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Jeng KS, Jeng CJ, Jeng WJ, Sheen IS, Li SY, Leu CM, Tsay YG, Chang CF. Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway as a potential target to inhibit the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4377-4384. [PMID: 31611946 PMCID: PMC6781692 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Hepatocarcinogenesis involves numerous interlinked factors and processes, including the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, which participates in the carcinogenesis, progression, invasiveness, recurrence and cancer stem cell maintenance of HCC. The Shh signaling pathway is activated by ligands that bind to their receptor protein, Protein patched homolog (Ptch). The process of Shh ligand binding to Ptch weakens the inhibition of smoothened homolog (SMO) and activates signal transduction via glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) transcription factors. The overexpression of Shh pathway molecules, including Shh, Ptch-1, Gli and SMO has been indicated in patients with HCC. It has also been suggested that the Shh signaling pathway exhibits cross-talk between numerous other signaling pathways. The inactivation of the Shh signaling pathway reduces HCC growth, increases radio-sensitivity and increases the beneficial effect of chemotherapy in HCC treatment. Therefore, inhibition of the Shh pathway may be an effective target therapy that can be used in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyang Jeng
- Department of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Juei Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Juei Jeng
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Yun Li
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuen-Miin Leu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yeou-Guang Tsay
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiung-Fang Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Moscoso CG, Steer CJ. "Let my liver rather heat with wine" - a review of hepatic fibrosis pathophysiology and emerging therapeutics. Hepat Med 2019; 11:109-129. [PMID: 31565001 PMCID: PMC6731525 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s213397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is characterized by extensive hepatic fibrosis, and it is the 14th leading cause of death worldwide. Numerous contributing conditions have been implicated in its development, including infectious etiologies, medication overdose or adverse effects, ingestible toxins, autoimmunity, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease and primary biliary cholangitis to list a few. It is associated with portal hypertension and its stigmata (varices, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, combined coagulopathy and thrombophilia), and it is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, orthotopic liver transplantation has been the only curative modality to treat cirrhosis, and the scarcity of donors results in many people waiting years for a transplant. Identification of novel targets for pharmacologic therapy through elucidation of key mechanistic components to induce fibrosis reversal is the subject of intense research. Development of robust models of hepatic fibrosis to faithfully characterize the interplay between activated hepatic stellate cells (the principal fibrogenic contributor to fibrosis initiation and perpetuation), hepatocytes and extracellular matrix components has the potential to identify critical components and mechanisms that can be exploited for targeted treatment. In this review, we will highlight key cellular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of fibrosis from extracellular ligands, effectors and receptors, to nuclear receptors, epigenetic mechanisms, energy homeostasis and cytokines. Further, molecular pathways of hepatic stellate cell deactivation are discussed, including apoptosis, senescence and reversal or transdifferentiation to an inactivated state resembling quiescence. Lastly, clinical evidence of fibrosis reversal induced by biologics and small molecules is summarized, current compounds under clinical trials are described and efforts for treatment of hepatic fibrosis with mesenchymal stem cells are highlighted. An enhanced understanding of the rich tapestry of cellular processes identified in the initiation, perpetuation and resolution of hepatic fibrosis, driven principally through phenotypic switching of hepatic stellate cells, should lead to a breakthrough in potential therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Moscoso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Chen X, Li XF, Chen Y, Zhu S, Li HD, Chen SY, Wang JN, Pan XY, Bu FT, Huang C, Li J. Hesperetin derivative attenuates CCl 4-induced hepatic fibrosis and inflammation by Gli-1-dependent mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105838. [PMID: 31473406 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis, a common pathological feature and leading cause of various chronic liver diseases, still lacks effective therapy. Hesperetin derivative (HD) is a derivative of Traditional Chinese Medicine monomer isolated from the fruit peel of Citrusaurantium L. (Rutaceae). In the present study, we revealed the anti-fibrotic effects of HD in CCl4-induced mouse hepatic fibrosis model and in TGF-β1-activated LX-2 cells, in vivo and in vitro. Results showed that HD prevented CCl4-induced liver injury and histological damage. Consistently, HD inhibited the up-regulation of liver fibrogenesis markers α-SMA, Col1α1, Col3α1 and TIMP-1 in primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and suppressed inflammatory responses in primary liver macrophages from hepatic fibrosis mice. Furthermore, HD promoted the apoptosis of activated HSCs, a key step in the onset of fibrosis regression. Mechanistically, the Hedgehog pathway was involved in HD-treated hepatic fibrosis, and HD specifically contributed to attenuate the aberrant expression of Glioma associated oncogene-1 (Gli-1). Interestingly, blockade of Gli-1 removed the inhibitory effect of HD on activated HSCs, indicating that Gli-1 may play a pivotal role in mediating the anti-fibrotic effect of HD in hepatic fibrosis. Collectively, our results suggest that HD may be a potential anti-fibrotic Traditional Chinese Medicine monomer for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Sai Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hai-Di Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xue-Yin Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fang-Tian Bu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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He S, Tang J, Diao N, Liao Y, Shi J, Xu X, Xie F, Bai L. Parathyroid hormone-related protein activates HSCs via hedgehog signalling during liver fibrosis development. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1984-1994. [PMID: 31311343 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1615931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Diao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Khajehahmadi Z, Mohagheghi S, Nikeghbalian S, Geramizadeh B, Khodadadi I, Karimi J, Ghaffari ME, Tavilani H. Downregulation of hedgehog ligands in human simple steatosis may protect against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Is TAZ a crucial regulator? IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1382-1390. [PMID: 31087761 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of simple steatosis into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has attracted many attentions in recent years. The role of the hedgehog (HH) pathway in the regulation of lipogenesis has been addressed in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the levels of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) and Indian hedgehog (IHH) ligands and the correlation of these ligands with levels of proteins involved in the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) pathway, as well as the evaluation of the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) expression in human simple steatosis, NASH cirrhosis, and controls. Patients were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of patients diagnosed with simple steatosis (n = 16) and the second group included those diagnosed with NASH cirrhosis (n = 15). As a control group, 18 histologically normal liver tissues were collected in this study. The expression of the TGF-β1pathway components and SHH and IHH ligands were analyzed by means of the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. A significant decrease was found in the hepatic expression of the SHH, IHH, and TGF-β1 pathways along with the expression of TAZ in tissue specimens with simple steatosis in comparison with patients affected by NASH cirrhosis and controls. Also, the levels of SHH and IHH proteins were significantly correlated with the expression of proteins involved in the TGF-β1 pathway. Moreover, the expression of the HH pathway ligands was positively associated with the expression of TAZ, supporting the notion that TAZ may play a role in the activation of the HH pathway thereby regulating the expression of its ligands. It seems that in patients with NAFLD, the downregulation of the HH pathway ligands may stem from steatosis; however, at the same time, it may prevent the conversion of simple steatosis into NASH in patients with liver diseases. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(9):1382-1390, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Khajehahmadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sina Mohagheghi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saman Nikeghbalian
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Pathology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahim Ghaffari
- Dental Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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56
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Genomic testing, tumor microenvironment and targeted therapy of Hedgehog-related human cancers. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:953-970. [PMID: 31036756 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signals are transduced through Patched receptors to the Smoothened (SMO)-SUFU-GLI and SMO-Gi-RhoA signaling cascades. MTOR-S6K1 and MEK-ERK signals are also transduced to GLI activators through post-translational modifications. The GLI transcription network up-regulates target genes, such as BCL2, FOXA2, FOXE1, FOXF1, FOXL1, FOXM1, GLI1, HHIP, PTCH1 and WNT2B, in a cellular context-dependent manner. Aberrant Hedgehog signaling in tumor cells leads to self-renewal, survival, proliferation and invasion. Paracrine Hedgehog signaling in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which harbors cancer-associated fibroblasts, leads to angiogenesis, fibrosis, immune evasion and neuropathic pain. Hedgehog-related genetic alterations occur frequently in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (85%) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-subgroup medulloblastoma (87%) and less frequently in breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and ovarian cancer. Among investigational SMO inhibitors, vismodegib and sonidegib are approved for the treatment of patients with BCC, and glasdegib is approved for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Resistance to SMO inhibitors is caused by acquired SMO mutations, SUFU deletions, GLI2 amplification, other by-passing mechanisms of GLI activation and WNT/β-catenin signaling activation. GLI-DNA-interaction inhibitors (glabrescione B and GANT61), GLI2 destabilizers (arsenic trioxide and pirfenidone) and a GLI-deacetylation inhibitor (4SC-202) were shown to block GLI-dependent transcription and tumorigenesis in preclinical studies. By contrast, SMO inhibitors can remodel the immunosuppressive TME that is dominated by M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, and thus, a Phase I/II clinical trial of the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab with or without vismodegib in BCC patients is ongoing.
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Suppli MP, Rigbolt KTG, Veidal SS, Heebøll S, Eriksen PL, Demant M, Bagger JI, Nielsen JC, Oró D, Thrane SW, Lund A, Strandberg C, Kønig MJ, Vilsbøll T, Vrang N, Thomsen KL, Grønbæk H, Jelsing J, Hansen HH, Knop FK. Hepatic transcriptome signatures in patients with varying degrees of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease compared with healthy normal-weight individuals. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G462-G472. [PMID: 30653341 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00358.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of conditions ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL), over nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with or without fibrosis, to cirrhosis with end-stage disease. The hepatic molecular events underlying the development of NAFLD and transition to NASH are poorly understood. The present study aimed to determine hepatic transcriptome dynamics in patients with NAFL or NASH compared with healthy normal-weight and obese individuals. RNA sequencing and quantitative histomorphometry of liver fat, inflammation and fibrosis were performed on liver biopsies obtained from healthy normal-weight ( n = 14) and obese ( n = 12) individuals, NAFL ( n = 15) and NASH ( n = 16) patients. Normal-weight and obese subjects showed normal liver histology and comparable gene expression profiles. Liver transcriptome signatures were largely overlapping in NAFL and NASH patients, however, clearly separated from healthy normal-weight and obese controls. Most marked pathway perturbations identified in both NAFL and NASH were associated with markers of lipid metabolism, immunomodulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cell cycle control. Interestingly, NASH patients with positive Sonic hedgehog hepatocyte staining showed distinct transcriptome and histomorphometric changes compared with NAFL. In conclusion, application of immunohistochemical markers of hepatocyte injury may serve as a more objective tool for distinguishing NASH from NAFL, facilitating improved resolution of hepatic molecular changes associated with progression of NAFLD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in Western countries. NAFLD is associated with the metabolic syndrome and can progress to the more serious form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and ultimately lead to irreversible liver damage. Using gold standard molecular and histological techniques, this study demonstrates that the currently used diagnostic tools are problematic for differentiating mild NAFLD from NASH and emphasizes the marked need for developing improved histological markers of NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte P Suppli
- Department of Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sara Heebøll
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Peter Lykke Eriksen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Mia Demant
- Department of Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Department of Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Asger Lund
- Department of Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Strandberg
- Department of Radiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Merete J Kønig
- Department of Radiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Department of Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Karen L Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | | | - Filip K Knop
- Department of Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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High Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Fibrotic Liver: Role of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030581. [PMID: 30700007 PMCID: PMC6387126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death globally, accounting for approximately 800,000 deaths annually. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, making up about 80% of cases. Liver fibrosis and its end-stage disease, cirrhosis, are major risk factors for HCC. A fibrotic liver typically shows persistent hepatocyte death and compensatory regeneration, chronic inflammation, and an increase in reactive oxygen species, which collaboratively create a tumor-promoting microenvironment via inducing genetic alterations and chromosomal instability, and activating various oncogenic molecular signaling pathways. In this article, we review recent advances in fields of liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis, and consider several molecular signaling pathways that promote hepato-carcinogenesis under the microenvironment of liver fibrosis. In particular, we pay attention to emerging roles of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway in stromal activation, hepatic fibrosis, and liver cancer.
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59
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Mohagheghi S, Khajehahmadi Z, Tavilani H. Signaling in Simple Steatosis and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Cirrhosis: TGF-β1, YAP/TAZ, and Hedgehog Pathway Activity. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.15171/ajmb.2018.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to the accumulation of fat in the liver tissue that is usually associated with metabolic disorders. Traditionally, the disease is regarded as a spectrum of pathological conditions ranging from simple steatosis (SS) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatic fibrosis with progression to cirrhosis. However, so far, there is no available explanation for the disease progression. Several signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, hedgehog (HH), and yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling are attributed to the NAFLD pathogenesis. TGF-β1 pathway component expression aligns with HH pathway ligands expression elevate in NASH cirrhosis while they decrease in SS. YAP and TAZ are two transcriptional co-activators from the Hippo signaling pathway. Similarly, the TAZ level (but not YAP1) is higher in NASH cirrhosis compared to SS. In addition, these three signaling pathways have little molecular similarity but their changes are totally similar in SS and NASH cirrhosis. The present review discusses the main changes in the expression of TGF-β, HH, and YAP/TAZ pathway components in SS and NASH cirrhosis. It is hoped that these data provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mohagheghi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Khajehahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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60
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Qu W, Li D, Wang Y, Wu Q, Hao D. Activation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Is Associated with Human Osteosarcoma Cells Radioresistance Characterized by Increased Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3764-3771. [PMID: 29864766 PMCID: PMC6016436 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radioresistance restricts the application of radiotherapy in human osteosarcoma (OS). This study investigated the molecular mechanism of radioresistance in OS, which may provide clues to finding ideal targets for genetic therapy. Materila/Methods The human OS cell line MG63 was employed as parent cells. After repeat low-dose X-ray irradiation of MG63, the radioresistant OS cell line MG63R was produced. Colony formation assay was used to assess the radioresistance. Cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis, and wound healing assay was used to evaluate invasive capacity. The nuclear translocation was evaluated by fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Protein expression levels were assessed by Western blotting. Specific siRNA against Shh was used to silence Shh. Results More survival colony formation, elevated cell viability, less cell apoptosis, and increased wound closure were found in MG63R than in MG63 cells exposed to irradiation. The nuclear translocation of Gli, expression levels of Shh, Smo, Ptch1, Bcl2, active MMP2, and active MMP9 were increased in MG63R cells compared with MG63 cells. Transfection of Shh-siRNA suppressed expression levels of Shh, Smo, Ptch1, Bcl2, active MMP2, and active MMP9, as well as the nuclear translocation of Gli in MG63R cells. The cell viability, survival colony formation, and wound closure were impaired, whereas cell apoptosis was increased, in siRNA-transfected MG63R cells than in control MG63R cells exposed to irradiation. Conclusions Activation of Shh signaling was involved in radioresistance of OS cells. Blocking this signaling can impair the radioresistance capacity of OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland).,Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Dichen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland).,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Bone Microsurgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Qining Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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Verdelho Machado M, Diehl AM. The hedgehog pathway in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:264-278. [PMID: 29557675 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1448752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of obesity-associated liver diseases and it has become the major cause of cirrhosis in the Western world. The high prevalence of NAFLD-associated advanced liver disease reflects both the high prevalence of obesity-related fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) and the lack of specific treatments to prevent hepatic steatosis from progressing to more serious forms of liver damage, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, and not fully understood. However, compelling evidence demonstrates that dysregulation of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway is involved in both the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and the progression from hepatic steatosis to more serious forms of liver damage. Inhibiting hedgehog signaling enhances hepatic steatosis, a condition which seldom results in liver-related morbidity or mortality. In contrast, excessive Hh pathway activation promotes development of NASH, cirrhosis, and primary liver cancer, the major causes of liver-related deaths. Thus, suppressing excessive Hh pathway activity is a potential approach to prevent progressive liver damage in NAFLD. Various pharmacologic agents that inhibit Hh signaling are available and approved for cancer therapeutics; more are being developed to optimize the benefits and minimize the risks of inhibiting this pathway. In this review we will describe the Hh pathway, summarize the evidence for its role in NAFLD evolution, and discuss the potential role for Hh pathway inhibitors as therapies to prevent NASH, cirrhosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
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Machado MV, Diehl AM. Hedgehog signalling in liver pathophysiology. J Hepatol 2018; 68:550-562. [PMID: 29107151 PMCID: PMC5957514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide despite recent successes in the field of viral hepatitis, because increases in alcohol consumption and obesity are fuelling an epidemic of chronic fatty liver disease for which there are currently no effective medical therapies. About 20% of individuals with chronic liver injury ultimately develop end-stage liver disease due to cirrhosis. Hence, treatments to prevent and reverse cirrhosis in individuals with ongoing liver injury are desperately needed. The development of successful treatments requires an improved understanding of the mechanisms controlling liver disease progression. The liver responds to diverse insults with a conserved wound healing response, suggesting that it might be generally beneficial to optimise pathways that are crucial for effective liver repair. The Hedgehog pathway has emerged as a potential target based on compelling preclinical and clinical data, which demonstrate that it critically regulates the liver's response to injury. Herein, we will summarise evidence of the Hedgehog pathway's role in liver disease and discuss how modulating pathway activity might be applied to improve liver disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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63
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Gao L, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Yu M, Yang T. Role of canonical Hedgehog signaling pathway in liver. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1636-1644. [PMID: 30416378 PMCID: PMC6216024 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role in embryonic development. It becomes reactivated in many types of acute and chronic liver injuries. Hh signaling is required for liver regeneration, regulates capillarisation, controls the fates of hepatic stellate cells, promotes liver fibrosis and liver cancers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of canonical Hh signaling pathway in adult liver. This help to understand the pathogenesis of liver diseases and find out the new effective targeted therapeutic strategies for liver diseases treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Department of general surgery, Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Minghua Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Minghua Yu, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68030812; E-mail: and Dr. Tao Yang, Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68036516; E-mail:
| | - Tao Yang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Minghua Yu, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68030812; E-mail: and Dr. Tao Yang, Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68036516; E-mail:
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Shen X, Peng Y, Li H. The Injury-Related Activation of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Modulates the Repair-Associated Inflammation in Liver Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1450. [PMID: 29163520 PMCID: PMC5681491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound healing response initiated by inflammation responding for different iterative parenchymal damages caused by diverse etiologies. Immune cells, which exert their ability of either inducing injury or promoting repair, have been regarded as crucial participants in the fibrogenic response. A characteristic feature of the fibrotic microenvironment associated with chronic liver injury is aberrant activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Growing evidence from a number of different studies in vivo and in vitro has indicated that immune-mediated events involved in liver fibrogenesis are regulated by Hh signaling pathway. In this review, we emphasize the impacts of injury-activated Hh signaling on liver fibrogenesis through modulating repair-related inflammation and focus on the regulatory action of aberrant Hh signaling on repair-related inflammatory responses mediated by hepatic classical and non-classical immune cell populations in the progression of liver fibrosis. Moreover, we also assess the potentiality of Hh pathway inhibitors as good candidates for anti-fibrotic therapeutic agents because of their immune regulation actions for fibrogenic liver repair. The identification of immune-modulatory mechanisms of Hh signaling pathway underlying the fibrotic process of chronic liver diseases might provide a basis for Hh-centered therapeutic strategies for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Information Engineering, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanmin Li
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Hedgehog signaling inhibitor GANT61 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated protective autophagy in hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:487-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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66
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Moon H, Ju HL, Chung SI, Cho KJ, Eun JW, Nam SW, Han KH, Calvisi DF, Ro SW. Transforming Growth Factor-β Promotes Liver Tumorigenesis in Mice via Up-regulation of Snail. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1378-1391.e6. [PMID: 28734833 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) suppresses early stages of tumorigenesis, but also contributes to migration and metastasis of cancer cells. A large number of human tumors contain mutations that inactivate its receptors, or downstream proteins such as Smad transcription factors, indicating that the TGF-β signaling pathway prevents tumor growth. We investigated the effects of TGF-β inhibition on liver tumorigenesis in mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice received hydrodynamic tail-vein injections of transposons encoding HRASG12V and a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to down-regulate p53, or those encoding HRASG12V and MYC, or those encoding HRASG12V and TAZS89A, to induce liver tumor formation; mice were also given injections of transposons encoding SMAD7 or shRNA against SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, or SNAI1 (Snail), with or without ectopic expression of Snail. Survival times were compared, and livers were weighted and examined for tumors. Liver tumor tissues were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, RNA sequencing, immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. We analyzed gene expression levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma samples deposited in The Cancer Genome Atlas. A cell proliferation assay was performed using human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7) stably expressing Snail or shRNA against Snail. RESULTS TGF-β inhibition via overexpression of SMAD7 (or knockdown of SMAD2, SMAD3, or SMAD4) consistently reduced formation and growth of liver tumors in mice that expressed activated RAS plus shRNA against p53, or in mice that expressed activated RAS and TAZ. TGF-β signaling activated transcription of the Snail gene in liver tumors induced by HRASG12V and shRNA against p53, and by activated RAS and TAZ. Knockdown of Snail reduced liver tumor formation in both tumor models. Ectopic expression of Snail restored liver tumorigenesis suppressed by disruption of TGF-β signaling. In human hepatocellular carcinoma, Snail expression correlated with TGF-β activation. Ectopic expression of Snail increased cellular proliferation, whereas Snail knockdown led to reduced proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS In analyses of transgenic mice, we found TGF-β signaling to be required for formation of liver tumors upon expression of activated RAS and shRNA down-regulating p53, and upon expression of activated RAS and TAZ. Snail is the TGF-β target that is required for hepatic tumorigenesis in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Moon
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Ju
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sook In Chung
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Cho
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyub Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon Weonsang Ro
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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67
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Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:27-42. [PMID: 28506744 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progressive liver fibrosis, induced by chronic viral and metabolic disorders, leads to more than one million deaths annually via development of cirrhosis, although no antifibrotic therapy has been approved to date. Transdifferentiation (or "activation") of hepatic stellate cells is the major cellular source of matrix protein-secreting myofibroblasts, the major driver of liver fibrogenesis. Paracrine signals from injured epithelial cells, fibrotic tissue microenvironment, immune and systemic metabolic dysregulation, enteric dysbiosis, and hepatitis viral products can directly or indirectly induce stellate cell activation. Dysregulated intracellular signaling, epigenetic changes, and cellular stress response represent candidate targets to deactivate stellate cells by inducing reversion to inactivated state, cellular senescence, apoptosis, and/or clearance by immune cells. Cell type- and target-specific pharmacological intervention to therapeutically induce the deactivation will enable more effective and less toxic precision antifibrotic therapies.
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Cervello M, Augello G, Cusimano A, Emma MR, Balasus D, Azzolina A, McCubrey JA, Montalto G. Pivotal roles of glycogen synthase-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 65:59-76. [PMID: 28619606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, and represents the second most frequently cancer and third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. At advanced stage, HCC is a highly aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis and with very limited response to common therapies. Therefore, there is still the need for new effective and well-tolerated therapeutic strategies. Molecular-targeted therapies hold promise for HCC treatment. One promising molecular target is the multifunctional serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). The roles of GSK-3β in HCC remain controversial, several studies suggested a possible role of GSK-3β as a tumor suppressor gene in HCC, whereas, other studies indicate that GSK-3β is a potential therapeutic target for this neoplasia. In this review, we will focus on the different roles that GSK-3 plays in HCC and its interaction with signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC, such as Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF), Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog (HH), and TGF-β pathways. In addition, the pivotal roles of GSK3 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Augello
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Emma
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Balasus
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Azzolina
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy; Biomedic Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DiBiMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Li J, Zhang Q, Fan X, Mo W, Dai W, Feng J, Wu L, Liu T, Li S, Xu S, Wang W, Lu X, Yu Q, Chen K, Xia Y, Lu J, Zhou Y, Xu L, Guo C. The long noncoding RNA TUG1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate the Hedgehog pathway by targeting miR-132 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65932-65945. [PMID: 29029483 PMCID: PMC5630383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that the Hedgehog pathway and the long noncoding RNA TUG1 play pivotal roles in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in tumors. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of TUG1 and the Hedgehog pathway in hepatoma remains undefined. In the present study, we showed that the expression of TUG1 was negatively correlated with that of microRNA (miR)-132, and depletion of TUG1 inhibited the activation of the Hedgehog pathway in vitro and in vivo. We showed that TUG1 functions as a competing endogenous (ceRNA) by competing with miR-132 for binding to the sonic hedgehog protein in HCC, thereby suppressing the activation of Hedgehog signaling and its tumorigenic effect. These data indicate that targeting the TUG1-miR132-Hedgehog network could be a new strategy for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qinghui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Wenhui Mo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shizan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth Hospital School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiya Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth Hospital School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yujing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic process characterized by the net accumulation of extracellular matrix resulting from chronic liver injury of any aetiology, including viral infection, alcoholic liver disease and NASH. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) - transdifferentiation of quiescent, vitamin-A-storing cells into proliferative, fibrogenic myofibroblasts - is now well established as a central driver of fibrosis in experimental and human liver injury. Yet, the continued discovery of novel pathways and mediators, including autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, retinol and cholesterol metabolism, epigenetics and receptor-mediated signals, reveals the complexity of HSC activation. Extracellular signals from resident and inflammatory cells including macrophages, hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, platelets and B cells further modulate HSC activation. Finally, pathways of HSC clearance have been greatly clarified, and include apoptosis, senescence and reversion to an inactivated state. Collectively, these findings reinforce the remarkable complexity and plasticity of HSC activation, and underscore the value of clarifying its regulation in hopes of advancing the development of novel diagnostics and therapies for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tsuchida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1123, New York, New York 10029, USA.,Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1123, New York, New York 10029, USA
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NAFLD as a Sexual Dimorphic Disease: Role of Gender and Reproductive Status in the Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Inherent Cardiovascular Risk. Adv Ther 2017; 34:1291-1326. [PMID: 28526997 PMCID: PMC5487879 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spans steatosis through nonalcoholic steatohepatis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with striking systemic features and excess cardiovascular and liver-related mortality. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and multifactorial. Endocrine derangements are closely linked with dysmetabolic traits. For example, in animal and human studies, female sex is protected from dysmetabolism thanks to young individuals’ ability to partition fatty acids towards ketone body production rather than very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol, and to sex-specific browning of white adipose tissue. Ovarian senescence facilitates both the development of massive hepatic steatosis and the fibrotic progression of liver disease in an experimental overfed zebrafish model. Consistently, estrogen deficiency, by potentiating hepatic inflammatory changes, hastens the progression of disease in a dietary model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) developing in ovariectomized mice fed a high-fat diet. In humans, NAFLD more often affects men; and premenopausal women are equally protected from developing NAFLD as they are from cardiovascular disease. It would be expected that early menarche, definitely associated with estrogen activation, would produce protection against the risk of NAFLD. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that early menarche may confer an increased risk of NAFLD in adulthood, excess adiposity being the primary culprit of this association. Fertile age may be associated with more severe hepatocyte injury and inflammation, but also with a decreased risk of liver fibrosis compared to men and postmenopausal status. Later in life, ovarian senescence is strongly associated with severe steatosis and fibrosing NASH, which may occur in postmenopausal women. Estrogen deficiency is deemed to be responsible for these findings via the development of postmenopausal metabolic syndrome. Estrogen supplementation may at least theoretically protect from NAFLD development and progression, as suggested by some studies exploring the effect of hormonal replacement therapy on postmenopausal women, but the variable impact of different sex hormones in NAFLD (i.e., the pro-inflammatory effect of progesterone) should be carefully considered.
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Lu C, Xu W, Shao J, Zhang F, Chen A, Zheng S. Blockade of hedgehog pathway is required for the protective effects of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate against ethanol-induced hepatocyte steatosis and apoptosis. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:540-552. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Wenxuan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Saint Louis University; St Louis MO USA
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
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Zhao S, Zhang Z, Yao Z, Shao J, Chen A, Zhang F, Zheng S. Tetramethylpyrazine attenuates sinusoidal angiogenesis via inhibition of hedgehog signaling in liver fibrosis. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:115-127. [PMID: 28112475 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that hedgehog signaling plays a pivotal role in pathological angiogenesis and is involved in wound-healing responses in a number of adult tissues, including the liver. We previously demonstrated that hedgehog signaling promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on hedgehog signaling and to further examine the molecular mechanisms of TMP-induced antiangiogenesic effects in liver fibrosis. We found that TMP ameliorated the expression of proangiogenic markers vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGF-R2), platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), platelet-derived growth factor-β receptor (PDGF-βR) and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), concomitant with reduced abundance of endothelial markers platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31), CD34 and von willebrand factor in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, TMP attenuated the abundance of sonic hedgehog, smoothened (Smo) and glioblastoma but increased the expression of hedgehog-interacting protein in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, which was underlying mechanism for the antiangiogenesic activity of TMP. Downregulation of Smo activity, using selective Smo inhibitor cyclopamine, lead to a synergistic effect with TMP, whereas Smo overexpression plasmid impaired the induction of antiangiogenesic effects of TMP. Overall, these results provide novel implications to reveal the molecular mechanism of TMP-inhibited liver sinusoidal angiogenesis, by which points to the possibility of using TMP-based antiangiogenic drugs for the treatment of liver fibrosis. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(2):115-127, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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75
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a major cause of cirrhosis and liver-related deaths worldwide. NASH is strongly associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, conditions that cause lipid accumulation in hepatocytes (hepatic steatosis). It is not well understood why some, but not other, individuals with hepatic steatosis develop NASH. The factors that determine whether or not NASH progresses to cirrhosis are also unclear. This review summarizes key components of NASH pathogenesis and discusses how inherent and acquired variations in regulation of these processes impact the risk for NASH and NASH cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710;
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76
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Li W, Miao S, Miao M, Li R, Cao X, Zhang K, Huang G, Fu B. Hedgehog Signaling Activation in Hepatic Stellate Cells Promotes Angiogenesis and Vascular Mimicry in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2016; 34:424-430. [PMID: 27657189 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1227442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that hedgehog (Hh) signaling mediates tumor-stroma interaction and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Here, we demonstrated that activation of Hh signaling in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX-2 by Huh-7-derived sonic Hh led to increased secretion of angiogenic factors and promoted angiogenesis in vitro. The activated LX-2 also enhanced vascular mimicry of hepatoma cells. Furthermore, co-injection of Huh-7 and LX-2 significantly accelerated tumor growth with enhanced angiogenesis compared with Huh-7 alone, which could be partly abrogated by Hh signaling inhibitor. Collectively, our data showed that paracrine Hh signaling mediated pro-angiogenic function of HSC and enhanced hepatoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Shuanlin Miao
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Manyuan Miao
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Renshuan Li
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Xiaopeng Cao
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Kun Zhang
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Genzuan Huang
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
| | - Bin Fu
- a Department of Surgical Oncology , Xianyang Hospital of Yan'an University , Xianyang, Shannxi , China
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77
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Granato M, Zompetta C, Vescarelli E, Rizzello C, Cardi A, Valia S, Antonelli G, Marchese C, Torrisi MR, Faggioni A, Cirone M. HCV derived from sera of HCV-infected patients induces pro-fibrotic effects in human primary fibroblasts by activating GLI2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30649. [PMID: 27476557 PMCID: PMC4967919 DOI: 10.1038/srep30649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver fibrosis, especially in developing countries. The process is characterized by the excess accumulation of ECM that may lead, over time, to hepatic cirrhosis, liver failure and also to hepatocarcinoma. The direct role of HCV in promoting fibroblasts trans-differentiation into myofibroblasts, the major fibrogenic cells, has not been fully clarified. In this study, we found that HCV derived from HCV-infected patients infected and directly induced the trans-differentiation of human primary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, promoting fibrogenesis. This effect correlated with the activation of GLI2, one of the targets of Hedgehog signaling pathway previously reported to be involved in myofibroblast generation. Moreover, GLI2 activation by HCV correlated with a reduction of autophagy in fibroblasts, that may further promoted fibrosis. GLI2 inhibition by Gant 61 counteracted the pro-fibrotic effects and autophagy inhibition mediated by HCV, suggesting that targeting HH/GLI2 pathway might represent a promising strategy to reduce the HCV-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Granato
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Zompetta
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - E Vescarelli
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Rizzello
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - A Cardi
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - S Valia
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - G Antonelli
- Dept. of Molecular medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - C Marchese
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M R Torrisi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Dept. Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Sant' Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - A Faggioni
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M Cirone
- Dept. of Experimental medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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78
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Zhou D, Tan RJ, Liu Y. Sonic hedgehog signaling in kidney fibrosis: a master communicator. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:920-9. [PMID: 27333788 PMCID: PMC5540157 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog signaling cascade is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates multiple aspects of embryonic development and plays a decisive role in tissue homeostasis. As the best studied member of three hedgehog ligands, sonic hedgehog (Shh) is known to be associated with kidney development and tissue repair after various insults. Recent studies uncover an intrinsic link between dysregulated Shh signaling and renal fibrogenesis. In various types of chronic kidney disease (CKD), Shh is upregulated specifically in renal tubular epithelium but targets interstitial fibroblasts, thereby mediating a dynamic epithelial- mesenchymal communication (EMC). Tubule-derived Shh acts as a growth factor for interstitial fibroblasts and controls a hierarchy of fibrosis-related genes, which lead to the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in renal interstitium. In this review, we recapitulate the principle of Shh signaling, its activation and regulation in a variety of kidney diseases. We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which Shh promotes renal fibrosis and assess the efficacy of blocking this signaling in preclinical settings. Continuing these lines of investigations will provide novel opportunities for designing effective therapies to improve CKD prognosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Roderick J Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Youhua Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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79
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Verdelho Machado M, Diehl AM. Role of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in NASH. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E857. [PMID: 27258259 PMCID: PMC4926391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the number one cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world. Although only a minority of patients will ultimately develop end-stage liver disease, it is not yet possible to efficiently predict who will progress and, most importantly, effective treatments are still unavailable. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease is necessary to improve the clinical management of NAFLD patients. Epidemiological data indicate that NAFLD prognosis is determined by an individual's response to lipotoxic injury, rather than either the severity of exposure to lipotoxins, or the intensity of liver injury. The liver responds to injury with a synchronized wound-healing response. When this response is abnormal, it leads to pathological scarring, resulting in progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis, rather than repair. The hedgehog pathway is a crucial player in the wound-healing response. In this review, we summarize the pre-clinical and clinical evidence, which demonstrate the role of hedgehog pathway dysregulation in NAFLD pathogenesis, and the preliminary data that place the hedgehog pathway as a potential target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHLN), Lisboa 1649-035, Portugal.
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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