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Guilmot A, Bosse J, Carlier Y, Truyens C. Monocytes play an IL-12-dependent crucial role in driving cord blood NK cells to produce IFN-g in response to Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2291. [PMID: 23819002 PMCID: PMC3688561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that foetuses congenitally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, mount an adult-like parasite-specific CD8+ T-cell response, producing IFN-g, and present an altered NK cell phenotype, possibly reflecting a post-activation state supported by the ability of the parasite to trigger IFN-g synthesis by NK cells in vitro. We here extended our knowledge on NK cell activation by the parasite. We compared the ability of T. cruzi to activate cord blood and adult NK cells from healthy individuals. Twenty-four hours co-culture of cord blood mononuclear cells with T. cruzi trypomastigotes and IL-15 induced high accumulation of IFN-g transcripts and IFN-g release. TNF-a, but not IL-10, was also produced. This was associated with up-regulation of CD69 and CD54, and down-regulation of CD62L on NK cells. The CD56bright NK cell subset was the major IFN-g responding subset (up to 70% IFN-g-positive cells), while CD56dim NK cells produced IFN-g to a lesser extent. The response points to a synergy between parasites and IL-15. The neonatal response, observed in all newborns, remained however slightly inferior to that of adults. Activation of IL-15-sensitized cord blood NK cells by the parasite required contacts with live/intact parasites. In addition, it depended on the engagement of TLR-2 and 4 and involved IL-12 and cross-talk with monocytes but not with myeloid dendritic cells, as shown by the use of neutralizing antibodies and cell depletion. This work highlights the ability of T. cruzi to trigger a robust IFN-g response by IL-15-sensitized human neonatal NK cells and the important role of monocytes in it, which might perhaps partially compensate for the neonatal defects of DCs. It suggests that monocyte- and IL-12- dependent IFN-g release by NK cells is a potentially important innate immune response pathway allowing T. cruzi to favour a type 1 immune response in neonates. IFN-g release by NK cells is essential in early control of infections with intracellular pathogens by driving protective type 1 immune response. NK cell activation requires integration of signals delivered by cytokines, dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages and/or pathogens. Little information is available about this topic in neonates, known to be deficient in mounting type 1 immune response. We show that Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoa agent of Chagas disease, rapidly and strongly up-regulates the production of IFN-g by IL-15-primed cord blood NK cells to a level close to that produced by adult NK cells. This neonatal NK cell response was dependent on cross-talk with monocytes and engagement of TLR2 and TLR4 by the parasite. Importantly, IL-12 synthesis by monocytes, but not by dendritic cells, was central in driving NK cell IFN-g release. This study suggests that monocytes may compensate for the known defects of neonatal DCs to produce IL-12. This innate pathway may allow a pathogen to circumvent the defect to mount type 1 immune response in early life. This observation may be relevant in vivo in T. cruzi congenital infection, since such newborns have previously been shown to mount an adult like type 1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Guilmot
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Bosse
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Carlier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carine Truyens
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Host defenses to protozoa. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Machado FS, Dutra WO, Esper L, Gollob KJ, Teixeira MM, Factor SM, Weiss LM, Nagajyothi F, Tanowitz HB, Garg NJ. Current understanding of immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:753-70. [PMID: 23076807 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi remains an important neglected tropical disease and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. No longer confined to endemic areas of Latin America, it is now found in non-endemic areas due to immigration. The parasite may persist in any tissue, but in recent years, there has been increased recognition of adipose tissue both as an early target of infection and a reservoir of chronic infection. The major complications of this disease are cardiomyopathy and megasyndromes involving the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of Chagas disease is complex and multifactorial involving many interactive pathways. The significance of innate immunity, including the contributions of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress, has been emphasized. The role of the components of the eicosanoid pathway such as thromboxane A(2) and the lipoxins has been demonstrated to have profound effects as both pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. Additionally, we discuss the vasoconstrictive actions of thromboxane A(2) and endothelin-1 in Chagas disease. Human immunity to T. cruzi infection and its role in pathogen control and disease progression have not been fully investigated. However, recently, it was demonstrated that a reduction in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was associated with clinically significant chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana S Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Congenital and oral transmission of American trypanosomiasis: an overview of physiopathogenic aspects. Parasitology 2012; 140:147-59. [PMID: 23010131 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a pathology affecting about 8-11 million people in Mexico, Central America, and South America, more than 300 000 persons in the United States as well as an indeterminate number of people in other non-endemic countries such as USA, Spain, Canada and Switzerland. The aetiological agent is Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan transmitted by multiple routes; among them, congenital route emerges as one of the most important mechanisms of spreading Chagas disease worldwide even in non-endemic countries and the oral route as the responsible of multiple outbreaks of acute Chagas disease in regions where the vectorial route has been interrupted. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent research and advances in host-pathogen interaction making a model of how the virulence factors of the parasite would interact with the physiology and immune system components of the placental barrier and gastrointestinal tract in order to establish a response against T. cruzi infection. This review also presents the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic features of congenital and oral Chagas disease in order to update the reader about the emerging scenarios of Chagas disease transmission.
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55
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Widespread trypanosome infections in a population of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in Virginia, USA. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:453-6. [PMID: 22926647 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Aquilino C, Gonzalez Rubio ML, Seco EM, Escudero L, Corvo L, Soto M, Fresno M, Malpartida F, Bonay P. Differential trypanocidal activity of novel macrolide antibiotics; correlation to genetic lineage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40901. [PMID: 22859958 PMCID: PMC3409201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the systematic study of the anti-trypanocidal activity of some new products derived from S. diastatus on 14 different T. cruzi strains spanning the six genetic lineages of T. cruzi. As the traditional growth inhibition curves giving similar IC(50) showed great differences on antibiotic and lineage tested, we decided to preserve the wealth of information derived from each inhibition curve and used an algorithm related to potency of the drugs, combined in a matrix data set used to generate a cluster tree. The cluster thus generated based just on drug susceptibility data closely resembles the phylogenies of the lineages derived from genetic data and provides a novel approach to correlate genetic data with phenotypes related to pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Furthermore we provide clues on the drugs mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Aquilino
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Gonzalez Rubio
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Maria Seco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Escudero
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Corvo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Bonay
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez P, Carlier Y, Truyens C. Activation of cord blood myeloid dendritic cells by Trypanosoma cruzi and parasite-specific antibodies, proliferation of CD8+ T cells, and production of IFN-γ. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:157-69. [PMID: 22037700 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, induces in congenitally infected fetuses a strong, adult-like parasite-specific CD8(+) T cell response producing IFN-γ (Hermann et al. in Blood 100:2153-2158, 2002). This suggests that the parasite is able to overcome the immaturity of neonatal antigen presenting cells, an issue which has not been previously addressed. We therefore investigated in vitro the ability of T. cruzi to activate cord blood DCs and compared its effect to that on adult cells. We show that T. cruzi induces phenotypic maturation of cord blood CD11c(+) myeloid DCs (mDCs), by enhancing surface expression of CD40, CD80, and CD83, and that parasite-specific IgG purified from cord blood of neonates born to T. cruzi-infected mothers amplify such expression. CD83, considered as the best marker of mature DCs, reaches higher level on cord blood than on adult mDCs. Allo-stimulation experiments showed that T. cruzi-activated cord blood mononuclear cells enriched in DCs (eDCs) stimulate proliferation of cord blood and adult CD3(+) T cells to a similar extent. Of note, T. cruzi-activated eDCs from cord blood trigger more potent proliferation of CD8(+) than CD8(-) (mainly CD4(+)) adult T cells, a feature not observed with adult eDCs. T cell proliferation is associated with IFN-γ release and down-regulation of IL-13 production. These data show that T. cruzi potently activates human cord blood mDCs and endows eDCs to trigger CD8(+) T cell proliferation and favor type 1 immune response. Interestingly, maternal antibodies can strengthen the development of mature DCs that might contribute to overcome the immunological immaturity associated with early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodriguez
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 808 Route de Lennik, CP 616, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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Wen JJ, Zago MP, Nuñez S, Gupta S, Burgos FN, Garg NJ. Serum proteomic signature of human chagasic patients for the identification of novel potential protein biomarkers of disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:435-52. [PMID: 22543060 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.017640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is initiated upon infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Among the health consequences is a decline in heart function, and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this manifestation are not well understood. To explore the possible mechanisms, we employed IgY LC10 affinity chromatography in conjunction with ProteomeLab PF2D and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to resolve the proteome signature of high and low abundance serum proteins in chagasic patients. MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis yielded 80 and 14 differentially expressed proteins associated with cardiomyopathy of chagasic and other etiologies, respectively. The extent of oxidative stress-induced carbonyl modifications of the differentially expressed proteins (n = 26) was increased and coupled with a depression of antioxidant proteins. Functional annotation of the top networks developed by ingenuity pathway analysis of proteome database identified dysregulation of inflammation/acute phase response signaling and lipid metabolism relevant to production of prostaglandins and arachidonic acid in chagasic patients. Overlay of the major networks identified prothrombin and plasminogen at a nodal position with connectivity to proteome signature indicative of heart disease (i.e., thrombosis, angiogenesis, vasodilatation of blood vessels or the aorta, and increased permeability of blood vessel and endothelial tubes), and inflammatory responses (e.g., platelet aggregation, complement activation, and phagocyte activation and migration). The detection of cardiac proteins (myosin light chain 2 and myosin heavy chain 11) and increased levels of vinculin and plasminogen provided a comprehensive set of biomarkers of cardiac muscle injury and development of clinical Chagas disease in human patients. These results provide an impetus for biomarker validation in large cohorts of clinically characterized chagasic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA
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59
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Tosello Boari J, Amezcua Vesely MC, Bermejo DA, Ramello MC, Montes CL, Cejas H, Gruppi A, Acosta Rodríguez EV. IL-17RA signaling reduces inflammation and mortality during Trypanosoma cruzi infection by recruiting suppressive IL-10-producing neutrophils. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002658. [PMID: 22577359 PMCID: PMC3343119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the IL-17 cytokine family play an important role in protection against pathogens through the induction of different effector mechanisms. We determined that IL-17A, IL-17E and IL-17F are produced during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection. Using IL-17RA knockout (KO) mice, we demonstrate that IL-17RA, the common receptor subunit for many IL-17 family members, is required for host resistance during T. cruzi infection. Furthermore, infected IL-17RA KO mice that lack of response to several IL-17 cytokines showed amplified inflammatory responses with exuberant IFN-γ and TNF production that promoted hepatic damage and mortality. Absence of IL-17RA during T. cruzi infection resulted in reduced CXCL1 and CXCL2 expression in spleen and liver and limited neutrophil recruitment. T. cruzi-stimulated neutrophils secreted IL-10 and showed an IL-10-dependent suppressive phenotype in vitro inhibiting T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Specific depletion of Ly-6G+ neutrophils in vivo during T. cruzi infection raised parasitemia and serum IFN-γ concentration and resulted in increased liver pathology in WT mice and overwhelming wasting disease in IL-17RA KO mice. Adoptively transferred neutrophils were unable to migrate to tissues and to restore resistant phenotype in infected IL-17RA KO mice but migrated to spleen and liver of infected WT mice and downregulated IFN-γ production and increased survival in an IL-10 dependent manner. Our results underscore the role of IL-17RA in the modulation of IFN-γ-mediated inflammatory responses during infections and uncover a previously unrecognized regulatory mechanism that involves the IL-17RA-mediated recruitment of suppressive IL-10-producing neutrophils. IL-17 family is comprised for six members (IL-17A to F) that have been reported to play protective effects in bacterial and fungal infections and contradictory roles in parasite infections. Using mice deficient in IL-17RA, the common receptor subunit for many IL-17 family members, we determined that these cytokines are required for host protection against the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In absence of IL-17 signaling, mice developed an aggravated infection with similar levels of parasite in blood but increased inflammation and tissue damage of vital organs such as liver. We evaluated the mechanisms underlying this increased susceptibility and determined that the absence of IL-17RA caused a reduced arrival of neutrophils to organs such as spleen and liver. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells with abilities to directly destroy pathogens and also to regulate the inflammatory response. Indeed, we determined that neutrophils from T. cruzi infected mice are poisoned to secrete the regulatory cytokine IL-10. Finally, by experiments of depletion and adoptive transfer of neutrophils we determined that, during T. cruzi infection, IL-17RA is required for the recruitment of neutrophils that destroy the parasite and that also regulate inflammatory responses and collateral tissue damage by secreting IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Tosello Boari
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Amezcua Vesely
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela Andrea Bermejo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Cecilia Ramello
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Lucía Montes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo Cejas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva Virginia Acosta Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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IFN-γ plays a unique role in protection against low virulent Trypanosoma cruzi strain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1598. [PMID: 22509418 PMCID: PMC3317909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T. cruzi strains have been divided into six discrete typing units (DTUs) according to their genetic background. These groups are designated T. cruzi I to VI. In this context, amastigotes from G strain (T. cruzi I) are highly infective in vitro and show no parasitemia in vivo. Here we aimed to understand why amastigotes from G strain are highly infective in vitro and do not contribute for a patent in vivo infection. Methodology/Principal Findings Our in vitro studies demonstrated the first evidence that IFN-γ would be associated to the low virulence of G strain in vivo. After intraperitoneal amastigotes inoculation in wild-type and knockout mice for TNF-α, Nod2, Myd88, iNOS, IL-12p40, IL-18, CD4, CD8 and IFN-γ we found that the latter is crucial for controlling infection by G strain amastigotes. Conclusions/Significance Our results showed that amastigotes from G strain are highly infective in vitro but did not contribute for a patent infection in vivo due to its susceptibility to IFN-γ production by host immune cells. These data are useful to understand the mechanisms underlying the contrasting behavior of different T. cruzi groups for in vitro and in vivo infection. Trypanosoma cruzi, an obligate intracellular protozoan, is the etiological agent of Chagas disease that represents an important public health burden in Latin America. The infection with this parasite can lead to severe complications in cardiac and gastrointestinal tissue depending on the strain of parasite and host genetics. Currently, six genetic groups (T. cruzi I to VI) have been identified in this highly genetic and diverse parasite.The majority of published data concerning host immune response has been obtained from studying T. cruzi II to VI-infected mice, and the genetic differences between T. cruzi II to VI and T. cruzi I strains are large. Here we aimed to understand how amastigotes from T. cruzi I G strain are highly infective in vitro and do not contribute for a patent parasitemia in vivo. Our results showed that amastigotes from G strain are highly susceptible to IFN-γ treatment in vitro and secretion by immune cells in vivo. This information may represent important findings to design novel immune strategies to control pathology that may be caused by different strains in the same host.
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Weitzel T, Zulantay I, Danquah I, Hamann L, Schumann RR, Apt W, Mockenhaupt FP. Mannose-binding lectin and Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and Chagas disease in Chile. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:229-32. [PMID: 22302853 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms may influence susceptibility and manifestation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In northern Chile, we examined 61 asymptomatic patients with chronic Chagas disease (CD), 64 patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), and 45 healthy individuals. Low-producer MBL2*B genotypes were more common in CD patients (48%) than healthy individuals (31%; adjusted odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-5.4, P = 0.047) but did not differ with manifestation. In contrast, the heterozygous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficiency genotype D299G/T399I occurred more frequently in asymptomatic (14.8%) than CCC patients (3.1%; P = 0.02). TLR1-I602S, TLR2-R753Q, TLR6-S249P, and MAL/TIRAP-S180L did not associate with CD or CCC. These findings support the complement system to be involved in defense against Trypanosoma cruzi infection and indicate that curbed TLR4 activation might be beneficial in preventing CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weitzel
- Laboratorio Clinico, Clinica Alemana/Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
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62
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Fernandes MC, Andrews NW. Host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi: a unique strategy that promotes persistence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:734-47. [PMID: 22339763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease, a serious disorder that affects millions of people in Latin America. Despite the development of lifelong immunity following infections, the immune system fails to completely clear the parasites, which persist for decades within host tissues. Cardiomyopathy is one of the most serious clinical manifestations of the disease, and a major cause of sudden death in endemic areas. Despite decades of study, there is still debate about the apparent preferential tropism of the parasites for cardiac muscle, and its role in the pathology of the disease. In this review, we discuss these issues in light of recent observations, which indicate that T. cruzi invades host cells by subverting a highly conserved cellular pathway for the repair of plasma membrane lesions. Plasma membrane injury and repair is particularly prevalent in muscle cells, suggesting that the mechanism used by the parasites for cell invasion may be a primary determinant of tissue tropism, intracellular persistence, and Chagas' disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Fernandes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
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63
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Machado FS, Jelicks LA, Kirchhoff LV, Shirani J, Nagajyothi F, Mukherjee S, Nelson R, Coyle CM, Spray DC, Campos de Carvalho AC, Guan F, Prado CM, Lisanti MP, Weiss LM, Montgomery SP, Tanowitz HB. Chagas heart disease: report on recent developments. Cardiol Rev 2012; 20:53-65. [PMID: 22293860 PMCID: PMC3275684 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0b013e31823efde2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important cause of cardiac disease in endemic areas of Latin America. It is now being diagnosed in nonendemic areas because of immigration. Typical cardiac manifestations of Chagas disease include dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, cardioembolism, and stroke. Clinical and laboratory-based research to define the pathology resulting from T. cruzi infection has shed light on many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to these manifestations. Antiparasitic treatment may not be appropriate for patients with advanced cardiac disease. Clinical management of Chagas heart disease is similar to that used for cardiomyopathies caused by other processes. Cardiac transplantation has been successfully performed in a small number of patients with Chagas heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana S. Machado
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, and Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Linda A. Jelicks
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Louis V. Kirchhoff
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jamshid Shirani
- Department of Cardiology St Luke’s Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Fnu Nagajyothi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Shankar Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Randin Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Christina M. Coyle
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Parasitology, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - David C. Spray
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Antonio C. Campos de Carvalho
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- National Cardiology Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fangxia Guan
- Bioengineering Department of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cibele M. Prado
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Departments of Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Parasitology, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Global Health Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Susan P. Montgomery
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Herbert B. Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Parasitology, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY
- Global Health Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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64
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Trypanosoma cruzi activates cord blood myeloid dendritic cells independently of cell infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:287-96. [PMID: 22327272 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that T. cruzi parasites enhance expression of co-stimulatory surface molecules on cord blood myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). This study aims to gain insight into the role of live parasites and intracellular infection in mDC activation using CSFE-labelled parasites. First, we observed that only a low proportion of mDCs was infected by T. cruzi after overnight culture of whole blood samples and trypomastigotes, as compared with monocytes and granulocytes. Cord blood mDCs were also less infected than their adult counterpart. Second, expression levels of HLA-DR and co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD83 and CD86 were similar on infected and uninfected mDCs. Parasite lysate also triggered mDCs phenotypic maturation of both cord and adult blood cells, though in a lower extent than live parasites. These results strongly support a central role for extracellular trypomastigotes in activation of mDCs when parasites are incubated with whole blood cells. However, viability of trypomastigotes was not absolutely required for mDC activation.
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65
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Machado FS, Tyler KM, Brant F, Esper L, Teixeira MM, Tanowitz HB. Pathogenesis of Chagas disease: time to move on. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4:1743-58. [PMID: 22201990 DOI: 10.2741/495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. The contributions of parasite and immune system for disease pathogenesis remain unresolved and controversial. The possibility that Chagas disease was an autoimmune progression triggered by T. cruzi infection led some to question the benefit of treating chronically T. cruzi-infected persons with drugs. Furthermore, it provided the rationale for not investing in research aimed at a vaccine which might carry a risk of inducing autoimmunity or exacerbating inflammation. This viewpoint was adopted by cash-strapped health systems in the developing economies where the disease is endemic and has been repeatedly challenged by researchers and clinicians in recent years and there is now a considerable body of evidence and broad consensus that parasite persistence is requisite for pathogenesis and that antiparasitic immunity can be protective against T. cruzi pathogenesis without eliciting autoimmune pathology. Thus, treatment of chronically infected patients is likely to yield positive outcomes and efforts to understand immunity and vaccine development should be recognized as a priority area of research for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana S Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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66
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Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Gupta S, Garg NJ. Vaccine development against Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas disease. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 75:121-46. [PMID: 21820554 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385863-4.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of Chagas disease presents a complicated and diverse picture in humans. The major complications and destructive evolutionary outcomes of chronic infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in humans include ventricular fibrillation, thromboembolism and congestive heart failure. Studies in animal models and human patients have revealed the pathogenic mechanisms during disease progression, pathology of disease and features of protective immunity. Accordingly, several antigens, antigen-delivery vehicles and adjuvants have been tested to elicit immune protection to T. cruzi in experimental animals. This review summarizes the research efforts in vaccine development against Chagas disease during the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Vázquez-Chagoyán
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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67
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Pellegrini A, Guiñazu N, Giordanengo L, Cano RC, Gea S. The role of Toll-like receptors and adaptive immunity in the development of protective or pathological immune response triggered by the Trypanosoma cruzi protozoan. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:1521-33. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, is an intracellular protozoan parasite that predominantly invades macrophages and cardiomyocytes, leading to persistent infection. Several members of the Toll-like receptor family are crucial for innate immunity to infection and are involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review focuses on recent experimental findings of the innate and adaptive immune response in controlling the parasite and/or in generating heart and liver tissue injury. We also describe the importance of the host’s genetic background in the outcome of the disease and emphasize the importance of studying the response to specific parasite antigens. Understanding the dual participation of the immune response may contribute to the design of new therapies for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pellegrini
- Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIBICI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende S/N, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Natalia Guiñazu
- Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIBICI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende S/N, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Laura Giordanengo
- Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIBICI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende S/N, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Roxana Carolina Cano
- Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIBICI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende S/N, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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68
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Ramalho TC, Pereira DH, Thiel W. Thermal and solvent effects on NMR indirect spin-spin coupling constants of a prototypical Chagas disease drug. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13504-12. [PMID: 21995614 DOI: 10.1021/jp201576u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NMR J-couplings across hydrogen bonds reflect the static and dynamic character of hydrogen bonding. They are affected by thermal and solvent effects and can therefore be used to probe such effects. We have applied density functional theory (DFT) to compute the NMR (n)J(N,H) scalar couplings of a prototypical Chagas disease drug (metronidazole). The calculations were done for the molecule in vacuo, in microsolvated cluster models with one or few water molecules, in snapshots obtained from molecular dynamics simulations with explicit water solvent, and in a polarizable dielectric continuum. Hyperconjugative and electrostatic effects on spin-spin coupling constants were assessed through DFT calculations using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and atoms in molecules (AIM) theory. In the calculations with explicit solvent molecules, special attention was given to the nature of the hydrogen bonds formed with the solvent molecules. The results highlight the importance of properly incorporating thermal and solvent effects into NMR calculations in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodorico C Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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69
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Dhiman M, Garg NJ. NADPH oxidase inhibition ameliorates Trypanosoma cruzi-induced myocarditis during Chagas disease. J Pathol 2011; 225:583-96. [PMID: 21952987 DOI: 10.1002/path.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, invades nucleated mammalian cells including macrophages. In this study, we investigated the crosstalk between T. cruzi-induced immune activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory responses, and their role in myocardial pathology. Splenocytes of infected mice (C3H/HeN) responded to Tc-antigenic stimulus by more than a two-fold increase in NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, ROS generation, cytokine production (IFN-γ > IL-4 > TNFα > IL1-β≈ IL6), and predominant expansion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Inhibition of NOX, but not of myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase, controlled the ROS (>98%) and cytokine (70-89%) release by Tc-stimulated splenocytes of infected mice. Treatment of infected mice with apocynin (NOX inhibitor) in drinking water resulted in a 50-90% decline in endogenous NOX/ROS and cytokine levels, and splenic phagocytes' proliferation. The splenic percentage of T cells was maintained, though more than a 40% decline in splenic index (spleen weight/body weight) indicated decreased T-cell proliferation in apocynin-treated/infected mice. The blood and tissue parasite burden were significantly increased in apocynin-treated/infected mice, yet acute myocarditis, ie inflammatory infiltrate consisting of macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8(+) T cells, and tissue oxidative adducts (eg 8-isoprostanes, 3-nitrotyrosine, and 4-hydroxynonenal) were diminished in apocynin-treated/infected mice. Consequently, hypertrophy (increased cardiomyocytes' size and β-MHC, BNP, and ANP mRNA levels) and fibrosis (increased collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and lipid contents) of the heart during the chronic phase were controlled in apocynin-treated mice. We conclude that NOX/ROS is a critical regulator of the splenic response (phagocytes, T cells, and cytokines) to T. cruzi infection, and bystander effects of heart-infiltrating phagocytes and CD8(+) T cells resulting in cardiac remodelling in chagasic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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70
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Abstract
Intracellular parasitism has arisen only a few times during the long ancestry of protozoan parasites including in diverse groups such as microsporidians, kinetoplastids, and apicomplexans. Strategies used to gain entry differ widely from injection (e.g. microsporidians), active penetration of the host cell (e.g. Toxoplasma), recruitment of lysosomes to a plasma membrane wound (e.g. Trypanosoma cruzi), to host cell-mediated phagocytosis (e.g. Leishmania). The resulting range of intracellular niches is equally diverse ranging from cytosolic (e.g. T. cruzi) to residing within a non-fusigenic vacuole (e.g. Toxoplasma, Encephalitozoon) or a modified phagolysosome (e.g. Leishmania). These lifestyle choices influence access to nutrients, interaction with host cell signaling pathways, and detection by pathogen recognition systems. As such, intracellular life requires a repertoire of adaptations to assure entry-exit from the cell, as well as to thwart innate immune mechanisms and prevent clearance. Elucidating these pathways at the cellular and molecular level may identify key steps that can be targeted to reduce parasite survival or augment immunologic responses and thereby prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA.
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71
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Gupta S, Dhiman M, Wen JJ, Garg NJ. ROS signalling of inflammatory cytokines during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 76:153-70. [PMID: 21884891 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385895-5.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a host defence activated by exogenous (e.g. pathogen-derived, pollutants) or endogenous (e.g. reactive oxygen species-ROS) danger signals. Mostly, endogenous molecules (or their derivatives) have well-defined intracellular function but become danger signal when released or exposed following stress or injury. In this review, we discuss the potential role of ROS in chronic evolution of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases, using our experiences working on chagasic cardiomyopathy as a focus-point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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72
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Epting CL, Coates BM, Engman DM. Molecular mechanisms of host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:283-91. [PMID: 20599990 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen. Overlapping mechanisms ensure successful infection, yet the relationship between these cellular events and clinical disease remains obscure. This review explores the process of cell invasion from the perspective of cell surface interactions, intracellular signaling, modulation of the host cytoskeleton and endosomal compartment, and the intracellular innate immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad L Epting
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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