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Zhang LQ, Wang J, Li T, Li PY, Wang YH, Yang M, Liu JP, Liu JH. Determination of the chemical components and phospholipids of velvet antler using UPLC/QTOF-MS coupled with UNIFI software. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3789-3799. [PMID: 30988765 PMCID: PMC6447902 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Velvet antler, which exhibits immune and growth enhancing effects, is commonly used in a variety of Asian health care products, but its complex components remain unknown. The current study analyzed extracts using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry in the MSE mode. Automated detection and data filtering were performed using UNIFI software and peaks were compared with a proprietary scientific library (Traditional Medicine Library; TML). The results obtained using different data processing parameters (including 3D peak detection, target by mass and fragment identification) were evaluated against 87 compounds comprising 1 lignan, 30 terpenoids (including 20 triterpenes), 39 steroids, 8 alkaloids, 4 organic acids and 5 esters in the TML. Using a screening method with a mass accuracy cutoff of ±2 mDa, a retention time cutoff of ±0.2 min, a minimum response threshold of 1,000 counts and an average of 10 false detects per sample analysis, 16 phospholipids were identified in the extracts of velvet antler, three of which were quantified. The results demonstrated that there was 1.07±0.02 µg/g of 1-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 7.05±0.52 ng/g of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 18.81±0.55 ng/g of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in velvet antler. The current study successfully identified certain components of velvet antler. Furthermore, the results may provide an experimental basis for further pharmacological and clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ya Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hua Wang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Miao Yang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ping Liu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Hua Liu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Gong RZ, Wang YH, Gao K, Zhang L, Liu C, Wang ZS, Wang YF, Sun YS. Quantification of Furosine (Nε-(2-Furoylmethyl)-l-lysine) in Different Parts of Velvet Antler with Various Processing Methods and Factors Affecting Its Formation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071255. [PMID: 30935092 PMCID: PMC6479359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Furosine (Nε-(2-furoylmethyl)-l-lysine) is formed during the early stages of the Maillard reaction from a lysine Amadori compound and is frequently used as a marker of reaction progress. Furosine is toxic, with significant effects on animal livers, kidneys, and other organs. However, reports on the formation of furosine in processed velvet antler are scarce. In this study, we have quantified the furosine content in processed velvet antler by using UPLC-MS/MS. The furosine contents of velvet antler after freeze-drying, boiling, and processing without and with blood were 148.51–193.93, 168.10–241.22, 60.29–80.33, and 115.18–138.99 mg/kg protein, respectively. The factors affecting furosine formation in processed velvet antler, including reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, and process temperature, are discussed herein. Proteins, amino acids, and reducing sugars are substrates for the Maillard reaction and most significantly influence the furosine content in the processed velvet antler. High temperatures induce the production of furosine in boiled velvet antler but not in the freeze-dried samples, whereas more furosine is produced in velvet antler processed with blood, which is rich in proteins, amino acids, and reducing sugars, than in the samples processed without blood. Finally, wax slices rich in proteins, amino acids, and reducing sugars produced more furosine than the other parts of the velvet antler. These data provide a reference for guiding the production of low-furosine velvet antler and can be used to estimate the consumer intake of furosine from processed velvet antler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ze Gong
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Yan-Hua Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
- College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Kun Gao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
- College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Ze-Shuai Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Yu-Fang Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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Guo XH, Cheng XL, Liu WX, Li MH, Wei F, Ma SC. Identification of velvet antler and its mixed varieties by UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with principal component analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 165:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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54
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Yao B, Zhang M, Leng X, Zhao D. Proteomic analysis of the effects of antler extract on chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1635-1648. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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55
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Moose and Caribou as Novel Sources of Functional Lipids: Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids, Diglycerides and Monoacetyldiglycerides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020232. [PMID: 30634564 PMCID: PMC6359430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), diglycerides (DG) and monoacetyldiglycerides (MAcDG) are gaining interest as functional lipids in pharmaceuticals and functional food formulations for managing and treating metabolic or inflammatory diseases. Herein, we investigated whether the antler and/or meat of two Cervids (moose and caribou) are novel sources of FAHFA, DG and MAcDG. We observed FAHFA present in moose and caribou composed mainly of polyunsaturated families, and that the esterification occurred frequently at the C5-hydroxy fatty acid moiety, most noticeably arachidonic acid 5-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (ARA-5-HERA). Moose antler, caribou and moose meat also contained significant levels of both 1,2-DG and 1,3-DG lipids. The 1,3-DG molecular species consisted mainly of 16:0/18:1, 18:0/16:0, and 18:0/18:1. On the other hand, major 1,2-DG species consisted of DG 18:0/18:0, 16:0/16:0 and 18:1/18:1 molecular species with higher levels in the antler compared to the meat. The molecular species composition of MAcDG was very simple and consisted of 14:2/18:2/2:0, 16:0/18:2/2:0, 16:0/18:1/2:0 and 18:0/18:1/2:0 with the first species 14:2/18:2/2:0 predominating in the tip of moose antlers. Increasing access to and knowledge of the presence of these functional lipids in foods will enhance their intake in the diet with potential implications in improving personal and population health.
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Gong RZ, Wang YH, Wang YF, Chen B, Gao K, Sun YS. Simultaneous Determination of N ε-(carboxymethyl) Lysine and N ε-(carboxyethyl) Lysine in Different Sections of Antler Velvet after Various Processing Methods by UPLC-MS/MS. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123316. [PMID: 30558131 PMCID: PMC6321259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nε-(Carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) and Nε-(carboxyethyl) advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and are frequently used as markers of AGE formation. AGEs, such as CML and CEL, have harmful effects in the human body and have been closely linked to many diseases such as diabetes and uremia. However, details on the contents of CML and CEL after applying different antler velvet processing methods are lacking. In this research, a robust lysine (CEL) are two typical UPLC-MS/MS method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of CML and CEL in various sections of antler velvet processed with different methods. In addition, factors affecting the CML and CEL contents are discussed. The CML contents of antler velvet after freeze-drying, boiling, processing without blood, and processing with blood were 74.55–458.59, 119.44–570.69, 75.36–234.92, and 117.11–456.01 μg/g protein, respectively; the CEL contents were 0.74–12.66, 11.33–35.93, 0.00–6.75, and 0.00–23.41 μg/g protein, respectively. The different contents of CML and CEL in the different samples of antler velvet result from the different interactions of the protein and lysine at different temperatures. These data can be used to estimate the potential consumer intake of CML and CEL from antler velvet and for guiding producers on how to reduce the production of CML and CEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ze Gong
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Yan-Hua Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
- College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Yu-Fang Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Bao Chen
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
- College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Kun Gao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
- College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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Hu P, Wang T, Liu H, Xu J, Wang L, Zhao P, Xing X. Full-length transcriptome and microRNA sequencing reveal the specific gene-regulation network of velvet antler in sika deer with extremely different velvet antler weight. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:431-443. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kuo CY, Cheng YT, Ho ST, Yu CC, Chen MJ. Comparison of anti-inflammatory effect and protein profile between the water extracts from Formosan sambar deer and red deer. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:1275-1282. [PMID: 30249326 PMCID: PMC9298571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Velvet antler (VA), the unossified antler from members of the family Cervidae, has been used in traditional Chinese medicines and health foods for over 2000 years in enhancement of kidney function and treatment or prevention of cardiovascular, immunological and gynaecological disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of velvet antler water extracts from Formosan sambar deer (Rusa unicolor swinhoei, SVAE) and red deer (Cervus elaphus, RVAE). Results indicated that both SVAE and RVAE significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) productions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations above 200 μg mL−1. SVAE seems to demonstrate a better anti-inflammatory effect than that of RVAE in vitro. Both SVAE and RAVE also enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The results of MTT assay indicated that SVAE and RVAE did not exhibit any cytotoxicity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the levels of 6 specific proteins were different between these two velvet antlers samples. Furthermore, the storage period was the major factor affecting the anti-inflammatory activity of SAVE. In this study, we demonstrated the difference of anti-inflammatory effect and the protein profile between SVAE and RVAE. SVAE showed better anti-inflammatory potential than RVAE. In the future, the anti-inflammatory active components and their related mechanisms should be further investigated.
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Wang J, Sun X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Huang C, Yang C, Liu L, Zhang Q. Silk fibroin/collagen/hyaluronic acid scaffold incorporating pilose antler polypeptides microspheres for cartilage tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 94:35-44. [PMID: 30423717 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A silk fibroin/collagen/hyaluronic acid (SF/COL/HA) composite scaffold was prepared via admixing, crosslinking, and lyophilizing processes. We studied its physicochemical and biological properties, such as water absorption, porosity, weight loss, and biocompatibility. The optimal ratio of SF/COL/HA scaffold was 3:6.5:0.5. Then, the optimal ratio of scaffold incorporating pilose antler polypeptides (PAPs)-PLGA microspheres was prepared, and their compatibility was studied. PAP-SF/COL/HA scaffold had favorable adhesion and proliferation. A rabbit cartilage defect model was established. The repair effect of cartilage defects was observed and evaluated among PAP-SF/COL/HA, SF/COL/HA, and sham operation groups. The defects were almost completely repaired after 13 weeks in the PAP-SF/COL/HA group, thereby indicating that the PAP-SF/COL/HA composite had a favorable effect on articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Bote Biotech. Co., Ltd., Fujian 350014, China.
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chenguang Huang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Lingrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Tianjin, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qiqing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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60
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Antler extracts stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and possess potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory properties. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:439-448. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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61
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Zheng K, Fu C, Jiang C, Yue X, Ma S. Water extract of pilose antler can inhibit breast cancer progression of the mouse through modulating its immune system. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1457012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenghao Fu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunying Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiliang Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
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Shin D, Kim EA, Kim YY, Kim MS, Kim JH, Ahn CW, Park SH, Lee KW, Kim JH, Kim JY. Deer Bone Extract Supplementation for Mild-to-Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Med Food 2018; 21:159-166. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun Ae Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Seo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hwa Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
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63
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Yang H, Wang L, Sun H, He X, Zhang J, Liu F. Anticancer activity in vitro and biological safety evaluation in vivo of Sika deer antler protein. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihai Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Medicine, Changchun Science-Technology University; Changchun 130600 China
| | - Hang Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Medicine, Changchun Science-Technology University; Changchun 130600 China
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Xiao X, Li L, Xu S, Mao M, Pan R, Li Y, Wu J, Huang L, Zheng X. Evaluation of velvet antler total protein effect on bone marrow‑derived endothelial progenitor cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3161-3168. [PMID: 28714033 PMCID: PMC5547914 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lu Rong, velvet antler (VA), is a traditional Chinese medicine, which is used as a food supplement and therapeutic drug in China, Japan, Russia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia. The regenerative characteristics of VA have resulted in great research interest, particularly regarding the fields of organ grafting and stem cell differentiation. Various VA proteomic studies verified that proteins act as the primary bioactive components of VA. The present study aimed to investigate if VA proteins (VA-pro) influence endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) viability. Various methods have previously been used to investigate VA-pro, including freeze-drying technology, ultrasonic wave methods, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, EPCs extraction and culture. Results demonstrated that VA-pro promoted EPCs proliferation and migration, particularly at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Furthermore, VA-pro increased the activation level of Notch1 intracellular domain and Hes1, and the level of phosphorylated-Akt and phosphorylated-mechanistic target of rapamycin. VA-pro may therefore affect EPC viability via regulation of the Notch and Akt signaling pathways. The present study revealed the effects and potential molecular mechanism of VA-pro on EPCs, and suggested an association between VA regeneration characteristics and the optimization of EPC viability. These findings may contribute to EPC transplantation research and aid in providing a novel treatment method for vascular diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- National Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiang Xu
- Emergency Office, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Min Mao
- Pharmaceutical Department, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ruiyan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Li Huang
- National Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Zheng
- Department of Senior Official Ward, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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65
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Zhang HL, Yue ZP, Zhang L, Yang ZQ, Geng S, Wang K, Yu HF, Guo B. Expression and regulation of Angiopoietins and their receptor Tie-2 in sika deer antler. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017; 21:177-184. [PMID: 30460067 PMCID: PMC6138322 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1317023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cartilage vascularization and chondrocyte survival are essential for endochondral ossification which occurs in the process of antler growth. Angiopoietins (Ang) is a family of major angiogenic growth factors and involved in regulating the vascularization. However, the expression and regulation of Angs in the antler are still unknown. The aim of this study is to localize the expression of Ang-1, Ang-2 and their receptor Tie-2 in sika deer antler using in situ hybridization and focused on analyzing the regulation of testosterone, estrogen, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9cRA on their expression in antler chondrocytes. The results showed that Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 were highly expressed in antler chondrocytes. Administration of testosterone to antler chondrocytes led to a notable increase in the expression of Ang-1 and Tie-2, and a reduction in the expression of Ang-2. The similar result was also observed after estrogen treatment. In contrast, ATRA and 9cRA could inhibit the expression of Ang-1 in antler chondrocytes and heighten the expression of Ang-2. Simultaneously, ATRA could downregulate the expression of Tie-2 in antler chondrocytes at 12 and 24 h, while 9cRA upregulate the expression of Tie-2 at 3 and 6 h. Collectively, Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 are expressed in antler chondrocytes and their expression can be affected by testosterone, estrogen, ATRA and 9cRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Peng Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Qing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Fan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Ding Y, Wang Y, Jeon BT, Moon SH, Lee SH. Enzymatic hydrolysate from velvet antler suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and attenuates obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:328-339. [PMID: 28507477 PMCID: PMC5427470 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential anti-obesity activity of an enzymatic hydrolysate of velvet antler in inhibiting adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. The enzymatic hydrolysate was prepared using the commercial food grade protease, Protamex. The velvet antler Protamex hydrolysate (VAPH) indicated profound inhibitory effects on adipogenesis dose-dependently by decreasing the accumulation of triglycerides and down-regulating expression levels of adipogenesis-related proteins C/EBPα, SREBP-1, and PPARγ. In a mouse model of HFD-induced obesity, oral administration of VAPH (100 and 300 mg/kg for 13 weeks) significantly reduced the body weight gain that had resulted from the HFD. VAPH treatment also lowered the serum glucose and triglyceride levels, while increasing the HDL-C level. Furthermore, the treatment greatly reduced hepatic lipid droplet accumulation as well as the size of adipocytes. Current findings demonstrate that VAPH has profound anti-obesity effects and could be an effective candidate for preventing obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Ding
- Department of Animal Bio and Applied Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Jilin Sino-Rok Institue of Animal Science, Changchun, 130-600, China
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Moon
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hong Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
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67
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Zang ZJ, Tang HF, Tuo Y, Xing WJ, Ji SY, Gao Y, Deng CH. Effects of velvet antler polypeptide on sexual behavior and testosterone synthesis in aging male mice. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:613-9. [PMID: 26608944 PMCID: PMC4955189 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.166435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four-month-old male C57BL/6 mice with low serum testosterone levels were used as a late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) animal model for examining the effects of velvet antler polypeptide (VAP) on sexual function and testosterone synthesis. These mice received VAP for 5 consecutive weeks by daily gavage at doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg kg−1 body weight per day (n = 10 mice per dose). Control animals (n = 10) received the same weight-based volume of vehicle. Sexual behavior and testosterone levels in serum and interstitial tissue of testis were measured after the last administration of VAP. Furthermore, to investigate the mechanisms of how VAP affects sexual behavior and testosterone synthesis in vivo, the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) in Leydig cells was also measured by immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time PCR. As a result, VAP produced a significant improvement in the sexual function of these aging male mice. Serum testosterone level and intratesticular testosterone (ITT) concentration also increased in the VAP-treated groups. The expression of StAR, P450scc, and 3β-HSD was also found to be enhanced in the VAP-treated groups compared with the control group. Our results suggested that VAP was effective in improving sexual function in aging male mice. The effect of velvet antler on sexual function was due to the increased expression of several rate-limiting enzymes of testosterone synthesis (StAR, P450scc, and 3β-HSD) and the following promotion of testosterone synthesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zang
- Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Feng Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Ying Tuo
- Department of Histopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jie Xing
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Yun Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Reproductive Medicine Centre and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Hua Deng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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68
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Zhu W, Wang H, Zhang W, Xu N, Xu J, Li Y, Liu W, Lv S. Protective effects and plausible mechanisms of antler-velvet polypeptide against hydrogen peroxide induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:610-619. [PMID: 28177676 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Antler velvet polypeptide (VAP) is a prominent bioactive component of antler velvet. Whereas uncharacterized crude extracts have typically been used in pharmacological studies, in this study, the velvet polypeptide was isolated and purified by acid water extraction, ethanol precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation and precipitation, and chromatography, progressively. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were induced with H2O2 followed purified polypeptide treatment. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The apoptosis of cells was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. A cell analyzer was used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined by flow cytometry. Oxidative stress related biochemical parameters were detected, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was examined by Western blot analysis. The results indicated that a 7.0 kDa polypeptide (VAP II) was isolated from antler velvet. VAP II enhanced cell viability, decreased cell apoptosis, reversed depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased ROS levels, inhibited oxidative stress, and regulated the downstream signaling apoptotic cascade expression caused by H2O2. The protective effects of VAP II on HUVECs suggests a potential strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhe Zhu
- a Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Na Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- a Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Wensen Liu
- b Institute of Military Veterinary Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Lv
- a Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
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69
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Suh HJ, Lee H, Min BJ, Jung SU, Jung EY. Effects of gangliosides from deer bone extract on the gene expressions of matrix metalloproteinases and collagen type II in interleukin-1β-induced osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Nutr Res Pract 2016; 10:569-574. [PMID: 27909553 PMCID: PMC5126405 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.6.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We investigated the anti-osteoarthritic effects of deer bone extract on the gene expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen type II (COL2) in interleukin-1β-induced osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS Primary rabbit chondrocytes were treated as follows: CON (PBS treatment), NC (IL-1β treatment), PC (IL-1β + 100 µg/mL glucosamine sulphate/chondroitin sulphate mixture), and DB (IL-1β + 100 µg/mL deer bone extract). RESULTS The results of the cell viability assay indicated that deer bone extract at doses ranging from 100 to 500 µg/mL inhibits cell death in chondrocytes induced by IL-1β. Deer bone extract was able to significantly recover the mRNA expression of COL2 that was down-regulated by IL-1β (NC: 0.79 vs. DB: 0.87, P < 0.05) and significantly decrease the mRNA expression of MMP-3 (NC: 2.24 vs. DB: 1.75) and -13 (NC: 1.28 vs. DB: 0.89) in OA chondrocytes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that deer bone extract induces accumulation of COL2 through the down-regulation of MMPs in IL-1β-induced OA chondrocytes. Our results suggest that deer bone extract, which contains various components related to OA, including chondroitin sulphate, may possess anti-osteoarthritic properties and be of value in inhibiting the pathogenesis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Lotte Confectionery Co. Ltd, Seoul 07207, Korea
| | | | | | - Eun Young Jung
- Department of Home Economic Education, Jeonju University, Cheonjam-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea
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70
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Liu M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ruan R. Bioactive peptides derived from traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese food: A review. Food Res Int 2016; 89:63-73. [PMID: 28460959 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent treat of numerous chronic diseases including heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, which have a significant influence on the health of people worldwide. In addition to numerous preventive and therapeutic drug treatments, important advances have been achieved in the identification of bioactive peptides that may contribute to long-term health. Although bioactive peptides with various biological activities received unprecedented attention, as a new source of bioactive peptides, the significant role of bioactive peptides from traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese food has not fully appreciated compared to other bioactive components. Hence, identification and bioactivity assessment of these peptides could benefit the pharmaceutical and food industry. Furthermore, the functional properties of bioactive peptides help to demystify drug properties and health benefits of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese food. This paper reviews the generation and biofunctional properties of various bioactive peptides derived from traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese food. Mechanisms of digestion, bioavailability of bioactive peptides and interactions between traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese food are also summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Dept. of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Paul 55108, USA
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71
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Zhao L, Mi Y, Guan H, Xu Y, Mei Y. Velvet antler peptide prevents pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis via transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 pathway inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 783:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kim HK, Kim MG, Leem KH. Comparison of the Effect of Velvet Antler from Different Sections on Longitudinal Bone Growth of Adolescent Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:1927534. [PMID: 27382403 PMCID: PMC4921679 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1927534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of velvet antler (VA) from different sections for promoting longitudinal bone growth in growing rats. VA was divided into upper (VAU), middle (VAM), and basal sections (VAB). An in vivo study was performed to examine the effect on longitudinal bone growth in adolescent rats. In addition, in vitro osteogenic activities were examined using osteoblastic MG-63 cells. VA promoted longitudinal bone growth and height of the growth plate in adolescent rats. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in growth plate of VA group was highly expressed compared with control. The anabolic effect of VA on bone was further supported by in vitro study. VA enhanced the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MG-63 cells. The mRNA expressions of osteogenic genes such as collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin were increased by VA treatment. These effects of in vivo and in vitro study were decreased from upper to basal sections of VA. In conclusion, VA treatment promotes longitudinal bone growth in growing rats through enhanced BMP-2 expression, osteogenic activities, and bone matrix gene expressions. In addition, present study provides evidence for the regional differences in the effectiveness of velvet antler for longitudinal bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Food & Biotechnology, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyou Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Leem
- College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea
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73
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Jeon Y, Kim B, Kim JE, Kim BR, Ban S, Jeong JH, Kwon O, Rhie SJ, Ahn CW, Kim JH, Jung SU, Park SH, Lyoo IK, Yoon S. Effects of Ganglioside on Working Memory and the Default Mode Network in Individuals with Subjective Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:489-514. [PMID: 27109158 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined whether the administration of ganglioside, an active ingredient of deer bone extract, can improve working memory performance by increasing gray matter volume and functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) in individuals with subjective cognitive impairment. Seventy-five individuals with subjective cognitive impairment were chosen to receive either ganglioside (330[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/day or 660[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/day) or a placebo for 8 weeks. Changes in working memory performance with treatment of either ganglioside or placebo were assessed as cognitive outcome measures. Using voxel-based morphometry and functional connectivity analyses, changes in gray matter volume and functional connectivity in the DMN were also assessed as brain outcome measures. Improvement in working memory performance was greater in the ganglioside group than in the placebo group. The ganglioside group, relative to the placebo group, showed greater increases in gray matter volume and functional connectivity in the DMN. A significant relationship between increased functional connectivity of the precuneus and improved working memory performance was observed in the ganglioside group. The current findings suggest that ganglioside has cognitive-enhancing effects in individuals with subjective cognitive impairment. Ganglioside-induced increases in gray matter volume and functional connectivity in the DMN may partly be responsible for the potential nootropic effects of ganglioside. The clinical trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02379481).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jieun E Kim
- * Ewha Brain Institute, South Korea.,† Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, South Korea
| | - Bori R Kim
- * Ewha Brain Institute, South Korea.,† Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, South Korea
| | - Soonhyun Ban
- * Ewha Brain Institute, South Korea.,† Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- ¶ Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- ‡ Department of Nutritional Science & Food Management, College of Health Sciences, South Korea
| | - Sandy Jeong Rhie
- § College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Won Ahn
- ∥ Research and Development Center, Nong Shim Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- ∥ Research and Development Center, Nong Shim Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Ug Jung
- ∥ Research and Development Center, Nong Shim Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Park
- ∥ Research and Development Center, Nong Shim Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- * Ewha Brain Institute, South Korea.,† Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, South Korea.,§ College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujung Yoon
- * Ewha Brain Institute, South Korea.,† Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, South Korea
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74
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Lee SH, Yang HW, Ding Y, Wang Y, Jeon YJ, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Sung SH. Anti-inflammatory effects of enzymatic hydrolysates of velvet antler in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro and zebrafish model. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:1122-32. [PMID: 27152107 PMCID: PMC4849106 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis has been successfully used for the extraction of numerous biologically active components from a wide variety of natural sources. In the present study, velvet antler was subjected to the extraction process using Alcalase protease. We analyzed bioactive components, such as uronic acid, sulfated-glycosaminoglycans (sulfated-GAGs), and sialic acid, present in the velvet antler Alcalase hydrolysate (VAAH) and assessed their anti-inflammatory effects in zebrafish as well as in vitro using cell lines. VAAH mainly contained uronic acid (78.22 mg/g) and sulfated-GAGs (50.47 mg/g), while the amount of sialic acid was negligible (5.55 mg/g). VAAH inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cells in a dose-dependent manner and the inhibitory effect of VAAH on NO production was higher than that of hot water extracts. VAAH treatment also reduced the expression of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effects of VAAH using LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Treatment with LPS significantly increased cell death, NO, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in zebrafish. Notably, VAAH significantly inhibited the extent of LPS-stimulated cell death and generation of NO and ROS in zebrafish. These results suggest that VAAH alleviated inflammation and cell death by inhibiting the generation of ROS induced by LPS treatment. Thus, VAAH could be used as a potential natural remedy with a strong anti-inflammatory effect. Taken together, we believe that based on our present results, enzymatic hydrolysis of velvet antler may be an effective process to make antler products acceptable as elements of health foods and nutraceutical components with increased biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hong Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
| | - Hye-Won Yang
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Yuling Ding
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Jilin Sino-Rok Institue of Animal Science, Changchun 130-600, China
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Moon
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
| | - Si-Heung Sung
- Division of Food Bioscience and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
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Ahn JJ, Kim Y, Hong JY, Kim GW, Hwang SY. Genotyping of velvet antlers for identification of country of origin using mitochondrial DNA and fluorescence melting curve analysis with locked nucleic acid probes. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:2641-4. [PMID: 26094991 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1041133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Velvet antlers are used medicinally in Asia and possess various therapeutic effects. Prices are set according to the country of origin, which is unidentifiable to the naked eye, and therefore counterfeiting is prevalent. Additionally, antlers of the Canadian elk, which can generate chronic wasting disease, are prevalently smuggled and distributed in the market. Thus, a method for identifying the country of origin of velvet antlers was developed, using polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA, fluorescence melting curve analysis and analysis of locked nucleic acids (LNA). This combined method is capable of identifying five genotypes of velvet antlers in a single experiment using two probes. It also has advantages in multiplexing, simplicity and efficiency in genotyping, when compared to real-time PCR or microarrays. The developed method can be used to improve identification rates in the velvet antler market and, by extension, research based on polymorphisms in DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gi Won Kim
- b Department of Molecular and Life Science , Hanyang University , Sangnok-gu, Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , Korea
| | - Seung Yong Hwang
- a Department of Bio-Nanotechnology and.,b Department of Molecular and Life Science , Hanyang University , Sangnok-gu, Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , Korea
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