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Johnstone TC, Suntharalingam K, Lippard SJ. The Next Generation of Platinum Drugs: Targeted Pt(II) Agents, Nanoparticle Delivery, and Pt(IV) Prodrugs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3436-86. [PMID: 26865551 PMCID: PMC4792284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1660] [Impact Index Per Article: 207.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The platinum drugs, cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, prevail in the treatment of cancer, but new platinum agents have been very slow to enter the clinic. Recently, however, there has been a surge of activity, based on a great deal of mechanistic information, aimed at developing nonclassical platinum complexes that operate via mechanisms of action distinct from those of the approved drugs. The use of nanodelivery devices has also grown, and many different strategies have been explored to incorporate platinum warheads into nanomedicine constructs. In this Review, we discuss these efforts to create the next generation of platinum anticancer drugs. The introduction provides the reader with a brief overview of the use, development, and mechanism of action of the approved platinum drugs to provide the context in which more recent research has flourished. We then describe approaches that explore nonclassical platinum(II) complexes with trans geometry or with a monofunctional coordination mode, polynuclear platinum(II) compounds, platinum(IV) prodrugs, dual-threat agents, and photoactivatable platinum(IV) complexes. Nanoparticles designed to deliver platinum(IV) complexes will also be discussed, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, upconversion nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles. Additional nanoformulations, including supramolecular self-assembled structures, proteins, peptides, metal-organic frameworks, and coordination polymers, will then be described. Finally, the significant clinical progress made by nanoparticle formulations of platinum(II) agents will be reviewed. We anticipate that such a synthesis of disparate research efforts will not only help to generate new drug development ideas and strategies, but also will reflect our optimism that the next generation of approved platinum cancer drugs is about to arrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Stephen J Lippard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Raveendran R, Braude JP, Wexselblatt E, Novohradsky V, Stuchlikova O, Brabec V, Gandin V, Gibson D. Pt(iv) derivatives of cisplatin and oxaliplatin with phenylbutyrate axial ligands are potent cytotoxic agents that act by several mechanisms of action. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2381-2391. [PMID: 29997781 PMCID: PMC6003606 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04205d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pt(iv) derivative of cisplatin, ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2], is a p53 independent very potent cytotoxic agent that kills cancer cells by triggering various cellular pathways.
Our study demonstrates that Pt(iv) derivative of cisplatin, with two axial PhB ligands, ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2], is a very potent cytotoxic agent against many different human cancer cell lines and is up to 100 fold more potent than cisplatin, and significantly more potent than the Pt(iv) derivatives of cisplatin with either two hydroxido, two acetato or two valproato ligands. The high potency of this compound (and some others) is due to several factors including enhanced internalization, probably driven by “synergistic accumulation” of both the Pt moiety and the phenylbutyrate, that correlates with enhanced DNA binding and cytotoxicity. ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2] inhibits 60–70% HDAC activity in cancer cells, at levels below the IC50 values of PhB, suggesting synergism between Pt and PhB. Mechanistically, ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2] induces activation of caspases (3 and 9) triggering apoptotic signaling via the mitochondrial pathway. Data also suggest that the antiproliferative effect of ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2] may not depend of p53. Pt(iv) derivatives of cisplatin with either two axial PhB or valproate ligands are more potent than their oxaliplatin analogs. ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(PhB)2Cl2] is significantly more potent than its valproate analog ctc-[Pt(NH3)2(VPA)2Cl2]. These compounds combine multiple effects such as efficient uptake of both Pt and PhB with DNA binding, HDAC inhibition and activation of caspases to effectively kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Raveendran
- Institute for Drug Research , School of Pharmacy , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , 91120 , Israel
| | - Jeremy Phillip Braude
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Universita di Padova , Via Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Ezequiel Wexselblatt
- Institute for Drug Research , School of Pharmacy , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , 91120 , Israel
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- Institute of Biophysics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Olga Stuchlikova
- Institute of Biophysics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Biophysics , Faculty of Science , Palacky University , 17. listopadu 12 , CZ-77146 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Universita di Padova , Via Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Dan Gibson
- Institute for Drug Research , School of Pharmacy , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , 91120 , Israel
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Zajac J, Kostrhunova H, Novohradsky V, Vrana O, Raveendran R, Gibson D, Kasparkova J, Brabec V. Potentiation of mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor cells by conjugates of metabolic modulator dichloroacetate with a Pt(IV) derivative of oxaliplatin. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 156:89-97. [PMID: 26780576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms of enhanced toxic effects in tumor cells of the Pt(IV) derivatives of antitumor oxaliplatin containing axial dichloroacetate (DCA) ligands were investigated. DCA ligands were chosen because DCA has shown great potential as an apoptosis sensitizer and anticancer agent reverting the Wartburg effect. In addition, DCA reverses mitochondrial changes in a wide range of cancers, promoting tumor cell apoptosis in a mitochondrial-dependent pathway. We demonstrate that (i) the transformation of oxaliplatin to its Pt(IV) derivatives containing axial DCA ligands markedly enhances toxicity in cancer cells and helps overcome inherent and acquired resistance to cisplatin and oxaliplatin; (ii) a significant fraction of the intact molecules of DCA conjugates with Pt(IV) derivative of oxaliplatin accumulates in cancer cells where it releases free DCA; (iii) mechanism of biological action of the Pt(IV) derivatives of oxaliplatin containing DCA ligands is connected with the effects of DCA released in cancer cells from the Pt(IV) prodrugs on mitochondria and metabolism of glucose; (iv) treatments with the Pt(IV) derivatives of oxaliplatin containing DCA ligands activate an autophagic response in human colorectal cancer cells; (v) the toxic effects in cancer cells of the Pt(IV) derivatives of oxaliplatin containing DCA ligands can be potentiated if cells are treated with these prodrugs in combination with 5-fluorouracil. These properties of the Pt(IV) derivatives of oxaliplatin containing DCA ligands provide opportunities for further development of new platinum-based agents with the capability of killing cancer cells resistant to conventional antitumor platinum drugs used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Zajac
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Vrana
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Raji Raveendran
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dan Gibson
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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54
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Kasparkova J, Kostrhunova H, Novakova O, Křikavová R, Vančo J, Trávníček Z, Brabec V. A Photoactivatable Platinum(IV) Complex Targeting Genomic DNA and Histone Deacetylases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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55
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Kasparkova J, Kostrhunova H, Novakova O, Křikavová R, Vančo J, Trávníček Z, Brabec V. A Photoactivatable Platinum(IV) Complex Targeting Genomic DNA and Histone Deacetylases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14478-82. [PMID: 26458068 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report toxic effects of a photoactivatable platinum(IV) complex conjugated with suberoyl-bis-hydroxamic acid in tumor cells. The conjugate exerts, after photoactivation, two functions: activity as both a platinum(II) anticancer drug and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor in cancer cells. This approach relies on the use of a Pt(IV) pro-drug, acting by two independent mechanisms of biological action in a cooperative manner, which can be selectively photoactivated to a cytotoxic species in and around a tumor, thereby increasing selectivity towards cancer cells. These results suggest that this strategy is a valuable route to design new platinum agents with higher efficacy for photodynamic anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic).
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Olga Novakova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Radka Křikavová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Ján Vančo
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic).,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
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56
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Novel delivery approaches for cancer therapeutics. J Control Release 2015; 219:248-268. [PMID: 26456750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a majority of cancer treatment strategies are based on the removal of tumor mass mainly by surgery. Chemical and physical treatments such as chemo- and radiotherapies have also made a major contribution in inhibiting rapid growth of malignant cells. Furthermore, these approaches are often combined to enhance therapeutic indices. It is widely known that surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy also inhibit normal cells growth. In addition, these treatment modalities are associated with severe side effects and high toxicity which in turn lead to low quality of life. This review encompasses novel strategies for more effective chemotherapeutic delivery aiming to generate better prognosis. Currently, cancer treatment is a highly dynamic field and significant advances are being made in the development of novel cancer treatment strategies. In contrast to conventional cancer therapeutics, novel approaches such as ligand or receptor based targeting, triggered release, intracellular drug targeting, gene delivery, cancer stem cell therapy, magnetic drug targeting and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery, have added new modalities for cancer treatment. These approaches have led to selective detection of malignant cells leading to their eradication with minimal side effects. Lowering multi-drug resistance and involving influx transportation in targeted drug delivery to cancer cells can also contribute significantly in the therapeutic interventions in cancer.
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57
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Han X, Sun J, Wang Y, He Z. Recent Advances in Platinum (IV) Complex-Based Delivery Systems to Improve Platinum (II) Anticancer Therapy. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1268-99. [PMID: 26280923 DOI: 10.1002/med.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin and its platinum (Pt) (II) derivatives play a key role in the fight against various human cancers such as testicular, ovarian, head and neck, lung tumors. However, their application in clinic is limited due to dose- dependent toxicities and acquired drug resistances, which have prompted extensive research effort toward the development of more effective Pt (II) delivery strategies. The synthesis of Pt (IV) complex is one such an area of intense research fields, which involves their in vivo conversion into active Pt (II) molecules under the reducing intracellular environment, and has demonstrated encouraging preclinical and clinical outcomes. Compared with Pt (II) complexes, Pt (IV) complexes not only exhibit an increased stability and reduced side effects, but also facilitate the intravenous-to-oral switch in cancer chemotherapy. The overview briefly analyzes statuses of Pt (II) complex that are in clinical use, and then focuses on the development of Pt (IV) complexes. Finally, recent advances in Pt (IV) complexes in combination with nanocarriers are highlighted, addressing the shortcomings of Pt (IV) complexes, such as their instability in blood and irreversibly binding to plasma proteins and nonspecific distribution, and taking advantage of passive and active targeting effect to improve Pt (II) anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
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58
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Target-selective delivery and activation of platinum-based anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:911-27. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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59
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Ravera M, Gabano E, Zanellato I, Bonarrigo I, Alessio M, Arnesano F, Galliani A, Natile G, Osella D. Cellular trafficking, accumulation and DNA platination of a series of cisplatin-based dicarboxylato Pt(IV) prodrugs. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 150:1-8. [PMID: 26042542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of Pt(IV) anticancer prodrug candidates, having the equatorial arrangement of cisplatin and bearing two aliphatic carboxylato axial ligands, has been investigated to prove the relationship between lipophilicity, cellular accumulation, DNA platination and antiproliferative activity on the cisplatin-sensitive A2780 ovarian cancer cell line. Unlike cisplatin, no facilitated influx/efflux mechanism appears to operate in the case of the Pt(IV) complexes under investigation, thus indicating that they enter by passive diffusion. While Pt(IV) complexes having lipophilicity comparable to that of cisplatin (negative values of log Po/w) exhibit a cellular accumulation similar to that of cisplatin, the most lipophilic complexes of the series show much higher cellular accumulation (stemming from enhanced passive diffusion), accompanied by greater DNA platination and cell growth inhibition. Even if the Pt(IV) complexes are removed from the culture medium in the recovery process, the level of DNA platination remains very high and persistent in time, indicating efficient storing of the complexes and poor detoxification efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ravera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gabano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanellato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonarrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Manuela Alessio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Fabio Arnesano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Galliani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Osella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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60
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Qi L, Lu Z, Lang WH, Guo L, Ma CG, Sun GH. Binding of a potential anti-hepatoma drug cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(O2CCH2CH2COOH)-(OCONHC16H33)] with serum albumin – thermodynamic and conformational investigations. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A potential anti-cancer compound with high activity was synthesized and its binding properties with human serum albumin were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Clinical College of Weifang Medical University
- Weifang 261031
- China
| | - Zhong Lu
- Clinical College of Weifang Medical University
- Weifang 261031
- China
| | - Wen-hua Lang
- Clinical College of Weifang Medical University
- Weifang 261031
- China
| | - Lu Guo
- Clinical College of Weifang Medical University
- Weifang 261031
- China
| | - Chang-geng Ma
- Clinical College of Weifang Medical University
- Weifang 261031
- China
| | - Guang-hong Sun
- Clinical College of Weifang Medical University
- Weifang 261031
- China
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61
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Petrelli R, Meli M, Vita P, Torquati I, Ferro A, Vodnala M, D'Alessandro N, Tolomeo M, Del Bello F, Kusumanchi P, Franchetti P, Grifantini M, Jayaram HN, Hofer A, Cappellacci L. From the covalent linkage of drugs to novel inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase: synthesis and biological evaluation of valproic esters of 3'-C-methyladenosine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5304-9. [PMID: 25304896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a series of serum-stable covalently linked drugs derived from 3'-C-methyladenosine (3'-Me-Ado) and valproic acid (VPA), which are ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, respectively. While the combination of free VPA and 3'-Me-Ado resulted in a clear synergistic apoptotic effect, the conjugates had lost their HDAC inhibitory effect as well as the corresponding apoptotic activity. Two of the analogs, 2',5'-bis-O-valproyl-3'-C-methyladenosine (A160) and 5'-O-valproyl-3'-C-methyladenosine (A167), showed promising cytotoxic activities against human hematological and solid cancer cell lines. A167 was less potent than A160 but had interesting features as an RR inhibitor. It inhibited RR activity by competing with ATP as an allosteric effector and concomitantly reduced the intracellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools. A167 represents a novel lead compound, which in contrast to previously used RR nucleoside analogs does not require intracellular kinases for its activity and therefore holds promise against drug resistant tumors with downregulated nucleoside kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Meli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno-Infantile-Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vita
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Torquati
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Arianna Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno-Infantile-Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Munender Vodnala
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Natale D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno-Infantile-Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Manlio Tolomeo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Oncologia Clinica, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Università di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Praveen Kusumanchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Palmarisa Franchetti
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Mario Grifantini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Hiremagalur N Jayaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anders Hofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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