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Sakurai S, Inai Y, Minakata S, Manabe S, Ito Y, Ihara Y. A novel assay for detection and quantification of C-mannosyl tryptophan in normal or diabetic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4675. [PMID: 30886328 PMCID: PMC6423288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Mannosyl tryptophan (C-Man-Trp) is a unique molecule in that an α-mannose is connected to the indole C2 carbon atom of a Trp residue via C-glycosidic linkage. Although serum C-Man-Trp may be a novel biomarker of renal function in humans, the biological significance of C-Man-Trp has yet to be fully investigated. In this study, a novel assay system for C-Man-Trp was established using hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography, followed by detecting the fluorescence intensity or mass abundance of C-Man-Trp. Using this system, we systematically assessed the amount of free monomeric C-Man-Trp in different tissues of mice. The tissue level of C-Man-Trp was high, especially in the ovaries and uterus. Other organs with high levels of C-Man-Trp included the brain, spleen, lungs, bladder, and testes. The level was low in skeletal muscle. We also investigated whether the tissue level of C-Man-Trp is affected in diabetes. In KK-Ay diabetic mice, the level of urinary C-Man-Trp excretion was increased, and the tissue levels of C-Man-Trp were decreased in the liver but increased in the kidney. These results demonstrate that C-Man-Trp is differentially distributed in numerous tissues and organs in mice, and the levels are altered by disordered carbohydrate metabolism such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sakurai
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Yoko Inai
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Shiho Minakata
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Shino Manabe
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
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Paschinger K, Yan S, Wilson IBH. N-glycomic Complexity in Anatomical Simplicity: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Non-model Nematode? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 30915340 PMCID: PMC6422873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetically well-studied model nematode or "worm"; however, its N-glycomic complexity is actually baffling and still not completely unraveled. Some features of its N-glycans are, to date, unique and include bisecting galactose and up to five fucose residues associated with the asparagine-linked Man2-3GlcNAc2 core; the substitutions include galactosylation of fucose, fucosylation of galactose and methylation of mannose or fucose residues as well as phosphorylcholine on antennal (non-reducing) N-acetylglucosamine. Only some of these modifications are shared with various other nematodes, while others have yet to be detected in any other species. Thus, C. elegans can be used as a model for some aspects of N-glycan function, but its glycome is far from identical to those of other organisms and is actually far from simple. Possibly the challenges of its native environment, which differ from those of parasitic or necromenic species, led to an anatomically simple worm possessing a complex glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Yan
- Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
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Swearingen KE, Eng JK, Shteynberg D, Vigdorovich V, Springer TA, Mendoza L, Sather DN, Deutsch EW, Kappe SHI, Moritz RL. A Tandem Mass Spectrometry Sequence Database Search Method for Identification of O-Fucosylated Proteins by Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:652-663. [PMID: 30523691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs), small adhesive protein domains with a wide range of functions, are usually modified with O-linked fucose, which may be extended to O-fucose-β1,3-glucose. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of O-fucosylated peptides cannot be sequenced by standard tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) sequence database search engines because O-linked glycans are highly labile in the gas phase and are effectively absent from the CID peptide fragment spectra, resulting in a large mass error. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) preserves O-linked glycans on peptide fragments, but only a subset of tryptic peptides with low m/ z can be reliably sequenced from ETD spectra compared to CID. Accordingly, studies to date that have used MS to identify O-fucosylated TSRs have required manual interpretation of CID mass spectra even when ETD was also employed. In order to facilitate high-throughput, automatic identification of O-fucosylated peptides from CID spectra, we re-engineered the MS/MS sequence database search engine Comet and the MS data analysis suite Trans-Proteomic Pipeline to enable automated sequencing of peptides exhibiting the neutral losses characteristic of labile O-linked glycans. We used our approach to reanalyze published proteomics data from Plasmodium parasites and identified multiple glycoforms of TSR-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jimmy K Eng
- Proteomics Resource , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - David Shteynberg
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research , Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle , Washington 98101 , United States
| | - Timothy A Springer
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research , Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle , Washington 98101 , United States
| | - Eric W Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research , Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle , Washington 98101 , United States
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
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54
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Bandini G, Leon DR, Hoppe CM, Zhang Y, Agop-Nersesian C, Shears MJ, Mahal LK, Routier FH, Costello CE, Samuelson J. O-Fucosylation of thrombospondin-like repeats is required for processing of microneme protein 2 and for efficient host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1967-1983. [PMID: 30538131 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes disseminated infections that can produce neurological damage in fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. Microneme protein 2 (MIC2), a member of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family, is a secreted protein important for T. gondii motility, host cell attachment, invasion, and egress. MIC2 contains six thrombospondin type I repeats (TSRs) that are modified by C-mannose and O-fucose in Plasmodium spp. and mammals. Here, using MS analysis, we found that the four TSRs in T. gondii MIC2 with protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2) acceptor sites are modified by a dHexHex disaccharide, whereas Trp residues within three TSRs are also modified with C-mannose. Disruption of genes encoding either POFUT2 or the putative GDP-fucose transporter (NST2) resulted in loss of MIC2 O-fucosylation, as detected by an antibody against the GlcFuc disaccharide, and in markedly reduced cellular levels of MIC2. Furthermore, in 10-15% of the Δpofut2 or Δnst2 vacuoles, MIC2 accumulated earlier in the secretory pathway rather than localizing to micronemes. Dissemination of tachyzoites in human foreskin fibroblasts was reduced for these knockouts, which both exhibited defects in attachment to and invasion of host cells comparable with the Δmic2 phenotype. These results, indicating that O-fucosylation of TSRs is required for efficient processing of MIC2 and for normal parasite invasion, are consistent with the recent demonstration that Plasmodium falciparum Δpofut2 strain has decreased virulence and also support a conserved role for this glycosylation pathway in quality control of TSR-containing proteins in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bandini
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Deborah R Leon
- the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Carolin M Hoppe
- the Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yue Zhang
- the Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Chemistry Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, and
| | - Carolina Agop-Nersesian
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Melanie J Shears
- the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Lara K Mahal
- the Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Chemistry Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, and
| | - Françoise H Routier
- the Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Catherine E Costello
- the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - John Samuelson
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118,
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55
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Niwa Y, Simizu S. C-Mannosylation: Previous Studies and Future Research Perspectives. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1755.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
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56
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Hoppe CM, Albuquerque-Wendt A, Bandini G, Leon DR, Shcherbakova A, Buettner FFR, Izquierdo L, Costello CE, Bakker H, Routier FH. Apicomplexan C-Mannosyltransferases Modify Thrombospondin Type I-containing Adhesins of the TRAP Family. Glycobiology 2018; 28:333-343. [PMID: 29432542 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many metazoan species, an unusual type of protein glycosylation, called C-mannosylation, occurs on adhesive thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) and type I cytokine receptors. This modification has been shown to be catalyzed by the Caenorhabditis elegans DPY-19 protein and orthologues of the encoding gene were found in the genome of apicomplexan parasites. Lately, the micronemal adhesin thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) was shown to be C-hexosylated in Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Here, we demonstrate that also the micronemal protein MIC2 secreted by Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites is C-hexosylated. When expressed in a mammalian cell line deficient in C-mannosylation, P. falciparum and T. gondii Dpy19 homologs were able to modify TSR domains of the micronemal adhesins TRAP/MIC2 family involved in parasite motility and invasion. In vitro, the apicomplexan enzymes can transfer mannose to a WXXWXXC peptide but, in contrast to C. elegans or mammalian C-mannosyltransferases, are inactive on a short WXXW peptide. Since TSR domains are commonly found in apicomplexan surface proteins, C-mannosylation may be a common modification in this phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Hoppe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreia Albuquerque-Wendt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giulia Bandini
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Deborah R Leon
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Aleksandra Shcherbakova
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), University of Barcelona, Carrer Rosselo 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hans Bakker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Françoise H Routier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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57
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Aco-Tlachi M, Carreño-López R, Martínez-Morales PL, Maycotte P, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suárez LF, Santos-López G, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V. Glycogene expression profiles based on microarray data from cervical carcinoma HeLa cells with partially silenced E6 and E7 HPV oncogenes. Infect Agent Cancer 2018; 13:25. [PMID: 30038662 PMCID: PMC6053821 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant glycosylation is a characteristic of tumour cells. The expression of certain glycan structures has been associated with poor prognosis. In cervical carcinoma, changes in the expression levels of some glycogenes have been associated with lymph invasion. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most important factors underlying the development of cervical cancer. The HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 have been implicated in cervical carcinogenesis and can modify the host gene expression profile. The roles of these oncoproteins in glycosylation changes have not been previously reported. Methods To determine the effect of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins on glycogene expression we partially silenced the E6 and E7 oncogenes in HeLa cells, we performed a microarray expression assay to identify altered glycogenes and quantified the mRNA levels of glycogenes by RT-qPCR. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed to identify potentially altered glycosylation pathways. Results The microarray analysis showed 9 glycogenes that were upregulated and 7 glycogenes that were downregulated in HeLa shE6/E7 cells. Some of these genes participate in glycosylation related to Notch proteins and O-glycans antigens. Conclusions Our results support that E6 and E7 oncoproteins could modify glycogene expression the products of which participate in the synthesis of structures implicated in proliferation, adhesion and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Aco-Tlachi
- 1Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km. 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Atlixco, C.P. 74360 Puebla, Mexico.,2Posgrado en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 103-J Cd. Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue Mexico
| | - Ricardo Carreño-López
- 2Posgrado en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 103-J Cd. Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue Mexico
| | - Patricia L Martínez-Morales
- 4CONACYT- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km. 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Atlixco, C.P. 74360 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Paola Maycotte
- 4CONACYT- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km. 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Atlixco, C.P. 74360 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- 3Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, Col Independencia, C.P. 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- 3Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, Col Independencia, C.P. 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- 1Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km. 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Atlixco, C.P. 74360 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- 1Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km. 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Atlixco, C.P. 74360 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- 1Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km. 4.5 Carretera Federal Atlixco-Metepec, Atlixco, C.P. 74360 Puebla, Mexico
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Otani K, Niwa Y, Suzuki T, Sato N, Sasazawa Y, Dohmae N, Simizu S. Regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor-mediated granulocytic differentiation by C-mannosylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:466-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Niwa Y, Nakano Y, Suzuki T, Yamagishi M, Otani K, Dohmae N, Simizu S. Topological analysis of DPY19L3, a human C-mannosyltransferase. FEBS J 2018; 285:1162-1174. [PMID: 29405629 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
C-mannosylation is a rare type of protein glycosylation, the functions and mechanisms of which remain unclear. Recently, we identified DPY19L3 as a C-mannosyltransferase of R-spondin1 in human cells. DPY19L3 is predicted to be a multipass transmembrane protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, its structure is undetermined. In this study, we propose a topological structure of DPY19L3 by in silico analysis and experimental methods such as redox-sensitive luciferase assay and introduction of N-glycosylation sites, suggesting that DPY19L3 comprises 11 transmembrane regions and two re-entrant loops with the N- and C-terminal ends facing the cytoplasm and ER lumen, respectively. Furthermore, DPY19L3 has four predicted N-glycosylation sites, and we have demonstrated that DPY19L3 is N-glycosylated at Asn118 and Asn704 but not Asn319 and Asn439 , supporting our topological model. By mass spectrometry, we measured the C-mannosyltransferase activity of N-glycosylation-defective mutants of DPY19L3 and isoform2, a splice variant, which lacks the C-terminal luminal region of DPY19L3. Isoform2 does not possess C-mannosyltransferase activity, indicating the importance of the C-terminal region; however, N-glycosylations of DPY19L3 do not have any roles for its enzymatic activity. These novel findings on DPY19L3 provide important insights into the mechanism of C-mannosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Mizuo Yamagishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kei Otani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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Thuan NH, Chaudhary AK, Van Cuong D, Cuong NX. Engineering co-culture system for production of apigetrin in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:175-185. [PMID: 29362971 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cells have extensively been utilized to produce value-added bioactive compounds. Based on advancement in protein engineering, DNA recombinant technology, genome engineering, and metabolic remodeling, the microbes can be re-engineered to produce industrially and medicinally important platform chemicals. The emergence of co-culture system which reduces the metabolic burden and allows parallel optimization of the engineered pathway in a modular fashion restricting the formation of undesired byproducts has become an alternative way to synthesize and produce bioactive compounds. In this study, we present genetically engineered E. coli-based co-culture system to the de novo synthesis of apigetrin (APG), an apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of apigenin. The culture system consists of an upstream module including 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase, chalcone flavanone isomerase (CHS, CHI), and flavone synthase I (FNSI) to synthesize apigenin (API) from p-coumaric acid (PCA). Whereas, the downstream system contains a metabolizing module to enhance the production of UDP-glucose and expression of glycosyltransferase (PaGT3) to convert API into APG. To accomplish this improvement in titer, the initial inoculum ratio of strains for making the co-culture system, temperature, and media component was optimized. Following large-scale production, a yield of 38.5 µM (16.6 mg/L) of APG was achieved. In overall, this study provided an efficient tool to synthesize bioactive compounds in microbial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung Street, Haichau District, Danang, Vietnam.
| | - Amit Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Duong Van Cuong
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Thainguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thainguyen, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Cuong
- Lab of Marine Medicinal Materials, Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Enrichment and characterization of a bacterial mixture capable of utilizing C-mannosyl tryptophan as a carbon source. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:165-176. [PMID: 29335800 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
C-Mannosylation, a protein-modification found in various eukaryotes, involves the attachment of a single mannose molecule to selected tryptophan residues of proteins. Since C-mannosyl tryptophan (CMW) was detected in human urine, it is generally thought that CMW is not catabolized inside our body and instead is excreted via the urine. This paper reports enrichment of a bacterial consortium from soil that degrades CMW. The bacteria grew in minimal medium supplemented with CMW as the carbon source. Interestingly, even after successive clonal picks of individual colonies, several species were still present in each colony as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, indicating that a single species may not be responsible for this activity. A next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was therefore carried out in order to determine which bacteria were responsible for the catabolism of CMW. It was found that a species of Sphingomonadaceae family, but not others, increased with simultaneous decrease of CMW in the media, suggesting that this species is most likely the one that is actively involved in the degradation of CMW.
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Kohda D. Structural Basis of Protein Asn-Glycosylation by Oligosaccharyltransferases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1104:171-199. [PMID: 30484249 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2158-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of asparagine residues is a ubiquitous protein modification. This N-glycosylation is essential in Eukaryotes, but principally nonessential in Prokaryotes (Archaea and Eubacteria), although it facilitates their survival and pathogenicity. In many reviews, Archaea have received far less attention than Eubacteria, but this review will cover the N-glycosylation in the three domains of life. The oligosaccharide chain is preassembled on a lipid-phospho carrier to form a donor substrate, lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO). The en bloc transfer of an oligosaccharide from LLO to selected Asn residues in the Asn-X-Ser/Thr (X≠Pro) sequons in a polypeptide chain is catalyzed by a membrane-bound enzyme, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). Over the last 10 years, the three-dimensional structures of the catalytic subunits of the Stt3/AglB/PglB proteins, with an acceptor peptide and a donor LLO, have been determined by X-ray crystallography, and recently the complex structures with other subunits have been determined by cryo-electron microscopy . Structural comparisons within the same species and across the different domains of life yielded a unified view of the structures and functions of OSTs. A catalytic structure in the TM region accounts for the amide bond twisting, which increases the reactivity of the side-chain nitrogen atom of the acceptor Asn residue in the sequon. The Ser/Thr-binding pocket in the C-terminal domain explains the requirement for hydroxy amino acid residues in the sequon. As expected, the two functional structures are formed by the involvement of short amino acid motifs conserved across the three domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kohda
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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63
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Joshi HJ, Jørgensen A, Schjoldager KT, Halim A, Dworkin LA, Steentoft C, Wandall HH, Clausen H, Vakhrushev SY. GlycoDomainViewer: a bioinformatics tool for contextual exploration of glycoproteomes. Glycobiology 2017; 28:131-136. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Dutta D, Mandal C, Mandal C. Unusual glycosylation of proteins: Beyond the universal sequon and other amino acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3096-3108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Discovery of an O-mannosylation pathway selectively serving cadherins and protocadherins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11163-11168. [PMID: 28973932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708319114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin (cdh) superfamily of adhesion molecules carry O-linked mannose (O-Man) glycans at highly conserved sites localized to specific β-strands of their extracellular cdh (EC) domains. These O-Man glycans do not appear to be elongated like O-Man glycans found on α-dystroglycan (α-DG), and we recently demonstrated that initiation of cdh/protocadherin (pcdh) O-Man glycosylation is not dependent on the evolutionary conserved POMT1/POMT2 enzymes that initiate O-Man glycosylation on α-DG. Here, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 genetic dissection strategy combined with sensitive and quantitative O-Man glycoproteomics to identify a homologous family of four putative protein O-mannosyltransferases encoded by the TMTC1-4 genes, which were found to be imperative for cdh and pcdh O-Man glycosylation. KO of all four TMTC genes in HEK293 cells resulted in specific loss of cdh and pcdh O-Man glycosylation, whereas combined KO of TMTC1 and TMTC3 resulted in selective loss of O-Man glycans on specific β-strands of EC domains, suggesting that each isoenzyme serves a different function. In addition, O-Man glycosylation of IPT/TIG domains of plexins and hepatocyte growth factor receptor was not affected in TMTC KO cells, suggesting the existence of yet another O-Man glycosylation machinery. Our study demonstrates that regulation of O-mannosylation in higher eukaryotes is more complex than envisioned, and the discovery of the functions of TMTCs provide insight into cobblestone lissencephaly caused by deficiency in TMTC3.
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66
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Ati J, Lafite P, Daniellou R. Enzymatic synthesis of glycosides: from natural O- and N-glycosides to rare C- and S-glycosides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1857-1865. [PMID: 29062404 PMCID: PMC5629408 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate related enzymes, like glycosyltransferases and glycoside hydrolases, are nowadays more easily accessible and are thought to represent powerful and greener alternatives to conventional chemical glycosylation procedures. The knowledge of their corresponding mechanisms has already allowed the development of efficient biocatalysed syntheses of complex O-glycosides. These enzymes can also now be applied to the formation of rare or unnatural glycosidic linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Ati
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311, University of Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre Lafite
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311, University of Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Richard Daniellou
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311, University of Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
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Morishita S, Suzuki T, Niwa Y, Dohmae N, Simizu S. Dpy-19 like 3-mediated C-mannosylation and expression levels of RPE-spondin in human tumor cell lines. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2537-2544. [PMID: 28781692 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C-mannosylation is a unique type of protein glycosylation with a mannose attached to the tryptophan residue via the C-C linkage. Our previous study revealed that dpy-19 like 3 (DPY19L3) acts as a C-mannosyltransferase in human cells. The present study hypothesized that RPE-spondin (RPESP) may be a substrate protein of DPY19L3-mediated C-mannosylation. RPESP has unknown biological functions and has two putative C-mannosylation sites at the W80 and W83 residues; however, to the best of our knowledge, C-mannosylation of RPESP has not previously been investigated. The present study suggested that RPESP is C-mannosylated at W80 and W83 in human cells, whereas gain-of-function experiments using S2 cells revealed that human DPY19L3 catalyzed the C-mannosylation of RPESP at W83 but not W80, which suggested substrate specificity. In addition, the present study detected mRNA expression levels of RPESP in various types of cancer cell lines and high expression levels of RPESP were revealed in certain colorectal cancer cell lines, suggesting that RPESP may have an association with the malignancy of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Morishita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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Distinct C-mannosylation of netrin receptor thrombospondin type 1 repeats by mammalian DPY19L1 and DPY19L3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2574-2579. [PMID: 28202721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613165114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) occur in diverse proteins involved in adhesion and signaling. The two extracellular TSRs of the netrin receptor UNC5A contain WxxWxxWxxC motifs that can be C-mannosylated on all tryptophans. A single C-mannosyltransferase (dumpy-19, DPY-19), modifying the first two tryptophans, occurs in Caenorhabditis elegans, but four putative enzymes (DPY-19-like 1-4, DPY19L1-4) exist in mammals. Single and triple CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts of the three homologs that are expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells (DPY19L1, DPY19L3, and DPY19L4) and complementation experiments with mouse homologs showed that DPY19L1 preferentially mannosylates the first two tryptophans and DPY19L3 prefers the third, whereas DPY19L4 has no function in TSR glycosylation. Mannosylation by DPY19L1 but not DPY19L3 is required for transport of UNC5A from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. In vertebrates, a new C-mannosyltransferase has apparently evolved to increase glycosylation of TSRs, potentially to increase the stability of the structurally essential tryptophan ladder or to provide additional adhesion functions.
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69
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VLIEGENTHART JFG. The complexity of glycoprotein-derived glycans. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:64-86. [PMID: 28190870 PMCID: PMC5422628 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A brief review is presented of our studies on the structure of glycoprotein-derived glycans. The emphasis is on the introduction of high-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy for the unambiguous determination of primary structures. For this purpose, we developed the structural reporter group concept. Structural reporters are defined as unique markers of structural elements in the NMR spectra. Application of this concept led to the discovery of numerous new structures. Furthermore, a number of structures presented in the literature could be corrected. The results are relevant for insight in the various steps in glycan metabolism in health and disease, for the function and mode of action of glycans in vivo and for the interpretation of structural information obtained through other techniques. The strength of the approach is further shown for several highly complex glycoproteins, carrying very heterogeneous and complicated glycans.
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71
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Ladevèze S, Laville E, Despres J, Mosoni P, Potocki-Véronèse G. Mannoside recognition and degradation by bacteria. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1969-1990. [PMID: 27995767 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mannosides constitute a vast group of glycans widely distributed in nature. Produced by almost all organisms, these carbohydrates are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as cell structuration, protein maturation and signalling, mediation of protein-protein interactions and cell recognition. The ubiquitous presence of mannosides in the environment means they are a reliable source of carbon and energy for bacteria, which have developed complex strategies to harvest them. This review focuses on the various mannosides that can be found in nature and details their structure. It underlines their involvement in cellular interactions and finally describes the latest discoveries regarding the catalytic machinery and metabolic pathways that bacteria have developed to metabolize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ladevèze
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Laville
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jordane Despres
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Pascale Mosoni
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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72
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Watanabe K, Bizen N, Sato N, Takebayashi H. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized Transmembrane Protein Dpy19L1 Is Required for Neurite Outgrowth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167985. [PMID: 27959946 PMCID: PMC5154530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including the nuclear envelope, is a continuous and intricate membrane-bound organelle responsible for various cellular functions. In neurons, the ER network is found in cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. Recent studies indicate the involvement of the ER network in neuronal development, such as neuronal migration and axonal outgrowth. However, the regulation of neural development by ER-localized proteins is not fully understood. We previously reported that the multi-transmembrane protein Dpy19L1 is required for neuronal migration in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. A Dpy19L family member, Dpy19L2, which is a causative gene for human Globozoospermia, is suggested to act as an anchor of the acrosome to the nuclear envelope. In this study, we found that the patterns of exogenous Dpy19L1 were partially coincident with the ER, including the nuclear envelope in COS-7 cells at the level of the light microscope. The reticular distribution of Dpy19L1 was disrupted by microtubule depolymerization that induces retraction of the ER. Furthermore, Dpy19L1 showed a similar distribution pattern with a ER marker protein in embryonic mouse cortical neurons. Finally, we showed that Dpy19L1 knockdown mediated by siRNA resulted in decreased neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. These results indicate that transmembrane protein Dpy19L1 is localized to the ER membrane and regulates neurite extension during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Watanabe
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Norihisa Bizen
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noboru Sato
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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73
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Ray PF, Toure A, Metzler-Guillemain C, Mitchell MJ, Arnoult C, Coutton C. Genetic abnormalities leading to qualitative defects of sperm morphology or function. Clin Genet 2016; 91:217-232. [PMID: 27779748 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infertility, defined by the inability of conceiving a child after 1 year is estimated to concern approximately 50 million couples worldwide. As the male gamete is readily accessible and can be studied by a simple spermogram it is easier to subcategorize male than female infertility. Subjects with a specific sperm phenotype are more likely to have a common origin thus facilitating the search for causal factors. Male infertility is believed to be often multifactorial and caused by both genetic and extrinsic factors, but severe cases of male infertility are likely to have a predominant genetic etiology. Patients presenting with a monomorphic teratozoospermia such as globozoospermia or macrospermia with more than 85% of the spermatozoa presenting this specific abnormality have been analyzed permitting to identify several key genes for spermatogenesis such as AURKC and DPY19L2. The study of patients with other specific sperm anomalies such as severe alteration of sperm motility, in particular multiple morphological anomalies of the sperm flagella (MMAF) or sperm unability to fertilize the oocyte (oocyte activation failure syndrome) has also enable the identification of new infertility genes. Here we review the recent works describing the identification and characterization of gene defects having a direct qualitative effect on sperm morphology or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Ray
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Institut for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,UF de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - A Toure
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - C Arnoult
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Institut for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - C Coutton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Institut for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,UF de Génétique Chromosomique, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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74
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Traylor MJ, Tchoudakova AV, Lundquist AM, Gill JE, Boldog FL, Tangarone BS. Comprehensive Discovery and Quantitation of Protein Heterogeneity via LC-MS/MS Peptide Mapping for Clone Selection of a Therapeutic Protein. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9309-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Traylor
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - A. V. Tchoudakova
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - A. M. Lundquist
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - J. E. Gill
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - F. L. Boldog
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - B. S. Tangarone
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
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75
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Fujiwara M, Kato S, Niwa Y, Suzuki T, Tsuchiya M, Sasazawa Y, Dohmae N, Simizu S. C-mannosylation of R-spondin3 regulates its secretion and activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cells. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2639-49. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Shintaro Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science; Wako Japan
| | - Miyu Tsuchiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Yukiko Sasazawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science; Wako Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Japan
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76
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Swearingen KE, Lindner SE, Shi L, Shears MJ, Harupa A, Hopp CS, Vaughan AM, Springer TA, Moritz RL, Kappe SHI, Sinnis P. Interrogating the Plasmodium Sporozoite Surface: Identification of Surface-Exposed Proteins and Demonstration of Glycosylation on CSP and TRAP by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005606. [PMID: 27128092 PMCID: PMC4851412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasite infection is initiated by the mosquito-transmitted sporozoite stage, a highly motile invasive cell that targets hepatocytes in the liver for infection. A promising approach to developing a malaria vaccine is the use of proteins located on the sporozoite surface as antigens to elicit humoral immune responses that prevent the establishment of infection. Very little of the P. falciparum genome has been considered as potential vaccine targets, and candidate vaccines have been almost exclusively based on single antigens, generating the need for novel target identification. The most advanced malaria vaccine to date, RTS,S, a subunit vaccine consisting of a portion of the major surface protein circumsporozoite protein (CSP), conferred limited protection in Phase III trials, falling short of community-established vaccine efficacy goals. In striking contrast to the limited protection seen in current vaccine trials, sterilizing immunity can be achieved by immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites, suggesting that more potent protection may be achievable with a multivalent protein vaccine. Here, we provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of proteins located on the surface of or secreted by Plasmodium falciparum salivary gland sporozoites. We used chemical labeling to isolate surface-exposed proteins on sporozoites and identified these proteins by mass spectrometry. We validated several of these targets and also provide evidence that components of the inner membrane complex are in fact surface-exposed and accessible to antibodies in live sporozoites. Finally, our mass spectrometry data provide the first direct evidence that the Plasmodium surface proteins CSP and TRAP are glycosylated in sporozoites, a finding that could impact the selection of vaccine antigens. Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world, responsible for an estimated 500 million new cases and 600,000 deaths annually. The etiologic agents of the disease are protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium that have a complex cycle between mosquito and mammalian hosts. Though all clinical symptoms are attributable to the blood stages, it is only by attacking the transmission stages that we can make an impact on the economic and health burdens of malaria. Infection is initiated when mosquitoes inoculate sporozoites into the skin as they probe for blood. Sporozoites must locate blood vessels and enter the circulation to reach the liver where they invade and grow in hepatocytes. The inoculum is low and these early stages of infection are asymptomatic. Though the small amounts of material available for study has made large scale -omics studies difficult, killing the parasite at this stage would prevent infection and block downstream transmission to mosquitoes, thus preventing spread of disease. Here we use state-of-the-art biochemistry tools to identify the proteins on the sporozoite surface and find that two of the most studied proteins, CSP and TRAP, have post-translational modifications. These studies will aid investigations into the novel biology of sporozoites and importantly, significantly expand the pool of potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E. Lindner
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lirong Shi
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melanie J. Shears
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anke Harupa
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christine S. Hopp
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Vaughan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Robert L. Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLM); (SHIK); (PS)
| | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLM); (SHIK); (PS)
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLM); (SHIK); (PS)
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77
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Rella L, Fernandes Póvoa EE, Korswagen HC. The Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblasts: A powerful system to study cell migration at single-cell resolution in vivo. Genesis 2016; 54:198-211. [PMID: 26934462 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During development, cell migration plays a central role in the formation of tissues and organs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive and control these migrations is a key challenge in developmental biology that will provide important insights into disease processes, including cancer cell metastasis. In this article, we discuss the Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblasts and their descendants as a tool to study cell migration at single-cell resolution in vivo. The highly stereotypical migration of these cells provides a powerful system to study the dynamic cytoskeletal processes that drive migration as well as the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways (including different Wnt signaling cascades) that guide the cells along their specific trajectories. Here, we provide an overview of what is currently known about Q neuroblast migration and highlight the live-cell imaging, genome editing, and quantitative gene expression techniques that have been developed to study this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rella
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Euclides E Fernandes Póvoa
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik C Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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78
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Hinou H, Abe Y, Hayakawa S, Naruchi K, Fujitani N, Nishimura SI. Solid-phase synthesis of C-mannosylated glycopeptide on WSXWS motif of human erythropoietin receptor. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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79
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Niwa Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Simizu S. Identification of DPY19L3 as the C-mannosyltransferase of R-spondin1 in human cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:744-56. [PMID: 26764097 PMCID: PMC4803301 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously reported that human DPY19L3 is the C-mannosyltransferase of R-spondin1 at Trp-156. It is shown here that DPY19 family members have substrate specificity, providing insight into the function of C-mannosylation in cells. R-spondin1 (Rspo1) is a secreted protein that enhances Wnt signaling, which has crucial functions in embryonic development and several cancers. C-mannosylation is a rare type of glycosylation and might regulate secretion, protein–protein interactions, and enzymatic activity. Although human Rspo1 contains 2 predicted C-mannosylation sites, C-mannosylation of Rspo1 has not been reported, nor have its functional effects on this protein. In this study, we demonstrate by mass spectrometry that Rspo1 is C-mannosylated at W153 and W156. Using Lec15.2 cells, which lack dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthesis activity, and mutant Rspo1-expressing cells that replace W153 and W156 by alanine residues, we observed that C-mannosylation of Rspo1 is required for its secretion. Further, the enhancement of canonical Wnt signaling by Rspo1 is regulated by C-mannosylation. Recently DPY19 was reported to be a C-mannosyltransferase in Caenorhabditis elegans, but no C-mannosyltransferases have been identified in any other organism. In gain- and loss-of-function experiments, human DPY19L3 selectively modified Rspo1 at W156 but not W153 based on mass spectrometry. Moreover, knockdown of DPY19L3 inhibited the secretion of Rspo1. In conclusion, we identified DPY19L3 as the C-mannosyltransferase of Rspo1 at W156 and found that DPY19L3-mediated C-mannosylation of Rspo1 at W156 is required for its secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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C-mannosylation of thrombopoietin receptor (c-Mpl) regulates thrombopoietin-dependent JAK-STAT signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:262-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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81
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Cova M, Rodrigues JA, Smith TK, Izquierdo L. Sugar activation and glycosylation in Plasmodium. Malar J 2015; 14:427. [PMID: 26520586 PMCID: PMC4628283 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are important mediators of host-pathogen interactions and are usually very abundant in the surface of many protozoan parasites. However, in the particular case of Plasmodium species, previous works show that glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor modifications, and to an unknown extent, a severely truncated N-glycosylation are the only glycosylation processes taking place in the parasite. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of the parasite genome and the recent identification of the sugar nucleotide precursors biosynthesized by Plasmodium falciparum support a picture in which several overlooked, albeit not very prominent glycosylations may be occurring during the parasite life cycle. In this work,
the authors review recent developments in the characterization of the biosynthesis of glycosylation precursors in the parasite, focusing on the outline of the possible fates of these precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cova
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - João A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Edificio Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Terry K Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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82
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Tyrosine glycosylation of Rho by Yersinia toxin impairs blastomere cell behaviour in zebrafish embryos. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7807. [PMID: 26190758 PMCID: PMC4518317 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia species cause zoonotic infections, including enterocolitis and plague. Here we studied Yersinia ruckeri antifeeding prophage 18 (Afp18), the toxin component of the phage tail-derived protein translocation system Afp, which causes enteric redmouth disease in salmonid fish species. Here we show that microinjection of the glycosyltransferase domain Afp18G into zebrafish embryos blocks cytokinesis, actin-dependent motility and cell blebbing, eventually abrogating gastrulation. In zebrafish ZF4 cells, Afp18G depolymerizes actin stress fibres by mono-O-GlcNAcylation of RhoA at tyrosine-34; thereby Afp18G inhibits RhoA activation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and blocks RhoA, but not Rac and Cdc42 downstream signalling. The crystal structure of tyrosine-GlcNAcylated RhoA reveals an open conformation of the effector loop distinct from recently described structures of GDP- or GTP-bound RhoA. Unravelling of the molecular mechanism of the toxin component Afp18 as glycosyltransferase opens new perspectives in studies of phage tail-derived protein translocation systems, which are preserved from archaea to human pathogenic prokaryotes. Yersinia ruckeri is the source of redmouth disease in fish. Here the authors analysed the Yersinia toxin Afp18 and show that it acts to inhibit RhoA activation by glycosylating a distinct tyrosine residue inducing a signalling incompetent structural conformation.
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83
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Abstract
N-Glycosylation has long been linked to protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recent work has shown that O-linked glycosylation and the corresponding glycosyltransferases also participate in this important function. Notably, Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (Ofut1/Pofut1), a soluble, ER localized enzyme that fucosylates Epidermal Growth Factor-like (EGF) repeats, functions as a chaperone involved in the proper localization of the Notch receptor in certain contexts. Pofut2, a related enzyme that modifies Thrombospondin type I repeats (TSRs), has also been hypothesized to play a role in the folding and quality control of TSR-containing proteins. Both enzymes only modify fully folded substrates suggesting that they are able to distinguish between folded and unfolded structures. Pofuts have known physiological relevance and are conserved across metazoans. Though consensus sequences for O-fucosylation have been established and structures of both Pofuts have been studied, the mechanism of how they participate in protein folding is not known. This article discusses past and recent advances made in novel roles for these protein O-glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Vasudevan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, USA
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84
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Stowell SR, Ju T, Cummings RD. Protein glycosylation in cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:473-510. [PMID: 25621663 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation results in a wide variety of cellular alterations that impact the growth, survival, and general behavior of affected tissue. Although genetic alterations underpin the development of neoplastic disease, epigenetic changes can exert an equally significant effect on neoplastic transformation. Among neoplasia-associated epigenetic alterations, changes in cellular glycosylation have recently received attention as a key component of neoplastic progression. Alterations in glycosylation appear to not only directly impact cell growth and survival but also facilitate tumor-induced immunomodulation and eventual metastasis. Many of these changes may support neoplastic progression, and unique alterations in tumor-associated glycosylation may also serve as a distinct feature of cancer cells and therefore provide novel diagnostic and even therapeutic targets.
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85
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Coutton C, Escoffier J, Martinez G, Arnoult C, Ray PF. Teratozoospermia: spotlight on the main genetic actors in the human. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:455-85. [PMID: 25888788 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility affects >20 million men worldwide and represents a major health concern. Although multifactorial, male infertility has a strong genetic basis which has so far not been extensively studied. Recent studies of consanguineous families and of small cohorts of phenotypically homogeneous patients have however allowed the identification of a number of autosomal recessive causes of teratozoospermia. Homozygous mutations of aurora kinase C (AURKC) were first described to be responsible for most cases of macrozoospermia. Other genes defects have later been identified in spermatogenesis associated 16 (SPATA16) and dpy-19-like 2 (DPY19L2) in patients with globozoospermia and more recently in dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 1 (DNAH1) in a heterogeneous group of patients presenting with flagellar abnormalities previously described as dysplasia of the fibrous sheath or short/stump tail syndromes, which we propose to call multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). METHODS A comprehensive review of the scientific literature available in PubMed/Medline was conducted for studies on human genetics, experimental models and physiopathology related to teratozoospermia in particular globozoospermia, large headed spermatozoa and flagellar abnormalities. The search included all articles with an English abstract available online before September 2014. RESULTS Molecular studies of numerous unrelated patients with globozoospermia and large-headed spermatozoa confirmed that mutations in DPY19L2 and AURKC are mainly responsible for their respective pathological phenotype. In globozoospermia, the deletion of the totality of the DPY19L2 gene represents ∼ 81% of the pathological alleles but point mutations affecting the protein function have also been described. In macrozoospermia only two recurrent mutations were identified in AURKC, accounting for almost all the pathological alleles, raising the possibility of a putative positive selection of heterozygous individuals. The recent identification of DNAH1 mutations in a proportion of patients with MMAF is promising but emphasizes that this phenotype is genetically heterogeneous. Moreover, the identification of mutations in a dynein strengthens the emerging point of view that MMAF may be a phenotypic variation of the classical forms of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Based on data from human and animal models, the MMAF phenotype seems to be favored by defects directly or indirectly affecting the central pair of axonemal microtubules of the sperm flagella. CONCLUSIONS The studies described here provide valuable information regarding the genetic and molecular defects causing infertility, to improve our understanding of the physiopathology of teratozoospermia while giving a detailed characterization of specific features of spermatogenesis. Furthermore, these findings have a significant influence on the diagnostic strategy for teratozoospermic patients allowing the clinician to provide the patient with informed genetic counseling, to adopt the best course of treatment and to develop personalized medicine directly targeting the defective gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Coutton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France CHU de Grenoble, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Jessica Escoffier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France Departments of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Martinez
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France CHU de Grenoble, UF de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, F-38000, France
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Yassine S, Escoffier J, Nahed RA, Pierre V, Karaouzene T, Ray PF, Arnoult C. Dynamics of Sun5 localization during spermatogenesis in wild type and Dpy19l2 knock-out mice indicates that Sun5 is not involved in acrosome attachment to the nuclear envelope. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118698. [PMID: 25775128 PMCID: PMC4361733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The acrosome is an organelle that is central to sperm physiology and a defective acrosome biogenesis leads to globozoospermia, a severe male infertility. The identification of the actors involved in acrosome biogenesis is therefore particularly important to decipher the molecular pathogeny of globozoospermia. We recently showed that a defect in the DPY19L2 gene is present in more than 70% of globozoospermic men and demonstrated that Dpy19l2, located in the inner nuclear membrane, is the first protein involved in the attachment of the acrosome to the nuclear envelope (NE). SUN proteins serve to link the nuclear envelope to the cytoskeleton and are therefore good candidates to participate in acrosome-nucleus attachment, potentially by interacting with DPY19L2. In order to characterize new actors of acrosomal attachment, we focused on Sun5 (also called Spag4l), which is highly expressed in male germ cells, and investigated its localization during spermatogenesis. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot experiments in mice, we showed that Sun5 transits through different cellular compartments during meiosis. In pachytene spermatocytes, it is located in a membranous compartment different to the reticulum. In round spermatids, it progresses to the Golgi and the NE before to be located to the tail/head junction in epididymal sperm. Interestingly, we demonstrate that Sun5 is not, as initially reported, facing the acrosome but is in fact excluded from this zone. Moreover, we show that in Dpy19l2 KO spermatids, upon the detachment of the acrosome, Sun5 relocalizes to the totality of the NE suggesting that the acrosome attachment excludes Sun5 from the NE facing the acrosome. Finally, Western-blot experiments demonstrate that Sun5 is glycosylated. Overall, our work, associated with other publications, strongly suggests that the attachment of the acrosome to the nucleus does not likely depend on the formation of SUN complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yassine
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et thérapies de l’Infertilité" Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Jessica Escoffier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et thérapies de l’Infertilité" Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Roland Abi Nahed
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et thérapies de l’Infertilité" Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Virginie Pierre
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et thérapies de l’Infertilité" Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Thomas Karaouzene
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et thérapies de l’Infertilité" Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- CHU de Grenoble, UF de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Pierre F. Ray
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et thérapies de l’Infertilité" Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- CHU de Grenoble, UF de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique et thérapies de l’Infertilité" Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- * E-mail:
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87
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Wang X, Liu J, Zhu Z, Ou G. The heparan sulfate-modifying enzyme glucuronyl C5-epimerase HSE-5 controls Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblast polarization during migration. Dev Biol 2015; 399:306-14. [PMID: 25614236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Directional cell migration is fundamental for neural development, and extracellular factors are pivotal for this process. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that carry long chains of differentially modified sugar residues contribute to extracellular matrix; however, the functions of HSPG in guiding cell migration remain elusive. Here, we used the Caenorhabditis elegans mutant pool from the Million Mutation Project and isolated a mutant allele of the heparan sulfate-modifying enzyme glucuronyl C5-epimerase HSE-5. Loss-of-function of this enzyme resulted in defective Q neuroblast migration. We showed that hse-5 controlled Q cell migration in a cell non-autonomous manner. By performing live cell imaging in hse-5 mutant animals, we found that hse-5 controlled initial polarization during Q neuroblast migration. Furthermore, our genetic epistasis analysis demonstrated that lon-2 might act downstream of hse-5. Finally, rescue of the hse-5 mutant phenotype by expression of human and mouse hse-5 homologs suggested a conserved function for this gene in neural development. Taken together, our results indicated that proper HSPG modification in the extracellular matrix by HSE-5 is essential for neuroblast polarity during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jianhong Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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88
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Estrella NL, Desjardins CA, Nocco SE, Clark AL, Maksimenko Y, Naya FJ. MEF2 transcription factors regulate distinct gene programs in mammalian skeletal muscle differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1256-68. [PMID: 25416778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation requires precisely coordinated transcriptional regulation of diverse gene programs that ultimately give rise to the specialized properties of this cell type. In Drosophila, this process is controlled, in part, by MEF2, the sole member of an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor family. By contrast, vertebrate MEF2 is encoded by four distinct genes, Mef2a, -b, -c, and -d, making it far more challenging to link this transcription factor to the regulation of specific muscle gene programs. Here, we have taken the first step in molecularly dissecting vertebrate MEF2 transcriptional function in skeletal muscle differentiation by depleting individual MEF2 proteins in myoblasts. Whereas MEF2A is absolutely required for proper myoblast differentiation, MEF2B, -C, and -D were found to be dispensable for this process. Furthermore, despite the extensive redundancy, we show that mammalian MEF2 proteins regulate a significant subset of nonoverlapping gene programs. These results suggest that individual MEF2 family members are able to recognize specific targets among the entire cohort of MEF2-regulated genes in the muscle genome. These findings provide opportunities to modulate the activity of MEF2 isoforms and their respective gene programs in skeletal muscle homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelsa L Estrella
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Cody A Desjardins
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Sarah E Nocco
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Amanda L Clark
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Yevgeniy Maksimenko
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Francisco J Naya
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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89
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Hansen L, Lind-Thomsen A, Joshi HJ, Pedersen NB, Have CT, Kong Y, Wang S, Sparso T, Grarup N, Vester-Christensen MB, Schjoldager K, Freeze HH, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Henrissat B, Mandel U, Clausen H, Wandall HH, Bennett EP. A glycogene mutation map for discovery of diseases of glycosylation. Glycobiology 2014; 25:211-24. [PMID: 25267602 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins and lipids involves over 200 known glycosyltransferases (GTs), and deleterious defects in many of the genes encoding these enzymes cause disorders collectively classified as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs). Most known CDGs are caused by defects in glycogenes that affect glycosylation globally. Many GTs are members of homologous isoenzyme families and deficiencies in individual isoenzymes may not affect glycosylation globally. In line with this, there appears to be an underrepresentation of disease-causing glycogenes among these larger isoenzyme homologous families. However, genome-wide association studies have identified such isoenzyme genes as candidates for different diseases, but validation is not straightforward without biomarkers. Large-scale whole-exome sequencing (WES) provides access to mutations in, for example, GT genes in populations, which can be used to predict and/or analyze functional deleterious mutations. Here, we constructed a draft of a functional mutational map of glycogenes, GlyMAP, from WES of a rather homogenous population of 2000 Danes. We cataloged all missense mutations and used prediction algorithms, manual inspection and in case of carbohydrate-active enzymes family GT27 experimental analysis of mutations to map deleterious mutations. GlyMAP (http://glymap.glycomics.ku.dk) provides a first global view of the genetic stability of the glycogenome and should serve as a tool for discovery of novel CDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hansen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Allan Lind-Thomsen
- Wilhelm Johannsen Center for Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Nis Borbye Pedersen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Christian Theil Have
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Metabolics Genetics, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Yun Kong
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Thomas Sparso
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Metabolics Genetics, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Metabolics Genetics, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Malene Bech Vester-Christensen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Katrine Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Hudson H Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Metabolics Genetics, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Metabolics Genetics, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Ulla Mandel
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Eric P Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences
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90
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Sundararajan L, Norris ML, Schöneich S, Ackley BD, Lundquist EA. The fat-like cadherin CDH-4 acts cell-non-autonomously in anterior-posterior neuroblast migration. Dev Biol 2014; 392:141-52. [PMID: 24954154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Directed migration of neurons is critical in the normal and pathological development of the brain and central nervous system. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the bilateral Q neuroblasts, QR on the right and QL on the left, migrate anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively. Initial protrusion and migration of the Q neuroblasts is autonomously controlled by the transmembrane proteins UNC-40/DCC, PTP-3/LAR, and MIG-21. As QL migrates posteriorly, it encounters and EGL-20/Wnt signal that induces MAB-5/Hox expression that drives QL descendant posterior migration. QR migrates anteriorly away from EGL-20/Wnt and does not activate MAB-5/Hox, resulting in anterior QR descendant migration. A forward genetic screen for new mutations affecting initial Q migrations identified alleles of cdh-4, which caused defects in both QL and QR directional migration similar to unc-40, ptp-3, and mig-21. Previous studies showed that in QL, PTP-3/LAR and MIG-21 act in a pathway in parallel to UNC-40/DCC to drive posterior QL migration. Here we show genetic evidence that CDH-4 acts in the PTP-3/MIG-21 pathway in parallel to UNC-40/DCC to direct posterior QL migration. In QR, the PTP-3/MIG-21 and UNC-40/DCC pathways mutually inhibit each other, allowing anterior QR migration. We report here that CDH-4 acts in both the PTP-3/MIG-21 and UNC-40/DCC pathways in mutual inhibition in QR, and that CDH-4 acts cell-non-autonomously. Interaction of CDH-4 with UNC-40/DCC in QR but not QL represents an inherent left-right asymmetry in the Q cells, the nature of which is not understood. We conclude that CDH-4 might act as a permissive signal for each Q neuroblast to respond differently to anterior-posterior guidance information based upon inherent left-right asymmetries in the Q neuroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Sundararajan
- Programs in Genetics and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Megan L Norris
- Programs in Genetics and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Sebastian Schöneich
- Programs in Genetics and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Brian D Ackley
- Programs in Genetics and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Erik A Lundquist
- Programs in Genetics and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States.
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91
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GOTO YUKI, NIWA YUKI, SUZUKI TAKEHIRO, DOHMAE NAOSHI, UMEZAWA KAZUO, SIMIZU SIRO. C-mannosylation of human hyaluronidase 1: Possible roles for secretion and enzymatic activity. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:344-50. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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92
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Olsen JG, Kragelund BB. Who climbs the tryptophan ladder? On the structure and function of the WSXWS motif in cytokine receptors and thrombospondin repeats. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:337-41. [PMID: 24861947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For decades, a spectacular structural motif has been the focus of research in two families of animal membrane proteins: the hematopoietic cytokine type I receptors (HCR) and the thrombospondin repeat type 1 (TSR-1) domain containing proteins. Although these families include some of the best-studied and pharmaceutically most interesting human proteins, the function of the motif remains elusive. Here we show that the molecular details of the motifs are the same; that it has arisen through convergent evolution, and we argue that the same ligand binding function is maintained and suggest that the ligand can be found in the extracellular matrix (ECM). We term the motif the tryptophan ladder and suggest a function based on a comparative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G Olsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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93
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Abstract
Micronemal protein 2 (MIC2) is the key adhesin that supports gliding motility and host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii. With a von Willebrand factor A (VWA) domain and six thrombospondin repeat domains (TSR1-6) in its ectodomain, MIC2 connects to the parasite actomyosin system through its cytoplasmic tail. MIC2-associated protein (M2AP) binds noncovalently to the MIC2 ectodomain. MIC2 and M2AP are stored in micronemes as proforms. We find that the MIC2-M2AP ectodomain complex is a highly elongated 1:1 monomer with M2AP bound to the TSR6 domain. Crystal structures of N-terminal fragments containing the VWA and TSR1 domains for proMIC2 and MIC2 reveal a closed conformation of the VWA domain and how it associates with the TSR1 domain. A long, proline-rich, disulfide-bonded pigtail loop in TSR1 overlaps the VWA domain. Mannose α-C-linked to Trp-276 in TSR1 has an unusual (1)C4 chair conformation. The MIC2 VWA domain includes a mobile α5-helix and a 22-residue disordered region containing two disulfide bonds in place of an α6-helix. A hydrophobic residue in the prodomain binds to a pocket adjacent to the α7-helix that pistons in opening of the VWA domain to a putative high-affinity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Song
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Timothy A. Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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94
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Enzymatic C-glycosylation: Insights from the study of a complementary pair of plant O- and C-glucosyltransferases. PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
C-Glycosylation presents a rare mode of sugar attachment to the core structure of natural products and is catalyzed by a special type of LeloirC-glycosyltransferases (C-GTs). Elucidation of mechanistic principles for these glycosyltransferases (GTs) is of fundamental interest, and it could also contribute to the development of new biocatalysts for the synthesis of valuableC-glycosides, potentially serving as analogues of the highly hydrolysis-sensitiveO‑glycosides. Enzymatic glucosylation of the natural dihydrochalcone phloretin from UDP‑D-glucose was applied as a model reaction in the study of a structurally and functionally homologous pair of plant glucosyltransferases, where the enzyme from rice (Oryza sativa) was specific forC-glycosylation and the enzyme from pear (Pyrus communis) was specific forO-glycosylation. We show that distinct active-site motifs are used by the two enzymes to differentiate betweenC- andO-glucosylation of the phloretin acceptor. An enzyme design concept is therefore developed where exchange of active-site motifs results in a reversible switch betweenC/O-glycosyltransferase (C/O-GT) activity. Mechanistic proposal for enzymaticC-glycosylation involves a single nucleophilic displacement at the glucosyl anomeric carbon, proceeding through an oxocarbenium ion-like transition state. Alternatively, the reaction could be described as Friedel–Crafts-like direct alkylation of the phenolic acceptor.
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