, Bancessi Q, Duarte D, Faria D, Monteiro F, Moldão M. Edible Leafy Vegetables from West Africa (Guinea-Bissau): Consumption, Trade and Food Potential. Foods 2019; 8:foods8100493. [PMID: 31615037 PMCID: PMC6836000 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild Edible Plants are common in the diet of rural communities of sub-Saharan Africa. In Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, wild plant resources are widely used in human diet, but very few studies have addressed them. The aim of this study is to reveal: (1) the wild and semi-cultivated leafy vegetables consumed in Guinea-Bissau; and (2) the nutritional composition of those plants traded at the largest country market in Bissau. Our results revealed that 24 native or naturalized species with edible leaves are currently consumed by Guinea-Bissau population. Five of them were found at the market: dried leaves of Adansonia digitata, Bombax costatum and Sesamum radiatum, and fresh leaves and shoots of Amaranthus hybridus and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The analysis of the nutritional properties revealed that leaves contain a significant amount of protein (10.1–21.0 g/100 g, dry basis), high values of macronutrients and micronutrients, as well as of phenolic compounds (13.1–40.3 mg GAE/g) and a considerable antioxidant capacity (DPPH 111.5–681.9 mg Eq Trolox). Although price and availability vary among the leafy vegetables analyzed, these traditional foods appear to be a good dietary component that can contribute to food security in Guinea-Bissau and in other West African countries, as these species are widely distributed in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Catarino
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria M Romeiras
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Quintino Bancessi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Agrária, C.P. 505 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
| | - Daniel Duarte
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Diana Faria
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Moldão
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Sogbohossou EOD, Kortekaas D, Achigan-Dako EG, Maundu P, Stoilova T, Van Deynze A, de Vos RCH, Schranz ME. Association between vitamin content, plant morphology and geographical origin in a worldwide collection of the orphan crop Gynandropsis gynandra (Cleomaceae). PLANTA 2019; 250:933-947. [PMID: 30911886 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The variability in nutrient content and morphology in Gynandropsis gynandra is associated with the geographic origin of the accessions and provides a basis for breeding for higher levels of vitamin C, carotenoids or tocopherols in higher-yielding cultivars. We examined the variation in carotenoids, tocopherols and ascorbic acid as well as morphological traits in a worldwide germplasm of 76 accessions of the orphan leafy vegetable Gynandropsis gynandra (Cleomaceae) using greenhouse experiments and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The levels of carotenoids and tocopherols accumulating in the leaves varied significantly across accessions and were linked with the geographical origin and morphological variation. The main carotenoids included lutein, β-carotene, α-carotene and violaxanthin. A twofold to threefold variation was observed for these compounds. The main tocopherols detected were α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol with a 20-fold variation. A ninefold variation in vitamin C concentration and independent of geographical origin was observed. Overall, the accessions were grouped into three clusters based on variation in nutrient content and morphology. West African accessions were short plants with small leaves and with high tocopherol contents and relatively low carotenoid contents, Asian accessions were short plants with broad leaves and with relatively low carotenoid and high tocopherol contents, while East-Southern African plants were tall with high contents of both carotenoids and chlorophylls and low tocopherol contents. Carotenoids were positively correlated with plant height as well as foliar and floral traits but negatively correlated with tocopherols. The absence of a significant correlation between vitamin C and other traits indicated that breeding for high carotenoids or tocopherols content may be coupled with improved leaf yield and vitamin C content. Our study provides baseline information on the natural variation available for traits of interest for breeding for enhanced crop yield and nutrient content in Gynandropsis gynandra.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Dêêdi Sogbohossou
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Horticulture and Seed Science, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 2549, Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin
| | - Dieke Kortekaas
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Enoch G Achigan-Dako
- Laboratory of Genetics, Horticulture and Seed Science, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 2549, Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin
| | - Patrick Maundu
- Kenya Resource Center for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK), Centre for Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya, Museum Hill, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Allen Van Deynze
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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69
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Jiang X, Zhang B, Lei M, Zhang J, Zhang J. Analysis of nutrient composition and antioxidant characteristics in the tender shoots of Chinese toon picked under different conditions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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70
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Comparison between food-to-food fortification of pearl millet porridge with moringa leaves and baobab fruit and with adding ascorbic and citric acid on iron, zinc and other mineral bioaccessibility. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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71
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Maina EG, Madivoli ES, Ouma JA, Ogilo JK, Kenya JM. Evaluation of nutritional value of Asystasia mysorensis and Sesamum angustifolia and their potential contribution to human health. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2176-2185. [PMID: 31289666 PMCID: PMC6593372 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild indigenous vegetables make considerable contributions to food baskets among subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proximate analysis, mineral composition, vitamin C content, β-carotene content, and GC-MS profile of crude methanolic extracts of Asystasia mysorensis and Sesamum angustifolia. Crude extracts obtained through sequential extraction using ethyl acetate and methanol were screened for the presence of secondary metabolites. Functional groups present were determined with a Shimadzu FT-IR spectrophotometer, while β-carotene content and ascorbic acid content were evaluated using a Shimadzu HPLC and Shimadzu UV-VIS spectrophotometer, respectively. Secondary metabolites present in the extracts were determined qualitatively using a Shimadzu GC-MS system equipped with a NIST spectral database. From the results obtained, the two plants could supply the recommended daily requirement for micronutrient and vitamin C content needed for a healthy diet. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in S. amgustifolia were higher as compared to A. myorensis; hence, their consumption is highly beneficial as some compounds identified in the GC-MS profile have been reported to have medicinal properties. The findings on the mineral and chemical composition, GC-MS profile of A. mysorensis and S. angustifolia indicate that their consumption may provide the recommended nutritional requirements needed for a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest G. Maina
- Chemistry DepartmentJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Edwin S. Madivoli
- Chemistry DepartmentJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Josephine A. Ouma
- Chemistry DepartmentJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Joel K. Ogilo
- Chemistry DepartmentJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Jackson M. Kenya
- Chemistry DepartmentJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
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72
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Alam MK, Rana ZH, Islam SN, Akhtaruzzaman M. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of selected wild leafy vegetables grown in Bangladesh: A cheapest source of antioxidants. POTRAVINARSTVO 2019. [DOI: 10.5219/1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, more attention has been paid on wild plants as new source of natural antioxidants. Therefore, methanolic extracts of 10 traditionally consumed wild leafy vegetables of Bangladesh were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity. Folin–Ciocalteu method followed by spectrophotometric measurement was used to quantify the TPC of the selected wild leafy vegetables. Free radical scavenging activity was examined utilizing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Different concentrations of the plant extract were applied to ascertain the dose response relationship in inhibiting DPPH free radical. The results revealed that the TPC ranged from 102.20 to 710.42 mg GAE/100g dry weight (DW). The highest TPC was observed in Bauhinia acuminata (Shetokanchan) while Leucas aspera (Shetodhron) exhibited the lowest TPC among the undertaken vegetables. The studied samples proportionately inhibited DPPH with increasing concentrations. At high concentration (500 µg.mL-1), the percentage inhibition of DPPH radical by plant extract ranged from 68.1 ±2.65 % to 93.1 ±1.23 %. The highest DPPH radical inhibition was observed in Bauhinia acuminata (Shetokanchan) (93.10 ±1.23 %), followed by Commelina benghalensis (Bat baittashak) (91.97 ±1.31 %), Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes L. (Sakumubakla) (91.83 ±2.13 %). The lowest DPPH radical inhibition among the studied samples was observed in Leucas aspera (Shetodhron) (68.1 ±2.65 %). IC50 values measured by DPPH assay in this study ranged from 11.64 to 313.79 µg.mL-1. The study findings indicated that the samples under study possesses strong activity against DPPH, and thus could be used as natural antioxidants in the food and/or pharmaceutical industry.
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73
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Kruger J, Stuetz W, Frank J. Iron, Catechin, and Ferulic Acid Inhibit Cellular Uptake of β-Carotene by Reducing Micellization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5792-5800. [PMID: 31056903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Green leafy vegetables have low β-carotene bioavailability, which we hypothesized to be, at least in part, due to high contents of fiber, minerals, and phenolics. We investigated the effects of pectin (40-120 μg/mL), iron (50-150 μg/mL), ferulic acid (30-90 μg/mL), and catechin (50-150 μg/mL), in a model system, on β-carotene micellization (in vitro digestion) and intestinal absorption (Caco-2 cell model). Iron, pectin, ferulic acid, and catechin on average reduced ( p < 0.05) β-carotene micellization (1.49 ± 0.05 μmol/L) by 66.9, 59.3, 43.2, and 51.7%, respectively. Iron reduced micellization by precipitating bile salts from solution and ferulic acid and catechin by inhibition of pancreatic lipase. β-Carotene uptake by Caco-2 cells (2.63 ± 0.22%) was reduced ( p < 0.05) by 37.4, 70.1, 77.0, and 75.1%, respectively, when it was digested with pectin, iron, ferulic acid, or catechin. However, when individual test compounds were added to already micellized β-carotene, they did not inhibit β-carotene uptake. The large reductions in β-carotene micellization observed in vitro warrant further investigation in humans using model green leafy vegetable systems to elucidate their relevance under real-life conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanita Kruger
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
- Department of Food Science and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being , University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20 , Hatfield 0028 , South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Stuetz
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
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74
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Ghaseminasab Parizi M, Tangestani H, Rahmdel S, Aqaeinejad R SM, Abdollahzadeh SM, Mazloomi SM. Duplicate portion sampling gives the most accurate iron intake estimate: Implications for iron status of female students. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 88:190-198. [PMID: 30982441 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is one of the most common nutritional problems in the developing world, affecting primarily women of childbearing age. Poor dietary iron intake is a major reason of ID. Accurate measurement of iron intake is of crucial importance to combat the problem. The daily dietary iron intake of 67 female students aged between 20-30 years (a mean BMI of 21.8±3.4 kg/m2) was evaluated using three assessment methods: atomic absorption spectrometry of 3-day food duplicate samples, and food composition tables (FCTs) in combination with either food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) or dietary records. Iron status was examined using hematological and biochemical tests. The dietary iron intake determined by duplicate portion sampling (DPS; 4.12±1.84 mg/day) was significantly lower than the FCT-based estimates (P<0.001), and it was less than ¼ of the recommended dietary allowance of 18 mg/day. No significant correlation was found between DPS technique and FCT-based assessment methods. Fifty percent of the participants had small or depleted iron stores (serum ferritin< 30 ng/mL), but only 4.5% had ID anemia (serum ferritin< 12 ng/mL and hemoglobin<12 g/dL). Dietary iron intakes and FFQ-based intakes of vitamin C were not significantly correlated with all the investigated hematological parameters. In order to take some steps toward more practical approaches to combat this health problem, development of an accurate iron intake assessment seems to be the first priority. In this regard, improvement and validation of national FCTs would be a promising solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadith Tangestani
- 1 School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samane Rahmdel
- 1 School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- 1 School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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75
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Wastewater conservation and reuse in quality vegetable cultivation: Overview, challenges and future prospects. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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76
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Amaro-Terrazos JZ, Iparraguirre ME, Jiménez-Soria A. [Effect of quinoa extract consumption on iron deficiency-induced anemia in mice]. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2019; 21:232-235. [PMID: 33027334 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v21n2.65311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of quinoa extract consumption on iron deficiency-induced anemia in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male M. musculus albino mice of the Balb/c strain, with an average weight of 24±32.7 g, were used. Three groups of ten mice each were formed: 1) a negative control group of iron-sufficient (IS) mice that received 40g/d of balanced feed for 7 weeks; 2) a positive control group of iron-deficient (ID) mice that received 40g/d of feed rich in iron for 7 weeks; and 3) an experimental group of ID mice that received 40 g/d of feed rich in iron for 7 weeks and 20 g/d of quinoa extract (QE) from week 5. Hemoglobin levels were measured. RESULTS At the end of the treatment, a significant difference was found in hemoglobin levels between the positive (ID mice: 8.9±1.1 g/dL) and experimental (ID+QU mice: 11.4±0.5 g/dL) groups (student's t, p<0.05). No significant difference was found in hemoglobin levels at the end of the induction period between the positive (IS mice: 9.1±1.1) and experimental (ID mice: 9.3±0.7) groups (student's t, p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Under experimental conditions, quinoa has an antianemic effect based on the results of hemoglobin levels.
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77
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Ekesa B, Nabuuma D, Kennedy G. Content of Iron and Vitamin A in Common Foods Given to Children 12⁻59 Months Old from North Western Tanzania and Central Uganda. Nutrients 2019; 11:E484. [PMID: 30813509 PMCID: PMC6471078 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving infant and young child feeding is an effective intervention to improve child growth. A cross-sectional study followed by observation of selected households was used to establish the most popular foods given to children 12⁻59 months old in Bukoba and Kiboga districts of Tanzania and Uganda, respectively. Six meals were identified: maize-based porridge, steamed-mashed banana served with beans, banana cooked with beans, banana cooked with groundnut sauce, stiff porridge (Ugali) served with beans and sardines, and cassava cooked with beans. Raw ingredients were transported to Universität für Bodenkultur, Austria, within 48 h and meals prepared following community validated procedures within 24 h by project team members that involved graduate students from East Africa and Europe. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and microwave digestion followed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy were used in establishing provitamin A carotenoids and iron content, respectively. Findings indicated no trace of vitamin A or iron in the maize-based porridge, whereas 2.28 mg/100 g ep (edible portion) and 1.18 mg/100 g ep of iron were recorded in stiff-porridge served with beans and sardines and banana cooked with beans, respectively. Banana-based foods had 23 to 43 vitamin A RAE (retinal activity equivalent) µg/100 g ep. With estimated average requirements of iron and vitamin A for children 1⁻3 years being 5 mg/day and 275 RAE µg/day, respectively, these foods are poor sources of these nutrients in their current form. Thus, there is a need to explore opportunities for modifying preparation methods and incorporating nutritious and diverse ingredients into the foods prepared for infants and young children in Eastern African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ekesa
- Bioversity International, Plot I06, Katalima Road, Naguru, Kampala P.O. Box 24384, Uganda.
| | - Deborah Nabuuma
- Bioversity International, Plot I06, Katalima Road, Naguru, Kampala P.O. Box 24384, Uganda.
| | - Gina Kennedy
- Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a, 00054 Maccarese, Rome, Italy.
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Gowele VF, Kinabo J, Jumbe T, Kirschmann C, Frank J, Stuetz W. Provitamin A Carotenoids, Tocopherols, Ascorbic Acid and Minerals in Indigenous Leafy Vegetables from Tanzania. Foods 2019; 8:foods8010035. [PMID: 30669425 PMCID: PMC6352189 DOI: 10.3390/foods8010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential micronutrients in indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) could substantially contribute to the micronutrient supply in rural communities in Tanzania, but concentrations differ between species. Provitamin A carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, minerals, and phytate were analysed in 13 different species using HPLC-, ICP-OES, and photometric techniques. Eight of the 13 ILVs, including Amaranthus ssp. and Sesamum angustifolium, had high β-carotene concentrations (2.91–4.84 mg/100 g fresh weight), which could provide ≥50% of vitamin A’s recommended nutrient intake (RNI). Six ILVs including Cleome hirta and Sonchus luxurians had high iron contents (34.5–60.4 mg/100 g, >50% RNI); Amaranthus ssp. represented the ILV with high calcium, magnesium and zinc contents (85%, 207% and 21% of RNI per 100 g); Cleome hirta and Cleome gynandra had high ascorbic acid contents (>15 mg/100 g, 34–35% of RNI), while Sesamum angustifolium was the only ILV with a high tocopherol content (7.34 mg α-TE/100 g). The highest phytate concentration was found in Amaranthus ssp., which could negatively affect its role as a very good source of minerals. Results indicate that the analysed ILVs could make a substantial contribution to the vitamin A and iron supply in the diets of rural Tanzanian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Flavian Gowele
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Joyce Kinabo
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Theresia Jumbe
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Carolyn Kirschmann
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Stuetz
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Mwanri AW, Mamboleo TF, Msuya JM, Gowele VF. Oxalate, phytate and nitrate content in African nightshade, spider plant and amaranths at different stages of maturity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5897/ajfs2018.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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80
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Lycium europaeum Extract: A New Potential Antioxidant Source against Cisplatin-Induced Liver and Kidney Injuries in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1630751. [PMID: 30254713 PMCID: PMC6145318 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1630751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the protective effects of Lycium europaeum methanol extract (LEM) on liver and kidney injuries induced by cisplatin. The phytochemical composition, the antioxidant activity, and hepatorenal injury biomarkers were investigated. Results revealed that LEM exhibited a significant antioxidant activity in vitro on DPPH radical and H2O2 scavenging assays. In the animal studies, treatment with LEM significantly reduced the effects of cisplatin intoxication on serum liver biomarkers and serum renal biomarkers. Meanwhile, LEM diminishes significantly the effect of cisplatin on the level of lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney tissues. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes (reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) were increased in groups pretreated with LEM and quercetin. Additionally, the normal histological structures of the liver and kidney were restored after treatment with LEM. This work clearly demonstrated that L. europaeum may be useful as a drug with hepato-nephroprotective potentials.
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81
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Chauhan SH, Yadav S, Takahashi T, Łuczaj Ł, D’Cruz L, Okada K. Consumption patterns of wild edibles by the Vasavas: a case study from Gujarat, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2018; 14:57. [PMID: 30157859 PMCID: PMC6116503 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-018-0254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild edibles continue to be a significant contributor to the global food basket in much of the developing world. A consensus has now been formed that information on wild edibles is an important part of ethnobotanical knowledge and hence elucidating region-specific patterns of habitat management and consumption assists policy making with regard to natural conservation, human nutrition, and human health. Using an original data set from Gujarat, India, the present research aims to document the collective knowledge of wild edibles possessed by the local Vasava tribe, as well as the habitat usage and consumption trends of these species. METHODS Data were collected using three approaches: key informant interviews to record the local knowledge of wild edibles and methods of collection, village group discussions to quantify past and present consumption trends, and expert interviews to elucidate the reasons for changing consumption patterns. RESULTS Through key informant interviews, 90 species of wild edibles from 46 botanical families were identified along with their Vasavi names, plant parts utilized, habitats, and cooking methods. Of these, 60 species were also used medicinally and 15 carried economic value. Different habitats were preferred for collection at different times of the year. Village group discussions unanimously concluded that the consumption of wild edibles has significantly reduced over time. Expert interviews identified the decreased availability of these species in their natural habitats as the most important reason for their reduced consumption. CONCLUSION The present study has demonstrated that the Vasavas' collective knowledge of wild edibles is vast and that these species contribute to their dietary diversity throughout the year. The finding of the present study, namely that anthropogenically managed habitats were often preferred over natural environments for the collection of wild edibles, suggests that conservation efforts should be extended beyond wild and human-uninhabited landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Hasmukh Chauhan
- Department of Global Agriculture Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138657 Japan
| | - Santosh Yadav
- The Serenity Library & Botanical Garden, Botany outreach, Plot no. 96/12, of Koteshwar village, Motera, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 380005 India
| | - Taro Takahashi
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Somerset BS40 5DU UK
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB UK
| | - Łukasz Łuczaj
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 8B, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Lancelot D’Cruz
- Department of Biology, St. Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Kensuke Okada
- Department of Global Agriculture Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1138657 Japan
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82
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Aworh OC. From lesser-known to super vegetables: the growing profile of African traditional leafy vegetables in promoting food security and wellness. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:3609-3613. [PMID: 29363761 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are hundreds of traditional leafy vegetables and wild food plants of horticultural and nutritional significance in Africa. These lesser-known crops and wild food plants that are highly adapted to harsh growing conditions thrive with little care and are available when other sources of food fail or are out of season. They are rich in micronutrients and are often the cheapest sources of many essential vitamins and minerals in many localities. Many of them are very important functional foods in African traditional diets and are rich in nutraceuticals, including polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and flavonols, that exert demonstrable antioxidant, free radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition activities and have antimicrobial properties that provide scientific justification and possible mechanisms for their use in the management of a wide range of ailments, including diet-related, non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. African traditional leafy vegetables are invaluable in promoting food security and wellness in Africa on account of their availability and affordability, their great nutritional value, chemotherapeutic and health-promoting properties and other unique qualities. Long recognised by the rural populace as quality food items, they are becoming more popular even with the more affluent urban elites. There is the need to develop improved management practices for these super vegetables to promote their cultivation and boost their exploitation for food security and wellness in Africa. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogugua C Aworh
- Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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83
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Gunathilake KDPP, Ranaweera KKDS, Rupasinghe HPV. Analysis of rutin, β‐carotene, and lutein content and evaluation of antioxidant activities of six edible leaves on free radicals and reactive oxygen species. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. D. P. P. Gunathilake
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries, & NutritionWayamba University of Sri LankaGonawilaSri LankaMakandura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Sri Jayewardenepura GangodawilaSri LankaNugegoda
| | - K. K. D. S. Ranaweera
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Sri Jayewardenepura GangodawilaSri LankaNugegoda
| | - H. P. V. Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureDalhousie UniversityTruroNova Scotia Canada
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84
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Sivakumar D, Chen L, Sultanbawa Y. A comprehensive review on beneficial dietary phytochemicals in common traditional Southern African leafy vegetables. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:714-727. [PMID: 29983933 PMCID: PMC6021739 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular intake of sufficient amounts of certain dietary phytochemicals was proven to reduce the incidence of noncommunicable chronic diseases and certain infectious diseases. In addition, dietary phytochemicals were also reported to reduce the incidence of metabolic disorders such as obesity in children and adults. However, limited information is available, especially on dietary phytochemicals in the commonly available traditional leafy vegetables. Primarily, the review summarizes information on the major phytochemicals and the impact of geographical location, genotype, agronomy practices, postharvest storage, and processing of common traditional leafy vegetables. The review also briefly discusses the bioavailability and accessibility of major phytochemicals, common antinutritive compounds of the selected vegetables, and recently developed traditional leafy vegetable-based food products for dietary diversification to improve the balanced diet for the consumers. The potential exists for better use of traditional leafy vegetables to sustain food security and to improve the health and well-being of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharini Sivakumar
- Phytochemical Food Network Research GroupDepartment of Crop SciencesTshwane University of TechnologyPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of Alberta EdmontonABCanada
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandCoopers PlainsQldCanada
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85
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Sogbohossou EOD, Achigan-Dako EG, Maundu P, Solberg S, Deguenon EMS, Mumm RH, Hale I, Van Deynze A, Schranz ME. A roadmap for breeding orphan leafy vegetable species: a case study of Gynandropsis gynandra (Cleomaceae). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:2. [PMID: 29423232 PMCID: PMC5798814 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-017-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increasing awareness of the potential of "orphan" or unimproved crops to contribute to food security and enhanced livelihoods for farmers, coordinated research agendas to facilitate production and use of orphan crops by local communities are generally lacking. We provide an overview of the current knowledge on leafy vegetables with a focus on Gynandropsis gynandra, a highly nutritious species used in Africa and Asia, and highlight general and species-specific guidelines for participatory, genomics-assisted breeding of orphan crops. Key steps in genome-enabled orphan leafy vegetables improvement are identified and discussed in the context of Gynandropsis gynandra breeding, including: (1) germplasm collection and management; (2) product target definition and refinement; (3) characterization of the genetic control of key traits; (4) design of the 'process' for cultivar development; (5) integration of genomic data to optimize that 'process'; (6) multi-environmental participatory testing and end-user evaluation; and (7) crop value chain development. The review discusses each step in detail, with emphasis on improving leaf yield, phytonutrient content, organoleptic quality, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and post-harvest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. O. Deedi Sogbohossou
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Postbus 647 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Horticulture and Seed Sciences, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 2549 Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Enoch G. Achigan-Dako
- Laboratory of Genetics, Horticulture and Seed Sciences, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 2549 Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Patrick Maundu
- Kenya Resource Center for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK), Centre for Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya, Museum Hill, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Svein Solberg
- World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199 Taiwan
| | | | - Rita H. Mumm
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801 USA
| | - Iago Hale
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Postbus 647 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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86
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Moyo M, Amoo SO, Aremu AO, Gruz J, Šubrtová M, Jarošová M, Tarkowski P, Doležal K. Determination of Mineral Constituents, Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Qualities of Cleome gynandra, Compared to Brassica oleracea and Beta vulgaris. Front Chem 2018; 5:128. [PMID: 29354633 PMCID: PMC5758552 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study compared mineral, chemical and antioxidant qualities of Cleome gynandra, a wild leafy vegetable, with two widely consumed commercial vegetables, Brassica oleracea and Beta vulgaris. Mineral nutrients were quantified with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), phenolic compounds using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS) and β-carotene and vitamin C using high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). The antioxidant potential was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Cleome gynandra had highest concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and flavonoids; whereas sodium, magnesium, manganese, copper and β-carotene were higher for B. vulgaris. The significantly higher antioxidant activity (P ≤ 0.05) exhibited by C. gynandra in comparison to the two commercial vegetables may be due to its significantly high levels of vitamin C and phenolic acids. These findings on the mineral, chemical and antioxidant properties of C. gynandra provide compelling scientific evidence of its potential in adding diversity to the diet and contributing toward the daily nutritional requirements of millions of people for food and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack Moyo
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Stephen O Amoo
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi O Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Jiri Gruz
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michaela Šubrtová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Monika Jarošová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Central Laboratories and Research Support, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Central Laboratories and Research Support, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czechia
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Haliński ŁP, Samuels J, Stepnowski P. Multivariate analysis as a key tool in chemotaxonomy of brinjal eggplant, African eggplants and wild related species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:87-97. [PMID: 28910606 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable species worldwide, while African eggplants (S. aethiopicum L., S. macrocarpon L.) are indigenous vegetable species of local significance. Taxonomy of eggplants and their wild relatives is complicated and still unclear. Hence, the objective of the study was to clarify taxonomic position of cultivars and landraces of brinjal, its wild relatives and African eggplant species and their wild ancestors using chemotaxonomic markers and multivariate analysis techniques for data processing, with special attention paid to the recognition of markers characteristic for each group of the plants. The total of 34 accessions belonging to 9 species from genus Solanum L. were used in the study. Chemotaxonomic analysis was based on the profiles of cuticular n-alkanes and methylalkanes, obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. Standard hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for the classification, while the latter and two-way HCA allowed to identify markers responsible for the clustering of the species. Cultivars, landraces and wild forms of S. melongena were practically identical in terms of their taxonomic position. The results confirmed high and statistically significant distinctiveness of all African eggplant species from the brinjal eggplant. The latter was characterized mostly by abundant long chain hydrocarbons in the range of 34-37 carbon atoms. The differences between both African eggplant species were, however, also statistically significant; S. aethiopicum displayed the highest contribution of 2-methylalkanes to the total cuticular hydrocarbons, while S. macrocarpon was characterized by elevated n-alkanes in the range of 25-32 carbon atoms. Wild ancestors of both African eggplant species were identical with their cultivated relatives. Concluding, high usefulness of the chemotaxonomic approach in classification of this important group of plants was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz P Haliński
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - John Samuels
- Novel Solanaceae Crops Project, Penzance, Cornwall, TR20 8XD, UK
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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88
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Natesh N H, SK A, L A. An overview of nutritional and anti nutritional factors in green leafy vegetables. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.15406/hij.2017.01.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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89
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Rajendran S, Afari-Sefa V, Shee A, Bocher T, Bekunda M, dominick I, Lukumay PJ. Does crop diversity contribute to dietary diversity? Evidence from integration of vegetables into maize-based farming systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40066-017-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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90
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Ngwene B, Neugart S, Baldermann S, Ravi B, Schreiner M. Intercropping Induces Changes in Specific Secondary Metabolite Concentration in Ethiopian Kale ( Brassica carinata) and African Nightshade ( Solanum scabrum) under Controlled Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1700. [PMID: 29033969 PMCID: PMC5626848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intercropping is widespread in small-holder farming systems in tropical regions and is also practiced in the cultivation of indigenous vegetables, to alleviate the multiple burdens of malnutrition. Due to interspecific competition and/or complementation between intercrops, intercropping may lead to changes in plants accumulation of minerals and secondary metabolites and hence, alter nutritional quality for consumers. Intercropping aims to intensify land productivity, while ensuring that nutritional quality is not compromised. This study aimed to investigate changes in minerals and secondary plant metabolites in intercropped Brassica carinata and Solanum scabrum, two important African indigenous vegetables, and evaluated the suitability of this combination for dryer areas. B. carinata and S. scabrum were grown for 6 weeks under controlled conditions in a greenhouse trial. Large rootboxes (8000 cm3 volume) were specifically designed for this experiment. Each rootbox was planted with two plants, either of the same plant species (mono) or one of each plant species (mixed). A quartz sand/soil substrate was used and fertilized adequately for optimal plant growth. During the last 4 weeks of the experiment, the plants were either supplied with optimal (65% WHC) or low (30% WHC) irrigation, to test the effect of a late-season drought. Intercropping increased total glucosinolate content in B. carinata, while maintaining biomass production and the contents of other health related minerals in both B. carinata and S. scabrum. Moreover, low irrigation led to an increase in carotene accumulation in both mono and intercropped S. scabrum, but not in B. carinata, while the majority of kaempferol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives of both species were decreased by intercropping and drought treatment. This study indicates that some health-related phytochemicals can be modified by intercropping or late-season drought, but field validation of these results is necessary before definite recommendation can be made to stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard Ngwene
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Susanne Neugart
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Beena Ravi
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
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91
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Laurie SM, Faber M, Claasen N. Incorporating orange-fleshed sweet potato into the food system as a strategy for improved nutrition: The context of South Africa. Food Res Int 2017; 104:77-85. [PMID: 29433786 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) is considered the single most successful example of biofortification of a staple crop, and presents a feasible option to address vitamin A deficiency. Though initially promoted as part of a crop-based approach focusing on production and consumption at household level, it evolved into small-scale commercial production, predominantly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews OFSP initiatives in relation to the South African food environment and food supply systems, also identifying opportunities for scaling out OFSP in a situation where sweet potato is not eaten as a staple. Current per capita consumption of sweet potato is low; the focus is thus on increasing consumption of OFSP, rather than replacing cream-fleshed varieties. For the major OFSP variety, Bophelo, 66g consumption can be sufficient to meet the recommended daily allowance for 1-3year old children (300μRE vitamin A). Despite a national Vitamin A supplementation programme and fortified staple foods in South Africa, 43.6% of children under 5years of age were reported to be vitamin A deficient in 2012, indicating a stronger need to promote the consumption of Vitamin A-rich foods, such as OFSP. To increase availability of and access to OFSP, all aspects of the food supply system need to be considered, including agricultural production, trade, food transformation and food retail and provisioning. Currently, small-scale commercial OFSP producers in South Africa prefer to deliver their produce to local informal markets. To enter the formal market, small-scale producers often have difficulties to meet the high standards of the retailers' centralised procurement system in terms of food quality, quantity and safety. Large retailers may have the power to increase the demand of OFSP, not just by improving availability but also by developing marketing strategies to raise awareness of the health benefits of OFSP. However, currently the largest scope for scaling out is through a number of public sector programmes such as the National School Nutrition Programme, Community Nutrition and Development Centres, Small-holder Farmer programmes and Agriparks. Though the major approach is focused on unprocessed, boiled OFSP, there are unexploited opportunities for processing of OFSP. However, the nutritional quality of products should be a main consideration within the context of the co-existence of undernutrition, overnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunette M Laurie
- Agricultural Research Council - Vegetable and Ornamental Plants (ARC-VOP), Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Mieke Faber
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nicole Claasen
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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92
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Status of Underutilised Crops in South Africa: Opportunities for Developing Research Capacity. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9091569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Underutilised crops represent an important component of agro-biodiversity with potential to contribute to climate change adaptation, food security and sovereignty in poor rural areas. However, despite emerging research interest, they continue to occupy the peripheries of mainstream agriculture. There is a need to consolidate the gains made and propose a coherent strategy for translating underutilised crops into mainstream agriculture. The status of underutilised crops in South Africa (past, present and on-going research) was reviewed with a view to identifying existing gaps, opportunities and challenges for developing future research capacity. The review confirmed that several underutilised crops are drought tolerant, adapted to low levels of water use and thus suitable for cultivation in most marginal production areas typical of semi-arid and arid cropping systems. In addition, several are nutrient dense and could be used to improve dietary diversity among poor rural people. These characteristics make them ideal for inclusion in climate change adaptation and promotion of food sovereignty. There is need for a paradigm shift away from practices that have promoted a few major crops to an agro-ecology based land use classification system that recognises diversity and strengthens food networks. There is a need to identify those underutilised crops that show the greatest potential for success and can be fitted into semi-arid and arid cropping systems and prioritise them for future research, development and innovation.
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93
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Kruger J, Breynaert A, Pieters L, Hermans N. Vegetable relishes, high in β-carotene, increase the iron, zinc and β-carotene nutritive values from cereal porridges. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:291-297. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1360259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanita Kruger
- Department of Food Science and Institute for Food Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | | | - Luc Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NatuRA, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NatuRA, Wilrijk, Belgium
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94
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Lalas S, Athanasiadis V, Karageorgou I, Batra G, Nanos GD, Makris DP. Nutritional Characterization of Leaves and Herbal Tea of Moringa oleifera Cultivated in Greece. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2017.1334163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Lalas
- Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institution of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vasilios Athanasiadis
- Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institution of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
- School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Ioanna Karageorgou
- Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institution of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
- School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Georgia Batra
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
| | - George D. Nanos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
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95
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ESSACK H, ODHAV B, MELLEM JJ. Screening of traditional South African leafy vegetables for specific anti-nutritional factors before and after processing. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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96
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Jiménez-Aguilar DM, Grusak MA. Minerals, vitamin C, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Amaranthus leafy vegetables. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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97
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Moyo S, Mavumengwana V, Kayitesi E. Effects of cooking and drying on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of African green leafy vegetables. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1289384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Moyo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - V. Mavumengwana
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E. Kayitesi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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98
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Neugart S, Baldermann S, Ngwene B, Wesonga J, Schreiner M. Indigenous leafy vegetables of Eastern Africa - A source of extraordinary secondary plant metabolites. Food Res Int 2017; 100:411-422. [PMID: 28964364 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous African leafy vegetables vary enormously in their secondary plant metabolites whereat genus and the species have a great impact. In African nightshade (Solanum scabrum), spiderplant (Cleome gynandra), amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Ethiopian kale (Brassica carinata) and common kale (Brassica oleracea) the specific secondary metabolite profile was elucidated and gained detailed data about carotenoids, chlorophylls, glucosinolates and phenolic compounds all having an appropriate contribution to health beneficial properties of indigenous African leafy vegetables. Exemplarily, various quercetin glycosides such as quercetin-3-rutinoside occur in high concentrations in African nightshade, spiderplant, and amaranth between ~1400-3300μg/g DW. Additionally the extraordinary hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives such as glucaric isomers and isocitric acid isomers are found especially in amaranth (up to ~1250μg/g DW) and spiderplant (up to 120μg/g DW). Carotenoids concentrations are high in amaranth (up to101.7μg/g DW) and spiderplants (up to 64.7μg/g DW) showing high concentrations of β-carotene, the pro-vitamin A. In contrast to the ubiquitous occurring phenolics and carotenoids, glucosinolates are only present in the Brassicales species Ethiopian kale, common kale and spiderplant characterized by diverse glucosinolate profiles. Generally, the consumption of a variety of these indigenous African leafy vegetables can be recommended to contribute to different benefits such as antioxidant activity, increase pro-vitamin A and anticancerogenic compounds in a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neugart
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany.
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Benard Ngwene
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - John Wesonga
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
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99
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Maseko H, Shackleton CM, Nagoli J, Pullanikkatil D. Children and Wild Foods in the Context of Deforestation in Rural Malawi. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2017; 45:795-807. [PMID: 29568148 PMCID: PMC5846822 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-017-9956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the contribution of wild foods to local diets, nutrition, and culture. Yet disaggregation of understanding of wild food use by gender and age is limited. We used a mixed methods approach to determine the types, frequencies, and perceptions of wild foods used and sold by children in four villages in southern Malawi that have different levels of deforestation. Household and individual dietary diversity scores are low at all sites. All households consume one or more wild foods. Across the four sites, children listed 119 wild foods, with a wider variety at the least deforested sites than the most deforested ones. Older children can name more wild foods than younger ones. More children from poor households sell wild foods than from well-off households. Several reasons were provided for the consumption or avoidance of wild foods (most commonly taste, contribution to health, limited alternatives, hunger, availability, local taboos).
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Maseko
- Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - Charlie M. Shackleton
- Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - J. Nagoli
- WorldFish – Malawi, P. O Box, 229 Zomba, Malawi
| | - D. Pullanikkatil
- Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
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100
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Muyonga JH, Nansereko S, Steenkamp I, Manley M, Okoth JK. Traditional African Foods and Their Potential to Contribute to Health and Nutrition. ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND GREEN TECHNOLOGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0591-4.ch015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional state of large segments of the African population remains alarming despite the positive socio-economic development that is taking place. The most significant nutritional problems include undernutrition, iron deficiency and vitamin A deficiency. Malnutrition and deficiencies also exacerbate a number of other diseases and health conditions. Besides undernutrition, the prevalence of overnutrition and obesity on the African continent are rising, as are the associated health conditions such as diabetes and coronary heart diseases. This chapter outlines the unique nutritional and bioactive properties of Traditional African Foods (TAFs) and their potential to contribute to the alleviation of undernutrition, overnutrition and associated health problems. Special emphasis is placed on vegetables, fruits, cereals, edible insects, small fish species, mushrooms, legumes, sesame, tuber and root crops. Some of the identified health benefits of these TAFs include lowering of serum cholesterol, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular disease prevention and anti-hypertensive properties.
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