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Berkey C, Oguchi N, Miyazawa K, Dauskardt R. Role of sunscreen formulation and photostability to protect the biomechanical barrier function of skin. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 19:100657. [PMID: 31211250 PMCID: PMC6562193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of sunscreen formulations on the barrier properties of human skin are often overlooked leading to formulations with components whose effects on barrier mechanical integrity are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the relevance of carrier selection and sunscreen photostability when designing sunscreen formulations to protect the biomechanical barrier properties of human stratum corneum (SC) from solar ultraviolet (UV) damage. Biomechanical properties of SC samples were assayed after accelerated UVB damage through measurements of the SC's mechanical stress profile and corneocyte cohesion. A narrowband UVB (305-315 nm) lamp was used to expose SC samples to 5, 30, 125, and 265 J cm-2 in order to magnify damage to the mechanical properties of the tissue and characterize the UV degradation dose response such that effects from smaller UV dosages can be extrapolated. Stresses in the SC decreased when treated with sunscreen components, highlighting their effect on the skin prior to UV exposure. Stresses increased with UVB exposure and in specimens treated with different sunscreens stresses varied dramatically at high UVB dosages. Specimens treated with sunscreen components without UVB exposure exhibited altered corneocyte cohesion. Both sunscreens studied prevented alteration of corneocyte cohesion by low UVB dosages, but differences in protection were observed at higher UVB dosages indicating UV degradation of one sunscreen. These results indicate the protection of individual sunscreen components vary over a range of UVB dosages, and components can even cause alteration of the biomechanical barrier properties of human SC before UV exposure. Therefore, detailed characterization of sunscreen formulation components is required to design robust protection from UV damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2205, USA
| | - Nozomi Oguchi
- Shiseido Co., Ltd, Advanced Technology Research Group, Global Innovation Center, 2-2-1, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Miyazawa
- Shiseido Co., Ltd, Advanced Technology Research Group, Global Innovation Center, 2-2-1, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Reinhold Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2205, USA
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Daneluti ALM, Neto FM, Ruscinc N, Lopes I, Robles Velasco MV, Do Rosário Matos J, Baby AR, Kalia YN. Using ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 to limit cutaneous penetration and transdermal permeation of organic UV filters. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118633. [PMID: 31437563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone (AVO), oxybenzone (OXY), and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), are widely used UV filters. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of incorporation in mesoporous silica (SBA-15) on their cutaneous deposition and permeation. Stick formulations containing "free" and "incorporated" UV filters (SF1 and SF2, respectively) were prepared and characterized with respect to their physicochemical, thermal, and functional properties. Cutaneous delivery experiments using porcine skin with quantification by UHPLC-MS/MS, demonstrated that skin deposition of AVO and OXY after application of SF2 for 6 and 12 h was significantly lower than that from SF1 at each time-point (Student t-test, p < 0.05): e.g. OXY permeation across the skin was 30-, 12- and 1.5-fold lower after 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively, following application of SF2. Cutaneous biodistribution profiles of AVO and OXY to 800 µm evidenced a significant decrease in the amounts in the viable epidermis and dermis. In contrast, deposition of the more lipophilic OMC was not significantly different (p ˃ 0.05). In vitro photoprotective efficacy results demonstrated that adsorption/entrapment of UV filters enhanced the sun protection factor by 94%. In conclusion, SBA-15, an innovative mesoporous material, increased photoprotection by UV filters while reducing their cutaneous penetration and transdermal permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nádia Ruscinc
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Lopes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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53
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Herzog B, Amorós-Galicia L, Sohn M, Hofer M, Quass K, Giesinger J. Analysis of photokinetics of 2'-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate in sunscreens. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1773-1781. [PMID: 31112187 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2'-Ethylhexyl-4-Methoxycinnamate (EHMC), also designated as octinoxate, is an oily UV-absorber used in sunscreens for the protection of human skin against solar UV-radiation and represents one of the most employed UVB absorbers for that application. In water-in-oil emulsions EHMC was adjusted at a constant overall concentration, while changing the EHMC concentration in the oil droplets by adding a non-absorbing oil. In that way the EHMC concentration could be varied at constant optical thickness. Here we show that the kinetics of the photoreaction follows a second-order rate law, in line with the UV-induced [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction mechanism known for this UV absorber. The second-order rate constant decreased with higher overall EHMC concentration. This can be explained by the fact, that at higher overall concentration of the UV absorber not every EHMC molecule will absorb a photon due to the increased optical density, so that on average less photons are absorbed per molecule. On the other hand, the rate constant increases with decreasing polarity of the surrounding oil. Since the molar fraction of the trans-isomer of EHMC is augmented at lower polarity, more photons are absorbed in this case, as the strength of the absorption band of the trans-isomer is significantly higher than that of the cis-isomer. In conclusion, our experiments show that a high polarity of the oil phase and a high concentration of EHMC are advantageous for the photostability of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Herzog
- BASF Grenzach GmbH, Köchlinstrasse 1, 79639 Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany.
| | | | - Myriam Sohn
- BASF Grenzach GmbH, Köchlinstrasse 1, 79639 Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany.
| | - Melanie Hofer
- University of Basel, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katja Quass
- BASF Grenzach GmbH, Köchlinstrasse 1, 79639 Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Giesinger
- BASF Grenzach GmbH, Köchlinstrasse 1, 79639 Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany.
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54
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Celeiro M, Facorro R, Dagnac T, Vilar VJ, Llompart M. Photodegradation behaviour of multiclass ultraviolet filters in the aquatic environment: Removal strategies and photoproduct identification by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:8-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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55
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Phototoxic risk assessment on benzophenone UV filters: In vitro assessment and a theoretical model. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:180-186. [PMID: 31154060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs), filtering out both UVA and UVB rays, are widely used in a great variety of sunscreens and personal care products. However, they have not been extensively studied for the mechanisms of UV-absorbing toxicity. In this study, we used CPZ (chlorpromazine) as a positive control and SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) as a negative control, and the phototoxic of BP-1, BP-3 and BP-4 were investigated in vitro assays using three cell types under different UV exposure conditions. This was followed by setting up a theoretical model, which was adopted to predict and compare the phototoxicity. It was found that Balb/c 3T3 (Balb/c 3T3 fibroblast cell lines) showed sensitivity to UVA+ and UVB+ exposure, while the HS68 (human HS68 fibroblast cell lines) to UVA+ and the HaCaT (human HaCaT keratinocyte cell lines) to UVB+. The test compound, BP-1, was detected to be phototoxic at UVA+ conditions, but BP-3 and BP-4 were discovered to be non-phototoxic at UVA+ conditions. This demonstrated that BP-1, BP-3 and BP-4 remained low-risk chemicals under UVB+ condition. The theoretical calculation of the energy gap (EGAP) showed BP-1(EGAP) > BP-3(EGAP) > BP-4(EGAP).
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56
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de la Coba F, Aguilera J, Korbee N, de Gálvez MV, Herrera-Ceballos E, Álvarez-Gómez F, Figueroa FL. UVA and UVB Photoprotective Capabilities of Topical Formulations Containing Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs) through Different Biological Effective Protection Factors (BEPFs). Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010055. [PMID: 30646557 PMCID: PMC6356945 DOI: 10.3390/md17010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and stability of synthetic UV-filters and the procedures for evaluating the photoprotective capability of commercial sunscreens are under continuous review. The influence of pH and temperature stressors on the stability of certain Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) isolated at high purity levels was examined. MAAs were highly stable at room temperature during 24 h at pH 4.5–8.5. At 50 °C, MAAs showed instability at pH 10.5 while at 85 °C, progressive disappearances were observed for MAAs through the studied pH range. In alkaline conditions, their degradation was much faster. Mycosporine-serinol and porphyra-334 (+shinorine) were the most stable MAAs under the conditions tested. They were included in four cosmetically stable topical sunscreens, of which the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and other Biological Effective Protection Factors (BEPFs) were calculated. The formulation containing these MAAs showed similar SPF and UVB-BEPFs values as those of the reference sunscreen, composed of synthetic UV absorbing filters in similar percentages, while UVA-BEPFs values were slightly lower. Current in vitro data strongly suggest that MAAs, as natural and safe UV-absorbing and antioxidant compounds, have high potential for protection against the diverse harmful effects of solar UV radiation. In addition, novel complementary in vitro tests for evaluation of commercial sunscreens efficacy are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca de la Coba
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Photobiology Laboratory, Central Service for Research Support (SCAI), University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Nathalie Korbee
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - María Victoria de Gálvez
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Enrique Herrera-Ceballos
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Félix Álvarez-Gómez
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Félix L Figueroa
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Photobiology Laboratory, Central Service for Research Support (SCAI), University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
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57
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Yuan L, Li S, Huo D, Zhou W, Wang X, Bai D, Hu J. Studies on the preparation and photostability of avobenzone and (2-hydroxy)propyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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58
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Teixeira J, Freitas ZMFD, Monteiro MSDSB, Vermelho AB, Ricci Junior E, Santos EPD. Development and characterization of photoprotective formulations containing keratin particles. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000217649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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59
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Ziemblińska-Bernart J, Nowak I, Rykowska I. Fast dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on magnetic retrieval of in situ formed an ionic liquid for the preconcentration and determination of benzophenone-type UV filters from environmental water samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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60
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SPF enhancement provided by rutin in a multifunctional sunscreen. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:401-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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61
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Ma C, Chan CTL, Chan RCT, Wong AKW, Chung BPY, Kwok WM. Photoprotection or photodamage: a direct observation of nonradiative dynamics from 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate sunscreen agent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24796-24806. [PMID: 30229763 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04447c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apart from being an analogue of the prototype for photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDMABA) is also one of the earliest patented and most commonly used sunscreen components. There is, however, little documented information about the photophysics and factors affecting the photophysics of this molecule. Such information is of importance for both the understanding of the ICT reaction and assessing the underlying process of photoprotection, especially in view of the "sunscreen controversy" that has arisen from the contrasting in vivo vs. in vitro photobiological results on this and related UV filters. We report herein a femtosecond broadband time-resolved fluorescence (fs-TRF), complemented by transient absorption (fs-TA) to allow a full probe of the excited state cascades for EHDMABA and two of its derivatives in solvents of varied properties. The results provide direct evidence for a nearly solvent independent inner sphere ICT reaction occurring on the sub-picosecond time scale, and an ensuing solvent dictated deactivation of the ICT state. The ICT state in the aprotic solvent acetonitrile decayed solely through the intrinsic intersystem crossing (ISC) to produce a potentially harmful triplet excited state. In the protic solvent, the solvation and formation of ICT-induced solute-solvent hydrogen (H)-bonding opened the originally inaccessible internal conversion (IC) channel of the ICT state, leading to the rapid reformation of the ground state molecule with a unitary efficiency in the aqueous solution. This H-bonding-mediated IC restrained or eliminated the intrinsic ISC, providing a mechanism at the molecular level for the benign dissipation of the electronic excitation. The precise rate of IC was observed to vary with the alkoxy substituent and its efficiency was affected by the H-bonding capacity of the solvent. The findings of this work demonstrate the pivotal role of the microenvironment and the direct participation of solvent molecules through H-bonding in drastically altering the nonradiative dynamics and promoting or inhibiting photostability and photoprotection. This may assist in developing next-generation UV filters and help in improving formulation design for the optimal efficacy of sunscreen products. The pronounced H-bonding-induced fluorescence quenching and variation in the fluorescence wavelength imply that these molecules may also serve as a sensitive fluorescence probe for the H-bonding properties of the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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62
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Qiu X, Li Y, Qian Y, Wang J, Zhu S. Long-Acting and Safe Sunscreens with Ultrahigh Sun Protection Factor via Natural Lignin Encapsulation and Synergy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1276-1285. [PMID: 34996231 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 47L, Canada
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
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63
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Tsai CE, Lin LH. The liquid polyol extracts of camellia seed dregs used in sunscreen cosmetics. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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64
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Heo S, Hwang HS, Jeong Y, Na K. Skin protection efficacy from UV irradiation and skin penetration property of polysaccharide-benzophenone conjugates as a sunscreen agent. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:534-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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65
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Cefali LC, de Oliveira DCB, Franzini CM, Ataíde JA, Moriel P, Mazzola PG. Development and evaluation of microencapsulated sunscreen. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1385481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Maria Franzini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Center Herminio Ometto (Uniararas), Araras, Campinas/Sao Paulo
| | - Janaína Artem Ataíde
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo/Brazil
| | - Patrícia Moriel
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo/Brazil
| | - Priscila Gava Mazzola
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo/Brazil
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66
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Cozzi AC, Perugini P, Gourion-Arsiquaud S. Comparative behavior between sunscreens based on free or encapsulated UV filters in term of skin penetration, retention and photo-stability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:309-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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67
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Inclusion complexes and photostability of UV filters and curcumin with beta-cyclodextrin polymers: effect on cross-linkers. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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68
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Baker LA, Marchetti B, Karsili TNV, Stavros VG, Ashfold MNR. Photoprotection: extending lessons learned from studying natural sunscreens to the design of artificial sunscreen constituents. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:3770-3791. [PMID: 28580469 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Evolution has ensured that plants and animals have developed effective protection mechanisms against the potentially harmful effects of incident ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Tanning is one such mechanism in humans, but tanning only occurs post-exposure to UVR. Hence, there is ever growing use of commercial sunscreens to pre-empt overexposure to UVR. Key requirements for any chemical filter molecule used in such a photoprotective capacity include a large absorption cross-section in the UV-A and UV-B spectral regions and the availability of one or more mechanisms whereby the absorbed photon energy can be dissipated without loss of the molecular integrity of the chemical filter. Here we summarise recent experimental (mostly ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy studies) and computational progress towards unravelling various excited state decay mechanisms that afford the necessary photostability in chemical filters found in nature and those used in commercial sunscreens. We also outline ways in which a better understanding of the photophysics and photochemistry of sunscreen molecules selected by nature could aid the design of new and improved commercial sunscreen formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Barbara Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Michael N R Ashfold
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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69
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Abstract
Despite the pivotal role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sustaining life on Earth, overexposure to this type of radiation can have catastrophic effects, such as skin cancer. Sunscreens, the most common form of artificial protection against such harmful effects, absorb UV radiation before it reaches vulnerable skin cells. Absorption of UV radiation prompts ultrafast molecular events in sunscreen molecules which, ideally, would allow for fast and safe dissipation of the excess energy. However, our knowledge of these mechanisms remains limited. In this article, we will review recent advances in the field of ultrafast photodynamics (light induced molecular processes occurring within femtoseconds, fs, 10-15 s to picoseconds, ps, 10-12 s) of sunscreens. We follow a bottom-up approach to common sunscreen active ingredients, analysing any emerging trends from the current literature on the subject. Moreover, we will identify the main questions that remain unanswered, pinpoint some of the main challenges and finally comment on the outlook of this exciting field of research.
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70
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Nascimento DS, Insausti M, Band BSF, Grünhut M. Photolysis study of octyl p-methoxycinnamate loaded microemulsion by molecular fluorescence and chemometric approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 191:277-282. [PMID: 29049974 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Octyl p-methoxycinnamate (OMC) is one of the most widely used sunscreen agents. However, the efficiency of OMC as UV filter over time is affected due to the formation of the cis-isomer which presents a markedly lower extinction coefficient (εcis=12,600L mol-1cm-1 at 291nm) than the original trans-isomer (εtrans=24,000L mol-1cm-1 at 310nm). In this work, a novel carrier for OMC based on an oil-in-water microemulsion is proposed in order to improve the photostability of this sunscreen. The formulation was composed of 29.2% (w/w) of a 3:1 mixture of ethanol (co-surfactant) and decaethylene glycol mono-dodecyl ether (surfactant), 1.5% (w/w) of oleic acid (oil phase) and 69.2% (w/w) of water. This microemulsion was prepared in a simple way, under moderate stirring at 25°C and using acceptable, biocompatible and accessible materials for topical use. OMC was incorporated in the vehicle at a final concentration of 5.0% (w/w), taking into account the maximum permitted levels established by international norms. Then, a photolysis study of the loaded formulation was performed using a continuous flow system. The direct photolysis was monitored over time by molecular fluorescence. The recorded spectra data between 370 y 490nm were analyzed by multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares algorithm. The kinetic rate constants corresponding to the photolysis of the trans-OMC were calculated from the concentration profiles, resulting in 0.0049s-1 for the trans-OMC loaded microemulsion and 0.0131s-1 for the trans-OMC in aqueous media. These results demonstrate a higher photostability of the trans-OMC when loaded in the proposed vehicle with respect to the free trans-OMC in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Silva Nascimento
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 1253, Alem Avenue, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Matías Insausti
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 1253, Alem Avenue, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Susana Fernández Band
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 1253, Alem Avenue, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcos Grünhut
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 1253, Alem Avenue, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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71
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Celeiro M, Vignola Hackbarth F, U. de Souza SMG, Llompart M, Vilar VJ. Assessment of advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of three UV filters from swimming pool water. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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72
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Shinozaki Y, Yamaji M, Arai T. Excited state properties of 2′-hydroxychalcone analogues functionalized with a diene moiety studied by steady state and laser flash photolysis. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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73
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Gonçalves FDS, Giovanini IRT, Cerqueira C, Ricci Junior E, Freitas ZMFD, Santos EPD. Multifunctional photoprotection: corrective makeup for cutaneous dyschromias. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000417313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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74
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QUINA FRANKH, BASTOS ERICKL. Chemistry Inspired by the Colors of Fruits, Flowers and Wine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:681-695. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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75
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Osseiran S, Roider EM, Wang H, Suita Y, Murphy M, Fisher DE, Evans CL. Non-Euclidean phasor analysis for quantification of oxidative stress in ex vivo human skin exposed to sun filters using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-10. [PMID: 29222855 PMCID: PMC5722918 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.125004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical sun filters are commonly used as active ingredients in sunscreens due to their efficient absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Yet, it is known that these compounds can photochemically react with UV light and generate reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in vitro, though this has yet to be validated in vivo. One label-free approach to probe oxidative stress is to measure and compare the relative endogenous fluorescence generated by cellular coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides and flavin adenine dinucleotides. However, chemical sun filters are fluorescent, with emissive properties that contaminate endogenous fluorescent signals. To accurately distinguish the source of fluorescence in ex vivo skin samples treated with chemical sun filters, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy data were processed on a pixel-by-pixel basis using a non-Euclidean separation algorithm based on Mahalanobis distance and validated on simulated data. Applying this method, ex vivo samples exhibited a small oxidative shift when exposed to sun filters alone, though this shift was much smaller than that imparted by UV irradiation. Given the need for investigative tools to further study the clinical impact of chemical sun filters in patients, the reported methodology may be applied to visualize chemical sun filters and measure oxidative stress in patients' skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Osseiran
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Elisabeth M. Roider
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hequn Wang
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yusuke Suita
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael Murphy
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David E. Fisher
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Conor L. Evans
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Conor L. Evans, E-mail:
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76
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Light-sensitive drugs in topical formulations: stability indicating methods and photostabilization strategies. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1795-1808. [PMID: 28925725 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photostability tests applied on commercial specialties for topical use have demonstrated a greater vulnerability of several drugs, due to greater exposure to light than other pharmaceutical forms. Photodegradation of a drug can considerably modify its pharmacokinetic behavior by varying the therapeutic index. The evaluation of the degradation profile of a drug, according to the ICH rules, is of primary importance in developing an appropriate topical formulation. Advanced strategies have been proposed to increase the protection from the light of the photolabile drugs. Supramolecular systems have been investigated to improve both pharmacokinetic profile and photostability. In this review, the more recent stability-monitoring methods for the analysis of drugs in topical formulations are collected and the main approaches for the drug photostabilization are discussed.
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77
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Matsumoto S, Kumasaka R, Yagi M, Kikuchi A. Triplet–triplet energy transfer between UV absorbers in solutions at room temperature. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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78
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Specialized Metabolites of the Lichen Vulpicida pinastri Act as Photoprotective Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071162. [PMID: 28704942 PMCID: PMC6152234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The extreme resiliency of lichens to UV radiations makes them an interesting model to find new photoprotective agents acting as UV-blockers and antioxidant. In this research, using a new in vitro method designed to overcome the shortage of material associated to many studies dealing with natural products, we show that the three major compounds isolated from the lichen Vulpicida pinastri, vulpinic acid, pinastric acid and usnic acid, were UV blocker agents. Antioxidant assays evidenced superoxide anion scavenging activity. Combination of the most promising compounds against UVB and UVB radiations, usnic acid, vulpinic acid and pinastric acid, increased the photoprotective activity. At the same time, they were found not cytotoxic on keratinocyte cell lines and photostable in the UVA and UVB ranges. Thus, lichens represent an attractive source to find good candidate ingredients as photoprotective agents. Additionally, the uncommon scalemic usnic acid mixture in this Vulpicida species was proven through electronic circular dichroism calculation.
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79
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Slavov C, Yang C, Schweighauser L, Wegner HA, Dreuw A, Wachtveitl J. Ultrafast Excited-State Deactivation Dynamics of Cyclotrisazobenzene-A Novel Type of UV-B Absorber. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2137-2141. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chavdar Slavov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Chong Yang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, IWR; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Luca Schweighauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, IWR; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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80
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Cosmetic Ingredients as Emerging Pollutants of Environmental and Health Concern. A Mini-Review. COSMETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics4020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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81
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Novel benzophenone-3 derivatives with promising potential as UV filters: Relationship between structure, photoprotective potential and phototoxicity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 101:200-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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82
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Luo J, Liu Y, Yang S, Flourat AL, Allais F, Han K. Ultrafast Barrierless Photoisomerization and Strong Ultraviolet Absorption of Photoproducts in Plant Sunscreens. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1025-1030. [PMID: 28177249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens are aimed at protecting skin from solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. By utilizing femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory, we explain nature's selection of sinapoyl malate rather than sinapic acid as the plant sunscreen molecule. In physiological pH conditions, the two molecules are deprotonated, and their excited ππ* states are found to relax to the ground states in a few tens of picoseconds via a barrierless trans-cis photoisomerization. After the cis-photoproduct is formed, the efficacy of sinapic acid is greatly reduced. In contrast, the efficacy of sinapoyl malate is affected only slightly because the cis-product still absorbs UV light strongly. In addition, protonated sinapic acid is found to be a good potential sunscreen molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10049, China
| | - Songqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Amandine L Flourat
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech , CEBB 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110 Pomacle, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA/AgroParisTech/CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Florent Allais
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech , CEBB 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110 Pomacle, France
- UMR GMPA, INRA/AgroParisTech/CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA/AgroParisTech/CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay , Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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83
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Kawakami CM, Máximo LNC, Fontanezi BB, da Silva RS, Gaspar LR. Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB) as additive to the UV filter avobenzone in cosmetic sunscreen formulations - Evaluation of the photochemical behavior and photostabilizing effect. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 99:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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84
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Li CX, Guo WW, Xie BB, Cui G. Photodynamics of oxybenzone sunscreen: Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2017; 145:074308. [PMID: 27544106 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we have used combined static electronic structure calculations and "on-the-fly" global-switching trajectory surface-hopping dynamics simulations to explore the photochemical mechanism of oxybenzone sunscreen. We have first employed the multi-configurational CASSCF method to optimize minima, conical intersections, and minimum-energy reaction paths related to excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and excited-state decays in the (1)ππ(∗), (1)nπ(∗), and S0 states (energies are refined at the higher MS-CASPT2 level). According to the mapped potential energy profiles, we have identified two ultrafast excited-state deactivation pathways for the initially populated (1)ππ(∗) system. The first is the diabatic ESIPT process along the (1)ππ(∗) potential energy profile. The generated (1)ππ(∗) keto species then decays to the S0 state via the keto (1)ππ(∗)/gs conical intersection. The second is internal conversion to the dark (1)nπ(∗) state near the (1)ππ(∗) /(1)nπ(∗) crossing point in the course of the diabatic (1)ππ(∗) ESIPT process. Our following dynamics simulations have shown that the ESIPT and (1)ππ(∗) → S0 internal conversion times are 104 and 286 fs, respectively. Finally, our present work demonstrates that in addition to the ESIPT process and the (1)ππ(∗) → S0 internal conversion in the keto region, the (1)ππ(∗) → (1)nπ(∗) internal conversion in the enol region plays as well an important role for the excited-state relaxation dynamics of oxybenzone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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85
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Nikafshar S, Zabihi O, Ahmadi M, Mirmohseni A, Taseidifar M, Naebe M. The Effects of UV Light on the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of a Transparent Epoxy-Diamine System in the Presence of an Organic UV Absorber. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10020180. [PMID: 28772538 PMCID: PMC5459211 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite several excellent properties including low shrinkage, good chemical resistance, curable at low temperatures and the absence of byproducts or volatiles, epoxy resins are susceptible to ultra violet (UV) damage and their durability is reduced substantially when exposed to outdoor environments. To overcome this drawback, UV absorbers have been usually used to decrease the rate of UV degradation. In this present study, the effects of UV light on the chemical, mechanical and physical properties of cured epoxy structure, as well as the effect of an organic UV absorber, Tinuvin 1130, on the epoxy properties were investigated. Chemical changes in a cured epoxy system as a result of the presence and absence of Tinuvin 1130 were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses. The effect of Tinuvin 1130 on the surface morphology of the epoxy systems was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Additionally, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) before and during UV radiation were measured. After an 800 h UV radiation, mechanical test results revealed that the lack of the UV absorber can lead to a ~30% reduction in tensile strength. However, in the presence of Tinuvin 1130, the tensile strength was reduced only by ~11%. It was hypothesized that the use of Tinuvin 1130, as an organic UV absorber in the epoxy-amine system, could decrease the undesirable effects, arising from exposure to UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Nikafshar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666, Iran.
| | - Omid Zabihi
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156/83111, Iran.
| | - Abdolreza Mirmohseni
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Taseidifar
- School of Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, UNSW, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia.
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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86
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Abid AR, Marciniak B, Pędziński T, Shahid M. Photo-stability and photo-sensitizing characterization of selected sunscreens’ ingredients. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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87
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Peres DD, Hubner A, Oliveira CAD, Almeida TSD, Kaneko TM, Consiglieri VO, Pinto CASDO, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. Hydrolyzed collagen interferes with in vitro photoprotective effectiveness of sunscreens. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000216119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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88
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Zhai P, Chen X, Dong W, Li H, Chovelon JM. Degradation of triclosan in the presence of p-aminobenzoic acid under simulated sunlight irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:558-567. [PMID: 27734316 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the degradation of triclosan (TCS) in the presence of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) under simulated sunlight irradiation (λ ≥ 290 nm). The effect of PABA concentration, pH, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and DOM-hydrolytic Fe(III) species complexes on the photodegradation of TCS in the presence of PABA (TCS-PABA) was also studied. The photolysis of TCS-PABA obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetics well, and the degradation of TCS-PABA enhanced with increasing solution pH (from 3.0 to 11.0). The presence of PABA inhibited the degradation of TCS-PABA, and the weakest inhibitory effect was observed while the concentration of PABA was 5 mg L-1. The addition of DOM (Suwannee River fulvic acid standard I [SRFA], Suwannee River HA standard II [SRHA], and Suwannee River natural organic matter [SRNOM]) showed different inhibition effects on TCS-PABA degradation. However, higher Fe(III) concentration at the DOM concentration of 5 mg L-1 could favor the formation of DOM-hydrolytic Fe(III) species complexes, further accelerating the degradation of TCS-PABA. In comparison with deionized water (DI water), TCS-PABA could be better photodegraded in river water nearby the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant. This study provides useful information for understanding the natural behavior of TCS in the presence of other organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Hongjing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR CNRS 5256, Université Lyon 1, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
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89
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Shamoto Y, Yagi M, Oguchi-Fujiyama N, Miyazawa K, Kikuchi A. Photophysical properties of hexyl diethylaminohydroxybenzoylbenzoate (Uvinul A Plus), a UV-A absorber. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1449-1457. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
DHHB (photostable UV-A absorber) may act as a triplet energy donor for OMC (the most widely used UV-B absorber) because the T1energy of DHHB is higher than that of OMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
| | - Mikio Yagi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
| | | | | | - Azusa Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
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90
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Binks BP, Fletcher PD, Johnson AJ, Marinopoulos I, Crowther J, Thompson MA. How the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen films change during solar irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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Yoshida S, Hiradate S, Koitabashi M, Kamo T, Tsushima S. Phyllosphere Methylobacterium bacteria contain UVA-absorbing compounds. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 167:168-175. [PMID: 28068611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbes inhabiting the phyllosphere encounter harmful ultraviolet rays, and must develop adaptive strategies against this irradiation. In this study, we screened bacterial isolates originating from the phyllosphere of various plants which harbored absorbers of ultraviolet A (UVA), a wavelength range which is recognized as harmful to human skin. Of the 200 phyllosphere bacterial isolates we screened, methanol extracts from bacterial cells of seventeen isolates absorbed wavelengths in the range of 315-400nm. All of the UVA-absorbing strains belonged to Methylobacterium species based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, suggesting that cells of this bacterial genus contain specific UVA-absorbing compounds. When cells of a representative Methylobacterium strain were extracted using various solvents, UVA absorption was observed in the extracts obtained using several aqueous solvents, indicating that the UVA-absorbing compounds were highly polar. A compound was purified using solid columns and HPLC separation, and comparative analysis revealed that the absorption strength and spectrum of the compound were similar to those of the known UVA filter, avobenzone. The compound was also verified to be stable under UVA exposure for at least 480min. Based on these results, the UVA-absorbing compound harbored by Methylobacterium has potential to be used as a novel sunscreen ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Yoshida
- Division of Plant Disease Management, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 2-1-18, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan.
| | - Syuntaro Hiradate
- Division of Hazardous Chemicals, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Motoo Koitabashi
- Division of Forage Crop Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan
| | - Tsunashi Kamo
- Division of Biodiversity, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsushima
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737, Funago, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
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92
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Hayden DR, Imhof A, Velikov KP. Biobased Nanoparticles for Broadband UV Protection with Photostabilized UV Filters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:32655-32660. [PMID: 27934192 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens rely on multiple compounds to provide effective and safe protection against UV radiation. UV filters in sunscreens, in particular, provide broadband UV protection but are heavily linked to adverse health effects due to the generation of carcinogenic skin-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon solar irradiation. Herein, we demonstrate significant reduction in the ROS concentration by encapsulating an antioxidant photostabilizer with multiple UV filters into biobased ethyl cellulose nanoparticles. The developed nanoparticles display complete broadband UV protection and can form transparent and flexible films. This system therefore shows significant potential toward effective and safe nanoparticle-based UV protective coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Hayden
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnout Imhof
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Krassimir P Velikov
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen , Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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93
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Whinton M, Brook MA. Nanodomains within bicontinuous silicone/water microemulsions retard TiO 2 nanoparticle aggregation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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94
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Baker LA, Greenough SE, Stavros VG. A Perspective on the Ultrafast Photochemistry of Solution-Phase Sunscreen Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4655-4665. [PMID: 27791379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens are one of the most common ways of providing on-demand additional photoprotection to the skin. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy has recently proven to be an invaluable tool in understanding how the components of commercial sunscreen products display efficient photoprotection. Important examples of how this technique has unravelled the photodynamics of common components are given in this Perspective, and some of the remaining unanswered questions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Greenough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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95
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Rodrigues NDN, Staniforth M, Stavros VG. Photophysics of sunscreen molecules in the gas phase: a stepwise approach towards understanding and developing next-generation sunscreens. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20160677. [PMID: 27956888 PMCID: PMC5134319 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and skin cancer urges the need for extra photoprotection, which is presently provided by widespread commercially available sunscreen lotions. Apart from having a large absorption cross section in the UVA and UVB regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, the chemical absorbers in these photoprotective products should also be able to dissipate the excess energy in a safe way, i.e. without releasing photoproducts or inducing any further, harmful, photochemistry. While sunscreens are tested for both their photoprotective capability and dermatological compatibility, phenomena occurring at the molecular level upon absorption of UV radiation are largely overlooked. To date, there is only a limited amount of information regarding the photochemistry and photophysics of these sunscreen molecules. However, a thorough understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms by which popular sunscreen molecular constituents dissipate excess energy has the potential to aid in the design of more efficient, safer sunscreens. In this review, we explore the potential of using gas-phase frequency- and time-resolved spectroscopies in an effort to better understand the photoinduced excited-state dynamics, or photodynamics, of sunscreen molecules. Complementary computational studies are also briefly discussed. Finally, the future outlook of expanding these gas-phase studies into the solution phase is considered.
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96
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Maiti B, Manna AK, McCleese C, Doane TL, Chakrapani S, Burda C, Dunietz BD. Photoinduced Homolytic Bond Cleavage of the Central Si–C Bond in Porphyrin Macrocycles Is a Charge Polarization Driven Process. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7634-7640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Arun K. Manna
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Christopher McCleese
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Tennyson L. Doane
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sudha Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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97
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Binks BP, Fletcher PDI, Johnson AJ, Marinopoulos I, Crowther JM, Thompson MA. Evaporation of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion Sunscreen Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21201-21213. [PMID: 27482601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed (Binks et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02696) how evaporation of sunscreen films consisting of solutions of molecular UV filters leads to loss of UV light absorption and derived sun protection factor (SPF). In the present work, we investigate evaporation-induced effects for sunscreen films consisting of particle-stabilized emulsions containing a dissolved UV filter. The emulsions contained either droplets of propylene glycol (PG) in squalane (SQ), droplets of SQ in PG or droplets of decane in PG. In these different emulsion types, the SQ is involatile and shows no evaporation, the PG is volatile and evaporates relatively slowly, whereas the decane is relatively very volatile and evaporates quickly. We have measured the film mass and area, optical micrographs of the film structure, and the UV absorbance spectra during evaporation. For emulsion films containing the involatile SQ, evaporation of the PG causes collapse of the emulsion structure with some loss of specular UV absorbance due to light scattering. However, for these emulsions with droplets much larger than the wavelength of light, the light is scattered only at small forward angles so does not contribute to the diffuse absorbance and the film SPF. The UV filter remains soluble throughout the evaporation and thus the UV absorption by the filter and the SPF remain approximately constant. Both PG-in-SQ and SQ-in-PG films behave similarly and do not show area shrinkage by dewetting. In contrast, the decane-in-PG film shows rapid evaporative loss of the decane, followed by slower loss of the PG resulting in precipitation of the UV filter and film area shrinkage by dewetting which cause the UV absorbance and derived SPF to decrease. Measured UV spectra during evaporation are in reasonable agreement with spectra calculated using models discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P Binks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D I Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan M Crowther
- GSK Consumer Healthcare (U.K.) Ltd. , 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Thompson
- GSK Consumer Healthcare , 184 Liberty Corner Road, Warren, New Jersey 07059, United States
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98
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Xie XY, Li CX, Fang Q, Cui G. Mechanistic Photochemistry of Methyl-4-hydroxycinnamate Chromophore and Its One-Water Complexes: Insights from MS-CASPT2 Study. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6014-22. [PMID: 27398611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we computationally studied the excited-state properties and decay dynamics of methyl-4-hydroxycinnamate (OMpCA) in the lowest three electronic states, that is, (1)ππ*, (1)nπ*, and S0 using combined MS-CASPT2 and CASSCF electronic structure methods. We found that one-water hydration can significantly stabilize and destabilize the vertical excitation energies of the spectroscopically bright (1)ππ* and dark (1)nπ* excited singlet states, respectively; in contrast, it has a much smaller effect on the (1)ππ* and (1)nπ* adiabatic excitation energies. Mechanistically, we located two (1)ππ* excited-state relaxation channels. One is the internal conversion to the dark (1)nπ* state, and the other is the (1)ππ* photoisomerization that eventually leads the system to a (1)ππ*/S0 conical intersection region, near which the radiationless internal conversion to the S0 state occurs. These two (1)ππ* relaxation pathways play distinct roles in OMpCA and its two one-water complexes (OMpCA-W1 and OMpCA-W2). In OMpCA, the predominant (1)ππ* decay route is the state-switching to the dark (1)nπ* state, while in one-water complexes, the importance of the (1)ππ* photoisomerization is significantly enhanced because the internal conversion to the (1)nπ* state is heavily suppressed due to the one-water hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qiu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
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99
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Ekowati Y, Buttiglieri G, Ferrero G, Valle-Sistac J, Diaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D, Petrovic M, Villagrasa M, Kennedy MD, Rodríguez-Roda I. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and UV filters in swimming pools and spas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14431-14441. [PMID: 27068900 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 32 pharmaceuticals and 14 UV filters in swimming pools and spas was studied. Fifty-one water samples were collected from 17 pools located in sport centres and hotels in Catalonia, Spain. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmaceuticals atenolol, carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide, metronidazole, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and phenazone were measured in water samples at concentrations higher than their limit of quantification (LOQ). The highest concentration of any individual pharmaceutical was measured for the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (904 ng/L). The most frequently detected pharmaceutical was carbamazepine, as it was observed in more than half of all the water samples measured (53 %, 27/51). The UV filters at concentrations higher than LOQ in water samples were BP1, BP2, BP3, BP8, THB, 4DHB, 4MBC, OD-PABA, 1HBT, MeBT and DMeBT. The highest concentration of UV filter observed was 4MBC (69.3 ng/L) while the most frequent UV filters in the samples were 1HBT (59 %, 30/51). The results also showed that pharmaceuticals and UV filters were most frequently found in spas. Finally, from a water treatment technology perspective, the lowest occurrence of pharmaceuticals was in the pools applying sand filters followed by disinfection by sodium hypochlorite, while the lowest occurrence of UV filters was in the pools applying coagulation, sand filtration, UV and salt electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Ekowati
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands.
| | - Jennifer Valle-Sistac
- Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvía Diaz-Cruz
- Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
- Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Villagrasa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria D Kennedy
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ignasi Rodríguez-Roda
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUIA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, E17071, Girona, Spain
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100
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Binks BP, Brown J, Fletcher PDI, Johnson AJ, Marinopoulos I, Crowther JM, Thompson MA. Evaporation of Sunscreen Films: How the UV Protection Properties Change. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13270-13281. [PMID: 27167054 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the evaporation of thin sunscreen films and how the light absorption and the derived sun protection factor (SPF) change. For films consisting of solutions of common UV filters in propylene glycol (PG) as solvent, we show how evaporation generally causes three effects. First, the film area can decrease by dewetting leading to a transient increase in the average film thickness. Second, the film thins by evaporative loss of the solvent. Third, precipitation of the UV filter occurs when solvent loss causes the solubility limit to be reached. These evaporation-induced changes cause the UV absorbance of the film to decrease with resultant loss of SPF over the time scale of the evaporation. We derive an approximate model which accounts semiquantitatively for the variation of SPF with evaporation. Experimental results for solutions of different UV filters on quartz, different skin mimicking substrates, films with added nanoparticles, films with an added polymer and films with fast-evaporating decane as solvent (instead of slow evaporating PG) are discussed and compared with model calculations. Addition of either nanoparticles or polymer suppress film dewetting. Overall, it is hoped that the understanding gained about the mechanisms whereby film evaporation affects the SPF will provide useful guidance for the formulation of more effective sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P Binks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul D I Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan M Crowther
- GSK Consumer Healthcare (U.K.) Ltd. , 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Thompson
- GSK Consumer Healthcare , STF 1N-45, 20 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, United States
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