51
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are structurally related endopeptidases. They are also known as metzincins due to their interaction with zinc ion of the conserved methionine (Met) at the active site. MMPs play an important role in physiological and signaling processes of wound healing, bone resorption and angiogenesis. The structure of MMPs consists of signal peptide, propeptide, catalytic domain, hinge region and hemopexin-like domain. MMP-9 shares high structural and functional similarities with MMP-2, therefore designing selective MMP-9 inhibitors (MMPIs) is challenging. The selectivity can be achieved by targeting S2 subsite of MMP-9 that is having difference with MMP-2. Further, targeting its exosite and protein disulfide isomerase may also provide selective MMPIs. The review highlights the molecular features and basis of MMP-9 enzyme action. The MMPIs reported in the recent years have also been included.
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52
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Macrophages induce "budding" in aggressive human colon cancer subtypes by protease-mediated disruption of tight junctions. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19490-19507. [PMID: 29731961 PMCID: PMC5929404 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human colorectal tumors with a high stromal content have an increased capacity to metastasize. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote metastasis, but the contribution of other stromal cell types is unclear. Here we searched for additional stromal cell types that contribute to aggressive tumor cell behavior. By making use of the ‘immunome compendium’—a collection of gene signatures reflecting the presence of specific immune cell-types—we show that macrophage signatures are most strongly associated with a high CAF content and with poor prognosis in multiple large cohorts of primary tumors and liver metastases. Co-culturing macrophages with patient-derived colonospheres promoted ‘budding’ of small clusters of tumor cells from the bulk. Immunohistochemistry showed that budding tumor clusters in stroma-rich areas of T1 colorectal carcinomas were surrounded by macrophages. In vitro budding was accompanied by reduced levels of the tight junction protein occludin, but OCLN mRNA levels did not change, nor did markers of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Budding was accompanied by nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, which was also observed in budding tumor cell clusters in situ. The NFκB inhibitor Sanguinarine resulted in a decrease in MMP7 protein expression and both NFκB inhibitor Sanguinarine and MMP inhibitor Batimastat prevented occludin degradation and budding. We conclude that macrophages contribute to the aggressive nature of stroma-rich colon tumors by promoting an MMP-dependent pathway that operates in parallel to classical EMT and leads to tight junction disruption.
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53
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Dolmatov IY, Afanasyev SV, Boyko AV. Molecular mechanisms of fission in echinoderms: Transcriptome analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195836. [PMID: 29649336 PMCID: PMC5897022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms are capable of asexual reproduction by fission. An individual divides into parts due to changes in the strength of connective tissue of the body wall. The structure of connective tissue and the mechanisms of variations in its strength in echinoderms remain poorly studied. An analysis of transcriptomes of individuals during the process of fission provides a new opportunity to understand the mechanisms of connective tissue mutability. In the holothurian Cladolabes schmeltzii, we have found a rather complex organization of connective tissue. Transcripts of genes encoding a wide range of structural proteins of extracellular matrix, as well as various proteases and their inhibitors, have been discovered. All these molecules may constitute a part of the mechanism of connective tissue mutability. According to our data, the extracellular matrix of echinoderms is substantially distinguished from that of vertebrates by the lack of elastin, fibronectins, and tenascins. In case of fission, a large number of genes of transcription factors and components of different signaling pathways are expressed. Products of these genes are probably involved in regulation of asexual reproduction, connective tissue mutability, and preparation of tissues for subsequent regeneration. It has been shown that holothurian tensilins are a special group of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, which has formed within the class Holothuroidea and is absent from other echinoderms. Our data can serve a basis for the further study of the mechanisms of extracellular matrix mutability, as well as the mechanisms responsible for asexual reproduction in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yu. Dolmatov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergey V. Afanasyev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Boyko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
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54
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Matrix metalloproteinases as regulators of inflammatory processes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2036-2042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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55
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Scannevin RH, Alexander R, Haarlander TM, Burke SL, Singer M, Huo C, Zhang YM, Maguire D, Spurlino J, Deckman I, Carroll KI, Lewandowski F, Devine E, Dzordzorme K, Tounge B, Milligan C, Bayoumy S, Williams R, Schalk-Hihi C, Leonard K, Jackson P, Todd M, Kuo LC, Rhodes KJ. Discovery of a highly selective chemical inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) that allosterically inhibits zymogen activation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17963-17974. [PMID: 28860188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a common feature of pathological cascades observed in diverse disorders, such as cancer, fibrosis, immune dysregulation, and neurodegenerative diseases. MMP-9, in particular, is highly dynamically regulated in several pathological processes. Development of MMP inhibitors has therefore been an attractive strategy for therapeutic intervention. However, a long history of failed clinical trials has demonstrated that broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors have limited clinical utility, which has spurred the development of inhibitors selective for individual MMPs. Attaining selectivity has been technically challenging because of sequence and structural conservation across the various MMPs. Here, through a biochemical and structural screening paradigm, we have identified JNJ0966, a highly selective compound that inhibited activation of MMP-9 zymogen and subsequent generation of catalytically active enzyme. JNJ0966 had no effect on MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, or MMP-14 catalytic activity and did not inhibit activation of the highly related MMP-2 zymogen. The molecular basis for this activity was characterized as an interaction of JNJ0966 with a structural pocket in proximity to the MMP-9 zymogen cleavage site near Arg-106, which is distinct from the catalytic domain. JNJ0966 was efficacious in reducing disease severity in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, demonstrating the viability of this therapeutic approach. This discovery reveals an unprecedented pharmacological approach to MMP inhibition, providing an opportunity to improve selectivity of future clinical drug candidates. Targeting zymogen activation in this manner may also allow for pharmaceutical exploration of other enzymes previously viewed as intractable drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Scannevin
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Richard Alexander
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | | | - Sharon L Burke
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Monica Singer
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Cuifen Huo
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Yue-Mei Zhang
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Diane Maguire
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - John Spurlino
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Ingrid Deckman
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Karen I Carroll
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Frank Lewandowski
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Eric Devine
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Keli Dzordzorme
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Brett Tounge
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Cindy Milligan
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Shariff Bayoumy
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Robyn Williams
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Celine Schalk-Hihi
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Kristi Leonard
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Paul Jackson
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Matthew Todd
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Lawrence C Kuo
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Kenneth J Rhodes
- From Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
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56
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Krishnaswamy VR, Mintz D, Sagi I. Matrix metalloproteinases: The sculptors of chronic cutaneous wounds. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2220-2227. [PMID: 28797647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex mechanism with multiple processes orchestrating harmoniously for structural and functional restoration of the damaged tissue. Chronic non-healing wounds plagued with infection create a major healthcare burden and is one of the most frustrating clinical problems. Chronic wounds are manifested by prolonged inflammation, defective re-epithelialization and haphazard remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc dependent enzymes that play cardinal functions in wound healing. Understanding the pathological events mediated by MMPs during wound healing may pave way in identifying novel drug targets for chronic wounds. Here, we discuss the functions and skewed regulation of different MMPs during infection and chronic tissue repair. This review also points out the potential of MMPs and their inhibitors as therapeutic agents in treating chronic wounds during distinct phases of the wound healing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dvir Mintz
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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57
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Levin M, Udi Y, Solomonov I, Sagi I. Next generation matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors - Novel strategies bring new prospects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [PMID: 28636874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic proteolysis of cell surface proteins and extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for tissue homeostasis and cell signaling. These proteolytic activities are mediated predominantly by a family of proteases termed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The growing evidence in recent years that ECM and non-ECM bioactive molecules (e.g., growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, on top of matrikines and matricryptins) have versatile functions redefines our view on the roles matrix remodeling enzymes play in many physiological and pathological processes, and underscores the notion that ECM proteolytic reaction mechanisms represent master switches in the regulation of critical biological processes and govern cell behavior. Accordingly, MMPs are not only responsible for direct degradation of ECM molecules but are also key modulators of cardinal bioactive factors. Many attempts were made to manipulate ECM degradation by targeting MMPs using small peptidic and organic inhibitors. However, due to the high structural homology shared by these enzymes, the majority of the developed compounds are broad-spectrum inhibitors affecting the proteolytic activity of various MMPs and other zinc-related proteases. These inhibitors, in many cases, failed as therapeutic agents, mainly due to the bilateral role of MMPs in pathological conditions such as cancer, in which MMPs have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. Despite the important role of MMPs in many human diseases, none of the broad-range synthetic MMP inhibitors that were designed have successfully passed clinical trials. It appears that, designing highly selective MMP inhibitors that are also effective in vivo, is not trivial. The challenges related to designing selective and effective metalloprotease inhibitors, are associated in part with the aforesaid high structural homology and the dynamic nature of their protein scaffolds. Great progress was achieved in the last decade in understanding the biochemistry and biology of MMPs activity. This knowledge, combined with lessons from the past has drawn new "boundaries" for the development of the next-generation MMP inhibitors. These novel agents are currently designed to be highly specific, capable to discriminate between the homologous MMPs and ideally administered as a short-term topical treatment. In this review we discuss the latest progress in the fields of MMP inhibitors in terms of structure, function and their specific activity. The development of novel highly specific inhibitors targeting MMPs paves the path to study complex biological processes associated with ECM proteolysis in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix Metalloproteinases edited by Rafael Fridman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Levin
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Udi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inna Solomonov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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58
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Abstract
To many of us in the field, working on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has felt like riding a roller coaster, traveling through times of both excitement and despair. I was fortunate to join the ride when it was a mere carousel of three activities thought to target the proteins that comprise the extracellular matrix (ECM). New technologies brought the thrills of discovery as we uncovered specific proteinase genes and defined specialized activities in different cellular processes. The MMPs and the sister families of "adisintegrin and metalloproteinase" (ADAMs), ADAMs with thrombospondin domains (ADAM-TS), and Astacins are now recognized as key signaling "scissors" that drive rapid changes in a plethora of cellular pathways. My many excellent colleagues and collaborators and I were enthused to contribute to the early development of the field and continue to be amazed at its growth and sophistication. In contrast, the hype and failure of early inhibitor discovery have dogged our standing with the pharmaceutical industry and grant-giving bodies. However, the true believers have kept going, and knowledge of particular functions of MMPs and their contributions to disease progression has progressed. Recognition of the strategic importance of proteinase function should inspire more work harnessing new technologies such as imaging, proteomics, and gene editing to generate a more precise understanding of individual situations. New approaches to inhibitor design and assessment are possible, and the consequent ability to precisely abrogate specific MMP activity could contribute to the fight against a number of pathologies with unmet needs. What a ride it could be!
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Murphy
- From the Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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59
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Xie B, Xie X, Rao B, Liu S, Liu H. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Inhibitory Effects of Qingzaojiufei Decoction on Tumor Growth in Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 17:467-476. [PMID: 28617188 PMCID: PMC6041919 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417694953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Qingzaojiufei decoction (QD) is an empirical herbal
formula from traditional Chinese medicine that is used for the treatment of
lung-related diseases. However, the effect of QD on the growth of lung tumor
cells has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the
antitumor activity of QD in Lewis lung carcinomas (LLC) in vivo and in vitro,
and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The LLC cells
were used to assess the antitumor activity of QD by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay in
vitro. In vivo, mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 10/group): the
model control (MC) group was intragastrically administered physiological saline
(0.9% NaCl) twice daily from day 2 after tumor implantation for 2 weeks. The QD
groups were intragastrically administered QD twice daily from 2 weeks before to
2 weeks after tumor implantation for 4 weeks. The mRNA levels were detected by
quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the proteins expression was determined
by immunohistochemistry or western blotting. Results: Compared with
the model group, QD showed inhibition of proliferation of LLC cells and
reductions in tumor weight and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein
expression. Furthermore, QD up-regulated p53 mRNA expression, and downregulated
c-myc and Bcl-2 mRNA expression, while MMP-9, VEGF, and VEGFR protein expression
was suppressed. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels were also reduced by QD in a
dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that QD
inhibited lung tumor growth and proliferation, by activation of tumor suppressor
genes, inactivation of oncogenes, suppressing the potential for invasion and
metastasis, and attenuating angiogenesis. The ERK/VEGF/MMPs signaling pathways
may play an important role in QD-induced inhibition of malignant tumor cell
proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiong Xie
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Rao
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengzhang Liu
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongning Liu
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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60
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Nara H, Kaieda A, Sato K, Naito T, Mototani H, Oki H, Yamamoto Y, Kuno H, Santou T, Kanzaki N, Terauchi J, Uchikawa O, Kori M. Discovery of Novel, Highly Potent, and Selective Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 Inhibitors with a 1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl Moiety as a Zinc Binding Group Using a Structure-Based Design Approach. J Med Chem 2017; 60:608-626. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Kaieda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takako Naito
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mototani
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Oki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kuno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Santou
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kanzaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Terauchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Uchikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masakuni Kori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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61
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Abstract
There is a great deal of interest in obtaining recombinant collagen as an alternative source of material for biomedical applications and as an approach for obtaining basic structural and biological information. However, application of recombinant technology to collagen presents challenges, most notably the need for post-translational hydroxylation of prolines for triple-helix stability. Full length recombinant human collagens have been successfully expressed in cell lines, yeast, and several plant systems, while collagen fragments have been expressed in E. coli. In addition, bacterial collagen-like proteins can be expressed in high yields in E. coli and easily manipulated to incorporate biologically active sequences from human collagens. These expression systems allow manipulation of biologically active sequences within collagen, which has furthered our understanding of the relationships between collagen sequences, structure and function. Here, recombinant studies on collagen interactions with cell receptors, extracellular matrix proteins, and matrix metalloproteinases are reviewed, and discussed in terms of their potential biomaterial and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brodsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - John A M Ramshaw
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
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62
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Ammazzalorso A, De Filippis B, Campestre C, Laghezza A, Marrone A, Amoroso R, Tortorella P, Agamennone M. Seeking for Non-Zinc-Binding MMP-2 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101768. [PMID: 27782083 PMCID: PMC5085792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an important family of zinc-containing enzymes with a central role in many physiological and pathological processes. Although several MMP inhibitors have been synthesized over the years, none reached the market because of off-target effects, due to the presence of a zinc binding group in the inhibitor structure. To overcome this problem non-zinc-binding inhibitors (NZIs) have been recently designed. In a previous article, a virtual screening campaign identified some hydroxynaphtyridine and hydroxyquinoline as MMP-2 non-zinc-binding inhibitors. In the present work, simplified analogues of previously-identified hits have been synthesized and tested in enzyme inhibition assays. Docking and molecular dynamics studies were carried out to rationalize the activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ammazzalorso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Barbara De Filippis
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Cristina Campestre
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università "A. Moro" Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Rosa Amoroso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università "A. Moro" Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Agamennone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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63
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Metalloproteases Affecting Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Platelet Aggregation from Snake Venoms: Definition and Nomenclature of Interaction Sites. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100284. [PMID: 27690102 PMCID: PMC5086644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteases, in addition to their contribution to the digestion of the prey, affect various physiological functions by cleaving specific proteins. They exhibit their activities through activation of zymogens of coagulation factors, and precursors of integrins or receptors. Based on their structure–function relationships and mechanism of action, we have defined classification and nomenclature of functional sites of proteases. These metalloproteases are useful as research tools and in diagnosis and treatment of various thrombotic and hemostatic conditions. They also contribute to our understanding of molecular details in the activation of specific factors involved in coagulation, platelet aggregation and matrix biology. This review provides a ready reference for metalloproteases that interfere in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation.
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64
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Othman H, Wieninger SA, ElAyeb M, Nilges M, Srairi-Abid N. In Silico prediction of the molecular basis of ClTx and AaCTx interaction with matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) to inhibit glioma cell invasion. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2815-2829. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1231633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Houcemeddine Othman
- Laboratory of venoms and therapeutic biomolecules (LR11IPT08), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Silke Andrea Wieninger
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed ElAyeb
- Laboratory of venoms and therapeutic biomolecules (LR11IPT08), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Michael Nilges
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- Laboratory of venoms and therapeutic biomolecules (LR11IPT08), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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65
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Endocan reduces the malign grade of gastric cancer cells by regulating associated protein expression. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14915-14921. [PMID: 27644250 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan, which has been identified to be low expressed in gastric cancer, was found to be positively related to the differentiation level of gastric cancer in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of endocan in gastric adenocarcinoma cell line SGC7901 by artificially upregualting or downregulating endocan expression using endocan recombinant vector or specific small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting endocan gene, respectively. The effects of endocan recombinant vector-mediated over-expressing and siRNA-mediated endocan silencing on the differentiation, migration, and apoptosis of SGC7901 cells were assessed. Furthermore, the primary molecular mechanisms of endocan were explored by testing the expression alterations of associated protein in SGC7901 along endocan over-expression or knockdown. We found that over-expression of endocan reduced the migration but promoted the differentiation and apoptosis of SGC7901 cells. While, knockdown of endocan did just the opposite. Some molecules were found to participate in endocan-mediated anti-tumor effects, such as p53, caspase 3, and MMP-9. In conclusion, our findings suggest that endocan plays an anti-carcinogenic role in gastric cancer development and progression and might serve as a prognostic biomarker as well as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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The multifaceted role of metalloproteinases in physiological and pathological conditions in embryonic and adult brains. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 155:36-56. [PMID: 27530222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of ubiquitous extracellular endopeptidases, which play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, from the embryonic stages throughout adult life. Their extraordinary physiological "success" is due to concomitant broad substrate specificities and strict regulation of their expression, activation and inhibition levels. In recent years, MMPs have gained increasing attention as significant effectors in various aspects of central nervous system (CNS) physiology. Most importantly, they have been recognized as main players in a variety of brain disorders having different etiologies and evolution. A common aspect of these pathologies is the development of acute or chronic neuroinflammation. MMPs play an integral part in determining the result of neuroinflammation, in some cases turning its beneficial outcome into a harmful one. This review summarizes the most relevant studies concerning the physiology of MMPs, highlighting their involvement in both the developing and mature CNS, in long-lasting and acute brain diseases and, finally, in nervous system repair. Recently, a concerted effort has been made in identifying therapeutic strategies for major brain diseases by targeting MMP activities. However, from this revision of the literature appears clear that MMPs have multifaceted functional characteristics, which modulate physiological processes in multiple ways and with multiple consequences. Therefore, when choosing MMPs as possible targets, great care must be taken to evaluate the delicate balance between their activation and inhibition and to determine at which stage of the disease and at what level they become active in order maximize chances of success.
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Non-Neoplastic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071178. [PMID: 27455234 PMCID: PMC4964549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases belonging to the metzincin superfamily. There are at least 23 members of MMPs ever reported in human, and they and their substrates are widely expressed in many tissues. Recent growing evidence has established that MMP not only can degrade a variety of components of extracellular matrix, but also can cleave and activate various non-matrix proteins, including cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, contributing to both physiological and pathological processes. In normal conditions, MMP expression and activity are tightly regulated via interactions between their activators and inhibitors. Imbalance among these factors, however, results in dysregulated MMP activity, which causes tissue destruction and functional alteration or local inflammation, leading to the development of diverse diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, arthritis, neurodegenerative disease, as well as cancer. This article focuses on the accumulated evidence supporting a wide range of roles of MMPs in various non-neoplastic diseases and provides an outlook on the therapeutic potential of inhibiting MMP action.
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de Bruyn M, Vandooren J, Ugarte-Berzal E, Arijs I, Vermeire S, Opdenakker G. The molecular biology of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in inflammatory bowel diseases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:295-358. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1199535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ruddy JM, Ikonomidis JS, Jones JA. Multidimensional Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinases to Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability: Multiple Mechanisms of Inhibition to Promote Stability. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:1-16. [PMID: 27327039 PMCID: PMC7196926 DOI: 10.1159/000446703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of atherosclerotic disease continues to increase, and despite significant reductions in major cardiovascular events with current medical interventions, an additional therapeutic window exists. Atherosclerotic plaque growth is a complex integration of cholesterol penetration, inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, and neovascular invasion. A family of matrix-degrading proteases, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), contributes to all phases of vascular remodeling. The contribution of specific MMPs to endothelial cell integrity and VSMC migration in atherosclerotic lesion initiation and progression has been confirmed by the increased expression of these proteases in plasma and plaque specimens. Endogenous blockade of MMPs by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) may attenuate proteolysis in some regions, but the progression of matrix degeneration suggests that MMPs predominate in atherosclerotic plaque, precipitating vulnerability. Plaque neovascularization also contributes to instability and, coupling the known role of MMPs in angiogenesis to that of atherosclerotic plaque growth, interest in targeting MMPs to facilitate plaque stabilization continues to accumulate. This article aims to review the contributions of MMPs and TIMPs to atherosclerotic plaque expansion, neovascularization, and rupture vulnerability with an interest in promoting targeted therapies to improve plaque stabilization and decrease the risk of major cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marie Ruddy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, S.C., USA
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Duca L, Blaise S, Romier B, Laffargue M, Gayral S, El Btaouri H, Kawecki C, Guillot A, Martiny L, Debelle L, Maurice P. Matrix ageing and vascular impacts: focus on elastin fragmentation. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:298-308. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Naringenin inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as induces apoptosis of gastric cancer SGC7901 cell line by downregulation of AKT pathway. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11365-74. [PMID: 26960693 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The preliminary anti-cancer activity of Naringenin (Nar) has been proven in several cancers. However, the therapeutic activity of Nar on gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell line is not yet well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect and mechanisms of Nar on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of SGC-7901 cells. In this in vitro study, SGC-7901 cells were treated with Nar at serial concentrations. Our data showed that Nar efficiently inhibited SGC-7901 cell proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, as well as downregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the cell migration and invasion also dramatically decreased after Nar incubation, and the expressions of MMP2 and MMP9 were significantly downregulated. In addition, a strong proapoptotic effect was observed in the SGC-7901 cells after Nar treatment. Apoptosis-related proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were up-regulated, whereas Bcl-2 and Survivin were downregulated. After administration with Nar, we found that phosphorylation of AKT was inhibited, and this inhibitory action could be mildly enhanced by the combination treatment of Nar and AKT inhibitor LY294002. In conclusion, our study confirmed that Nar could inhibit SGC-7901cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as induces apoptosis, and Nar might provide a new potential therapeutic strategy for treating gastric cancer.
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Matrix Metalloproteinases and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Nephrol 2016; 2016:9498013. [PMID: 27042350 PMCID: PMC4793143 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9498013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant problem in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Subclinical atherosclerosis identified by noninvasive methods could improve CVD risk prediction in CKD but these methods are often unavailable. We therefore systematically reviewed whether circulating levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in CKD, as this would support their use as biomarkers or pharmacologic targets. Methods. All major electronic databases were systematically searched from inception until May 2015 using appropriate terms. Studies involving CKD patients with data on circulating MMPs levels and atherosclerosis were considered and subjected to quality assessment. Results. Overall, 16 studies were identified for qualitative synthesis and 9 studies were included in quantitative synthesis. MMP-2 and TIMP-1 were most frequently studied while most studies assessed carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) as a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis. Only MMP-2 demonstrated a consistent positive association with cIMT. Considerable variability in cIMT measurement methodology and poor plaque assessment was found. Conclusions. Although MMPs demonstrate great potential as biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis, they are understudied in CKD and not enough data existed for meta-analysis. Larger studies involving several MMPs, with more homogenized approaches in determining the atherosclerotic burden in CKD, are needed.
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Antiangiogenesis and vascular disrupting agents in cancer: circumventing resistance and augmenting their therapeutic utility. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:443-62. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.16.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Inhibition of angiogenesis as an anticancer strategy has shown only moderately improved results and is beset with practical limitations, despite theoretical therapeutic advantages. Inevitably resistance develops, through redundancy of signaling pathways and selection for subclonal populations adapted for hypoxic conditions, with more invasive phenotypes. Antiangiogenic-targeted therapies may find improved efficacy in combination therapies; with others in this class, that directly or indirectly target separate pathways or different components of the same pathway, or with a separate class of tumor vasculature-disrupting agents. This review discusses the challenges and strategies for optimization of combination therapies including metronomic administration of drugs and the need for suitable prognostic and surrogate response biomarkers.
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Matrix Metalloproteinases During Axonal Regeneration, a Multifactorial Role from Start to Finish. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2114-2125. [PMID: 26924318 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
By proteolytic cleavage, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) not only remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) but they also modify the structure and activity of other proteinases, growth factors, signaling molecules, cell surface receptors, etc. Their vast substrate repertoire adds a complex extra dimension of biological control and turns MMPs into important regulatory nodes in the protease web. In the central nervous system (CNS), the detrimental impact of elevated MMP activities has been well-described for traumatic injuries and many neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, there is ample proof corroborating MMPs as fine regulators of CNS physiology, and well-balanced MMP activity is instrumental to development, plasticity, and repair. In this manuscript, we review the emerging evidence for MMPs as beneficial modulators of axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS. By exploring the multifactorial causes underlying the inability of mature axons to regenerate, and describing how MMPs can help to overcome these hurdles, we emphasize the benign actions of these Janus-faced proteases.
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK. Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:4-27. [PMID: 26562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1333] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular three-dimensional macromolecular network composed of collagens, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, and several other glycoproteins. Matrix components bind each other as well as cell adhesion receptors forming a complex network into which cells reside in all tissues and organs. Cell surface receptors transduce signals into cells from ECM, which regulate diverse cellular functions, such as survival, growth, migration, and differentiation, and are vital for maintaining normal homeostasis. ECM is a highly dynamic structural network that continuously undergoes remodeling mediated by several matrix-degrading enzymes during normal and pathological conditions. Deregulation of ECM composition and structure is associated with the development and progression of several pathologic conditions. This article emphasizes in the complex ECM structure as to provide a better understanding of its dynamic structural and functional multipotency. Where relevant, the implication of the various families of ECM macromolecules in health and disease is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Chrysostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Lund University, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Collagen interactions: Drug design and delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:69-84. [PMID: 26631222 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is a major component in a wide range of drug delivery systems and biomaterial applications. Its basic physical and structural properties, together with its low immunogenicity and natural turnover, are keys to its biocompatibility and effectiveness. In addition to its material properties, the collagen triple-helix interacts with a large number of molecules that trigger biological events. Collagen interactions with cell surface receptors regulate many cellular processes, while interactions with other ECM components are critical for matrix structure and remodeling. Collagen also interacts with enzymes involved in its biosynthesis and degradation, including matrix metalloproteinases. Over the past decade, much information has been gained about the nature and specificity of collagen interactions with its partners. These studies have defined collagen sequences responsible for binding and the high-resolution structures of triple-helical peptides bound to its natural binding partners. Strategies to target collagen interactions are already being developed, including the use of monoclonal antibodies to interfere with collagen fibril formation and the use of triple-helical peptides to direct liposomes to melanoma cells. The molecular information about collagen interactions will further serve as a foundation for computational studies to design small molecules that can interfere with specific interactions or target tumor cells. Intelligent control of collagen biological interactions within a material context will expand the effectiveness of collagen-based drug delivery.
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77
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Yang JS, Lin CW, Su SC, Yang SF. Pharmacodynamic considerations in the use of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:191-200. [PMID: 26852787 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1131820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are classified in the family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, which can degrade various components of an extracellular matrix and a basement membrane. Studies have demonstrated that MMPs relate to the development of malignant tumors and induce angiogenesis, resulting in the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. MMPs are highly expressed in malignant tumors and are related to cancer patients' malignant phenotype and poor prognosis. Therefore, blocking the expression or activity of MMPs may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. AREAS COVERED This study aimed to explain the MMP structure, regulatory mechanism, and carcinogenic effect; investigate the matrix metalloproteinase-inhibitors (MMPIs) that are currently used in clinical trials for cancer treatment; and summarize the trial results. EXPERT OPINION Currently, the results of clinical trials that have used MMPIs as anticancer agents are unsatisfactory. However, MMPs remain an attractive target for cancer treatment. For example, development of the specific peptide or antibodies in targeting the hemopexin domain of MMP-2 may be a new therapeutic direction. The design and development of MMPIs that have selectivity will be the primary focus in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Sin Yang
- a Department of Medical Research , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan.,b Institute of Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- c Institute of Oral Sciences , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,d Department of Dentistry , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Su
- e Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Keelung , Taiwan.,f Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center , Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals , Linkou , Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- a Department of Medical Research , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan.,b Institute of Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
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Eckhard U, Huesgen PF, Schilling O, Bellac CL, Butler GS, Cox JH, Dufour A, Goebeler V, Kappelhoff R, Keller UAD, Klein T, Lange PF, Marino G, Morrison CJ, Prudova A, Rodriguez D, Starr AE, Wang Y, Overall CM. Active site specificity profiling of the matrix metalloproteinase family: Proteomic identification of 4300 cleavage sites by nine MMPs explored with structural and synthetic peptide cleavage analyses. Matrix Biol 2015; 49:37-60. [PMID: 26407638 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Secreted and membrane tethered matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key homeostatic proteases regulating the extracellular signaling and structural matrix environment of cells and tissues. For drug targeting of proteases, selectivity for individual molecules is highly desired and can be met by high yield active site specificity profiling. Using the high throughput Proteomic Identification of protease Cleavage Sites (PICS) method to simultaneously profile both the prime and non-prime sides of the cleavage sites of nine human MMPs, we identified more than 4300 cleavages from P6 to P6' in biologically diverse human peptide libraries. MMP specificity and kinetic efficiency were mainly guided by aliphatic and aromatic residues in P1' (with a ~32-93% preference for leucine depending on the MMP), and basic and small residues in P2' and P3', respectively. A wide differential preference for the hallmark P3 proline was found between MMPs ranging from 15 to 46%, yet when combined in the same peptide with the universally preferred P1' leucine, an unexpected negative cooperativity emerged. This was not observed in previous studies, probably due to the paucity of approaches that profile both the prime and non-prime sides together, and the masking of subsite cooperativity effects by global heat maps and iceLogos. These caveats make it critical to check for these biologically highly important effects by fixing all 20 amino acids one-by-one in the respective subsites and thorough assessing of the inferred specificity logo changes. Indeed an analysis of bona fide MEROPS physiological substrate cleavage data revealed that of the 37 natural substrates with either a P3-Pro or a P1'-Leu only 5 shared both features, confirming the PICS data. Upon probing with several new quenched-fluorescent peptides, rationally designed on our specificity data, the negative cooperativity was explained by reduced non-prime side flexibility constraining accommodation of the rigidifying P3 proline with leucine locked in S1'. Similar negative cooperativity between P3 proline and the novel preference for asparagine in P1 cements our conclusion that non-prime side flexibility greatly impacts MMP binding affinity and cleavage efficiency. Thus, unexpected sequence cooperativity consequences were revealed by PICS that uniquely encompasses both the non-prime and prime sides flanking the proteomic-pinpointed scissile bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Eckhard
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Caroline L Bellac
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Swissmedic, Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgina S Butler
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer H Cox
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Inception Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Verena Goebeler
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Reinhild Kappelhoff
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ulrich Auf dem Keller
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Theo Klein
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philipp F Lange
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Giada Marino
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charlotte J Morrison
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Prudova
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Rodriguez
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Department of Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Amanda E Starr
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Present address: Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yili Wang
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Brown GT, Murray GI. Current mechanistic insights into the roles of matrix metalloproteinases in tumour invasion and metastasis. J Pathol 2015; 237:273-81. [PMID: 26174849 DOI: 10.1002/path.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent mechanistic developments elucidating the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in tumour invasion and metastasis. The ability of tumour cells to invade, migrate, and subsequently metastasize is a fundamental characteristic of cancer. Tumour invasion and metastasis are increasingly being characterized by the dynamic relationship between cancer cells and their microenvironment and developing a greater understanding of these basic pathological mechanisms is crucial. While MMPs have been strongly implicated in these processes as a result of extensive circumstantial evidence--for example, increased expression of individual MMPs in tumours and association of specific MMPs with prognosis--the underpinning mechanisms are only now being elucidated. Recent studies are now providing a mechanistic basis, highlighting and reinforcing the catalytic and non-catalytic roles of specific MMPs as key players in tumour invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T Brown
- Pathology, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- Pathology, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Apte SS, Parks WC. Metalloproteinases: A parade of functions in matrix biology and an outlook for the future. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:1-6. [PMID: 25916966 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This issue of Matrix Biology is devoted to exploring how metalloproteinases - here inclusive of related families of extracellular proteinases - act on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to influence an astonishing diversity of biological systems and diseases. Since their discovery in the 1960's, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have oft and widely been considered as the principal mediators of ECM destruction. However, as becomes clear from several articles in this issue, MMPs affect processes that both promote and limit ECM assembly, structure, and quantity. Furthermore, it has become increasingly apparent that ECM proteolysis is neither the exclusive function of MMPs nor their only sphere of influence. Thus, other enzymes may be important participants in ECM proteolysis, and indeed they are. The ADAMTS (a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin type 1 repeat) proteinases, BMP/tolloid proteases, and meprins have all emerged as major mechanisms of ECM proteolysis. An aggregate view of proteolysis as an exquisitely specific and crucial post-translational modification of secreted proteins emerges from these reviews. The cumulative evidence strongly suggests that although some MMPs can and do cleave ECM components, notably fibrillar collagens, the majority of these proteinases are not key physiological participants in morphogenesis nor in control of matrix metabolism in homeostasis or disease. In contrast, deficiency of ADAMTS proteases leads to a remarkable array of morphogenetic defects and connective tissue disorders consistent with a specialized role in turnover of the embryonic provisional ECM and in ECM assembly. Astacin-related proteases emerge into crucial positions in ECM assembly and turnover, although they also have numerous roles related to morphogen and growth factor regulation. To further turn the traditional view on its head, it is clear that many MMPs are key participants in many, diverse immune and inflammation processes rather than ECM proteolysis. The overlap in the activities within and between these families leads to the view that ECM proteolysis, which is indispensable for life, was over-engineered to an extraordinary extent during vertebrate evolution. That these proteinases, which likely evolved within networks regulating morphogenesis, immunity and regeneration, also participate in diseases is a side effect of human longevity. Attempts to inhibit metalloproteinases in human diseases thus require continuing appraisal of their biological roles and cautious evaluation of potential new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel S Apte
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Nakata M, Kawaguchi S, Oikawa A, Inamura A, Nomoto S, Miyai H, Nonaka T, Ichimi S, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y, Luo C, Gao B, Tang W. An aqueous extract from toad skin prevents gelatinase activities derived from fetal serum albumin and serum-free culture medium of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:417-21. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ayami Oikawa
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
| | - Akito Inamura
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
| | - Shunki Nomoto
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
| | | | - Tomomi Nonaka
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
| | - Saeko Ichimi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
| | - Yoko Fujita-Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | | | - Bo Gao
- Anhui Jinchan Biochemical Co., Ltd
| | - Wei Tang
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
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