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Wang J, Chen B, Cheng J, Cai X, Xia G, Liu R, Wang X. Apoptotic mechanism of human leukemia K562/A02 cells induced by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles co-loaded with daunorubicin and 5-bromotetrandrin. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1027-34. [PMID: 21720514 PMCID: PMC3124388 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s18023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the induced apoptosis of self-assembled iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) co-loaded with daunorubicin (DNR) and 5-bromotetrandrin (Br Tet) (DNR/Br Tet-MNPs), acting as a drug depot system for the sustained release of the loaded DNR and BrTet, in the drug resistant human leukemia K562/A02 cells and further to explore potential mechanisms. After being incubated for 48 hours, K562/A02 cells were treated with DNR/Br Tet-MNPs or DNR and Br Tet in solution (DNR/Br Tet-Sol). Morphologic characteristics of K562/A02 cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope; cell apoptosis and intracellular accumulation of DNR were analyzed by FACS Calibur flow cytometry. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting analyses were performed to study the apoptosis associated gene transcription and protein expression, respectively. Typical apoptotic characteristics, including chromatin condensation and fragmentation of nuclei, were observed and a high rate of apoptosis was detected in K562/A02 cells treated with DNR/Br Tet-MNPs and DNR/Br Tet-Sol. Detection of relative fluorescence intensity of intracellular DNR demonstrated that intracellular DNR was higher in K562/A02 cells treated with DNR/Br Tet-MNPs than that of DNR/Br Tet-Sol. Further study demonstrated that both DNR/Br Tet-MNPs and DNR/Br Tet-Sol reduced the gene transcriptions and protein expressions of bcl-2 and survivin and enhanced that of bax and caspase 3. It is concluded that self-assembled DNR/Br Tet-MNPs, as one of the potential antitumor agents for hematologic malignancies, may effectively induce apoptosis of K562/A02 cells through elevating the ratio of bax/bcl-2, activating caspase 3, and inactivating survivin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medicine College, People's Republic of China
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Yeh PY, Lu YS, Ou DL, Cheng AL. IκB kinases increase Myc protein stability and enhance progression of breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:53. [PMID: 21575199 PMCID: PMC3104363 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both IκB kinase (IKK) complex and oncgenic protein Myc play important roles in cancer progression, including cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. The levels of Myc is regulated by the phosphorylation of Myc at Thr58 and Ser62. RESULTS In this study, we show that the expression of Myc is associated with IKKα and IKKβ in breast cancers and that Myc is an IKKs substrate. Suppression of IKK activity by either chemical inhibitor or transfection of kinase-dead mutants decreases the phosphorylation of Myc at Ser62 and enhances the degradation of Myc. Consequently, these treatments decrease the tumorigenic and invasive ability of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, doxorubicin, a frequently used anticancer drug in breast cancer, activates IKKs and Myc, thereby increasing invasiveness and tumorigenesis of breast carcinoma MCF7 cells. Inhibition of IKKs prevents these doxorubicin-induced effects. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that IKKs tightly regulate Myc expression through prolonging protein stability, and suggests that IKKs are potentially therapeutic targets and that suppression of IKKs may be used following chemotherapy to reduce the risk of treatment-induced tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yen Yeh
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No, 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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D'Atri LP, Pozner RG, Nahmod KA, Landoni VI, Isturiz M, Negrotto S, Schattner M. Paracrine regulation of megakaryo/thrombopoiesis by macrophages. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:763-72. [PMID: 21549176 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Megakaryo/thrombopoiesis is a complex process regulated by multiple signals provided by the bone marrow microenvironment. Because macrophages are relevant components of the bone marrow stroma and their activation induces an upregulation of molecules that can regulate hematopoiesis, we analyzed the impact of these cells on the control of megakaryocyte development and platelet biogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The different stages of megakaryo/thrombopoiesis were analyzed by flow cytometry using an in vitro model of human cord blood CD34(+) cells stimulated with thrombopoietin in either a transwell system or conditioned media from monocyte-derived macrophages isolated from peripheral blood. Cytokines secreted from macrophages were characterized by protein array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Resting macrophages released soluble factors that promoted megakaryocyte growth, cell ploidy, a size increase, proplatelet production, and platelet release. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation triggered the secretion of cytokines that exerted opposite effects together with a dramatic switch of CD34(+) commitment to the megakaryocytic lineage toward the myeloid lineage. Neutralization of interleukin-8 released by stimulated macrophages partially reversed the inhibition of megakaryocyte growth. Activation of nuclear factor κB had a major role in the synthesis of molecules involved in the megakaryocyte inhibition mediated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our study extends our understanding about the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the regulation of megakaryo/thrombopoiesis by showing that soluble factors derived from macrophages positively or negatively control megakaryocyte growth, differentiation, maturation, and their ability to produce platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Paola D'Atri
- Thrombosis I Laboratory, Hematological Research Institute Mariano R Castex, National Academy of Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Shah A, Kumar A. HIV-1 gp120-mediated increases in IL-8 production in astrocytes are mediated through the NF-κB pathway and can be silenced by gp120-specific siRNA. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:96. [PMID: 21190575 PMCID: PMC3023744 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact mechanism underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders still remains largely unresolved. However, viral genes (for example gp120 and tat) and their effect on cytokine/chemokine expressions have been linked with neuroinflammation. Conversely, interlekin-8 (IL-8) is a known proinflammatory chemokine and is known to be over-expressed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to gp120. In this study, we sought to address whether HIV-1gp120 could affect IL-8 expression in astrocytes and whether the NF-κB pathway is involved in this phenomenon. METHODS SVGA astrocytes were transfected with a plasmid expressing HIV-1 pSyn gp120 JR-FL using Lipofectamine2000. The cells were harvested at different time points after transfection, and total cellular RNA was used for quantification of IL-8 using a real time PCR. IL-8 protein expression was also determined in supernatants collected at different time points after transfection. Involvement of the NF-κB pathway was addressed using both pharmacological inhibitors and an siRNA approach. In order to explore gene specificity, gp120-specific siRNAs were designed and IL-8 expression was monitored at both mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS Gp120 increased IL-8 expression both at mRNA and protein levels by 7.1 ± 1.04 and 2.41 ± 0.35 fold at 6 and 48 hours post-transfection, respectively. This increase was time-dependent and was abrogated by use of gp120-specific siRNA. We have also shown that the NF-κB pathway is involved in gp120-mediated IL-8 overexpression as IKK-2 and IKKβ inhibitors inhibited IL-8 expression by 63.5% and 57.5%, respectively at the mRNA level, and by 67.3% and 58.6% at the protein level. These results were also confirmed with use of NF-κB-specific siRNA. CONCLUSION These results indicate that gp120 can modulate expression of a pro-inflammatory chemokine (IL-8) in astrocytes in a time-dependent manner with significant up-regulation at different times. This phenomenon is specific and is mediated by the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, UMKC-School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Dos Santos NR, Ghezzo MN, da Silva RC, Fernandes MT. NF-κB in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Oncogenic Functions in Leukemic and in Microenvironmental Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1838-60. [PMID: 24281204 PMCID: PMC3840450 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2041838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two main NF-κB signaling pathways, canonical and noncanonical, performing distinct functions in organisms have been characterized. Identification of mutations in genes encoding components of these NF-κB signaling pathways in lymphoid malignancies confirmed their key role in leukemogenesis. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy of thymocytes that despite significant therapeutic advances can still be fatal. Although mutations in NF-κB genes have not been reported in T-ALL, NF-κB constitutive activation in human T-ALL and in acute T-cell leukemia mouse models has been observed. Although these studies revealed activation of members of both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways in acute T-cell leukemia, only inhibition of canonical NF-κB signaling was shown to impair leukemic T cell growth. Besides playing an important pro-oncogenic role in leukemic T cells, NF-κB signaling also appears to modulate T-cell leukemogenesis through its action in microenvironmental stromal cells. This article reviews recent data on the role of these transcription factors in T-ALL and pinpoints further research crucial to determine the value of NF-κB inhibition as a means to treat T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Dos Santos
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Al-Katib A, Arnold AA, Aboukameel A, Sosin A, Smith P, Mohamed AN, Beck FW, Mohammad RM. I-kappa-kinase-2 (IKK-2) inhibition potentiates vincristine cytotoxicity in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:228. [PMID: 20809973 PMCID: PMC2940845 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IKK-2 is an important regulator of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) which has been implicated in survival, proliferation and apoptosis resistance of lymphoma cells. In this study, we investigated whether inhibition of IKK-2 impacts cell growth or cytotoxicity of selected conventional chemotherapeutic agents in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Two established model systems were used; Follicular (WSU-FSCCL) and Diffuse Large Cell (WSU-DLCL2) Lymphoma, both of which constitutively express p-IκB. A novel, selective small molecule inhibitor of IKK-2, ML120B (N-[6-chloro-7-methoxy-9H-β-carbolin-8-yl]-2-methylnicotinamide) was used to perturb NF-κB in lymphoma cells. The growth inhibitory effect of ML120B (M) alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide monohydrate (C), doxorubicin (H) or vincristine (V) was evaluated in vitro using short-term culture assay. We also determined efficacy of the combination in vivo using the SCID mouse xenografts. Results ML120B down-regulated p-IκBα protein expression in a concentration dependent manner, caused growth inhibition, increased G0/G1 cells, but did not induce apoptosis. There was no significant enhancement of cell kill in the M/C or M/H combination. However, there was strong synergy in the M/V combination where the vincristine concentration can be lowered by a hundred fold in the combination for comparable G2/M arrest and apoptosis. ML120B prevented vincristine-induced nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-κB. In vivo, ML120B was effective by itself and enhanced CHOP anti-tumor activity significantly (P = 0.001) in the WSU-DLCL2-SCID model but did not prevent CNS lymphoma in the WSU-FSCCL-SCID model. Conclusions For the first time, this study demonstrates that perturbation of IKK-2 by ML120B leads to synergistic enhancement of vincristine cytotoxicity in lymphoma. These results suggest that disruption of the NF-κB pathway is a useful adjunct to cytotoxic chemotherapy in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayad Al-Katib
- Lymphoma Research Laboratory, Wayne State University-School of Medicine, 540 E, Canfield, 8229 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Choo QY, Ho PC, Tanaka Y, Lin HS. Histone deacetylase inhibitors MS-275 and SAHA induced growth arrest and suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated NF-kappaB p65 nuclear accumulation in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblastic E11 cells. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:1447-60. [PMID: 20421217 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MS-275 and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) are histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors currently tested in oncology trials. They have also been found to display potent anti-rheumatic activities in rodent models for RA. However, the anti-rheumatic mechanisms of action remain unknown. The study was carried out with the intent of determining the anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic mechanisms of the HDAC inhibitors. METHODS In this study, the anti-rheumatic mechanisms of MS-275 and SAHA were investigated in several cell culture models. RESULTS MS-275 and SAHA inhibited human RA synovial fibroblastic E11 cell proliferation in a non-cytotoxic manner. The anti-proliferative activities were associated with G(0)/G(1) phase arrest and induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. In addition, MS-275 and SAHA suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-kappaB p65 nuclear accumulation, IL-6, IL-18 and nitric oxide (NO) secretion as well as down-regulated pro-angiogenic VEGF and MMP-2 and MMP-9 production in E11 cells at sub-micromolar levels. At similar concentrations, MS-275 and SAHA suppressed LPS-induced NF-kappaB p65 nuclear accumulation and IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-alpha secretion in THP-1 monocytic cells. Moreover, NO secretion in RAW264.7 macrophage cells was also inhibited. CONCLUSIONS In summary, MS-275 and SAHA exhibited their anti-rheumatic activities by growth arrest in RA synovial fibroblasts, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO, as well as down-regulation in angiogenesis and MMPs. Their anti-rheumatic activities may be mediated through induction of p21 and suppression of NF-kappaB nuclear accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yi Choo
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
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Wu GQ, Liao YJ, Qin ZQ, He LR, Chen YC, Zeng YX, Kung HF, Xie D. PYRIN domain of NALP2 inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth of human glioblastoma. Plasmid 2010; 64:41-50. [PMID: 20388524 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NACHT leucine-rich domain and pyrin-containing protein 2 (NALP2) plays a crucial role in inflammation through regulation of NF-kappaB activity. The N-terminal PRYIN domain of NALP2 (PYD) functions similarly in inhibiting NF-kappaB activity. To investigate if NALP2 or PYD regulates cell proliferation or tumor growth of glioblastoma, lentiviruses carrying PYD (Lenti-PYD-Flag) was successfully packaged. Lenti-PYD-Flag is able to transduce tumor cells with high efficiency and mediate high expression of peptide PYD-Flag. Transduction with Lenti-PYD-Flag significantly inhibited cell proliferation and tumor growth of U-87 MG, but not other cell lines tested. PYD inhibited nuclear accumulation of endogenous p65. These findings imply that: (i) our pRRL-based lentiviral system can transduce tumor cells with high transduction efficiency, and mediate high level expression of, at least 1.8 kb, foreign genes; (ii) PYD inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth of glioblastoma possibly through the inhibition of NF-kappaB activity, and PYD appears to be a promising candidate for the development of targeted therapy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Lin Y, Bai L, Chen W, Xu S. The NF-kappaB activation pathways, emerging molecular targets for cancer prevention and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:45-55. [PMID: 20001209 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903431069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is activated by a variety of cancer-promoting agents. The reciprocal activation between NF-kappaB and inflammatory cytokines makes NF-kappaB important for inflammation-associated cancer development. Both the constitutive and anticancer therapeutic-induced NF-kappaB activation blunts the anticancer activities of the therapy. Elucidating the roles of NF-kappaB in cancer facilitates developing approaches for cancer prevention and therapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW By searching PubMed, we summarize the progress of studies on NF-kappaB in carcinogenesis and cancer cells' drug resistance in recent 10 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The mechanisms by which NF-kappaB activation pathways are activated; the roles and mechanisms of NF-kappaB in cell survival and proliferation, and in carcinogenesis and cancer cells' response to therapy; recent development of NF-kappaB-modulating means and their application in cancer prevention and therapy. TAKE HOME MESSAGE NF-kappaB is involved in cancer development, modulating NF-kappaB activation pathways has important implications in cancer prevention and therapy. Due to the complexity of NF-kappaB roles in different cancers, careful evaluation of NF-kappaB's in each cancer type is crucial in this regard. More cancer cell-specific NF-kappaB inhibiting means are desired for improving anticancer efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Molecular Biology and Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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Zanotto-Filho A, Delgado-Cañedo A, Schröder R, Becker M, Klamt F, Moreira JCF. The pharmacological NFκB inhibitors BAY117082 and MG132 induce cell arrest and apoptosis in leukemia cells through ROS-mitochondria pathway activation. Cancer Lett 2010; 288:192-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Tetrandrine prevents acquired drug resistance of K562 cells through inhibition of mdr1 gene transcription. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 136:659-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Ljungman
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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63
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Wei YL, Liang Y, Xu L, Zhao XY. The antiproliferation effect of berbamine on k562 resistant cells by inhibiting NF-kappaB pathway. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:945-50. [PMID: 19548306 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate is effective against Ph chromosome-positive leukemia; however, resistance has been reported. High expression of bcr-abl in mRNA and protein levels, and other alterations were found in patients who experienced imatinib treatment failures and thus it is important to design alternative treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of berbamine, on imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) K562 (K562-r) cells, and explore the mechanisms. The growth of K562-r cells was examined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Morphological analysis and DNA agarose electrophoresis were used to detect apoptosis in K562-r cells, and the extent of the cells in the sub-G1 cell cycle phase was measured using flow cytometry. The expression levels of BCR-ABL, phospho-BCR-ABL, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), IkappaBalpha, phospho-IkappaBalpha, IkappaB kinases alpha(IKKalpha), and Survivin were determined by Western blot. bcr-abl mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. MTT assays indicated that berbamine significantly inhibited the proliferation of K562-r cells. Cells with characteristics of apoptosis were confirmed by morphology examination and DNA agarose electrophoresis and percentage of apoptosis were increased after treatment with berbamine. The results also showed that berbamine was able to down-regulate BCR-ABL and phospho-BCR-ABL proteins by affecting bcr-abl mRNA expression and decrease expression of nuclear NF-kappaB, phospho-IkappaBalpha, IKKalpha, and Survivin. Collectively, berbamine could inhibit the proliferation of K562-r cells and induce apoptosis. The mechanisms may be related at least in part, to inhibit BCR-ABL and its downstream NF-kappaB signaling. Berbamine may provide an alternative candidate for the treatment of patients with CML resistant to imatinib therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Wei
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Dong Y, Shao S, Hu J, Yang P. Reversal effect of Raf-1/Mdr-1 siRNAs co-transfection on multidrug resistance in KBv200 cell line. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:991-7. [PMID: 19631573 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.05.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major barrier for chemotherapy of many cancers. Mdr-1 plays a key role in the development of MDR as extensively verified. However, the role of Raf-1 overexpression in the development of multidrug resistance in human squamous carcinoma (KBv200) cells remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of Raf-1 overexpression with the development of multidrug resistance in KBv200 cells. Furthermore, we explored the reversal effect of Raf-1 siRNA transfection and Raf-1/Mdr-1 siRNAs co-transfection on the multidrug resistance of KBv200 cells and potential mechanism of reversing the multidrug resistance. MTT and flow cytometry assay were used to investigate the reversal effect of single transfection with either Raf-1 or Mdr-1 siRNA and double transfection with Raf-1/Mdr-1 siRNAs to vincristine of KBv200 cells. RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and Western Blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of Raf-1 and multidrug-resistant gene Mdr-1. The results of gene detection showed that the expression levels of both Raf-1 and Mdr-1 were greatly decreased upon Raf-1 silencing alone or in combination with Mdr-1 silencing. Raf-1 or Mdr-1 siRNA single transfection could reverse the multidrug resistance of KBv200 cells effectively. Compared with single transfection, Raf-1/Mdr-1 siRNAs co-transfection can significantly reduce IC(50) values and increase the apoptotic rates of KBv200 cells. The above results suggested that Raf-1 gene may be a novel target for reversing the multidrug resistance of human squamous carcinoma cells. Raf-1/Mdr-1 siRNAs co-transfection might be a promising approach to abrogate the multidrug resistance of cancer cells. The potential mechanism may be via inhibiting the multidrug-resistant gene Mdr-1 expression efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Southern Route, Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
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Olsnes AM, Ersvaer E, Ryningen A, Paulsen K, Hampson P, Lord JM, Gjertsen BT, Kristoffersen EK, Bruserud Ø. The protein kinase C agonist PEP005 increases NF-κB expression, induces differentiation and increases constitutive chemokine release by primary acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:761-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shen HM, Tergaonkar V. NFkappaB signaling in carcinogenesis and as a potential molecular target for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2009; 14:348-63. [PMID: 19212815 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that deregulation of the NFkappaB signaling cascade is a common underlying feature of many human ailments including cancers. The past two decades of intensive research on NFkappaB has identified the basic mechanisms that govern the functioning of this pathway but uncovering the details of why this pathway works differently in different cellular contexts or how it interacts with other signaling pathways remains a challenge. A thorough understanding of these processes is needed to design better and more efficient therapeutic approaches to treat complex diseases like cancer. In this review, we summarize the literature documenting the involvement of NFkappaB in cancer, and then focus on the approaches that are being undertaken to develop NFkappaB inhibitors towards treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Cavaliere V, Papademetrio DL, Lorenzetti M, Valva P, Preciado MV, Gargallo P, Larripa I, Monreal MB, Pardo ML, Hajos SE, Blanco GAC, Álvarez ÉMC. Caffeic Acid Phenylethyl Ester and MG-132 Have Apoptotic and Antiproliferative Effects on Leukemic Cells But Not on Normal Mononuclear Cells. Transl Oncol 2009; 2:46-58. [PMID: 19252751 PMCID: PMC2647702 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.08202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy aims to limit proliferation and induce apoptotic cell death in tumor cells. Owing to blockade of signaling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitors can induce apoptosis in a number of hematological malignancies. The efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, such as vincristine (VCR) and doxorubicine (DOX), may be enhanced with combined therapy based on NF-kappaB modulation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) and MG-132, two nonspecific NF-kappaB inhibitors, and conventional chemotherapeutics drugs DOX and VCR on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction on a lymphoblastoid B-cell line, PL104, established and characterized in our laboratory. CAPE and MG-132 treatment showed a strong antiproliferative effect accompanied by clear cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis induction. Doxorubicine and VCR showed antiproliferative effects similar to those of CAPE and MG-132, although the latter drugs showed an apoptotic rate two-fold higher than DOX and VCR. None of the four compounds showed cytotoxic effect on peripheral mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers. CAPE- and MG-132-treated bone marrow cells from patients with myeloid and lymphoid leukemias showed 69% (P < .001) and 25% decrease (P < .01) in cell proliferation and 42% and 34% (P < .01) apoptosis induction, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that CAPE and MG-132 had a strong and selective apoptotic effect on tumor cells that may be useful in future treatment of hematological neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cavaliere
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Prof. Ricardo A. Margni,” CONICET, Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela L Papademetrio
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Prof. Ricardo A. Margni,” CONICET, Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Lorenzetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, División Patología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela Valva
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, División Patología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Preciado
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, División Patología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Gargallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas “Mariano R Castex,” Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Larripa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas “Mariano R Castex,” Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela B Monreal
- Laboratorio de Citometría de Flujo, Fundación Lucha Contra la Leucemia (FUNDALEU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Pardo
- Laboratorio de Citometría de Flujo, Fundación Lucha Contra la Leucemia (FUNDALEU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia E Hajos
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Prof. Ricardo A. Margni,” CONICET, Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo AC Blanco
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Prof. Ricardo A. Margni,” CONICET, Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Élida MC Álvarez
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral “Prof. Ricardo A. Margni,” CONICET, Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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68
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Hyperthermia induced NFkappaB mediated apoptosis in normal human monocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 327:29-37. [PMID: 19219626 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Conceptual approaches of heat-induced cytotoxic effects against tumor cells must address factors affecting therapeutic index, i.e., the relative toxicity for neoplastic versus normal tissues. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of hyperthermia treatment (HT) on the induction of DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, cell-cycle distribution, NFkappaB mRNA expression, DNA-binding activity, and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha in the normal human Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells. For HT, cells were exposed to 43 degrees C. FACS analysis showed a 48.5% increase in apoptosis, increased S-phase fraction, and reduced G2 phase fraction after 43 degrees C treatments. EMSA analysis showed a dose-dependent inhibition of NFkappaB DNA-binding activity after HT. This HT-mediated inhibition of NFkappaB was persistent even after 48 h. Immunoblotting analysis revealed dose-dependent inhibition of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Similarly, RPA analysis showed that HT persistently inhibits NFkappaB mRNA. These results demonstrate that apoptosis upon HT exposure of MM6 cells is regulated by IkappaBalpha phosphorylation mediated suppression of NFkappaB.
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69
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Sarkar FH, Li Y, Wang Z, Kong D. NF-kappaB signaling pathway and its therapeutic implications in human diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 27:293-319. [PMID: 18853341 DOI: 10.1080/08830180802276179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway is one of the most important cellular signal transduction pathways involved in both physiologic processes and disease conditions. It plays important roles in the control of immune function, inflammation, stress response, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell survival. Moreover, NF-kappaB is critically involved in the processes of development and progression of cancers. More importantly, recent studies have shown that NF-kappaB signaling also plays critical roles in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells. Therefore, targeting of NF-kappaB signaling pathway could be a potent strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of human cancers and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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70
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Assef Y, Rubio F, Coló G, del Mónaco S, Costas MA, Kotsias BA. Imatinib resistance in multidrug-resistant K562 human leukemic cells. Leuk Res 2008; 33:710-6. [PMID: 18977528 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance phenotype (MDR) is one of the major causes of failure in cancer chemotherapy and it is associated with the over-expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp or MDR1) in tumor cell membranes. A constitutive NF-kappaB activity has been observed in several haematological malignancies and this is associated with its anti-apoptotic role. In the present work, the relationship between NF-kappaB and MDR phenotype was evaluated in wild type K562 human leukemic cells (K562-WT) and in its vincristine-resistant counterpart, K562-Vinc cells. These data showed that K562-Vinc cells, which express an active P-gp, exhibited MDR phenotype. The resistant indexes (IC(50)(K562-Vinc)/IC(50)(K562-WT)) for structurally unrelated drugs like imatinib, doxorubicin and colchicine were 8.0+/-0.3, 2.8+/-0.4 and 44.8+/-8.8, respectively. The imatinib resistance was reversed by P-gp blockade suggesting the involvement of P-gp in imatinib transport. We observed that NF-kappaB was constitutively activated in both cell lines but in a lesser extent in K562-Vinc. The inhibition of NF-kappaB with BAY 11-7082 increased the cytotoxicity of imatinib in K562-Vinc cells but not in K562-WT. Further, the co-administration of imatinib and BAY 11-7082 sensitized multidrug-resistant K562 cells to cell death as detected by increased percentage of annexin V positive cells. The induced cell death in K562-Vinc cells was associated with activation of caspases 9 and 3. Finally, we provide data showing that BAY 11-7082 down-regulates the expression of P-gp suggesting that the activity of NF-kappaB could be functionally associated to this protein in K562 cells. Our results indicate that the vincristine-resistant K562 cells which developed MDR phenotype, exhibited resistance to imatinib associated with a functional P-gp over-expression. This resistance could be partially overcome by the inhibition of NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Assef
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Conicet, Argentina
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71
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Lee SJ, Long M, Adler AJ, Mittler RS, Vella AT. The IKK-neutralizing compound Bay11 kills supereffector CD8 T cells by altering caspase-dependent activation-induced cell death. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:175-85. [PMID: 18923104 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0408248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen with dual costimulation through CD137 and CD134 induces powerful CD8 T cell responses. These effector T cells are endowed with an intrinsic survival program resulting in their accumulation in vivo, but the signaling components required for survival are unknown. We tested a cadre of pathway inhibitors and found one preclinical compound, Bay11-7082 (Bay11), which prevented survival. Even the gammac cytokine family members IL-2, -4, -7, and -15 could not block death, nor could pretreatment with IL-7. We found that dual costimulation caused loading of phosphorylated IkappaBalpha (p-IkappaBalpha) and high basal levels of NF-kappaB activity in the effector CD8 T cells. Bay11 trumped both events by reducing the presence of p-IkappaBalpha and ensuing NF-kappaB activity. Not all pathways were impacted to this degree, however, as mitogen-mediated ERK phosphorylation was evident during NF-kappaB inhibition. Nonetheless, Bay11 blocked TCR-stimulated cytokine synthesis by rapidly accentuating activation-induced cell death through elicitation of a caspase-independent pathway. Thus, in effector CD8 T cells, Bay11 forces a dominant caspase-independent death signal that cannot be overcome by an intrinsic survival program nor by survival-inducing cytokines. Therefore, Bay11 may be a useful tool to deliberately kill death-resistant effector T cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joo Lee
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, MC1319, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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72
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García MG, Alaniz LD, Cordo Russo RI, Alvarez E, Hajos SE. PI3K/Akt inhibition modulates multidrug resistance and activates NF-kappaB in murine lymphoma cell lines. Leuk Res 2008; 33:288-96. [PMID: 18640717 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has been described in some tumors related to multidrug resistance (MDR). The aim of this work was to analyze the relationship between PI3K/Akt, MDR and NF-kappaB in murine lymphoma cell lines resistant to vincristine (LBR-V160) and doxorubicin (LBR-D160) as well as in the sensitive line (LBR-). PI3K/Akt activity, analyzed by phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate production and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) expression, was higher in the resistant cell lines than in the sensitive one and inhibition with wortmannin or LY294002 improved apoptosis in the resistant cell lines. Vincristine but not doxorubicin increased p-Akt expression whereas co-treatment with PI3K inhibitors and vincristine increased apoptosis in the three cell lines. Wortmannin and LY294002 inhibited P-glycoprotein (Pgp) function and also increased NF-kappaB activity. We concluded that the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in MDR in lymphoma cell lines and PI3K/Akt inhibition correlates down-regulation of NF-kappaB activity and inhibition Pgp function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G García
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IDEHU-CONICET, Junin 956 4 piso, 1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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73
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Cordo Russo RI, García MG, Alaniz L, Blanco G, Alvarez E, Hajos SE. Hyaluronan oligosaccharides sensitize lymphoma resistant cell lines to vincristine by modulating P-glycoprotein activity and PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1012-8. [PMID: 17985348 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main reasons for failure of cancer therapy. It may be mediated by overexpression of ATP-dependent efflux pumps or by alterations in survival or apoptotic pathways. Fragments generated by enzymatic degradation of hyaluronan (oHA) were able to modulate growth and cell survival and sensitize MDR breast cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs. In this work the relationship between oHA and MDR in lymphoid malignancies was analyzed using murine lymphoma cell lines resistant to doxorubicin (LBR-D160) or vincristine (LBR-V160) and a sensitive line (LBR-). After oHA treatment, higher apoptosis levels were observed in the resistant cell lines than in the sensitive one. Besides, oHA sensitized LBR-D160 and LBR-V160 to vincristine showing increased apoptosis induction when used in combination with vincristine. Native hyaluronan failed to increase apoptosis levels. As different survival factors could be modulated by hyaluronan, we investigated the PI3K/Akt pathway through PIP3 production and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and survivin expression was also evaluated. Our results showed that oHA decreased p-Akt in the 3 cell lines while anti-CD44 treatment abolished this effect. Besides, survivin was downregulated only in LBR-V160 by oHA. When Pgp function was evaluated, we observed that oHA were able to inhibit Pgp efflux in murine and human resistant cell lines in a CD44-dependent way. In summary, we report for the first time that oHA per se modulate MDR in lymphoma cells by decreasing p-Akt as well as Pgp activity, thus suggesting that oHA could be useful in combination with classical chemotherapy in MDR hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía I Cordo Russo
- Department of Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), IDEHU-CONICET, Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
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Lagadec P, Griessinger E, Nawrot MP, Fenouille N, Colosetti P, Imbert V, Mari M, Hofman P, Czerucka D, Rousseau D, Berard E, Dreano M, Peyron JF. Pharmacological targeting of NF-kappaB potentiates the effect of the topoisomerase inhibitor CPT-11 on colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:335-44. [PMID: 18182997 PMCID: PMC2361441 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB interferes with the effect of most anti-cancer drugs through induction of anti-apoptotic genes. Targeting NF-κB is therefore expected to potentiate conventional treatments in adjuvant strategies. Here we used a pharmacological inhibitor of the IKK2 kinase (AS602868) to block NF-κB activation. In human colon cancer cells, inhibition of NF-κB using 10 μM AS602868 induced a 30–50% growth inhibitory effect and strongly enhanced the action of SN-38, the topoisomerase I inhibitor and CPT-11 active metabolite. AS602868 also potentiated the cytotoxic effect of two other antineoplasic drugs: 5-fluorouracil and etoposide. In xenografts experiments, inhibition of NF-κB potentiated the antitumoural effect of CPT-11 in a dose-dependent manner. Eighty-five and 75% decreases in tumour size were observed when mice were treated with, respectively, 20 or 5 mg kg−1 AS602868 associated with 30 mg kg−1 CPT-11 compared to 47% with CPT-11 alone. Ex vivo tumour analyses as well as in vitro studies showed that AS602868 impaired CPT-11-induced NF-κB activation, and enhanced tumour cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. AS602868 also enhanced the apoptotic potential of TNFα on HT-29 cells. This study is the first demonstration that a pharmacological inhibitor of the IKK2 kinase can potentiate the therapeutic efficiency of antineoplasic drugs on solid tumours.
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75
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Szöke D, Györffy A, Surowiak P, Tulassay Z, Dietel M, Györffy B. Identification of consensus genes and key regulatory elements in 5-fluorouracil resistance in gastric and colon cancer. Oncol Res Treat 2007; 30:421-6. [PMID: 17848813 DOI: 10.1159/000104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of gastric and colorectal cancer. Recent microrarray studies associated different gene lists with 5-FU resistance. A major challenge in the genomic era is to find the most validated genes, and to decipher the regulatory networks responsible for the expression changes in a set of co-regulated transcripts. Our aim was to find genes repeatedly associated with 5-FU resistance, and to identify transcription factors (TFs) having overrepresented binding sites (TFBSs) in the promoter regions of genes associated with 5-FU resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analyzed data originated from 5 different publications describing genome-wide gene expression patterns associated with 5- FU resistance in gastric and colorectal cancer. First, a data warehouse containing all genes associated with resistance was set up. 39 genes were identified which were repeatedly associated with resistance. Of these, using the EZ-Retrieve web service, proximal promoter sequences were available for 33 genes. The MotifScanner software was used to detect TFBSs in this set of sequences. RESULTS A total of 200 different TFBSs were identified. Using the statistics tool of the Java program TOUCAN, 4 binding sites were found to be significantly overrepresented: NFKappaB50 (p = 0.01), EGR2 (p = 0.027), EGR3 (p = 0.007), and NGFIC (or EGR4) (p = 0.001). These genes intercept apoptotic pathways at multiple locations in the tumor cells. CONCLUSION We identified a consensus gene list associated with 5-FU resistance, performed an in silico comparative promoter analysis, and highlighted the potential implication of some TFs in the development of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Szöke
- Semmelweis University Budapest, 1st Dept. of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
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76
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Abstract
NF-kappaB transcription factors and the signaling pathways that activate them play a critical role in cancer development, progression and therapy, and recently have become a focal point for intense drug discovery and development efforts. This article presents a critical review on the different types of inhibitors targeting the NF-kappaB pathway at several stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Melisi
- The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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77
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Bassères DS, Baldwin AS. Nuclear factor-κB and inhibitor of κB kinase pathways in oncogenic initiation and progression. Oncogene 2006; 25:6817-30. [PMID: 17072330 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abundant data support a key role for the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway in controlling the initiation and progression of human cancer. NF-kappaB and associated regulatory proteins such as IkappaB kinase (IKK) are activated downstream of many oncoproteins and there is much evidence for the activation of NF-kappaB-dependent target genes in a variety of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which the NF-kappaB pathway is activated in cancer and on the oncogenic functions controlled by activated NF-kappaB. Additionally, the effects of NF-kappaB activation in tumors relative to cancer therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Bassères
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
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78
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Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB and associated regulatory factors (including IkappaB kinase subunits and the IkappaB family member Bcl-3) are strongly implicated in a variety of hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. A role for NF-kappaB in cancer cells appears to involve regulation of cell proliferation, control of apoptosis, promotion of angiogenesis, and stimulation of invasion/metastasis. Consistent with a role for NF-kappaB in oncogenesis are observations that inhibition of NF-kappaB alone or in combination with cancer therapies leads to tumor cell death or growth inhibition. However, other experimental data indicate that NF-kappaB can play a tumor suppressor role in certain settings and that it can be important in promoting an apoptotic signal downstream of certain cancer therapy regimens. In order to appropriately move NF-kappaB inhibitors in the clinic, thorough approaches must be initiated to determine the molecular mechanisms that dictate the complexity of oncologic and therapeutic outcomes that are controlled by NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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