Limb salvage and outcomes among patients with traumatic popliteal vascular injury: An analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank

Impact of ligation versus repair of isolated popliteal vein injuries on in-hospital outcomes in trauma patients

BACKGROUND

Popliteal vascular injuries are common and frequently associated with limb loss. Although many studies have evaluated the treatment and outcomes of popliteal artery injuries (PAI), there is little available evidence regarding popliteal venous injuries (PVI). As such, substantial debate remains regarding the benefit of repair over ligation of PVI. The objectives of this study were to compare in-hospital outcomes of repair versus ligation of isolated PVI, as well as to determine nonvascular factors associated with worse outcomes.

METHODS

Patients in the National Trauma Databank from 2007 to 2014 with at least one PVI were evaluated. First, patients with concomitant PVI and PAI were compared with patients with isolated PVI. Second, outcomes were compared between ligation and repair of isolated PVI. To limit the impact of concomitant injuries and focus on the impact of venous injury management, we defined isolated PVI as cases without concomitant PAI and with Abbreviated Injury Scale severity score of less than 3 for all body regions other than lower extremity. Patients dead on arrival and those with less than 18 years of age were excluded. The primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, amputation, and in-hospital amputation-free survival (AFS). Secondary outcomes included lower extremity compartment syndrome, fasciotomy, acute kidney injury, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and inferior vena cava filter placement.

RESULTS

Overall, 1819 patients (0.03%) had a PVI and after exclusion 1213 met the criteria for initial analysis. Of those, 308 had isolated PVI, and 905 had combined PVI and PAI. Patients with combined PVI and PAI had higher rates of amputation (15.2% vs 6.8%; P < .001), fasciotomy (64.5% vs 30.8%; P < .001), compartment syndrome (14.8% vs 8.8%; P = .006), and a lower AFS (82.9% vs 91.8%; P < .001) than patients with isolated PVI. There was no difference in in-hospital mortality, amputation, or in-hospital AFS between ligation and repair of isolated PVI. On multivariable logistic regression of isolated PVI, ligation was not independently associated with in-hospital AFS, amputation, or mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Ligation of isolated PVI was not an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, lower extremity amputation, or in-hospital AFS. Ligation also did not result in higher rates of fasciotomy, acute kidney injury, or pulmonary embolism.

Limb Salvage Does Not Predict Functional Limb Outcome after Revascularization for Traumatic Acute Limb Ischemia

BACKGROUND

Traumatic vascular injury leading to acute limb ischemia (ALI) is an uncommon problem with a potential for high morbidity. We describe a contemporary series of patients with traumatic ALI managed primarily by vascular surgeons at a tertiary referral center and review factors associated with limb salvage and functional limb outcomes.

METHODS

We conducted a single institution, retrospective review of all patients requiring revascularization for upper extremity (UE) and lower extremity (LE) ALI secondary to trauma from 2013 to 2016. Demographic data, transfer timing, injury severity score (ISS), Rutherford classification (RC), preoperative imaging, level of occlusion, procedural information, fasciotomy characteristics, and discharge disposition were reviewed. Outcome measures included limb salvage and functional limb outcomes.

RESULTS

We identified 68 patients with traumatic ALI requiring revascularization. The majority of patients had moderate ISS scores, were RC 2a or 2b on presentation (65%), were transferred from another institution (53%), and underwent preoperative imaging (62%) with expeditious time to operation (median 4.5 hr). The most common location of vascular injury for UE was axillary-brachial (88%) and for LE was femoral-popliteal (69%). Open vascular procedures dominated the treatment strategy, and the median number of operations was 3. Fasciotomy was performed in 25% of UE and 58% of LE injuries. Shunts were utilized in only 2 patients. Overall LS was 94% for UE and 78% for LE. The median length of stay (LOS) was 11 days, with 25% of patients discharged to a skilled nursing facility. Follow-up was obtained for 59% of patients. For UE injuries, 57% of patients had no or minimal functional deficits, while 33% had major functional deficits and 10% underwent amputation. For LE injuries, 68% of patients had no or minimal functional deficits, while 6% had major functional deficits, and 26% had undergone amputation. Rutherford class and the number of operations performed were independent predictors of amputation and functional limb at follow-up in our logistic regression model (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Revascularization for traumatic ALI yields high limb salvage rates in patients with RC 1 and 2 ischemia and patients with UE injuries. However, limb salvage does not necessarily equate to good functional outcomes. This signifies the complex nature of injuries in this patient population, especially when multiple operations are required.

Racial Disparities in Limb Amputations After Traumatic Vascular Injury

OBJECTIVES

The influence of race or ethnicity on limb loss after traumatic vascular injury is unclear. We sought to determine whether there were racial differences in rates of amputation between American Indians, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics compared to white patients following arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury (ASVI), femoral artery injury (FAI), or popliteal artery injury (PAI). As black race has been identified as an independent prognostic factor for postsurgical complication in trauma-associated lower extremity amputation, we further hypothesized that black race would be associated with a higher risk for limb loss after arterial ASVI, FAI, and PAI injury in a large national database.

METHODS

The National Trauma Data Bank was queried for patients ≥16-years-old with arterial ASVI, FAI, or PAI to determine the risk of arm, above knee amputation (AKA), and below knee amputation (BKA), respectively. Covariates were included in separate multivariable logistic regression models for analysis. The reference group included white trauma patients.

RESULTS

From 5,683,057 patients, 21,843 were identified with arterial ASVI, FAI, or PAI (<0.4%). For arterial ASVI, American Indian race was associated with higher risk for upper-extremity amputation as compared to white race (OR = 5.10, CI = 1.62-16.06, p < 0.05). For FAI, black race was associated with (OR = 0.66, CI = 0.49-0.89, p < 0.05) a lower risk of AKA, compared to white race. For PAI, race was not associated with risk for BKA.

CONCLUSION

Black race is associated with a lower risk of AKA after FAI, compared to whites. Race was not associated with a risk for limb loss after PAI. Future prospective studies examining socioeconomic factors and access to healthcare within this patient population is warranted to identify barriers and areas of improvement.

[Neurovascular complications in fractures of the extremities, part 1 : Vascular lesions]

Neurovascular injuries in fractures threaten at least the function of extremities. The timely interaction between diagnosis and treatment of vascular injuries helps to avoid a poor outcome or even fatal complications. An important parameter is to "think about it" for injuries under strain. An ankle-brachial index (ABI) of <0.9 is an indicator. Massive bleeding, manifest and long-lasting peripheral ischemia and a rapidly expanding hematoma necessitate an immediate surgical intervention. Endovascular techniques are recommended on the extremities of stable patients with circumscribed vascular lesions. The debate about the sequence of repair (vascular vs. osseous) has to be decided on an individual basis; however, when in doubt vascular repair should be given priority. Vessel reconstructions should be performed without tension and must be covered by vital soft tissues, the indications for fasciotomy should be liberally interpreted. The prognosis with respect to preservation of the extremity and long-term functional outcome substantially depends on the quality of treatment of accompanying injuries.

Development of a Puncture Technique for Implanting Temporary Vascular Shunts in a Porcine Model

BACKGROUND

Temporary vascular shunts (TVSs) are an effective tool for rapidly restoring blood flow to a limb or organ that has experienced vascular injury and ischemia and for which revascularization is not an immediate option. Usually, through an opening in the skin, the TVS is positioned within the proximal and distal stumps of the injured vessel, restoring perfusion and stopping the ischemia. The aim of this study is to compare standard TVS technique and a developed puncture technique for implanting TVS and to evaluate the utility and feasibility of this protocol after arterial lesions, in pigs.

METHODS

Vascular injuries were inflicted in both hind limbs of 30 pigs, and vascular interventions were performed, using standard and puncture TVS. Because each pig was implanted with both types of TVSs, it was possible to simultaneously monitor, analyze, and compare parameters such as, the mean arterial pressure (MAP, in mm Hg), blood flow (mL/min), and insertion times, in the same animal.

RESULTS

It was observed that the MAP in the limbs recovered and approached systemic MAP, in 100% of the experiments, in both groups. Analysis of the blood flow data showed that this parameter was significantly reduced in the puncture TVS group (110.36 ± 9.99 mL/min vs. 153.20 ± 18.57 mL/min, P = 0.001). On the other hand, the insertion time for the standard TVS was significantly greater than that of the puncture shunt (15.32 ± 3.08 min vs. 10.37 ± 1.7 min, P = 0.001). Furthermore, it was found that the primary and secondary patency and complication rates were similar for both TVS types.

CONCLUSION

Thus, given the adequate MAP recovery and reduction in implantation time observed in this experimental and in an animal model study, the use of the puncture TVS technique is effective and feasible.

Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic vascular injury of limbs in military and emergency medicine: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Traumatic vascular injury is caused by explosions and projectiles (bullets and shrapnel); it may affect the arteries and veins of the limbs, and is common in wartime, triggering bleeding, and ischemia. The increasing use of high-energy weapons in modern warfare is associated with severe vascular injuries.

METHODS

To summarize the current evidence of diagnosis and treatment for traumatic vascular injury of limbs, for saving limbs and lives, and put forward some new insights, we comprehensively consulted literatures and analyzed progress in injury diagnosis and wound treatment, summarized the advanced treatments now available, especially in wartime, and explored the principal factors in play in an effort to optimize clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

Extremity vascular trauma poses several difficult dilemmas in diagnosis and treatment. The increasing use of high-energy weapons in modern warfare is associated with severe vascular injuries. Any delay in treatment may lead to loss of limbs or death. The development of diagnose and treat vascular injury of extremities are the clinical significance to the tip of military medicine, such as the use of fast, cheap, low invasive diagnostic methods, repairing severe vascular injury as soon as possible, using related technologies actively (fasciotomy, etc).

CONCLUSION

We point out the frontier of the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic vascular injury, also with a new model of wartime injury treatment in American (forward surgical teams and combat support hospitals), French military surgeons regarding management of war-related vascular wounds and Chinese military ("3 districts and 7 grades" model). Many issues remain to be resolved by further experience and investigation.

Risk Factors of Amputation in Lower Extremity Trauma with Combined Femoropopliteal Arterial Injury

Purpose

The clinical characteristics and results of femoropopliteal artery injury (FPAI) remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the outcomes and risk factors of limb loss in patients treated for FPAI.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data from a database of patients who underwent revascularization for an FPAI at a single institution between January 2013 and December 2017. We reviewed and analyzed the characteristics, postoperative results, and factors that influence amputation rates.

Results

Twenty-four femoropopliteal arterial reconstructions in 24 patients were included in this study. Among the patients were 20 (83.3%) male with a first-quartile age of 28 years and a third-quartile age of 45 years (range, 15–68 years). The mean injury severity score (ISS) was 16 (range, 4–55), and 5 patients (20.8%) had ISSs of >20 points. The mean mangled extremity severity score (MESS) was 3.8 (range, 1–11), and 8 patients (33.3%) had MESSs of >5 points. In terms of arterial reconstruction methods, autogenous saphenous vein grafting, vein patching, and primary closure were performed in 9 patients (37.5%), 4 patients (16.7%), and 11 patients (45.8%), respectively. Despite arterial reconstruction, 5 patients (20.8%) underwent above-knee amputation. ISSs of >20, MESSs of >7, and orthopedic fixation were statistically significant factors associated with amputation.

Conclusion

In cases of FPAI with ISSs of >20, MESSs of >7, and orthopedic fixation, amputations should be considered. We were also careful to attempt limb salvage in such cases.

Endovascular Therapy of Vascular Trauma—Current Options and Review of the Literature

Objective:

To review the current use of endovascular techniques in trauma.

Summary Background Data:

Multiple studies have demonstrated that, despite current guidelines, endovascular therapies are used in instances of arterial trauma.

Methods:

The existing literature concerning arterial trauma was reviewed. Studies reviewed included case reports, single-center case series, large database studies, official industry publications and instructions for use, and society guidelines.

Results:

Endovascular therapies are used in arterial trauma in all systems. The use of thoracic endografts in blunt thoracic aortic trauma is accepted and endorsed by society guidelines. The use of endovascular therapies in other anatomic locations is largely limited to single-center studies. Advantages potentially include less morbidity due to smaller incisions as well as shorter operating room times. Many report using endovascular therapies even with hard signs of injury. Long-term results are limited by a lack of long-term follow-up but, in general, suggest that these techniques produce acceptable outcomes. The adoption of these techniques may be limited by resource and surgeon availability.

Conclusions:

The use of endovascular therapies in trauma has gained acceptance despite not yet having a place in official guidelines.

Readmissions after Firearm Injury Requiring Vascular Repair

BACKGROUND

Firearm injuries can be morbid and potentially have high resource utilization. Historically, trauma and vascular surgery patients are at higher risk for readmissions. Our goal was to assess the risk for readmission among patients undergoing vascular repair after a firearm injury.

METHODS

The National Readmission Database was queried from 2011 to 2014. All firearm injuries with or without vascular repair were analyzed. Multivariable analysis was conducted to assess the effect of concurrent vascular repair on readmissions at 30, 90, and 180 days.

RESULTS

There were 42,184 firearm injury admissions identified, where 93.3% did not undergo vascular repair and 6.7% required vascular repair. The overall in-hospital death rate was 8.2%. Average age was 29.9 ± 0.2 years, and 89.2% were male. Intent was most frequently assault (61.2%) followed by unintentional injury (26.5%), suicide (5.2%), and legal intervention (3.1%). Patients with vascular repair compared to those without vascular repair were more frequently admitted at teaching hospitals (85.2% vs. 81.8%, P = 0.042), had higher Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) extreme severity of illness, AHRQ risk of mortality, New Injury Severity Score (NISS), and had more diagnoses and procedures (P < 0.0001). Patients with vascular repair compared to those without vascular repair also more frequently sustained abdominal/pelvis injury (40.4% vs. 23.4%, P < 0.0001) and were more likely to have anemia (5.9% vs. 3.6%, P = 0.009). Patients undergoing vascular repair had a higher rate for 30-day (8.9% vs. 5.5%, P = 0.0001), 90-day (18.1% vs 9.5%, P < 0.0001), and 180-day (22.3% vs. 13%, P < 0.0001) readmission. Kaplan-Meier analysis of unadjusted data showed a higher readmission rate over time with vascular repair. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that vascular repair was not associated with higher 30-day readmission (odds ratio [OR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.72, P = 0.14) but was for 90-day (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.14-1.68, P = 0.001) and 180-day readmission (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06-1.45, P = 0.009). Additional factors associated with 30-day readmission were higher NISS, discharge to a care facility, and Elixhauser score. Other factors associated with 90-day readmission were unintentional intent of injury, NISS, discharge to a care facility, and Elixhauser score. Factors also associated with 180-day readmission were insurance type, unintentional intent of injury, NISS, care facility discharge, and Elixhauser score.

CONCLUSIONS

Firearm injury resulting in vascular injury was associated with increased readmissions at 90 and 180 days. This study establishes baseline rates for readmission after vascular repair for firearm traumas and allows opportunity for improvement through targeted interventions for these patients. Vascular surgeons can have a more active role in managing this high-profile public health issue.

Humerus fracture and combined venous injury increases limb loss in axillary or subclavian artery injury

OBJECTIVE

Axillosubclavian vessel injury is rare, with most cases occurring after penetrating trauma. A prior database (2002-2006) analysis demonstrated an overall limb loss rate of 2.9%, with no difference between isolated arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury and combined artery/vein axillosubclavian vessel injury. Given increases in advanced vascular surgical techniques, as well as improved multidisciplinary care and expeditious diagnosis with computed tomography angiography, we hypothesized the national rate of limb loss in patients with arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury has decreased. In addition, we attempted to identify current predictors for limb loss in arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury. Finally, we hypothesized that combined artery/vein axillosubclavian vessel injury, as well as associated brachial plexus injury will have a higher risk for limb-loss and mortality compared to isolated arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank was performed between 2007 and 2015. All patients ≥ 18 years of age with arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury were included. The primary outcome was limb loss. After a univariable logistic regression model identified significant covariates, we performed a multivariable logistic regression for analysis.

RESULTS

Of the total 5,494,609 trauma admissions, 3807 patients had arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury (<0.1%). Of these, 3137 (82.4%) had isolated arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury and 670 (17.6%) had combined artery/vein axillosubclavian vessel injury. The overall limb loss rate was 2.4% (from 2.9% in 2006, p = 0.47). After adjusting for covariates, independent risk factors for limb loss included a combined artery/vein axillosubclavian vessel injury (odds ratio = 3.54, confidence interval = 2.06-6.11, p < 0.001), blunt mechanism (odds ratio = 7.81, confidence interval = 4.21-14.48, p < 0.001), open repair (odds ratio = 2.37, confidence interval = 1.47-3.82, p < 0.001), and open proximal humerus fracture (odds ratio = 8.50, confidence interval = 4.97-14.54, p < 0.001). An associated brachial plexus injury was not associated with limb loss ( p = 0.37). Combined artery/vein axillosubclavian vessel injury was associated with higher risk for mortality compared to isolated arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury (odds ratio = 2.17, confidence interval = 1.73-2.71, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The national rate of limb loss in trauma patients with arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury has not changed in the past decade. A combined artery/vein axillosubclavian vessel injury is an independent risk factor for limb loss, as well as open repair. However, the strongest risk factor is an open proximal humerus fracture. An associated brachial plexus injury is not associated with increased risk of limb loss. Patients with combined artery/vein axillosubclavian vessel injury have a twofold increased risk of death compared to patients with isolated arterial axillosubclavian vessel injury.

Diagnostic workup and endovascular treatment of popliteal artery trauma

Although management paradigms for certain arterial trauma, such as aortic injuries, have moved towards an endovascular approach, the application of endovascular techniques for the treatment of peripheral arterial injuries continues to be debated. In the realm of peripheral vascular trauma, popliteal arterial injuries remain a devastating condition with significant rates of limb loss. Expedient management is essential and surgical revascularization has been the gold standard. Initial clinical assessment of vascular injury is aided by readily available imaging techniques such as duplex ultrasonography and high resolution computed tomographic angiography. Conventional catheter based angiography, however, remain the gold standard in the determination of vascular injury. There are limited data examining the outcomes of endovascular techniques to address popliteal arterial injuries. In this review, we examine the imaging modalities and current approaches and data regarding endovascular techniques for the management popliteal arterial trauma.

Popliteal vessel trauma: Surgical approaches and the vessel-first strategy

BACKGROUND

In this study, we analyzed long-term outcomes following treatment of traumatic popliteal vascular injuries in an urban level I trauma center, using a vessel-first approach in the case of combined vascular and bony/ligamentous injuries and discussing the relative merits of the medial and posterior approach to popliteal vessels.

METHODS

Data including patient demographics, mechanism and type of injury, severity of limb ischemia, Injury Severity Score (ISS), limb ischemia time, time to revascularization from admission, treatment strategy, type of vascular reconstruction, limb salvage and mortality were retrospectively collected in patients treated for traumatic popliteal vessel lesions. All patients in this study were operatively treated using medial and posterior approaches. A vessel-first approach was used where possible.

RESULTS

Twenty-four patients (13 male) with a median age of 45 years (range 21-88) and popliteal vessel injury after traumatic knee dislocation (n = 10, 42%), proximal tibia fracture (n = 5, 21%), distal femur fracture (n = 4, 17%), blunt popliteal injury (n = 3, 12%) and penetrating trauma (n = 2, 8%) were identified. Twelve (50%) patients were treated via a medial approach and 12 (50%) via a posterior approach. All had injury of the popliteal artery (15 complete transection, eight local intimal disruption and one pseudoaneurysm) with seven having additional popliteal vein and five with nerve injury. Nineteen patients (88%) presented with limb ischemia Rutherford category ≥II. Vessel reconstruction (four direct sutures, four patch plasties, 16 venous interposition/bypasses) was performed prior to bone/joint stabilization in 22 patients (92%). Thirty-day mortality was zero. Two above-knee amputations were performed within 30 days due to severe infection. During a median follow-up of 59 (range 12-143) months, there were no deaths and no amputations. At the end of follow-up, all patients denied claudication.

CONCLUSIONS

The vessel-first strategy promises an excellent outcome, independent of the surgical approach needed to repair traumatic popliteal vessel injuries.

Multidisciplinary team approach in the management of popliteal artery injury

Popliteal artery injuries (PAIs) remain a challenging entity and carry the greatest risk of limb loss among traumatic lower extremity vascular injuries. Operative management of traumatic popliteal vascular injuries continues to evolve. Improved diagnostic imaging and the introduction of endovascular techniques offered alternative modalities to traditional surgical management. Despite major efforts in establishing protocols and guidelines in the management of vascular trauma, optimal strategies of traumatic PAIs are still under investigation. Herein, we discussed the role of multidisciplinary team, involving trauma and endovascular surgeons, emergency department personnel, and interventional radiologists in the management of complex PAIs.

The impact of urgent computed tomography angiography for gunshot wounds in extremities with concomitant vascular injuries on diagnosis and postoperative outcomes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Computed tomography angiography represents one of the most important investigation modalities in the diagnosis and follow-up of vascular diseases. We prospectively compare between patients who have had preoperative computed tomography (CT) angiography and others who had not, to analyze the influence of CT angiography on the diagnosis and postoperative outcomes in gunshot cases.

METHODS

A Cohort study to compare between patients who underwent preoperative CT angiography and others who had not, to analyze the influence of CT angiography on the diagnosis and postoperative outcomes in patients who suffer from urgent vascular reconstruction due to gunshot wounds in extremities with concomitant vascular injuries, in the time period from 17 February 2011 to 31 December 2011 in Al-Jalaa Hospital, Benghazi, Libya.

RESULTS

During the study period, 89 patients were included, of whom 88 (99%) were males and 1 (1%) was female; the mean age was 29.5 years. Patients were arranged into two groups. The first group of 38 patients (43%) were operated urgently without preoperative CT angiographic evaluation. The second group of 51 patients (57%) have had a preoperative CT angiographic evaluation.

CONCLUSION

In the light of our study, we favor the immediate operative exploration of gunshot wounds in extremities with concomitant hard signs of vascular injuries without waiting for preoperative CT angiography, thereby minimizing the shock state and ischemic interval. CT angiography may be required for a more stable patient to avoid unnecessary surgical exploration.

Decreased National Rate of below the Knee Amputation in Patients with Popliteal Artery Injury

BACKGROUND

Popliteal arterial injury (PAI) is the second most common infrainguinal arterial injury after femoral artery injury with an incidence < 0.2%. A 2003 analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) reported a below the knee amputation (BKA) rate of 7.1% in patients with PAI as well as higher risk in those with an associated fracture or nerve injury. Given advances in vascular surgical techniques, improved multidisciplinary care, and expeditious diagnosis with computed tomography angiography, we hypothesized that the national rate of BKA in patients with PAI has decreased and sought to identify risk factors for BKA in patients with PAI.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of the NTDB was performed from 2007 to 2015. Patients ≥15 years of age with PAI were included and grouped by mechanism of injury (blunt versus penetrating). Interfacility transfers were excluded. The primary outcome of interest was BKA. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify predictors of BKA in patients with PAI.

RESULTS

From 4,385,698 patients, 5,143 were identified with PAI (<0.2%) with most involved in a blunt mechanism (56.8%). The overall limb loss rate was 5.1% (decreased from 7.1% in 2003, P = 0.0037). After adjusting for covariates, a blunt mechanism (odds ratio [OR] = 3.53, confidence intervals [CI] = 2.49-5.01, P < 0.001) and open proximal tibia/fibula fracture or dislocation (OR = 2.71, CI = 2.08-3.54, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for BKA in patients with PAI. A combined popliteal vein injury (PVI) did not increase the risk for BKA (P = 0.64).

CONCLUSIONS

The national rate of limb loss in trauma patients with PAI has decreased from 7.1 to 5.1%. A blunt mechanism of injury as well as proximal open tibia/fibula fracture or dislocation continue to be the independent risk factors for BKA. Confirming a previous report, we found a combined PVI not to be associated with higher risk for BKA. Future prospective research to determine other possible contributing factors such as intraoperative hemodynamics and utilization of vascular shunt and fasciotomy appears warranted.

Controversial case: Revascularization of a popliteal vascular injury of poor prognosis

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We need to revaluate and modify our current amputation prediction scores.

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More than 6 h of ischemia does not translate to a bad prognosis.

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There are multiple variables that affect the evolution of the patient.

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It is important to consider revascularization especially in all young patients without significant concomitant injuries and lack of comorbidities.

Introduction

Popliteal injuries are significant health risk that could induce permanent functional impairment, limb loss, and in some cases death. Currently, there is a controversy about the required treatment between amputation and a limb salvage surgery, which in some cases could cause more prominent functional impairment than the amputation. Different indicators help to predict, in some extent, the risk of amputation, however most of them were described two decades ago.

Presentation of case

A patient with a prolonged hot ischemia and in critical conditions, which had no favorable clinical indicators for revascularization is shown and discussed. By means of intraoperative analysis, it was decided to perform a revascularization for limb salvage, progressing with a positive outcome.

Discussion

Advancements in medical and vascular surgery, such as osteovascularized grafts, the use of flaps to cover large defects, the Ilizarov method for bone elongation and stabilization, the use of growth factors, negative pressure therapy, and the use of extracellular matrix, the improvements of intensive care units (ICU), among others, make necessary to revisit and reevaluate these indicators. The accuracy of these indicators has dropped significantly, and currently the medical evaluation cannot longer only depend on them.

Conclusion

Our results suggest the need to revisit and improve the predicting indicators scores for amputation prognosis that should include a preoperative and transoperative analysis.

Risk factors associated with amputation in civilian popliteal artery trauma

Popliteal artery trauma is uncommon but is associated with a high risk of limb loss depending on the scenario involving blunt or penetrating trauma as well as the severity and extent of injury that has occurred. In our setting there is a significant amount of gang and civilian warfare resulting in Vascular Trauma. There were 32 patients over a decade who sustained traumatic injury to the popliteal artery consisting of 30 males (94%) and 2 females with an age range 16-59 years with a mean of 32. There were 20 cases of penetrating trauma (63%) and 12 cases of blunt trauma (37%). Of the penetrating trauma, 18 were due to gunshot wounds (GSWs) (90%) and 2 stabs. The majority (7/12; 58%) of blunt trauma was due to falls, and 42% (5/12) secondary to motor vehicular accidents (MVAs). In terms of extent of injury, 21 of 32 patients (65%) sustained an isolated popliteal artery injury, whilst 6 (19%) had injury to both the popliteal artery and vein and another 5 (16%) had combined popliteal artery, vein and nerve injuries. There were 14 cases with associated orthopaedic injuries: 7 posterior knee dislocations, 1 fracture/dislocation of the knee, 2 femoral fractures, 2 tibial plateau fractures and 2 tibia/fibula fracture. Methods of repair included 14 reversed vein grafts, 16 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts and 2 primary. The overall amputation rate was 28% (9 patients). Of the penetrating trauma patients 25% required amputations composed of 5 GSWs, 33% of the blunt trauma patients required amputations. It was noted that factors associated with (but not statistically significant) poor outcomes included combined artery/vein injury, artery/vein/nerve injury, concomitant fracture/dislocation and delayed transfer to a Vascular Surgery Unit. The type of graft or repair did not affect outcome. The incidence of popliteal artery trauma was calculated at 2.46 per 100,000 population per year.

Two-team management of vascular injuries concomitant with osteo-articular injuries in 36 patients over six years

BACKGROUND

Patients with both vascular and osteoarticular injuries require multidisciplinary management. Vascular injuries may be function- and/or life-threatening. The lower limbs are predominantly affected. Traffic, domestic, and work-related accidents contribute most of the cases. The primary objective of this study was to describe the management of patients with concomitant vascular and osteo-articular injuries, with special attention to the rates of amputation and fasciotomy. The secondary objective was to suggest a management sequence to optimise our surgical practice.

HYPOTHESIS

The management sequence is a crucial consideration in patients with both vascular and osteo-articular injuries.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A 6-year, retrospective, observational study was conducted in patients with concomitant vascular and osteo-articular injuries.

RESULTS

The study included 36 patients with a mean age of 40.6±22.1 years. The main sources of injury were traffic accidents (n=19, 52.8%), crush injury (n=8, 22.2%), and falls (n=5, 13.9%). A compound fracture was present in 20 (55.6%) patients. Evidence of ischaemia in 25 (69.4%) patients, and bleeding in 11 (30.6%) patients. Pre-operative imaging, by ultrasonography or computed tomography, was performed in 27 (75.0%) patients. The lower limb was involved in 30 (83.3%) patients, who had osteoarticular injuries to the femur and leg combined with injury to the popliteal artery. Fasciotomy was performed in 11 (30.6%) patients and secondary amputation in 7 (19.4%) patients. The limb salvage rate was 80.6%. Median patient survival was 9.3 [0-74.8] months.

DISCUSSION

Coordinated work by two surgical teams is crucial to manage concomitant vascular and osteo-articular injuries. The management sequence must be defined clearly. Computed tomography angiography is the investigation of choice and should be performed at the slightest suspicion of vascular injury.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV, retrospective observational study.

Evaluation of Experience with Lower Extremity Arterial Injuries at an Urban Trauma Center

Lower extremity arterial injuries (LEAIs) can be complicated injuries resulting in limb loss and death. Patients with LEAI often have multiple injuries increasing the risk for morbidity and mortality. We sought to evaluate the incidence and management of LEAI and to define associations between injuries and outcomes. We performed a retrospective review of LEAI at an urban level-1 trauma center from April 2005 to April 2015. Chi-square tests were used to compare independent groups with respect to mortality and amputation. Means were compared between independent groups using two-sample t -tests. From April 2005 to April 2015, 208 arterial injuries occurred in 163 patients. The majority (80.4%) suffered concomitant lower extremity injuries with 35.6% suffering systemic injuries. Surgical intervention was required for 72.1% of injuries. Amputation rate was 14.7%. Mortality rate was 8.0%. Data from 2010 to 2015 were more specifically analyzed. Injury severity score (ISS) was higher with fatalities (37 ± 13.16 vs. 11.8 ± 8.51, p  < 0.0001) and in patients requiring an amputation (25.4 ± 15.32 compared with 11.6 ± 9.05, p  = 0.0015). Popliteal artery injury was most likely to require an amputation (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9, p  = 0.04). Mortality was more likely when systemic injuries were present (OR = 18.1, p  = 0.0005). The majority of patients with arterial injuries require surgical management, most often with open surgical techniques. Arterial injuries associated with systemic injuries, blunt injury mechanisms, and higher ISS are at a significantly increased risk of mortality.

Effect of Vascular Injury on Functional Outcome in Knees with Multi-Ligament Injury: A Matched-Cohort Analysis

BACKGROUND

Multi-ligament knee injury (MLKI) associated with knee dislocation can result in vascular injury. The purpose of this study was to compare knee function after MLKI between patients with a vascular injury requiring popliteal artery bypass grafting and patients without vascular involvement. Additionally, factors associated with poor knee function in patients who had MLKI with vascular injury were evaluated.

METHODS

This retrospective study identified patients with an MLKI between 1992 and 2014. Each patient who had a concomitant vascular injury requiring bypass grafting (vascular cohort, n = 16; mean age, 30.3 years) was matched to 2 patients without a vascular injury (control cohort, n = 32; mean age, 31.4 years) on the basis of age, knee dislocation (KD) grade, and peroneal nerve status. Fifteen patients in the vascular cohort and 26 patients in the control cohort had an isolated knee injury. Functional outcomes were assessed with physical examination of range of motion and ligamentous stability as well as patient-reported outcome scores.

RESULTS

The vascular cohort had a mean Lysholm score of 62.5 points (range, 16 to 100 points) and a mean International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score of 59.7 points (range, 14.9 to 100 points) at a mean (and standard deviation) of 8.3 ± 5.0 years after surgery. The control cohort had a mean Lysholm score of 86.4 points (range, 51.0 to 100.0 points) and a mean IKDC score of 83.8 points (range, 35.6 to 100.0 points) at a mean of 6.0 ± 4.0 years. The vascular cohort had significantly lower Lysholm (p = 0.001) and IKDC (p = 0.002) scores than the control cohort. A body mass index (BMI) of >30 kg/m was predictive of lower IKDC (p = 0.0009) and Lysholm (p = 0.0008) scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who sustain an MLKI with an associated popliteal artery injury requiring bypass grafting have significantly lower knee function scores than patients without vascular involvement. This information can be used to help counsel patients with combined multiple ligament and popliteal artery injuries.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Vascular Shunts in Civilian Trauma

Experience with temporary intravascular shunts (TIVS) for vessel injury comes from the military sector and while the indications might be clear in geographically isolated and under resourced war zones, this may be an uncommon scenario in civilian trauma. Data supporting TIVS use in civilian trauma have been extrapolated from the military literature where it demonstrated improved life and limb salvage. Few non-comparative studies from the civilian literature have also revealed similar favorable outcomes. Still, TIVS placement in civilian vascular injuries is uncommon and by some debatable given the absence of clear indications for placement, the potential for TIVS-related complications, the widespread resources for immediate and definitive vascular repair, and the need for curtailing costs and optimizing resources. This article reviews the current evidence and the role of TIVS in contemporary civilian trauma management.

Clinical and Functional Results of 119 Patients With Knee Dislocations

OBJECTIVES

To describe clinical results and functional outcomes of knee dislocations treated with a consistent strategy within our institution.

DESIGN

Retrospective case series.

SETTING

Level 1 trauma center.

PATIENTS

One hundred nineteen patients were treated at one institution between 2000 and 2014 for knee dislocation.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

Knee range of motion, functional instability, and complications were recorded. Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) and Lysholm scores were obtained after minimum of 1 year.

RESULTS

Sixty-three early complications were noted in 36 patients (32%), with an overall amputation rate of 9.2% (8 early and 3 late amputations). Of the patients who retained their limb, 4.5% reported instability. Open knee dislocations were associated with amputation (26% vs. 1.3%, P < 0.001). Popliteal arterial injuries were associated with more amputation (31% vs. 3.2%, P = 0 < 0.001), infection (37% vs. 8%, P = 0.002), and deep venous thrombosis (32% vs. 8.8%, P = 0.014). Patients with wound infection were more likely to develop heterotopic ossification (36% vs. 9.4%, P = 0.017) and less knee motion (77.5 vs. 117 degrees P = 0.049). Knee motion improved over time for all patients with a mean arc of 86 degrees at 3 months, 109 degrees at 6 months, and 115 degrees at 12 months. An Injury Severity Score of ≥20 was associated with less knee motion (97 vs. 121 degrees P = 0.029). Mean Lysholm score was 86.7, and mean MFA score was 35.7 after mean follow-up of 90 months and 82 months, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Few patients (4.5%) experienced functional instability. However, early complications occurred frequently (32%) as expected, particularly in patients with open injuries and/or arterial injury. Limitations in knee motion were associated with high Injury Severity Score, infection, and heterotopic ossification. Mean knee scores were good, consistent with reasonable knee function, although MFA scores suggest a lower level of generalized function.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

[Post-traumatic concomitant popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula]

Popliteal injuries are well known to be serious with a high rate of mortality due to damage caused to popliteal vessels. Pseudoaneurysm formation and arteriovenous fistulas are well-known complications of arterial injury, but are rarely concomitant. Diagnosis is usually done by computed tomography (CT) angiography. Treatment strategies consist of surgery or endovascular management. We report the surgical treatment of two cases of popliteal arteriovenous fistula associated with pseudoaneurysm complicating stab wounds.

Relationship Between the Middle Genicular Artery and the Posterior Structures of the Knee: A Cadaveric Study

Background:

The middle genicular artery (MGA) is responsible for the blood supply to the cruciate ligaments and synovial tissue. Traumatic sports injuries and surgical procedures (open and arthroscopic) can cause vascular damage. Little attention has been devoted to establish safe parameters for the MGA.

Purpose:

To investigate the anatomy of the MGA and its relation to the posterior structures of the knees, mainly the posterior capsule and femoral condyles, and to establish safe parameters to avoid harming the MGA.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Dissection of the MGA was performed in 16 fresh, unpaired adult human cadaveric knees with no macroscopic degenerative or traumatic changes and no previous surgeries. The specimens were meticulously evaluated with emphasis on preservation of the MGA. The distances from the MGA to the medial and lateral femoral condyles were measured. The Mann-Whitney test was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

In all specimens, the MGA emerged from the anterior aspect of the popliteal artery, distal to the superior genicular arteries, and had a short distal trajectory toward the posterior capsule where it entered proximal to the oblique popliteal ligament. The artery lay in the midportion between the condyles. The distance between the posterior aspect of the tibia and the point of entry of the MGA into the posterior joint capsule was 23.8 ± 7.3 mm (range, 14.72-35.68 mm). There was no correlation between an individual’s height and the distance of the entrance point of the MGA into the posterior joint capsule to the posterior superior corner of the tibia.

Conclusion:

The middle genicular artery lies in the midportion between the medial and lateral femoral condyles.

Clinical Relevance:

This knowledge is important for the preservation of the blood supply during posterior knee surgical procedures and to settle a secure distance between the posterior aspect of the tibia and the MGA input. This could decrease and prevent iatrogenic vascular injury risk to the MGA.

Arterial Injuries Associated with Blunt Fractures in the Lower Extremity

Problems related to the combination of an arterial injury and a blunt fracture in the lower extremity are well known—delayed diagnosis, damaged soft tissue, and high amputation rate. The actual incidence of this injury pattern is, however, unknown. The purposes of this study were to determine the current incidence of named arterial injuries in patients with blunt fractures in the lower extremities and assess potential associated risk factors. This was a 7-year (2007–2013) retrospective review of patients ≥18 years with blunt lower extremity fractures at a Level I trauma center. Fracture location and concomitant arterial injury were determined and patients stratified by age, gender, and injury velocity. Low injury velocity was defined as falls or assaults, whereas an injury secondary to a motorized vehicle was defined as high velocity. A total of 4413 patients (mean age 52.2 years, 54.3% male, mean Injury Severity Score 13.1) were identified. Forty-six patients (1.04%) had arterial injuries (20.4% common femoral, 8.2% superficial femoral, 44.9% popliteal, and 26.5% shank). After stratifying by age and injury velocity, younger age was associated with a significantly higher rate of vascular injury. For high-velocity injuries, there was no difference based on age. In conclusion, the prevalence of arterial injury after blunt lower extremity fractures is 1.04 per cent in our study. A significant paradoxical relationship exists between age and associated arterial injuries in patients with low-velocity injuries. If these data are confirmed in future studies, a low index of suspicion in patients >55 years after falls is appropriate.

Endovascular Repair of Blunt Popliteal Arterial Injuries

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of endovascular repair for blunt popliteal arterial injuries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis of seven patients with clinical suspicion of popliteal arterial injuries that were confirmed by arteriography was performed from September 2009 to July 2014. Clinical data included demographics, mechanism of injury, type of injury, location of injury, concomitant injuries, time of endovascular procedures, time interval from trauma to blood flow restoration, instrument utilized, and follow-up. All patients were male (mean age of 35.9 ± 10.3 years). The type of lesion involved intimal injury (n = 1), partial transection (n = 2), complete transection (n = 2), arteriovenous fistula (n = 1), and pseudoaneurysm (n = 1). All patients underwent endovascular repair of blunt popliteal arterial injuries.

RESULTS

Technical success rate was 100%. Intimal injury was treated with a bare-metal stent. Pseudoaneurysm and popliteal artery transections were treated with bare-metal stents. Arteriovenous fistula was treated with bare-metal stent and coils. No perioperative death and procedure-related complication occurred. The average follow-up was 20.9 ± 2.3 months (range 18-24 months). One patient underwent intra-arterial thrombolysis due to stent thrombosis at 18 months after the procedure. All limbs were salvaged. Stent migration, deformation, or fracture was not found during the follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Endovascular repair seems to be a viable approach for patients with blunt popliteal arterial injuries, especially on an emergency basis. Endovascular repair may be effective in the short-term. Further studies are required to evaluate the long-term efficacy of endovascular repair.

Contemporary outcomes of civilian lower extremity arterial trauma

OBJECTIVE

Lower extremity arterial injury may result in limb loss after blunt or penetrating trauma. This study examined outcomes of civilian lower extremity arterial trauma and predictors of delayed amputation.

METHODS

The records of patients presenting to a major level I trauma center from 2004 to 2014 with infrainguinal arterial injury were identified from a prospective institutional trauma registry, and outcomes were reviewed. Standard statistical methods were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

We identified 149 patients (86% male; mean age, 33 ± 14 years,). Of these, 46% presented with blunt trauma: 19 (13%) had common femoral artery, 26 (17%) superficial femoral artery, 50 (33%) popliteal, and 54 (36%) tibial injury. Seven patients underwent primary amputation; of the remainder, 21 (15%) underwent ligation, 85 (59%) revascularization (80% bypass grafting, 20% primary repair), and the rest were observed. Delayed amputation was eventually required in 24 patients (17%): 20 (83%) were due to irreversible ischemia or extensive musculoskeletal damage, despite having adequate perfusion. Delayed amputation rates were 26% for popliteal, 20% for tibial, and 4.4% for common/superficial femoral artery injury. The delayed amputation group had significantly more (P < .05) blunt trauma (79% vs 30%), popliteal injury (46% vs 27%), compound fracture/dislocation (75% vs 33%), bypass graft (63% vs 43%), and fasciotomy (75% vs 43%), and a higher mangled extremity severity score (6.1 ± 1.8 vs 4.3 ± 1.6). Predictors of delayed amputation included younger age, higher injury severity score, popliteal or multiple tibial injury, blunt trauma, and pulseless examination on presentation.

CONCLUSIONS

Individualized decision making based on age, mechanism, pulseless presentation, extent of musculoskeletal trauma, and location of injury should guide the intensity of revascularization strategies after extremity arterial trauma. Although patients presenting with vascular trauma in the setting of multiple negative prognostic factors should not be denied revascularization, expectations for limb salvage in the short-term and long-term periods should be carefully outlined.

Vascular Injury in Orthopedic Trauma

Vascular injury in orthopedic trauma is challenging. The risk to life and limb can be high, and clinical signs initially can be subtle. Recognition and management should be a critical skill for every orthopedic surgeon. There are 5 types of vascular injury: intimal injury (flaps, disruptions, or subintimal/intramural hematomas), complete wall defects with pseudoaneurysms or hemorrhage, complete transections with hemorrhage or occlusion, arteriovenous fistulas, and spasm. Intimal defects and subintimal hematomas with possible secondary occlusion are most commonly associated with blunt trauma, whereas wall defects, complete transections, and arteriovenous fistulas usually occur with penetrating trauma. Spasm can occur after either blunt or penetrating trauma to an extremity and is more common in young patients. Clinical presentation of vascular injury may not be straightforward. Physical examination can be misleading or initially unimpressive; a normal pulse examination may be present in 5% to 15% of patients with vascular injury. Detection and treatment of vascular injuries should take place within the context of the overall resuscitation of the patient according to the established principles of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocols. Advances in the field, made mostly during times of war, have made limb salvage the rule rather than the exception. Teamwork, familiarity with the often subtle signs of vascular injuries, a high index of suspicion, effective communication, appropriate use of imaging modalities, sound knowledge of relevant technique, and sequence of surgical repairs are among the essential factors that will lead to a successful outcome. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on a subject that generates significant controversy and confusion among clinicians involved in the care of trauma patients. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(4):249-259.].

Gustilo type IIIC open tibia fractures with vascular repair: minimum 2-year follow-up

PURPOSE

Salvage or amputation for grade 3C open fracture of tibia is not well responded question universally because of surgical innovations, cultural believes, difficulties in estimate the outcome, coasts, and different results in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of Gustilo grade 3C open tibia fractures with at least two years follow-up in non-military adults.

METHODS

Twenty-two non-military patients with a mean age of 31.1 were operated with grade 3c open fractures at tibia level in last 10 years in our clinic. We evaluated them retrospectively and asked about their daily life, pain, and if present, about the wish for secondary amputation. We also asked if they would prefer a first day amputation rather than their present status.

RESULTS

Mean operation time after the injury was 13 h. Seven patients had nerve injury. Mean operation number was 3.5. Eight patients (%36) (all due to circulatory problem) had to have amputation. All patients treated with temporary unilateral external fixation than converted to circular external fixators when soft tissue healing was completed. Two patients were reoperated because of deformity. Four patients needed revision surgery because of non-union. At long term follow, we had osteomyelitis in one patient.

CONCLUSIONS

Scoring systems and the ischemic time are not the only predictors of amputation. The decision of the treatment mode should be made by the patient and the care team after discussing the options and outcomes rather than relying on a scoring system.

Peripheral Arterial Injuries: an Indian Experience

Arterial injuries present the most challenging conditions in surgical practice. Many fail to reach the specialist in time and end up losing limbs or lives. Though well addressed elsewhere, it has received less attention in developing countries like India. There is a need to study these injuries from the perspective of countries like India. The aims of the study are to (1) analyze the epidemiology, presentation, and outcomes of arterial injuries operated by the author in Indian settings; (2) identify factors associated with adverse outcomes; and (3) discuss the critical issues with relevance to our country. Retrospective analysis of arterial injuries operated by the author between July 2010 and February 2014 at our institution was performed. Patients with feasibility of revascularization were included and nonviable limbs requiring primary amputations were excluded. Sixty-one patients fulfilled the criteria of which 55 (90.1 %) were males and 6 (9.8 %) females aged between 5 and 70 years. The mean duration of presentation was 21 h. Majority were resultant of road traffic accidents (62.7 %). Among 49 (80.3 %) noniatrogenic injuries, the mechanism was blunt in 46 (93.8 %, n = 49) and penetrating in 3 (6.1 %) cases. Iatrogenic injuries were seen in 12 (19.6 %) cases. Lower limbs accounted for 37 (60.6 %) cases, popliteal segment being common, 22 (36 %) cases. Bony injuries were associated in 39 (63.9 %) cases. The most common procedure was interposition graft (49.1 %). Six (9.8 %) patients required an amputation resulting in 55 (90.1 %) salvaged limbs. Reaching a specialist center in appropriate time can result in good limb salvage rates and functional outcomes. Creating awareness and training the personnel are the critical issues in the management of arterial injuries in India.

Popliteal Artery Thrombosis After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Patella: A Case Report

CASE

A 31-year-old man presented with a right patellar fracture after a motor-vehicle accident. He had a history of a myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident, for which he reported taking aspirin and clopidogrel daily. One hour after surgery, an acute popliteal artery thrombosis was detected. The patient was ultimately successfully managed with endovascular placement of a catheter and a 14-hour infusion of tissue plasminogen activator. The patient had no further known thromboembolic events after 11 months of follow-up.

CONCLUSION

High suspicion must be maintained for acute thromboembolic events in patients with a history of such events.

Pediatric Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord Injury: A National Database Study

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective administrative database analysis.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and characteristics of pediatric cervical spine injury (PCSI) utilizing the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID).

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

PCSI is debilitating, but comprehensive analyses have been difficult due to its rarity. There have been a few database studies on PCSI; however, the studies employed databases that suffer from selection bias.

METHODS

The triennial KID was queried from years 2000 to 2012 using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Pediatric admissions were divided into five age groups reflecting different developmental stages. PCSI was analyzed in terms of trend, demographics, injury characteristics, hospital characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes variables. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for PCSI among trauma admissions and to identify independent risk factors for mortality among PCSI admissions.

RESULTS

Over the past decade, the overall prevalence of traumatic PCSI was 2.07%, and the mortality rate was 4.87%. Most frequent cause of PCSI was transportation accidents, accounting for 57.51%. Upper cervical spine injury (C1-C4), cervical fracture with spinal cord injury, spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA), and dislocation showed a decreasing trend with age. Some comorbidities, including, but not limited to, fluid and electrolyte disorders, and paralysis were common across all age groups, while substance abuse showed a bimodal distribution. Independent risk factors for PCSI after trauma were older cohorts, non-Northeast region, and transportation accidents. For mortality after PCSI, independent risk factors were younger cohorts, transportation accidents, upper cervical spine injury, dislocation, and spinal cord injuries. Median length of stay and cost were 3.84 days and $14 742.

CONCLUSION

Pediatric patients are highly heterogeneous, constantly undergoing behavioral, environmental, and anatomical changes. PCSI after trauma is more common among older cohorts; however, mortality after sustaining PCSI is higher among younger patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4.

Outcome Assessments of Patients with Posttraumatic "Ultra-Time Vascular Injuries" of the Extremities

The management of posttraumatic vascular injury that presents after 8 h, or “ultra-time vascular injury”, is daunting, and inciting recognition of this injury is vital. We retrospectively analyzed 29 patients with ultra-time vascular injuries to determine the patients’ demographic characteristics and identify the determinants for amputation and disability. The age distribution of the high-risk population was from 18 years to 40 years, which indicated that these patients had plenty of productive life remaining. Injuries to the lower limbs (79.31%) were over four times more common than injuries to the upper limbs (17.24%), and open and blunt injuries occurred most commonly. The overall rate of limb salvage was 82.76% (24/29) and limb function is excellent in 45.83% (11/24) of the patients. The remaining patients experienced different degrees of disability in their limbs, which was determined by the anatomic location of the injury, and the presence of a combined arterial and venous injury, nerve injury, and complex soft tissue injury, as well as the occurrence of compartment syndrome. Hence, we recommend limb-salvage treatment for patients with traumatic ultra-time vascular injuries, particularly for those aged between 18 years and 40 years. Furthermore, we encourage the development of limb-salvage techniques for ultra-time vascular injuries.

Trauma inguinal penetrante com formação de fístula arteriovenosa e pseudoaneurisma: relato de caso

Resumo Os autores apresentam um relato de caso de vítima de acidente de trabalho com ferimento penetrante em região inguinal direita com peça metálica em espiral, que evoluiu com fístula arteriovenosa da artéria femoral profunda com a veia femoral profunda associado a pseudoaneurisma envolvendo essas estruturas e a veia femoral comum. As fístulas arteriovenosas ocorrem frequentemente após traumas e a associação com pseudoaneurisma é fato raro, devendo ser tratadas precocemente após seu diagnóstico. O ultrassom duplex é atualmente o exame mais utilizado para a avaliação inicial e a arteriografia, o padrão ouro para diagnóstico. No paciente em questão foi realizado tratamento convencional com abordagem cirúrgica direta, sutura arterial e ligaduras venosas. Entretanto, nos dias atuais a cirurgia endovascular e a compressão guiada por ultrassom são métodos terapêuticos que têm sido utilizados com sucesso. O paciente evoluiu sem intercorrência, recebendo alta para acompanhamento ambulatorial com preservação do membro.

Vascular injuries of the extremities are a major challenge in a third world country

BACKGROUND

Traumatic vascular injuries of the extremities are a major challenge especially in the third world countries. These injuries are mostly due to poor traffic laws, street crimes, firearms and blast associated injuries. We therefore would like to share our 10 years of experience in dealing with vascular injuries in Pakistan.

METHODS

This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the department of vascular surgery of Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Patients' records were retrieved from the department and were reviewed. Cases with vascular injuries of upper and lower limb that presented with signs of salvageable limb and presented within 12 hours of injury were included in the study. Patients with more than 12 hours of presentation and in whom primary amputation was done, were excluded from the study.

RESULTS

There were 328 patients who presented with vascular injuries of the extremities that fell in the inclusion criteria. Limb salvage rate was 41 %, whereas 30-days perioperative mortality was 5.48 %. The major cause of limb loss was delay in presentation of more than 8 h of injury. Major vessels involved were popliteal artery (41.76 %), followed by femoral artery (27.43 %).

CONCLUSION

Vascular injuries are becoming a major contributor of limb loss in third world countries due to violence, terrorism and unavailability of vascular facilities. This morbidity can be reduced by improving law and order situation, evolving an effective emergency ambulatory system and with better training and provision of vascular services in remote areas so that the delay factor can be reduced.