51
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Cabrera SM, Engle S, Kaldunski M, Jia S, Geoffrey R, Simpson P, Szabo A, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Chen YG, Hessner MJ. Innate immune activity as a predictor of persistent insulin secretion and association with responsiveness to CTLA4-Ig treatment in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2356-2370. [PMID: 30167736 PMCID: PMC6182660 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The study aimed to determine whether discrete subtypes of type 1 diabetes exist, based on immunoregulatory profiles at clinical onset, as this has significant implications for disease treatment and prevention as well as the design and analysis of clinical trials. METHODS Using a plasma-based transcriptional bioassay and a gene-ontology-based scoring algorithm, we examined local participants from the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and conducted an ancillary analysis of TrialNet CTLA4-Ig trial (TN-09) participants. RESULTS The inflammatory/regulatory balance measured during the post-onset period was highly variable. Notably, a significant inverse relationship was identified between baseline innate inflammatory activity and stimulated C-peptide AUC measured at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post onset among placebo-treated individuals (p ≤ 0.015). Further, duration of persistent insulin secretion was negatively related to baseline inflammation (p ≤ 0.012) and positively associated with baseline abundance of circulating activated regulatory T cells (CD4+/CD45RA-/FOXP3high; p = 0.016). Based on these findings, data from participants treated with CTLA4-Ig were stratified by inflammatory activity at onset; in this way, we identified pathways and transcripts consistent with inhibition of T cell activation and enhanced immunoregulation. Variance among baseline plasma-induced signatures of TN-09 participants was further examined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis and related to clinical metrics. Four age-independent subgroups were identified that differed in terms of baseline innate inflammatory/regulatory bias, rate of C-peptide decline and response to CTLA4-Ig treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data support the existence of multiple type 1 diabetes subtypes characterised by varying levels of baseline innate inflammation that are associated with the rate of C-peptide decline. DATA AVAILABILITY Gene expression data files are publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus (accession number GSE102234).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Cabrera
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Samuel Engle
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Mary Kaldunski
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Shuang Jia
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Rhonda Geoffrey
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Pippa Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Aniko Szabo
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Martin J Hessner
- Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Human Leukocyte Antigen class II polymorphisms among Croatian patients with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 variant. Gene 2018; 674:93-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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53
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Premaratne G, Niroula J, Patel MK, Zhong W, Suib SL, Kalkan AK, Krishnan S. Electrochemical and Surface-Plasmon Correlation of a Serum-Autoantibody Immunoassay with Binding Insights: Graphenyl Surface versus Mercapto-Monolayer Surface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12456-12463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Premaratne
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jinesh Niroula
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Manoj K. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Steven L. Suib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - A. Kaan Kalkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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CD226 gene polymorphism (rs763361 C>T) is associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus among Egyptian children. Arch Pediatr 2018; 25:378-382. [PMID: 30145014 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic factors contribute significantly to type 1 diabetes (T1D) etiology. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CD226 gene (rs763361 C>T) has been associated with T1D susceptibility in European patients, but data from other populations is limited. Our aim was to study the contribution of this polymorphism to T1D susceptibility among Egyptian children. METHODS A case-control study including 74 children with T1D and 82 healthy children as a control group. Genotyping of CD226 gene polymorphism was performed for all participants by DNA extraction followed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS The frequency of T allele was 78.4% in patients and 68.3% in controls (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.01-2.8; P=0.046). TT, TC, and CC genotypes were found in 62.2%, 32.4%, and 5.4% of the patients, respectively, and in 41.5%, 53.7%, and 4.9% of controls, respectively. Under the recessive model, TT genotype was significantly associated with T1D risk (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.21-4.41; P=0.010). The mean age at diabetes onset was significantly lower in patients carrying T allele compared with C allele (8.03±3.8 year vs. 10.5±2.54 year; P<0.001) and among those with TT genotype compared with the pooled TC+CC genotypes (7.5±2.6 year vs. 10.6±2.6 year; P<0.001). No significant difference was found between genotypes or alleles regarding the HbA1c level. CONCLUSION T allele and TT genotype of the CD226 rs763361 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to T1D and with a lower age of disease onset among Egyptian children.
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55
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The potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells for modelling diabetic wound healing in vitro. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1629-1643. [PMID: 30108152 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing and ulceration caused by diabetes mellitus, is a significant healthcare burden, markedly impairs quality of life for patients, and is the major cause of amputation worldwide. Current experimental approaches used to investigate the complex wound healing process often involve cultures of fibroblasts and/or keratinocytes in vitro, which can be limited in terms of complexity and capacity, or utilisation of rodent models in which the mechanisms of wound repair differ substantively from that in humans. However, advances in tissue engineering, and the discovery of strategies to reprogramme adult somatic cells to pluripotency, has led to the possibility of developing models of human skin on a large scale. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from tissues donated by diabetic patients allows the (epi)genetic background of this disease to be studied, and the ability to differentiate iPSCs to multiple cell types found within skin may facilitate the development of more complex skin models; these advances offer key opportunities for improving modelling of wound healing in diabetes, and the development of effective therapeutics for treatment of chronic wounds.
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56
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Bahendeka S, Wesonga R, Were TP, Nyangabyaki C. Autoantibodies and HLA class II DR-DQ genotypes in Ugandan children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-018-0622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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57
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Ocal I, Yilmaz MB, Kocaturk-Sel S, Tufan T, Erkoc MA, Comertpay G, Oksuz H, Barc ED. ATP sensitive K + channel subunits (Kir6.1, Kir6.2) are the candidate mediators regulating ameliorating effects of pulsed magnetic field on aortic contractility in diabetic rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:299-311. [PMID: 29446477 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes increased morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. With recent advancements in technology, alternative treatment methods have begun to be investigated in the world. This study aims to evaluate the effect of pulsed magnetic field (PMF) on vascular complications and contractile activities of aortic rings along with Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 subunit expressions of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP ) in aortas of controlled-diabetic and non-controlled diabetic rats. Controlled-diabetic and non-controlled diabetic adult male Wistar rats were exposed to PMF for a period of 6 weeks according to the PMF application protocol (1 h/day; intensity: 1.5 mT; consecutive frequency: 1, 10, 20, and 40 Hz). After PMF exposure, body weight and blood glucose levels were measured. Then, thoracic aorta tissue was extracted for relaxation-contraction and Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 expression experiments. Blood plasma glucose levels, body weight, and aortic ring contraction percentage decreased in controlled-diabetic rats but increased in non-controlled diabetic rats. PMF therapy repressed Kir6.1 mRNA expression in non-controlled diabetic rats but not in controlled diabetic rats. Conversely, Kir6.2 mRNA expressions were repressed both in controlled diabetic and non-controlled diabetic rats by PMF. Our findings suggest that the positive therapeutic effects of PMF may act through (KATP ) subunits and may frequently occur in insulin-free conditions. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:299-311, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Ocal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet B Yilmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Kocaturk-Sel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Turan Tufan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet A Erkoc
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gamze Comertpay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hale Oksuz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Esma D Barc
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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58
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Gomez-Tourino I, Kamra Y, Baptista R, Lorenc A, Peakman M. T cell receptor β-chains display abnormal shortening and repertoire sharing in type 1 diabetes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1792. [PMID: 29176645 PMCID: PMC5702608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire are proposed to predispose to autoimmunity. Here we show, by analyzing >2 × 108TCRB sequences of circulating naive, central memory, regulatory and stem cell-like memory CD4+ T cell subsets from patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy donors, that patients have shorter TCRB complementarity-determining region 3s (CDR3), in all cell subsets, introduced by increased deletions/reduced insertions during VDJ rearrangement. High frequency of short CDR3s is also observed in unproductive TCRB sequences, which are not subjected to thymic culling, suggesting that the shorter CDR3s arise independently of positive/negative selection. Moreover, TCRB CDR3 clonotypes expressed by autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells are shorter compared with anti-viral T cells, and with those from healthy donors. Thus, early events in thymic T cell development and repertoire generation are abnormal in type 1 diabetes, which suggest that short CDR3s increase the potential for self-recognition, conferring heightened risk of autoimmune disease. T cell receptors are generated by somatic gene recombination, and are normally selected against autoreactivity. Here the authors show that CD4 T cells from patients with autoimmune type 1 diabetes have shorter TCRβ sequences, broader repertoire diversity, and more repertoire sharing than those from healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Gomez-Tourino
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, Pontevedra, 36310, Spain
| | - Yogesh Kamra
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Roman Baptista
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anna Lorenc
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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59
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Kapke J, Shaheen Z, Kilari D, Knudson P, Wong S. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Case Series, Review of the Literature, and Optimal Management. Case Rep Oncol 2017; 10:897-909. [PMID: 29279690 PMCID: PMC5731100 DOI: 10.1159/000480634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors into clinical practice, various autoimmune toxicities have been described. Antibodies targeting the receptor:ligand pairing of programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its cognate ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in rare reports have been associated with autoimmune diabetes mellitus. We report 2 cases of rapid-onset, insulin-dependent, type 1 diabetes mellitus in the setting of administration of nivolumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to PD-1, and atezolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to PD-L1. This appears to be the first report of autoimmune diabetes mellitus associated with atezolizumab. In addition, we provide a brief review of similar cases reported in the literature and a discussion of potential mechanisms for this phenomenon and propose a diagnostic and treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kapke
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zachary Shaheen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Deepak Kilari
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul Knudson
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stuart Wong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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60
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Halling ML, Kjeldsen J, Knudsen T, Nielsen J, Hansen LK. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have increased risk of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6137-6146. [PMID: 28970729 PMCID: PMC5597505 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i33.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether immune mediated diseases (IMD) are more frequent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
METHODS In this population based registry study, a total of 47325 patients with IBD were alive and registered in the Danish National Patient Registry on December 16, 2013. Controls were randomly selected from the Danish Civil Registration System (CRS) and matched for sex, age, and municipality. We used ICD 10 codes to identify the diagnoses of the included patients. The IBD population was divided into three subgroups: Ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD) and Both the latter referring to those registered with both diagnoses. Subsequently, odds-ratios (OR) and 95%CI were obtained separately for each group and their respective controls. The use of Bonferoni post-test correction adjusted the significance level to P < 0.00125. P-values were estimated using Fisher’s exact test.
RESULTS There were significantly more women than men in the registry, and a greater percentage of comorbidity in the IBD groups (P < 0.05). Twenty different IMDs were all significantly more frequent in the IBD group. Sixteen were associated with UC versus twelve with CD. In both UC and CD ORs were significantly increased (P < 0.00125) for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), celiac disease, type 1 diabetes (T1D), sarcoidosis, asthma, iridocyclitis, psoriasis, pyoderma gangrenosum, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Restricted to UC (P < 0.00125) were autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, Grave’s disease, polymyalgia rheumatica, temporal arteritis , and atrophic gastritis. Restricted to CD (P < 0.00125) were psoriatic arthritis and episcleritis. Restricted to women with UC (P < 0.00125) were atrophic gastritis, rheumatoid arthritis, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica. Restricted to women with CD were episcleritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. The only disease restricted to men (P < 0.00125) was sarcoidosis.
CONCLUSION Immune mediated diseases were significantly more frequent in patients with IBD. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that some IMDs and IBD may have overlapping pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten L Halling
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jens Kjeldsen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology S, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Knudsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jan Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Koch Hansen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology S, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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61
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Spínola H, Lemos A, Couto AR, Parreira B, Soares M, Dutra I, Bruges-Armas J, Brehm A, Abreu S. Human leucocyte antigens class II allele and haplotype association with Type 1 Diabetes in Madeira Island (Portugal). Int J Immunogenet 2017; 44:305-313. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Spínola
- Human Genetics Laboratory; University of Madeira; Funchal Portugal
| | - A. Lemos
- Human Genetics Laboratory; University of Madeira; Funchal Portugal
| | - A. R. Couto
- SEEBMO; Hospital Santo Espírito de Angra do Heroísmo; Azores Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC); Porto Portugal
| | - B. Parreira
- SEEBMO; Hospital Santo Espírito de Angra do Heroísmo; Azores Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC); Porto Portugal
| | - M. Soares
- SEEBMO; Hospital Santo Espírito de Angra do Heroísmo; Azores Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC); Porto Portugal
| | - I. Dutra
- SEEBMO; Hospital Santo Espírito de Angra do Heroísmo; Azores Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC); Porto Portugal
| | - J. Bruges-Armas
- SEEBMO; Hospital Santo Espírito de Angra do Heroísmo; Azores Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC); Porto Portugal
| | - A. Brehm
- Human Genetics Laboratory; University of Madeira; Funchal Portugal
| | - S. Abreu
- Endocrinology Service; Hospital Central do Funchal; Funchal Portugal
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The Clinical Course of Patients with Preschool Manifestation of Type 1 Diabetes Is Independent of the HLA DR-DQ Genotype. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8050146. [PMID: 28534863 PMCID: PMC5448020 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Major histocompatibility complex class II genes are considered major genetic risk factors for autoimmune diabetes. We analysed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) DR and DQ haplotypes in a cohort with early-onset (age < 5 years), long term type 1 diabetes (T1D) and explored their influence on clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: Intermediate resolution HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 typing was performed in 233 samples from the German Paediatric Diabetes Biobank and compared with a local control cohort of 19,544 cases. Clinical follow-up data of 195 patients (diabetes duration 14.2 ± 2.9 years) and residual C-peptide levels were compared between three HLA risk groups using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Genetic variability was low, 44.6% (104/233) of early-onset T1D patients carried the highest-risk genotype HLA-DRB1*03:01-DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01/DRB1*04-DQA1*03:01-DQB1*03:02 (HLA-DRB1*04 denoting 04:01/02/04/05), and 231 of 233 individuals carried at least one of six risk haplotypes. Comparing clinical data between the highest (n = 83), moderate (n = 106) and low risk (n = 6) genotypes, we found no difference in age at diagnosis (mean age 2.8 ± 1.1 vs. 2.8 ± 1.2 vs. 3.2 ± 1.5 years), metabolic control, or frequency of associated autoimmune diseases between HLA risk groups (each p > 0.05). Residual C-peptide was detectable in 23.5% and C-peptide levels in the highest-risk group were comparable to levels in moderate to high risk genotypes. Conclusion: In this study, we saw no evidence for a different clinical course of early-onset T1D based on the HLA genotype within the first ten years after manifestation.
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63
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Okuno M, Kasahara Y, Onodera M, Takubo N, Okajima M, Suga S, Watanabe N, Suzuki J, Ayabe T, Urakami T, Kawamura T, Kikuchi N, Yokota I, Kikuchi T, Amemiya S, Nakabayashi K, Hayashi K, Hata K, Matsubara Y, Ogata T, Fukami M, Sugihara S. Nucleotide substitutions in CD101, the human homolog of a diabetes susceptibility gene in non-obese diabetic mouse, in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 8:286-294. [PMID: 27888582 PMCID: PMC5415474 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Although genome‐wide association studies have identified more than 50 susceptibility genes for type 1 diabetes, low‐frequency risk variants could remain unrecognized. The present study aimed to identify novel type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes by newly established methods. Materials and Methods We carried out whole‐exome sequencing and genome‐wide copy‐number analysis for a Japanese family consisting of two patients with type 1 diabetes and three unaffected relatives. Further mutation screening was carried out for 127 sporadic cases. The functional consequences of identified substitutions were evaluated by in silico analyses and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting of blood samples. Results Whole‐exome sequencing and genome‐wide copy‐number analysis of familial cases showed co‐segregation of the p.V863L substitution in CD101, the human homolog of an autoimmune diabetes gene in the non‐obese diabetic mouse, with type 1 diabetes. Mutation screening of CD101 in 127 sporadic cases detected the p.V678L and p.T944R substitutions in two patients. The p.V863L, p.V678L and p.T944R substitutions were absent or extremely rare in the general population, and were assessed as ‘probably/possibly damaging’ by in silico analyses. CD101 expression on monocytes, granulocytes and myeloid dendritic cells of mutation‐positive patients was weaker than that of control individuals. Conclusions These results raise the possibility that CD101 is a susceptibility gene for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Okuno
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kasahara
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- Department of Human Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Takubo
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Okajima
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Suga
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Mie Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Watanabe
- Department of Human Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ayabe
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Urakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawamura
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kikuchi
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yokota
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Toru Kikuchi
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Amemiya
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Hayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Institute Director, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Sugihara
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases resulting from impaired insulin secretion and/or action. DM is characterized by hyperglycemia that can lead to the dysfunction or damage of organs, including the salivary glands.The aim of this study was to compare the levels of salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in diabetic patients.The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Wroclaw Medical University (Poland). The study comprised 90 adults of both sexes, aged 21 to 57 years. The patients were divided into 3 groups: type 1 diabetics (D1), type 2 diabetics (D2), and a healthy control group (C). Each group consisted of 30 age- and sex-matched subjects. Total protein (P, by Lowry method), LDH, AST, ALT (with Alpha Diagnostics kits), and salivary flow rate were measured in unstimulated mixed saliva. The level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured with DCA 2000 Reagent Kit. The obtained data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Spearman rank at a significance level of P < 0.05 with the use of STATISTICA 9.0 software.In comparison with C, D1 presented a significantly higher activity of LDH (P < 0.001), AST (P < 0.001), and ALT (P < 0.01), whereas D2 indicated higher levels of LDH (P < 0.001) and ALT (P < 0.05) compared with C. Comparing D1 to D2, approximately 3-fold higher activity of AST (P < 0.01) and approximately 4.5-fold higher activity of ALT (P < 0.01) was observed.Higher levels of salivary LDH, AST, and ALT in D1 compared with D2 and C confirm that salivary glands of D1 might be attributed to autoimmunological damage associated with the pathomechanism of DM.
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Yu W, Gao B, Li N, Wang J, Qiu C, Zhang G, Liu M, Zhang R, Li C, Ji G, Zhang Y. Sirt3 deficiency exacerbates diabetic cardiac dysfunction: Role of Foxo3A-Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1973-1983. [PMID: 27794418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is often associated with suppressed cardiac autophagy, mitochondrial structural and functional impairment. Sirtuin-3 (Sirt3) has been reported to play a crucial role in mitochondrial homeostasis and confers a protective role against the onset and development of DCM although the precise mechanism(s) remains elusive. Here we hypothesized that Sirt3 exerts cardioprotection against DCM by activating Parkin-mediated mitophagy, en route to preserved mitochondrial homeostasis and suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Adult male wild-type (WT) and Sirt3 knockout (Sirt3KO) mice were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) or vehicle for 3months prior to assessment of echocardiographic property, interstitial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial morphology, cardiac autophagy and cell signaling molecules. Our findings revealed that STZ-induced diabetes mellitus prompted cardiac dysfunction, interstitial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial injury, accompanied with suppressed autophagy and mitophagy, the effects of which were aggravated by Sirt3KO. To the contrary, Sirt3 overexpression in vitro activated autophagy and mitophagy, inhibited mitochondrial injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, the effects of which were attenuated by autophagy inhibition using 3-MA. Moreover, deacetylation of Foxo3A and expression of Parkin were decreased by Sirt3KO, while these effects were facilitated by Sirt3OE in diabetic and high glucose settings. Taken together, our data suggested that suppressed Sirt3-Foxo3A-Parkin signaling mediated downregulation of mitophagy may play a vital role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Genetic and epigenetic control of heart failure edited by Dr. Jun Ren & Yingmei Zhang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of CPLA, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Beilei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Yuncheng 044000, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of ICU, 309th Hospital of CPLA, Beijing 100092, China
| | - Cuiting Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guoyong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Congye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Gang Ji
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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66
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Johnson MB, Hattersley AT, Flanagan SE. Monogenic autoimmune diseases of the endocrine system. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:862-72. [PMID: 27474216 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The most common endocrine diseases, type 1 diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism, are the result of autoimmunity. Clustering of autoimmune endocrinopathies can result from polygenic predisposition, or more rarely, may present as part of a wider syndrome due to a mutation within one of seven genes. These monogenic autoimmune diseases show highly variable phenotypes both within and between families with the same mutations. The average age of onset of the monogenic forms of autoimmune endocrine disease is younger than that of the common polygenic forms, and this feature combined with the manifestation of other autoimmune diseases, specific hallmark features, or both, can inform clinicians as to the relevance of genetic testing. A genetic diagnosis can guide medical management, give an insight into prognosis, inform families of recurrence risk, and facilitate prenatal diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Johnson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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67
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Harris JE. Cellular stress and innate inflammation in organ-specific autoimmunity: lessons learned from vitiligo. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:11-25. [PMID: 26683142 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades, research in autoimmunity has focused primarily on immune contributions to disease. Yet recent studies report elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and abnormal activation of the unfolded protein response in cells targeted by autoimmunity, implicating cellular stress originating from the target tissue as a contributing factor. A better understanding of this contribution may help to answer important lingering questions in organ-specific autoimmunity, as to what factors initiate disease and what directs its tissue specificity. Vitiligo, an autoimmune disease of the skin, has been the focus of translational research for over 30 years, and both melanocyte stress and immune mechanisms have been thought to be mutually exclusive explanations for pathogenesis. Chemical-induced vitiligo is a unique clinical presentation that reflects the importance of environmental influences on autoimmunity, provides insight into a new paradigm linking cell stress to the immune response, and serves as a template for other autoimmune diseases. In this review, I will discuss the evidence for cell stress contributions to a number of autoimmune diseases, the questions that remain, and how vitiligo, an underappreciated example of organ-specific autoimmunity, helps to answer them.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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68
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Perakakis N, Mantzoros CS. Immune therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus - Attempts to untie the Gordian knot? Metabolism 2016; 65:1278-85. [PMID: 27506735 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; USA Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
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69
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Specific HLA genotypes confer susceptibility to acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Genes Immun 2016; 17:367-9. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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70
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Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cells are important in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the exact role of T-cell subpopulations in this pathway remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression pattern of T helper 1 (Th1) interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Th2 interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokines and their relationship with sex and disease duration in T1D patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted on 21 T1D patients and 22 healthy subjects. Gene expression analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS IFN-γ gene expression was significantly lower in T1D patients compared with controls (P < 0.05). Conversely, IL-4 mRNAs were significantly increased in the PBMCs from patients as compared to controls (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ between men and women with T1D (P > 0.05) while IL-4 mRNA expression in male patients was about 1.9 folds higher than female patients. Moreover, IFN-γ mRNA expression in female patients was about 1.8 folds lower than male patients. Patients were divided into two groups regarding their disease duration: <10 years and >10 years. A significant increase in the IL-4 expression was observed between two groups of patients compared to controls (P < 0.0001). Conversely, there was a significant difference in the expression of IFN-γ only between patients with more than 10 years of disease duration (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION These data propose supplementary implications for the role of Th1/Th2 imbalance in T1D immunopathogenesis. Moreover, factors such as sex and disease duration may have some influence on cytokine mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Vaseghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jadali
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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71
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Brill L, Mandel M, Karussis D, Petrou P, Miller K, Ben-Hur T, Karni A, Paltiel O, Israel S, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. Increased occurrence of anti-AQP4 seropositivity and unique HLA Class II associations with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), among Muslim Arabs in Israel. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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72
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Cabrera SM, Chen YG, Hagopian WA, Hessner MJ. Blood-based signatures in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:414-25. [PMID: 26699650 PMCID: PMC4744128 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. It develops through autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells and results in lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin. The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors and has historically been attributed to aberrant adaptive immunity; however, there is increasing evidence for a role of innate inflammation. Over the past decade new methodologies for the analysis of nucleic acid and protein signals have been applied to type 1 diabetes. These studies are providing a new understanding of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and have the potential to inform the development of new biomarkers for predicting diabetes onset and monitoring therapeutic interventions. In this review we will focus on blood-based signatures in type 1 diabetes, with special attention to both direct transcriptomic analyses of whole blood and immunocyte subsets, as well as plasma/serum-induced transcriptional signatures. Attention will also be given to proteomics, microRNA assays and markers of beta cell death. We will also discuss the results of blood-based profiling in type 1 diabetes within the context of the genetic and environmental factors implicated in the natural history of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Cabrera
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | | | - Martin J Hessner
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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73
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Jazairi B, Khansaa I, Ikhtiar A, Murad H. Frequency of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 Alleles and Haplotype Association in Syrian Population. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:172-9. [PMID: 26853713 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1131293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system is very important in health and diseases. As the HLA loci are the most polymorphic in the human genome, it plays a very important role in the immune responses to self and nonself antigens. In the light of the growing importance of typing the HLA alleles in transplantation, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and many other diseases, we studied 225 unrelated healthy Syrian subjects for their HLA class II genotypes in an attempt to reveal the distribution of the HLA (DRB1-DQB1) alleles in the general Syrian population. Our results revealed that the most common alleles for the DRB1 locus were DRB1*11 (26.4%), DRB1*04 (14%), and DRB1*07 (12%). However, the most frequent alleles for the DQB1 locus were DQB1*03 (40.9%) and DQB1*05 (25.1%). The frequent of two-locus haplotypes carry the most frequent alleles at these loci. The most frequently detected class II ''haplotypes'' are DRB1*11-DQB1*03 (8.9%), DRB1*01-DQB1*05 (3.6%), and DRB1*04-DQB1*03 (2.7%). Compared with other populations, our result, deduced from the analysis of genetic distances and the construction of neighbor-joining (NJ) dendrogram, and principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that Syrians are related to Middle Eastern populations. Our data about the Syrian population will aid researchers in studying the relation of HLA class II with different diseases in a Syrian population and will add to the available international literature associated with these loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Jazairi
- a Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department , Atomic Energy Commission , Damascus , Syria
| | - Issam Khansaa
- a Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department , Atomic Energy Commission , Damascus , Syria
| | - Adnan Ikhtiar
- a Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department , Atomic Energy Commission , Damascus , Syria
| | - Hossam Murad
- a Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department , Atomic Energy Commission , Damascus , Syria
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74
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Aminoguanidine treatment increased NOX2 response in diabetic rats: Improved phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by neutrophils. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 772:83-91. [PMID: 26724393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that aminoguanidine (AMG), an inhibitor of protein glycation, increases the NOX2 (phagocyte NADPH oxidase) response and microbicidal activity by neutrophils, regardless of diabetic status. The non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, yielding irreversible advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is involved in the development of diabetes complications, including alterations of signaling pathways and the generation of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes. The phagocytes produce ROS (reactive oxygen species) through activation of the NOX2 complex, which generates superoxide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hyperglycemia and the glycation of proteins on the NOX2 activity of neutrophils and its implications for cellular physiology, with a focus on the microbicidal activity of these cells. We treated diabetic rats with AMG and evaluated neutrophil ROS generation and Candida albicans killing ability. We observed a large increase in the microbicidal activity of peritoneal neutrophils from AMG-treated rats. The increase was independent of diabetic status and myeloperoxidase activity. Collectively, our results suggest that AMG has an immunomodulator role that triggers an increase in the microbicidal response of neutrophils mainly related to reactive oxygen species production by NOX2.
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75
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Michels A, Zhang L, Khadra A, Kushner JA, Redondo MJ, Pietropaolo M. Prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes: update on success of prediction and struggles at prevention. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16. [PMID: 26202050 PMCID: PMC4592445 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the archetypal example of a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of pancreatic β cells. The pathogenic equation for T1DM presents a complex interrelation of genetic and environmental factors, most of which have yet to be identified. On the basis of observed familial aggregation of T1DM, it is certain that there is a decided heritable genetic susceptibility for developing T1DM. The well-known association of T1DM with certain human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was a major step toward understanding the role of inheritance in T1DM. Type 1 diabetes is a polygenic disease with a small number of genes having large effects (e.g., HLA) and a large number of genes having small effects. Risk of T1DM progression is conferred by specific HLA DR/DQ alleles [e.g., DRB1*03-DQB1*0201 (DR3/DQ2) or DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 (DR4/DQ8)]. In addition, the HLA allele DQB1*0602 is associated with dominant protection from T1DM in multiple populations. A concordance rate lower than 100% between monozygotic twins indicates a potential involvement of environmental factors on disease development. The detection of at least two islet autoantibodies in the blood is virtually pre-diagnostic for T1DM. The majority of children who carry these biomarkers, regardless of whether they have an a priori family history of the disease, will develop insulin-requiring diabetes. Facilitating pre-diagnosis is the timing of seroconversion which is most pronounced in the first 2 yr of life. Unfortunately the significant progress in improving prediction of T1DM has not yet been paralleled by safe and efficacious intervention strategies aimed at preventing the disease. Herein we summarize the chequered history of prediction and prevention of T1DM, describing successes and failures alike, and thereafter examine future trends in the exciting, partially explored field of T1DM prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Li Zhang
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jake A. Kushner
- Division of Diabetes Pediatric Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria J. Redondo
- Division of Diabetes Pediatric Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,To Whom Correspondence May be Addressed: Massimo Pietropaolo, M.D., Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, R 609, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
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76
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Davies JA. Synthetic Biology: Rational Pathway Design for Regenerative Medicine. Gerontology 2015; 62:564-70. [PMID: 26474207 DOI: 10.1159/000440721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational pathway design is the invention of an optimally efficient route from one state (e.g. chemical structure, state of differentiation, physiological state) to another, based on knowledge of biological processes: it contrasts with the use of natural pathways that have evolved by natural selection. Synthetic biology is a hybrid discipline of biology and engineering that offers a means for rationally designed pathways to be realized in living cells. Several areas of regenerative medicine could benefit from rational pathway design, including derivation of patient-specific stem cells, directed differentiation of stem cells, replicating physiological function in an alternative cell type, construction of custom interface tissues and building fail-safe systems into transplanted tissues. Synthetic biological approaches offer the potential for construction of these, for example controllable ex vivo stem cell niches, genetic networks for direct transdifferentiation from adult fibroblast to restricted stem cell without going via induced pluripotent stem cells, signalling pathways for realizing physiological regulation in alternative cell types, morphological modules for producing self-constructing novel 'tissues' and 'kill-switches' for therapeutically applied stem cells. Given the potential of this approach, a closer convergence of the regenerative medicine and synthetic biology research fields seems timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Davies
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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77
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Abstract
There have been significant advances in our understanding of human autoimmunity that have led to improvements in classification and diagnosis and, most importantly, research advances in new therapies. The importance of autoimmunity and the mechanisms that lead to clinical disease were first recognized about 50 years ago following the pioneering studies of Macfarlane Burnett and his Nobel Prize-winning hypothesis of the 'forbidden clone'. Such pioneering efforts led to a better understanding not only of autoimmunity, but also of lymphoid cell development, thymic education, apoptosis and deletion of autoreactive cells. Contemporary theories suggest that the development of an autoimmune disease requires a genetic predisposition and environmental factors that trigger the immune pathways that lead, ultimately, to tissue destruction. Despite extensive research, there are no genetic tools that can be used clinically to predict the risk of autoimmune disease. Indeed, the concordance of autoimmune disease in identical twins is 12-67%, highlighting not only a role for environmental factors, but also the potential importance of stochastic or epigenetic phenomena. On the other hand, the identification of cytokines and chemokines, and their cognate receptors, has led to novel therapies that block pathological inflammatory responses within the target organ and have greatly improved the therapeutic effect in patients with autoimmune disease, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Further advances involving the use of multiplex platforms for diagnosis and identification of new therapeutic agents should lead to major breakthroughs within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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78
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Jennen DGJ, van Leeuwen DM, Hendrickx DM, Gottschalk RWH, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS. Bayesian Network Inference Enables Unbiased Phenotypic Anchoring of Transcriptomic Responses to Cigarette Smoke in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1936-48. [PMID: 26360787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microarray-based transcriptomic analysis has been demonstrated to hold the opportunity to study the effects of human exposure to, e.g., chemical carcinogens at the whole genome level, thus yielding broad-ranging molecular information on possible carcinogenic effects. Since genes do not operate individually but rather through concerted interactions, analyzing and visualizing networks of genes should provide important mechanistic information, especially upon connecting them to functional parameters, such as those derived from measurements of biomarkers for exposure and carcinogenic risk. Conventional methods such as hierarchical clustering and correlation analyses are frequently used to address these complex interactions but are limited as they do not provide directional causal dependence relationships. Therefore, our aim was to apply Bayesian network inference with the purpose of phenotypic anchoring of modified gene expressions. We investigated a use case on transcriptomic responses to cigarette smoking in humans, in association with plasma cotinine levels as biomarkers of exposure and aromatic DNA-adducts in blood cells as biomarkers of carcinogenic risk. Many of the genes that appear in the Bayesian networks surrounding plasma cotinine, and to a lesser extent around aromatic DNA-adducts, hold biologically relevant functions in inducing severe adverse effects of smoking. In conclusion, this study shows that Bayesian network inference enables unbiased phenotypic anchoring of transcriptomics responses. Furthermore, in all inferred Bayesian networks several dependencies are found which point to known but also to new relationships between the expression of specific genes, cigarette smoke exposure, DNA damaging-effects, and smoking-related diseases, in particular associated with apoptosis, DNA repair, and tumor suppression, as well as with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danitsja M van Leeuwen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana M Hendrickx
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph W H Gottschalk
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H M van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A. Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. J Theor Biol 2015; 383:93-105. [PMID: 26271890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells, leading to abolition of insulin secretion and onset of diabetes. Cytotoxic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, activated by antigen presenting cells (APCs), are both implicated in disease onset and progression. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), on the other hand, play a leading role in regulating immunological tolerance and resistant homoeostasis in T1D by suppressing effector T cells (Teffs). Recent data indicates that after activation, conventional Teffs transiently produce interleukin IL-2, a cytokine that acts as a growth factor for both Teffs and Tregs. Tregs suppress Teffs through IL-2 deprivation, competition and Teff conversion into inducible Tregs (iTregs). To investigate the interactions of these components during T1D progression, a mathematical model of T-cell dynamics is developed as a predictor of β-cell loss, with the underlying hypothesis that avidity of Teffs and Tregs, i.e., the binding affinity of T-cell receptors to peptide-major histocompatibility complexes on host cells, is continuum. The model is used to infer a set of criteria that determines susceptibility to T1D in high risk subjects. Our findings show that diabetes onset is guided by the absence of Treg-to-Teff dominance at specific high avidities, rather than over the whole range of avidity, and that the lack of overall dominance of Teffs-to-Tregs over time is the underlying cause of the "honeymoon period", the remission phase observed in some T1D patients. The model also suggests that competition between Teffs and Tregs is more effective than Teff-induction into iTregs in suppressing Teffs, and that a prolonged full width at half maximum of IL-2 release is a necessary condition for curbing disease onset. Finally, the model provides a rationale for observing rapid and slow progressors of T1D based on modest heterogeneity in the kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, H3G 1Y6, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.
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Koboziev I, Jones-Hall Y, Valentine JF, Webb CR, Furr KL, Grisham MB. Use of Humanized Mice to Study the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1652-73. [PMID: 26035036 PMCID: PMC4466023 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of disease have been used extensively by the research community for the past several decades to better understand the pathogenesis of different diseases and assess the efficacy and toxicity of different therapeutic agents. Retrospective analyses of numerous preclinical intervention studies using mouse models of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases reveal a generalized failure to translate promising interventions or therapeutics into clinically effective treatments in patients. Although several possible reasons have been suggested to account for this generalized failure to translate therapeutic efficacy from the laboratory bench to the patient's bedside, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the mouse immune system is substantially different from the human. Indeed, it is well known that >80 major differences exist between mouse and human immunology; all of which contribute to significant differences in immune system development, activation, and responses to challenges in innate and adaptive immunity. This inconvenient reality has prompted investigators to attempt to humanize the mouse immune system to address important human-specific questions that are impossible to study in patients. The successful long-term engraftment of human hematolymphoid cells in mice would provide investigators with a relatively inexpensive small animal model to study clinically relevant mechanisms and facilitate the evaluation of human-specific therapies in vivo. The discovery that targeted mutation of the IL-2 receptor common gamma chain in lymphopenic mice allows for the long-term engraftment of functional human immune cells has advanced greatly our ability to humanize the mouse immune system. The objective of this review is to present a brief overview of the recent advances that have been made in the development and use of humanized mice with special emphasis on autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. In addition, we discuss the use of these unique mouse models to define the human-specific immunopathological mechanisms responsible for the induction and perpetuation of chronic gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Koboziev
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Yava Jones-Hall
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2027
| | - John F. Valentine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2410
| | - Cynthia Reinoso Webb
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Kathryn L. Furr
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
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Quan H, Tan H, Li Q, Li J, Li S. Immunological hypoglycemia associated with insulin antibodies induced by exogenous insulin in 11 Chinese patients with diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:746271. [PMID: 25961056 PMCID: PMC4413037 DOI: 10.1155/2015/746271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the characteristics of immunological hypoglycemia associated with insulin antibodies (IAbs) induced by exogenous insulin in Chinese patients with diabetes. METHODS The clinical data of patients with immunological hypoglycemia due to IAbs were retrospectively analyzed by screening patients with diabetes discharged from West China Hospital from 2007 to 2013. RESULTS A total of 11 patients (eight men and three women) were identified. Insulin-C-peptide separation was found in all patients via insulin and C-peptide release test. Previous insulin use was ceased after admission and was switched to oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) (8/11), lifestyle modification only (2/11), or regular human insulin (1/11). Hypoglycemia was ameliorated after a median of 20 days (interquartile range [IQR], 11-40), while IAbs turned negative after a median of 17 months (IQR, 4-19), and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels dropped substantially after a median of 22 months (IQR, 9-32) in these cases. CONCLUSIONS In insulin-treated patients with unexpected and refractory hypoglycemia even after insulin therapy was gradually reduced or even withdrawn, IAbs induced by exogenous insulin should be considered, and insulin withdrawal might be promptly needed. The course of immunological hypoglycemia was benign and self-limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Quan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Huiwen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianrui Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- *Jianwei Li: and
| | - Sheyu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- *Sheyu Li:
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