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Skariah S, Sultan AA, Mordue DG. IFN-induced cell-autonomous immune mechanisms in the control of intracellular protozoa. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1559-1571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qinlin F, Bingqiao W, Linlin H, Peixia S, Lexing X, Lijun Y, Qingwu Y. miR-129-5p targets FEZ1/SCOC/ULK1/NBR1 complex to restore neuronal function in mice with post-stroke depression. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9708-9728. [PMID: 35435132 PMCID: PMC9191875 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2059910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) seriously affects the normal life of patients. Based on the previous sequencing results, this study selected miR-129-5p as the research object, which was significantly reduced in the PSD model by screening. To clarify the regulatory role of miR-129-5p, this study overexpressed and interfered with miR-129-5p in neuronal cells cultured in vitro, tested its effect on neuronal cell autophagy, and determined expressions of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1), short coiled-coil protein (SCOC), unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) and autophagy cargo receptor (NBR1) autophagy-related proteins. The dual-luciferase reporter system and immunoprecipitation were applied to detect the molecular regulatory mechanism of miR-129-5 and FEZ1, SCOC, ULK1 and NBR1. Findings of the present study revealed that the autophagy of neuronal cells was markedly decreased by overexpressing miR-129-5p (p < 0.05), and expressions of FEZ1, SCOC, ULK1 and NBR1 were substantially reduced (p < 0.05). The dual-luciferase reporter system results indicated that FEZ1, SCOC, ULK1 and NBR1 were all miR-129-5p target genes. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation assay revealed that SCOC, ULK1 and NBR1 could directly bind to the FEZ1 protein. The experiments at an animal level demonstrated that miR-129-5p could effectively alleviate the behavioral indicators of PSD model mice. Taken together, this study testified that SCOC/ULK1/NBR1 proteins could directly bind to FEZ1 to form protein complex, and all of the four proteins FEZ1/SCOC/ULK1/NBR1 were miR-129-5p target genes. miR-129-5p overexpression could effectively restore the behavioral characteristics of model mice, and reduce the autophagy-related proteins FEZ1/SCOC/ULK1/NBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qinlin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Wang Bingqiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Hu Linlin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Shi Peixia
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Xie Lexing
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yang Lijun
- Department of General orthopedics, Chongqing Public Health Medical Treatment Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Qingwu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical UniversityChongqing, China
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Currais A, Kepchia D, Liang Z, Maher P. The Role of AMP-activated Protein Kinase in Oxytosis/Ferroptosis: Protector or Potentiator? Antioxid Redox Signal 2022. [PMID: 35243895 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Evidence for a role for the oxytosis/ferroptosis regulated cell death pathway in aging and neurodegenerative diseases has been growing over the past few years. Because of this, there is an increasing necessity to identify endogenous signaling pathways that can be modulated to protect cells from this form of cell death. Recent Advances: Recently, several studies have identified a protective role for the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) pathway in oxytosis/ferroptosis. However, there are also a number of studies suggesting that this pathway contributes to cell death initiated by various inducers of oxytosis/ferroptosis. Critical Issues: The goals of this review are to provide an overview and analysis of the published studies and highlight specific areas where more research is needed. Future Directions: Much remains to be learned about AMPK signaling in oxytosis/ferroptosis, especially the conditions where it is protective. Furthermore, the role of AMPK signaling in the brain and especially the aging brain needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Currais
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Devin Kepchia
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Zhibin Liang
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Fu J, Yang Y, Zhu L, Chen Y, Liu B. Unraveling the Roles of Protein Kinases in Autophagy: An Update on Small-Molecule Compounds for Targeted Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5870-5885. [PMID: 35390258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of proteins, are involved in several important cellular processes, such as autophagy. Of note, autophagy, originally described as a mechanism for intracellular waste disposal and recovery, has been becoming a crucial biological process closely related to many types of human diseases. More recently, the roles of protein kinases in autophagy have been gradually elucidated, and the design of small-molecule compounds to modulate targets to positively or negatively interfere with the cytoprotective autophagy or autophagy-associated cell death may provide a new clue on the current targeted therapy. Thus, in this Perspective, we focus on summarizing the different roles of protein kinases, including positive, negative, and bidirectional regulations of autophagy. Moreover, we discuss several small-molecule compounds targeting these protein kinases in human diseases, highlighting their pivotal roles in autophagy for targeted therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yushang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Thoracic Surgery, and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zhang FK, Ni QZ, Wang K, Cao HJ, Guan DX, Zhang EB, Ma N, Wang YK, Zheng QW, Xu S, Zhu B, Chen TW, Xia J, Qiu XS, Ding XF, Jiang H, Qiu L, Wang X, Chen W, Cheng SQ, Xie D, Li JJ. Targeting USP9X-AMPK Axis in ARID1A-Deficient Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:101-127. [PMID: 35390516 PMCID: PMC9117818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous solid tumor with high morbidity and mortality. AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) accounts for up to 10% of mutations in liver cancer, however, its role in HCC remains controversial, and no targeted therapy has been established. METHODS The expression of ARID1A in clinical samples was examined by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. ARID1A was knocked out by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) in HCC cell lines, and the effects of glucose deprivation on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were measured. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to find ARID1A-interacting proteins, and the result was verified by co-immunoprecipitation and Glutathione S Transferase (GST) pull-down. The regulation of ARID1A target gene USP9X was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation, Glutathione S Transferase (GST) pull-down, luciferase reporter assay, and so forth. Finally, drug treatments were performed to explore the therapeutic potential of the agents targeting ARID1A-deficient HCC in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Our study has shown that ARID1A loss protected cells from glucose deprivation-induced cell death. A mechanism study disclosed that AIRD1A recruited histone deacetylase 1 via its C-terminal region DUF3518 to the promoter of USP9X, resulting in down-regulation of USP9X and its target protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit α2 (PRKAA2). ARID1A knockout and a 1989∗ truncation mutant in HCC abolished this effect, increased the levels of H3K9 and H3K27 acetylation at the USP9X promoter, and up-regulated the expression of USP9X and protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit α2 (PRKAA2), which mediated the adaptation of tumor cells to glucose starvation. Compound C dramatically inhibited the growth of ARID1A-deficient tumors and prolongs the survival of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS HCC patients with ARID1A mutation may benefit from synthetic lethal therapy targeting the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9 X-linked (USP9X)-adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Kun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Zhi Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Jun Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Xian Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Er-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Wen Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Song Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Fen Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Qun Cheng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Tumor Cell Glycolysis—At the Crossroad of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Autophagy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061041. [PMID: 35326492 PMCID: PMC8947107 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of glycolysis, induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), are phenotypic changes that occur in tumor cells, in response to similar stimuli, either tumor cell-autonomous or from the tumor microenvironment. Available evidence, herein reviewed, suggests that glycolysis can play a causative role in the induction of EMT and autophagy in tumor cells. Thus, glycolysis has been shown to induce EMT and either induce or inhibit autophagy. Glycolysis-induced autophagy occurs both in the presence (glucose starvation) or absence (glucose sufficiency) of metabolic stress. In order to explain these, in part, contradictory experimental observations, we propose that in the presence of stimuli, tumor cells respond by upregulating glycolysis, which will then induce EMT and inhibit autophagy. In the presence of stimuli and glucose starvation, upregulated glycolysis leads to adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and autophagy induction. In the presence of stimuli and glucose sufficiency, upregulated glycolytic enzymes (e.g., aldolase or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) or decreased levels of glycolytic metabolites (e.g., dihydroxyacetone phosphate) may mimic a situation of metabolic stress (herein referred to as “pseudostarvation”), leading, directly or indirectly, to AMPK activation and autophagy induction. We also discuss possible mechanisms, whereby glycolysis can induce a mixed mesenchymal/autophagic phenotype in tumor cells. Subsequently, we address unresolved problems in this field and possible therapeutic consequences.
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Kim JK, Park EJ, Jo EK. Itaconate, Arginine, and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: A Host Metabolite Triad Protective Against Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832015. [PMID: 35185924 PMCID: PMC8855927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune metabolic regulation shapes the host-pathogen interaction during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen of human tuberculosis (TB). Several immunometabolites generated by metabolic remodeling in macrophages are implicated in innate immune protection against Mtb infection by fine-tuning defensive pathways. Itaconate, produced by the mitochondrial enzyme immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1), has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, restricting intracellular mycobacterial growth. L-arginine, a component of the urea cycle, is critical for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and is implicated in M1-mediated antimycobacterial responses in myeloid cells. L-citrulline, a by-product of NO production, contributes to host defense and generates L-arginine in myeloid cells. In arginase 1-expressing cells, L-arginine can be converted into ornithine, a polyamine precursor that enhances autophagy and antimicrobial protection against Mtb in Kupffer cells. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite and neurotransmitter, activate autophagy to induce antimycobacterial host defenses. This review discusses the recent updates of the functions of the three metabolites in host protection against mycobacterial infection. Understanding the mechanisms by which these metabolites promote host defense will facilitate the development of novel host-directed therapeutics against Mtb and drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun-Kyeong Jo,
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Clare AJ, Liu J, Copland DA, Theodoropoulou S, Dick AD. Unravelling the therapeutic potential of IL-33 for atrophic AMD. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:266-272. [PMID: 34531552 PMCID: PMC8807696 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative disease affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors in the macula, is the leading cause of central blindness in the elderly. AMD progresses to advanced stages of the disease, atrophic AMD (aAMD), or in 15% of cases "wet" or neovascular AMD (nAMD), associated with substantial vision loss. Whilst there has been advancement in therapies treating nAMD, to date, there are no licenced effective treatments for the 85% affected by aAMD, with disease managed by changes to diet, vitamin supplements, and regular monitoring. AMD has a complex pathogenesis, involving highly integrated and common age-related disease pathways, including dysregulated complement/inflammation, impaired autophagy, and oxidative stress. The intricacy of AMD pathogenesis makes therapeutic development challenging and identifying a target that combats the converging disease pathways is essential to provide a globally effective treatment. Interleukin-33 is a cytokine, classically known for the proinflammatory role it plays in allergic disease. Recent evidence across degenerative and inflammatory disease conditions reveals a diverse immune-modulatory role for IL-33, with promising therapeutic potential. Here, we will review IL-33 function in disease and discuss the future potential for this homeostatic cytokine in treating AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Clare
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jian Liu
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A. Copland
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sofia Theodoropoulou
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D. Dick
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ,grid.439257.e0000 0000 8726 5837NIHR Biomedical Research Centre of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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Wu JW, Hu H, Hua JS, Ma LK. ATPase inhibitory factor 1 protects the heart from acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through activating AMPK signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:731-741. [PMID: 35002521 PMCID: PMC8741848 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinic scenario that occurs in the context of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) blocks the reversal of the F1Fo-ATP synthase to prevent detrimental consumption of cellular ATP and associated demise. In the present study, we study the role and mechanism of IF1 in myocardial I/R injury. Methods: Mice were ligated the left anterior descending coronary artery to build the I/R model in vivo. Rat hearts were isolated and perfused with constant pressure according to Langendorff. Also, neonatal cardiomyocytes hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) model was also used. Myocardial infarction area, cardiac function, cellular function, and cell viability was conducted and compared. Results: Our data revealed that IF1 is upregulated in hearts after I/R and cardiomyocytes with hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R). IF1 delivered with adenovirus and adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) ameliorated cardiac dysfunction and pathological development induced by I/R ex vivo and in vivo. Mechanistically, IF1 stimulates glucose uptake and glycolysis activity and stimulates AMPK activation during in vivo basal and I/R and in vitro OGD/R conditions, and activation of AMPK by IF1 is responsible for its cardioprotective effects against H/R-induced injury. Conclusions: These results suggest that increased IF1 in the I/R heart confer cardioprotective effects via activating AMPK signaling. Therefore, IF1 can be used as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pathological ischemic injury and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Li-Kun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
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Dysregulated Autophagy and Mitophagy in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Remain Unchanged Following Heme Oxygenase-1 Knockout. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010470. [PMID: 35008897 PMCID: PMC8745437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy may contribute to the progression of various muscle diseases, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1), a heme-degrading enzyme, may alleviate symptoms of DMD, inter alia, through anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we determined the role of HO-1 in the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in mdx animals, a commonly used mouse model of the disease. In the gastrocnemius of 6-week-old DMD mice, the mRNA level of mitophagy markers: Bnip3 and Pink1, as well as autophagy regulators, e.g., Becn1, Map1lc3b, Sqstm1, and Atg7, was decreased. In the dystrophic diaphragm, changes in the latter were less prominent. In older, 12-week-old dystrophic mice, diminished expressions of Pink1 and Sqstm1 with upregulation of Atg5, Atg7, and Lamp1 was depicted. Interestingly, we demonstrated higher protein levels of autophagy regulator, LC3, in dystrophic muscles. Although the lack of Hmox1 in mdx mice influenced blood cell count and the abundance of profibrotic proteins, no striking differences in mRNA and protein levels of autophagy and mitophagy markers were found. In conclusion, we demonstrated complex, tissue, and age-dependent dysregulation of mitophagic and autophagic markers in DMD mice, which are not affected by the additional lack of Hmox1.
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Klepka C, Sandmann M, Tatge H, Mangan M, Arens A, Henkel D, Gerhard R. Impairment of lysosomal function by Clostridioides difficile TcdB. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:493-507. [PMID: 34931374 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TcdB is a potent cytotoxin produced by pathogenic Clostridioides difficile that inhibits Rho GTPases by mono-glucosylation. TcdB enters cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The pathogenic glucosyltransferase domain (GTD) egresses endosomes by pH-mediated conformational changes, and is subsequently released in an autoproteolytic manner. We here investigated the uptake, localization and degradation of TcdB. TcdB colocalized with lysosomal marker protein LAMP1, verifying the endosomal-lysosomal route of the toxin. In pulse assays endocytosed TcdB declined to a limit of detection within 2 hr, whereas the released GTD accumulated for up to 8 hr. We observed that autoproteolytic deficient TcdB NXN C698S was degraded significantly faster than wildtype TcdB, suggesting interference of TcdB with lysosomal degradation process. In fact, TcdB reduced lysosomal degradation of endosome cargo as tested with DQ-Green BSA. Lysosomal dysfunction was accompanied by perinuclear accumulation of LAMP1 and a weaker detection in immunoblots. Galectin-8 or galectin-3 was not recruited to lysosomes speaking against lysosome membrane damage. Changes in the autophagosomal marker LC3B suggested additional indirect effect of lysosomal dysfunction on the autophagic flux. In contrast to necrotic signaling induced in by TcdB, lysosomal dysfunction was not abolished by calcium channel blocker nifedipin, indicating separate cytopathogenic effects induced by TcdB during endo-lysosomal trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Klepka
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Sandmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helma Tatge
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthew Mangan
- Institute of Innate Immunology, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annabel Arens
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Henkel
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Xu X, Wang S, Wang H, Pan C, Yang W, Yu J. Hsa_circ_0008434 regulates USP9X expression by sponging miR-6838-5p to promote gastric cancer growth, migration and invasion. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1289. [PMID: 34856948 PMCID: PMC8638420 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-09052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer (GC) has recently attracted increasing interest. The following study investigates the role of a newly discovered hsa_circ_0008434, which has been confirmed to be highly expressed in GC tissues, in regulating GC biological behaviour. METHODS High-throughput RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes between normal gastric tissues and GC tissues; actinomycin D and RNase R assays were used to determine the stability and loop structure of hsa_circ_0008434; and the miRanda database was used to predict the target genes of hsa_circ_0008434. The role of hsa_circ_0008434 in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was examined using CCK-8, wound healing, Transwell and colony formation assays. The regulatory relationships among hsa_circ_0008434, microRNA-6838 (miR-6838), and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9X (USP9X) were determined by dual-luciferase activity assays. The expression of hsa_circ_0008434 and miR-6838 was measured by qPCR; the expression of USP9X was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The effects of hsa_circ_0008434 on in vivo tumour growth were assessed in xenograft models. RESULTS We found that hsa_circ_0008434 was one of the most upregulated circRNAs in GC tissue versus normal tissue. Further in vitro testing indicated that by acting as a miRNA sponge for miR-6838-5p, hsa_circ_0008434 promotes the expression of USP9X and further increases the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells. In addition, animal studies indicated that hsa_circ_0008434 could promote tumour growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Hsa_circ_0008434 may promote GC proliferation, invasion and migration by regulating the expression of miR-6838 and USP9X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shoulian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chunpeng Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Wenyan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jiwei Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Wang XJ, Tian W, Xu WW, Lu X, Zhang YM, Li LJ, Chang F. Loss of Autophagy Causes Increased Apoptosis of Tibial Plateau Chondrocytes in Guinea Pigs with Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Cartilage 2021; 13:796S-807S. [PMID: 34493119 PMCID: PMC8804872 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211044820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the present study was to observe the effect of autophagy in tibial plateau chondrocytes on apoptosis in spontaneous knee osteoarthritis (OA) in guinea pigs. DESIGN Fifty 2-month-old female Hartley guinea pigs were divided into a normal group (10 animals, all euthanized after 7 months) and an OA group (40 animals, 10 of which were euthanized after 10 months). Immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate autophagy levels, intracellular glycogen accumulation and apoptosis in tibial plateau chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro. The remaining 30 guinea pigs in the OA group were divided into 3 groups: a rapamycin group, a normal saline group, and a 3-methyladenine (3-MA) group. Intracellular glycogen accumulation and chondrocyte apoptosis were assessed by altering the level of autophagy in chondrocytes in vivo. RESULTS When spontaneous OA occurred in guinea pigs, autophagy levels in tibial plateau chondrocytes decreased, while intracellular glycogen accumulation and the rate of chondrocyte apoptosis increased. After enhancing the level of autophagy in tibial plateau chondrocytes in guinea pigs with OA, intracellular glycogen accumulation and the rate of chondrocyte apoptosis decreased, while inhibiting autophagy had the opposite effects. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the function of autophagy in chondrocytes may at least partly involve the catabolism of glycogen. In guinea pigs with OA, the level of autophagy in tibial plateau chondrocytes decreased, and chondrocytes were unable to degrade intracellular glycogen into glucose, leading to less energy for chondrocytes and increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China,Xiao-jian Wang, Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Shuangtasi
Street 29, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China.
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei-wei Xu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Kidney
Disease, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Kidney
Disease, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li-jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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Murata H, Tanaka S, Hisamatsu Y, Tsubokura H, Hashimoto Y, Kitada M, Okada H. Transcriptional regulation of LGALS9 by HAND2 and FOXO1 in human endometrial stromal cells in women with regular cycles. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:6377344. [PMID: 34581822 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine natural killer cells are regulated via surface inhibitory receptors for IL15 and galectin-9 (LGALS9) secreted by endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). However, the mechanism that regulates LGALS9 mRNA levels in ESCs is unclear. The aim of this study is to clarify the transcriptional regulation of LGALS9 in ESCs. Here, LGALS9 mRNA expression levels significantly decreased in the endometrial tissue in the early- to mid-secretory phase, and recovered in the mid- to late-secretory phase, compared to that in the proliferative phase. In ESCs, LGALS9 mRNA expression significantly decreased following estradiol + medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment for 1 day and increased after 12 days compared to that in the control. The transcriptional activity of the LGALS9 upstream region was upregulated by heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2 (HAND2) and downregulated by forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). In ESCs, HAND2 expression significantly increased throughout the 12 days treatment with steroid hormones, whereas FOXO1 expression significantly increased on Day 1, reached a plateau, and significantly increased again after 6 days of treatment. Levels of FOXO1 phosphorylation (pFOXO1) remained unchanged after a 3-day treatment of ESCs with steroid hormones, but significantly increased following a 12-day treatment. pFOXO1 could not bind to the DNA and was thus unable to directly suppress LGALS9 transcription. Therefore, expression level of HAND2 and phosphorylation status of FOXO1 may determine LGALS9 mRNA expression. This study provides a novel molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of LGALS9 mRNA in ESCs, which could be valuable in the treatment of diseases associated with decidualization failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Murata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoji Hisamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tsubokura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitada
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Heidorn-Czarna M, Heidorn HM, Fernando S, Sanislav O, Jarmuszkiewicz W, Mutzel R, Fisher PR. Chronic Activation of AMPK Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis through Differential Phosphorylation and Abundance of Mitochondrial Proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111675. [PMID: 34769115 PMCID: PMC8584165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis is a highly controlled process that depends on diverse signalling pathways responding to cellular and environmental signals. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical metabolic enzyme that acts at a central control point in cellular energy homeostasis. Numerous studies have revealed the crucial roles of AMPK in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis; however, molecular mechanisms underlying this process are still largely unknown. Previously, we have shown that, in cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum, the overexpression of the catalytic α subunit of AMPK led to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, which was accompanied by reduced cell growth and aberrant development. Here, we applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics of Dictyostelium mitochondria to determine the impact of chronically active AMPKα on the phosphorylation state and abundance of mitochondrial proteins and to identify potential protein targets leading to the biogenesis of mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with variations in the phosphorylation levels and abundance of proteins related to energy metabolism, protein synthesis, transport, inner membrane biogenesis, and cellular signalling. The observed changes are accompanied by elevated mitochondrial respiratory activity in the AMPK overexpression strain. Our work is the first study reporting on the global phosphoproteome profiling of D. discoideum mitochondria and its changes as a response to constitutively active AMPK. We also propose an interplay between the AMPK and mTORC1 signalling pathways in controlling the cellular growth and biogenesis of mitochondria in Dictyostelium as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Heidorn-Czarna
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (H.-M.H.); (R.M.)
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-375-62-73
| | - Herbert-Michael Heidorn
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (H.-M.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Sanjanie Fernando
- Discipline of Microbiology, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (S.F.); (O.S.); (P.R.F.)
| | - Oana Sanislav
- Discipline of Microbiology, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (S.F.); (O.S.); (P.R.F.)
| | - Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Rupert Mutzel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (H.-M.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Paul R. Fisher
- Discipline of Microbiology, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (S.F.); (O.S.); (P.R.F.)
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Liu W, Jin W, Zhu S, Chen Y, Liu B. Targeting regulated cell death (RCD) with small-molecule compounds in cancer therapy: A revisited review of apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death and necroptosis. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:612-625. [PMID: 34718209 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evasion of regulated cell death (RCD), mainly referring to apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, necroptosis, and other subroutines, is one of the well-established hallmarks of cancer cells. Accumulating evidence has revealed several small-molecule compounds that target different subroutines of RCD in cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize key pathways of apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death and necroptosis in cancer, and describe small-molecule compounds that target these pathways and have potential as therapeutics. These inspiring findings light the way towards the discovery of more 'magic bullets' that could work individually or cooperatively to target precisely the three RCD subroutines and so improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenke Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Wu M, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Li Z, Li X, Liu Z, Liu H, Li X. Relationship between lysosomal dyshomeostasis and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:958. [PMID: 34663802 PMCID: PMC8523726 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles involved in cell metabolism, waste degradation, and cellular material circulation. They play a key role in the maintenance of cellular physiological homeostasis. Compared with the lysosomal content of other organs, that of the kidney is abundant, and lysosomal abnormalities are associated with the occurrence and development of certain renal diseases. Lysosomal structure and function in intrinsic renal cells are impaired in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Promoting lysosomal biosynthesis and/or restoring lysosomal function can repair damaged podocytes and proximal tubular epithelial cells, and delay the progression of DKD. Lysosomal homeostasis maintenance may be advantageous in alleviating DKD. Here, we systematically reviewed the latest advances in the relationship between lysosomal dyshomeostasis and progression of DKD based on recent literature to further elucidate the mechanism of renal injury in diabetes mellitus and to highlight the application potential of lysosomal homeostasis maintenance as a new prevention and treatment strategy for DKD. However, research on screening effective interventions for lysosomal dyshomeostasis is still in its infancy, and thus should be the focus of future research studies. The screening out of cell-specific lysosomal function regulation targets according to the different stages of DKD, so as to realize the controllable targeted regulation of cell lysosomal function during DKD, is the key to the successful clinical development of this therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Yaozhi Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Zixian Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Zejian Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Nephrology, and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China.
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New-Aaron M, Thomes PG, Ganesan M, Dagur RS, Donohue TM, Kusum KK, Poluektova LY, Osna NA. Alcohol-Induced Lysosomal Damage and Suppression of Lysosome Biogenesis Contribute to Hepatotoxicity in HIV-Exposed Liver Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101497. [PMID: 34680130 PMCID: PMC8533635 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the causes of hepatotoxicity among alcohol-abusing HIV patients are multifactorial, alcohol remains the least explored "second hit" for HIV-related hepatotoxicity. Here, we investigated whether metabolically derived acetaldehyde impairs lysosomes to enhance HIV-induced hepatotoxicity. We exposed Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-expressing Huh 7.5 (also known as RLW) cells to an acetaldehyde-generating system (AGS) for 24 h. We then infected (or not) the cells with HIV-1ADA then exposed them again to AGS for another 48 h. Lysosome damage was assessed by galectin 3/LAMP1 co-localization and cathepsin leakage. Expression of lysosome biogenesis-transcription factor, TFEB, was measured by its protein levels and by in situ immunofluorescence. Exposure of cells to both AGS + HIV caused the greatest amount of lysosome leakage and its impaired lysosomal biogenesis, leading to intrinsic apoptosis. Furthermore, the movement of TFEB from cytosol to the nucleus via microtubules was impaired by AGS exposure. The latter impairment appeared to occur by acetylation of α-tubulin. Moreover, ZKSCAN3, a repressor of lysosome gene activation by TFEB, was amplified by AGS. Both these changes contributed to AGS-elicited disruption of lysosome biogenesis. Our findings indicate that metabolically generated acetaldehyde damages lysosomes and likely prevents their repair and restoration, thereby exacerbating HIV-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses New-Aaron
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.N.-A.); (N.A.O.)
| | - Paul G. Thomes
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Kharbanda K. Kusum
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.N.-A.); (N.A.O.)
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Hu P, Li H, Sun W, Wang H, Yu X, Qing Y, Wang Z, Zhu M, Xu J, Guo Q, Hui H. Cholesterol-associated lysosomal disorder triggers cell death of hematological malignancy: Dynamic analysis on cytotoxic effects of LW-218. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3178-3192. [PMID: 34729308 PMCID: PMC8546890 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of lysosomes is of vital importance to survival of tumor cells. We demonstrated that LW-218, a synthetic flavonoid, induced rapid lysosomal enlargement accompanied with lysosomal membrane permeabilization in hematological malignancy. LW-218-induced lysosomal damage and lysosome-dependent cell death were mediated by cathepsin D, as the lysosomal damage and cell apoptosis could be suppressed by depletion of cathepsin D or lysosome alkalization agents, which can alter the activity of cathepsins. Lysophagy, was initiated for cell self-rescue after LW-218 treatment and correlated with calcium release and nuclei translocation of transcription factor EB. LW-218 treatment enhanced the expression of autophagy-related genes which could be inhibited by intracellular calcium chelator. Sustained exposure to LW-218 exhausted the lysosomal capacity so as to repress the normal autophagy. LW-218-induced enlargement and damage of lysosomes were triggered by abnormal cholesterol deposition on lysosome membrane which caused by interaction between LW-218 and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1. Moreover, LW-218 inhibited the leukemia cell growth in vivo. Thus, the necessary impact of integral lysosomal function in cell rescue and death were illustrated.
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Key Words
- AO, acridine orange
- ATG, autophagy related
- BAF A1, bafilomycin A1
- BID, BH3-interacting domain death agonist
- CCK8, Cell Counting Kit
- CTSB, cathepsin B
- CTSD, cathepsin D
- CaN, calcineurin
- Cathepsin D
- Cholesterol
- CsA, cyclosporine A
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride
- DCFH-DA, 2,7-dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate
- Dex, dexamethasone
- EGTA, ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Hematological malignancies
- K48, lysine 48
- K63, lysine 63
- LAMPs, lysosomal-associated membrane proteins
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- LCD, lysosome-dependent cell death
- LMP, lysosome membrane permeabilization
- LW-218
- Lysophagy
- Lysosomal damage
- Lysosomal membrane permeabilization
- Lysosome-dependent cell death
- NH4Cl, ammonium chloride
- NPC, Niemann-Pick type disease C
- NPC1, NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1
- OD, optical density
- P62/SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RAB7A, RAS-related protein RAB-7a
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT-qPCR, real time quantitative PCR
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TRPML1, transient receptor potential mucolipin 1
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Unterhuber M, Kresoja KP, Rommel KP, Besler C, Baragetti A, Klöting N, Ceglarek U, Blüher M, Scholz M, Catapano AL, Thiele H, Lurz P. Proteomics-Enabled Deep Learning Machine Algorithms Can Enhance Prediction of Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:1621-1631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Siva Sankar D, Dengjel J. Protein complexes and neighborhoods driving autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 17:2689-2705. [PMID: 33183148 PMCID: PMC8526019 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1847461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy summarizes evolutionarily conserved, intracellular degradation processes targeting cytoplasmic material for lysosomal degradation. These encompass constitutive processes as well as stress responses, which are often found dysregulated in diseases. Autophagy pathways help in the clearance of damaged organelles, protein aggregates and macromolecules, mediating their recycling and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Protein-protein interaction networks contribute to autophagosome biogenesis, substrate loading, vesicular trafficking and fusion, protein translocations across membranes and degradation in lysosomes. Hypothesis-free proteomic approaches tremendously helped in the functional characterization of protein-protein interactions to uncover molecular mechanisms regulating autophagy. In this review, we elaborate on the importance of understanding protein-protein-interactions of varying affinities and on the strengths of mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches to study these, generating new mechanistic insights into autophagy regulation. We discuss in detail affinity purification approaches and recent developments in proximity labeling coupled to mass spectrometry, which uncovered molecular principles of autophagy mechanisms.Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AP-MS: affinity purification-mass spectrometry; APEX2: ascorbate peroxidase-2; ATG: autophagy related; BioID: proximity-dependent biotin identification; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; iTRAQ: isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification; MS: mass spectrometry; PCA: protein-fragment complementation assay; PL-MS: proximity labeling-mass spectrometry; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PTM: posttranslational modification; PUP-IT: pupylation-based interaction tagging; RFP: red fluorescent protein; SILAC: stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture; TAP: tandem affinity purification; TMT: tandem mass tag.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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72
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Molecular mechanisms of mammalian autophagy. Biochem J 2021; 478:3395-3421. [PMID: 34554214 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and autophagy play integral roles in cellular homeostasis. As part of their normal life cycle, most proteins undergo ubiquitination for some form of redistribution, localization and/or functional modulation. However, ubiquitination is also important to the UPP and several autophagic processes. The UPP is initiated after specific lysine residues of short-lived, damaged or misfolded proteins are conjugated to ubiquitin, which targets these proteins to proteasomes. Autophagy is the endosomal/lysosomal-dependent degradation of organelles, invading microbes, zymogen granules and macromolecules such as protein, carbohydrates and lipids. Autophagy can be broadly separated into three distinct subtypes termed microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy. Although autophagy was once thought of as non-selective bulk degradation, advancements in the field have led to the discovery of several selective forms of autophagy. Here, we focus on the mechanisms of primary and selective mammalian autophagy pathways and highlight the current knowledge gaps in these molecular pathways.
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73
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Pan R, Zhuang Q, Wang J. Ononin alleviates H 2O 2-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function by activating the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1307. [PMID: 34584565 PMCID: PMC8461629 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ononin (ON) is an isoflavone with numerous reported bioactivities, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Autophagy is a critical homeostatic process in the body that has been reported to closely associate with the apoptotic processes of cardiomyocytes. Using flow cytometry, western blotting, echocardiography and Masson's staining, the present study investigated the effects of ON on H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial infarction, in addition to any potential underlying molecular mechanisms. H2O2 treatment reliably induced apoptosis in H9C2 cells. The anti-apoptotic effects of ON were revealed by flow cytometry results and by the downregulation of cleaved-caspase 3. Further investigations indicated that ON may alleviate apoptosis by enhancing autophagy, as evidenced by increased microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B expression and p62 degradation. Activation of the 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR pathway was observed after ON administration following H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte injury. However, these anti-apoptotic effects mediated by ON were lost after autophagy inhibition by chloroquine or AMPK inhibition by Compound C. Finally, the protective effects of ON on cardiomyocytes in vitro could also be observed in vivo. A myocardial infarction model was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the rat heart. Using echocardiography and Masson's staining, ON was shown to increase the ejection fraction and decrease cardiac fibrosis in rats with myocardial infarction. These results suggest that ON exerts cardioprotective effects by improving autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, Zhejiang 315300, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, Zhejiang 315300, P.R. China
| | - Jiangtin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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74
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Eapen VV, Swarup S, Hoyer MJ, Paulo JA, Harper JW. Quantitative proteomics reveals the selectivity of ubiquitin-binding autophagy receptors in the turnover of damaged lysosomes by lysophagy. eLife 2021; 10:72328. [PMID: 34585663 PMCID: PMC8523161 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of damaged organelles via the process of selective autophagy constitutes a major form of cellular quality control. Damaged organelles are recognized by a dedicated surveillance machinery, leading to the assembly of an autophagosome around the damaged organelle, prior to fusion with the degradative lysosomal compartment. Lysosomes themselves are also prone to damage and are degraded through the process of lysophagy. While early steps involve recognition of ruptured lysosomal membranes by glycan-binding galectins and ubiquitylation of transmembrane lysosomal proteins, many steps in the process, and their interrelationships, remain poorly understood, including the role and identity of cargo receptors required for completion of lysophagy. Here, we employ quantitative organelle capture and proximity biotinylation proteomics of autophagy adaptors, cargo receptors, and galectins in response to acute lysosomal damage, thereby revealing the landscape of lysosome-associated proteome remodeling during lysophagy. Among the proteins dynamically recruited to damaged lysosomes were ubiquitin-binding autophagic cargo receptors. Using newly developed lysophagic flux reporters including Lyso-Keima, we demonstrate that TAX1BP1, together with its associated kinase TBK1, are both necessary and sufficient to promote lysophagic flux in both HeLa cells and induced neurons (iNeurons). While the related receptor Optineurin (OPTN) can drive damage-dependent lysophagy when overexpressed, cells lacking either OPTN or CALCOCO2 still maintain significant lysophagic flux in HeLa cells. Mechanistically, TAX1BP1-driven lysophagy requires its N-terminal SKICH domain, which binds both TBK1 and the autophagy regulatory factor RB1CC1, and requires upstream ubiquitylation events for efficient recruitment and lysophagic flux. These results identify TAX1BP1 as a central component in the lysophagy pathway and provide a proteomic resource for future studies of the lysophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay V Eapen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Sharan Swarup
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Melissa J Hoyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
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75
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Trefts E, Shaw RJ. AMPK: restoring metabolic homeostasis over space and time. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3677-3690. [PMID: 34547233 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of AMPK and its homologs enabled exquisite responsivity and control of cellular energetic homeostasis. Recent work has been critical in establishing the mechanisms that determine AMPK activity, novel targets of AMPK action, and the distribution of AMPK-mediated control networks across the cellular landscape. The role of AMPK as a hub of metabolic control has led to intense interest in pharmacologic activation as a therapeutic avenue for a number of disease states, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer. As such, critical work on the compartmentalization of AMPK, its downstream targets, and the systems it influences has progressed in recent years. The variegated distribution of AMPK-mediated control of metabolic homeostasis has revealed key insights into AMPK in normal biology and future directions for AMPK-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Trefts
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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76
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Portes J, Bullón B, Quiles JL, Battino M, Bullón P. Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis Share Intracellular Disorders as the Main Meeting Point. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092411. [PMID: 34572060 PMCID: PMC8467361 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and periodontitis are two of the most prevalent diseases worldwide that negatively impact the quality of life of the individual suffering from them. They are part of the chronic inflammatory disease group or, as recently mentioned, non-communicable diseases, with inflammation being the meeting point among them. Inflammation hitherto includes vascular and tissue changes, but new technologies provide data at the intracellular level that could explain how the cells respond to the aggression more clearly. This review aims to emphasize the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, which are marked by different impaired central regulators including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired immune system and autophagy pathways, oxidative stress, and the crosstalk between adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). All of them are the shared background behind both diseases that could explain its relationship. These should be taken in consideration if we would like to improve the treatment outcomes. Currently, the main treatment strategies in diabetes try to reduce glycemia index as the most important aspect, and in periodontitis try to reduce the presence of oral bacteria. We propose to add to the therapeutic guidelines the handling of all the intracellular disorders to try to obtain better treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Portes
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Seville, C/Avicena, s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.P.); (B.B.)
| | - Beatriz Bullón
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Seville, C/Avicena, s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.P.); (B.B.)
| | - José Luis Quiles
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Department of Physiology, University Campus of Cartuja, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, C/Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche. Via Tronto 10A, 60126 Torrette di Ancona, Italy;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Pedro Bullón
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Seville, C/Avicena, s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.P.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
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77
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Kumar S, Jia J, Deretic V. Atg8ylation as a general membrane stress and remodeling response. Cell Stress 2021; 5:128-142. [PMID: 34527862 PMCID: PMC8404385 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.09.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Atg8 protein and its paralogs in mammals, mammalian Atg8s (mAtg8s), have been primarily appreciated for their participation in autophagy. However, lipidated mAtg8s, including the most frequently used autophagosomal membrane marker LC3B, are found on cellular membranes other than autophagosomes. Here we put forward a hypothesis that the lipidation of mAtg8s, termed 'Atg8ylation', is a general membrane stress and remodeling response analogous to the role that ubiquitylation plays in tagging proteins. Ubiquitin and mAtg8s are related in sequence and structure, and the lipidation of mAtg8s occurs on its C-terminal glycine, akin to the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. Conceptually, we propose that mAtg8s and Atg8ylation are to membranes what ubiquitin and ubiquitylation are to proteins, and that, like ubiquitylation, Atg8ylation has a multitude of downstream effector outputs, one of which is autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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78
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Chomanicova N, Gazova A, Adamickova A, Valaskova S, Kyselovic J. The role of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in anticancer activity of metformin. Physiol Res 2021; 70:501-508. [PMID: 34062070 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MTF) is a widely used drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and frequently used as an adjuvant therapy for polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and in some cases also tuberculosis. Its protective effect on the cardiovascular system has also been described. Recently, MTF was subjected to various analyzes and studies that showed its beneficial effects in cancer treatment such as reducing cancer cell proliferation, reducing tumor growth, inducing apoptosis, reducing cancer risk in diabetic patients, or reducing likelihood of relapse. One of the MTF's mechanisms of action is the activation of adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Several studies have shown that AMPK/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has anticancer effect in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this review is to present the anticancer activity of MTF highlighting the importance of the AMPK/mTOR pathway in the cancer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chomanicova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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79
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Glycans in autophagy, endocytosis and lysosomal functions. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:625-647. [PMID: 34390447 PMCID: PMC8497297 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have been shown to function as versatile molecular signals in cells. This prompted us to look at their roles in endocytosis, endolysosomal system and autophagy. We start by introducing the cell biological aspects of these pathways, the concept of the sugar code, and provide an overview on the role of glycans in the targeting of lysosomal proteins and in lysosomal functions. Moreover, we review evidence on the regulation of endocytosis and autophagy by glycans. Finally, we discuss the emerging concept that cytosolic exposure of luminal glycans, and their detection by endogenous lectins, provides a mechanism for the surveillance of the integrity of the endolysosomal compartments, and serves their eventual repair or disposal.
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80
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Yan Y, Mukherjee S, Harikumar KG, Strutzenberg TS, Zhou XE, Suino-Powell K, Xu TH, Sheldon RD, Lamp J, Brunzelle JS, Radziwon K, Ellis A, Novick SJ, Vega IE, Jones RG, Miller LJ, Xu HE, Griffin PR, Kossiakoff AA, Melcher K. Structure of an AMPK complex in an inactive, ATP-bound state. Science 2021; 373:413-419. [PMID: 34437114 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates metabolism in response to the cellular energy states. Under energy stress, AMP stabilizes the active AMPK conformation, in which the kinase activation loop (AL) is protected from protein phosphatases, thus keeping the AL in its active, phosphorylated state. At low AMP:ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ratios, ATP inhibits AMPK by increasing AL dynamics and accessibility. We developed conformation-specific antibodies to trap ATP-bound AMPK in a fully inactive, dynamic state and determined its structure at 3.5-angstrom resolution using cryo-electron microscopy. A 180° rotation and 100-angstrom displacement of the kinase domain fully exposes the AL. On the basis of the structure and supporting biophysical data, we propose a multistep mechanism explaining how adenine nucleotides and pharmacological agonists modulate AMPK activity by altering AL phosphorylation and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Timothy S Strutzenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kelly Suino-Powell
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ting-Hai Xu
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jared Lamp
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids Research Center, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Katarzyna Radziwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Abigail Ellis
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Scott J Novick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Irving E Vega
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids Research Center, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Institute of Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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81
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3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-Thione Protects Lens Epithelial Cells against Fructose-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Activation of AMPK to Eliminate AKR1B1-Induced Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071086. [PMID: 34356319 PMCID: PMC8301018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies demonstrated that the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) formation in the lens epithelial cells (LECs) of diabetic cataracts. This work investigated how 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) reduces EMT formation in LECs of the fructose-induced diabetes mellitus (DM). LECs were isolated during cataract surgery from patients without DM or with DM. In a rat model, fructose (10% fructose, eight weeks) with or without D3T (10 mg/kg/day) treatment induced DM, as verified by blood pressure and serum parameter measurements. We observed that the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was significantly higher in epithelial human lens of DM (+) compared to DM (−) cataracts. Aldose reductase (AKR1B1), AcSOD2, and 3-NT were significantly enhanced in the rat lens epithelial sections of fructose-induced DM, however, the phosphorylation level of AMPKT172 showed a reversed result. Interestingly, administration of D3T reverses the fructose-induced effects in LECs. These results indicated that AMPKT172 may be required for reduced superoxide generation and the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract. Administration of D3T reverses the fructose-induced EMT formation the LECs of fructose-induced DM. These novel findings suggest that the D3T may be a candidate for the pharmacological prevention of cataracts in patients with DM.
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82
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Wu X, Wu Y, Zheng R, Tang F, Qin L, Lai D, Zhang L, Chen L, Yan B, Yang H, Wang Y, Li F, Zhang J, Wang F, Wang L, Cao Y, Ma M, Liu Z, Chen J, Huang X, Wang J, Jin R, Wang P, Sun Q, Sha W, Lyu L, Moura‐Alves P, Dorhoi A, Pei G, Zhang P, Chen J, Gao S, Randow F, Zeng G, Chen C, Ye X, Kaufmann SHE, Liu H, Ge B. Sensing of mycobacterial arabinogalactan by galectin-9 exacerbates mycobacterial infection. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51678. [PMID: 33987949 PMCID: PMC8256295 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial arabinogalactan (AG) is an essential cell wall component of mycobacteria and a frequent structural and bio-synthetical target for anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug development. Here, we report that mycobacterial AG is recognized by galectin-9 and exacerbates mycobacterial infection. Administration of AG-specific aptamers inhibits cellular infiltration caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) or Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and moderately increases survival of Mtb-infected mice or Mycobacterium marinum-infected zebrafish. AG interacts with carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) 2 of galectin-9 with high affinity, and galectin-9 associates with transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) via CRD2 to trigger subsequent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as well as induction of the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Moreover, deletion of galectin-9 or inhibition of MMPs blocks AG-induced pathological impairments in the lung, and the AG-galectin-9 axis aggravates the process of Mtb infection in mice. These results demonstrate that AG is an important virulence factor of mycobacteria and galectin-9 is a novel receptor for Mtb and other mycobacteria, paving the way for the development of novel effective TB immune modulators.
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83
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PFKFB3 Inhibition Impairs Erlotinib-Induced Autophagy in NSCLCs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071679. [PMID: 34359849 PMCID: PMC8307619 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as erlotinib, have dramatically improved clinical outcomes of patients with EGFR-driven non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). However, intrinsic or acquired resistance remains a clinical barrier to the success of FDA-approved EGFR TKIs. Multiple mechanisms of resistance have been identified, including the activation of prosurvival autophagy. We have previously shown that the expression and activity of PFKFB3—a known driver of glycolysis—is associated with resistance to erlotinib and that PFKFB3 inhibition improves the response of NSCLC cells to erlotinib. This study focuses on investigating the role of PFKFB3 in regulating erlotinib-driven autophagy to escape resistance to erlotinib. We evaluated the consequence of pharmacological inhibition of PFKFB3 on erlotinib-driven autophagy in NSCLC cells with different mutation statuses. Here, we identify PFKFB3 as a mediator of erlotinib-induced autophagy in NSCLCs. We demonstrate that PFKFB3 inhibition sensitizes NCSLCs to erlotinib via impairing autophagy flux. In summary, our studies uncovered a novel crosstalk between PFKFB3 and EGFR that regulates erlotinib-induced autophagy, thus contributing to erlotinib sensitivity in NSCLCs.
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84
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Deretic V, Kroemer G. Autophagy in metabolism and quality control: opposing, complementary or interlinked functions? Autophagy 2021; 18:283-292. [PMID: 34036900 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1933742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensu stricto autophagy, macroautophagy, is considered to be both a metabolic process as well as a bona fide quality control process. The question as to how these two aspects of autophagy are coordinated and whether and why they overlap has implications for fundamental aspects, pathophysiological effects, and pharmacological manipulation of autophagy. At the top of the regulatory cascade controlling autophagy are master regulators of cellular metabolism, such as MTOR and AMPK, which render the system responsive to amino acid and glucose starvation. At the other end exists a variety of specific autophagy receptors, engaged in the selective removal of a diverse array of intracellular targets, from protein aggregates/condensates to whole organelles such as mitochondria, ER, peroxisomes, lysosomes and lipid droplets. Are the roles of autophagy in metabolism and quality control mutually exclusive, independent or interlocked? How are priorities established? What are the molecular links between both phenomena? This article will provide a starting point to formulate these questions, the responses to which should be taken into consideration in future autophagy-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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85
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Abstract
Selective autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of specific intracellular components sequestered into autophagosomes, late endosomes, or lysosomes through the activity of selective autophagy receptors (SARs). SARs interact with autophagy-related (ATG)8 family proteins via sequence motifs called LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs in vertebrates and Atg8-interacting motifs (AIMs) in yeast and plants. SARs can be divided into two broad groups: soluble or membrane bound. Cargo or substrate selection may be independent or dependent of ubiquitin labeling of the cargo. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of mammalian selective autophagy with a focus on the unifying principles employed in substrate recognition, interaction with the forming autophagosome via LIR-ATG8 interactions, and the recruitment of core autophagy components for efficient autophagosome formation on the substrate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Lamark
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; ,
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; ,
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86
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Cauwenberghs N, Sabovčik F, Magnus A, Haddad F, Kuznetsova T. Proteomic profiling for detection of early-stage heart failure in the community. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:2928-2939. [PMID: 34050710 PMCID: PMC8318505 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Biomarkers may provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying heart remodelling and dysfunction. Using a targeted proteomic approach, we aimed to identify circulating biomarkers associated with early stages of heart failure. Methods and results A total of 575 community‐based participants (mean age, 57 years; 51.7% women) underwent echocardiography and proteomic profiling (CVD II panel, Olink Proteomics). We applied partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) and a machine learning algorithm [eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)] to identify key proteins associated with echocardiographic abnormalities. We used Gaussian mixture modelling for unbiased clustering to construct phenogroups based on influential proteins in PLS‐DA and XGBoost. Of 87 proteins, 13 were important in PLS‐DA and XGBoost modelling for detection of left ventricular remodelling, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and/or left atrial reservoir dysfunction: placental growth factor, kidney injury molecule‐1, prostasin, angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2, galectin‐9, cathepsin L1, matrix metalloproteinase‐7, tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily members 10A, 10B, and 11A, interleukins 6 and 16, and α1‐microglobulin/bikunin precursor. Based on these proteins, the clustering algorithm divided the cohort into two distinct phenogroups, with each cluster grouping individuals with a similar protein profile. Participants belonging to the second cluster (n = 118) were characterized by an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile and adverse cardiac structure and function. The adjusted risk of presenting echocardiographic abnormalities was higher in this phenogroup than in the other (P < 0.0001). Conclusions We identified proteins related to renal function, extracellular matrix remodelling, angiogenesis, and inflammation to be associated with echocardiographic signs of early‐stage heart failure. Proteomic phenomapping discriminated individuals at high risk for cardiac remodelling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cauwenberghs
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Box 7001, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - František Sabovčik
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Box 7001, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Alessio Magnus
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Box 7001, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Francois Haddad
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Box 7001, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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87
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Bai G, Furushima D, Niki T, Matsuba T, Maeda Y, Takahashi A, Hattori T, Ashino Y. High Levels of the Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 and Osteopontin in the Plasma Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers That Reflect the Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094978. [PMID: 34067072 PMCID: PMC8125627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numbers of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have increased rapidly worldwide. Plasma levels of full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9) and osteopontin (FL-OPN) as well as their truncated forms (Tr-Gal9, Ud-OPN, respectively), are representative inflammatory biomarkers. Here, we measured FL-Gal9, FL-OPN, Tr-Gal9, and Ud-OPN in 94 plasma samples obtained from 23 COVID-19-infected patients with mild clinical symptoms (CV), 25 COVID-19 patients associated with pneumonia (CP), and 14 patients with bacterial infection (ID). The four proteins were significantly elevated in the CP group when compared with healthy individuals. ROC analysis between the CV and CP groups showed that C-reactive protein had the highest ability to differentiate, followed by Tr-Gal9 and ferritin. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that Tr-Gal9 and Ud-OPN but not FL-Gal9 and FL-OPN, had a significant association with laboratory markers for lung function, inflammation, coagulopathy, and kidney function in CP patients. CP patients treated with tocilizumab had reduced levels of FL-Gal9, Tr-Gal9, and Ud-OPN. It was suggested that OPN is cleaved by interleukin-6-dependent proteases. These findings suggest that the cleaved forms of OPN and galectin-9 can be used to monitor the severity of pathological inflammation and the therapeutic effects of tocilizumab in CP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowa Bai
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (G.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Daisuke Furushima
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan;
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Takashi Matsuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan;
- Department of Animal Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyusyu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
| | - Yosuke Maeda
- Viral Section, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (G.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (G.B.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.A.); Tel.: +81-866-22-9469 (T.H.); +81-22-308-7111 (Y.A.); Fax: +81-866-22-9469 (T.H.); +81-22-308-9921 (Y.A.)
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Miyagi 982-8502, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.A.); Tel.: +81-866-22-9469 (T.H.); +81-22-308-7111 (Y.A.); Fax: +81-866-22-9469 (T.H.); +81-22-308-9921 (Y.A.)
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88
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Deretic V. Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism. Immunity 2021; 54:437-453. [PMID: 33691134 PMCID: PMC8026106 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a quality-control, metabolic, and innate immunity process. Normative autophagy affects many cell types, including hematopoietic as well as non-hematopoietic, and promotes health in model organisms and humans. When autophagy is perturbed, this has repercussions on diseases with inflammatory components, including infections, autoimmunity and cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular and liver diseases. As a cytoplasmic degradative pathway, autophagy protects from exogenous hazards, including infection, and from endogenous sources of inflammation, including molecular aggregates and damaged organelles. The focus of this review is on the role of autophagy in inflammation, including type I interferon responses and inflammasome outputs, from molecules to immune cells. A special emphasis is given to the intersections of autophagy with innate immunity, immunometabolism, and functions of organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes that act as innate immunity and immunometabolic signaling platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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89
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Zhen Y, Radulovic M, Vietri M, Stenmark H. Sealing holes in cellular membranes. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106922. [PMID: 33644904 PMCID: PMC8013788 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells, which is essential for their viability and functions, is ensured by single or double bilayer membranes that separate the cell from the exterior and form boundaries between the cell’s organelles and the cytosol. Nascent nuclear envelopes and autophagosomes, which both are enveloped by double membranes, need to be sealed during the late stage of their biogenesis. On the other hand, the integrity of cellular membranes such as the plasma membrane, lysosomes and the nuclear envelope can be compromised by pathogens, chemicals, radiation, inflammatory responses and mechanical stress. There are cellular programmes that restore membrane integrity after injury. Here, we review cellular mechanisms that have evolved to maintain membrane integrity during organelle biogenesis and after injury, including membrane scission mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), vesicle patching and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhen
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marina Vietri
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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90
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Ovens AJ, Scott JW, Langendorf CG, Kemp BE, Oakhill JS, Smiles WJ. Post-Translational Modifications of the Energy Guardian AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031229. [PMID: 33513781 PMCID: PMC7866021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise elicits physiological metabolic perturbations such as energetic and oxidative stress; however, a diverse range of cellular processes are stimulated in response to combat these challenges and maintain cellular energy homeostasis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved enzyme that acts as a metabolic fuel sensor and is central to this adaptive response to exercise. The complexity of AMPK’s role in modulating a range of cellular signalling cascades is well documented, yet aside from its well-characterised regulation by activation loop phosphorylation, AMPK is further subject to a multitude of additional regulatory stimuli. Therefore, in this review we comprehensively outline current knowledge around the post-translational modifications of AMPK, including novel phosphorylation sites, as well as underappreciated roles for ubiquitination, sumoylation, acetylation, methylation and oxidation. We provide insight into the physiological ramifications of these AMPK modifications, which not only affect its activity, but also subcellular localisation, nutrient interactions and protein stability. Lastly, we highlight the current knowledge gaps in this area of AMPK research and provide perspectives on how the field can apply greater rigour to the characterisation of novel AMPK regulatory modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
| | - John W. Scott
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Langendorf
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
| | - Bruce E. Kemp
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
| | - Jonathan S. Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
| | - William J. Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Correspondence:
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91
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Shpakov AO. Improvement Effect of Metformin on Female and Male Reproduction in Endocrine Pathologies and Its Mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010042. [PMID: 33429918 PMCID: PMC7826885 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM. MF treatment is demonstrated to improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization and is considered a supplementary drug in assisted reproductive technologies. MF administration shows positive effect on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in men with metabolic disorders, thus MF treatment indicates prospective use for improvement of male reproductive functions and fertility. MF lacks teratogenic effects and has positive health effect in newborns. The review is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of female and male reproductive functions and improvement of pregnancy outcomes in metabolic and endocrine disorders. The mechanisms of MF action are discussed, including normalization of metabolic and hormonal status in PCOS, GDM, T2DM and metabolic syndrome and restoration of functional activity and hormonal regulation of the gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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92
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Bensalem J, Hattersley KJ, Hein LK, Teong XT, Carosi JM, Hassiotis S, Grose RH, Fourrier C, Heilbronn LK, Sargeant TJ. Measurement of autophagic flux in humans: an optimized method for blood samples. Autophagy 2020; 17:3238-3255. [DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1846302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bensalem
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kathryn J. Hattersley
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leanne K. Hein
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Xiao Tong Teong
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julian M. Carosi
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sofia Hassiotis
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Randall H. Grose
- ACRF Innovative Cancer Imaging Facility, Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Célia Fourrier
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Sargeant
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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93
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Cao D, Wang J, Ji Z, Shangguan Y, Guo W, Feng X, Xu K, Yang J. Profiling the mRNA and miRNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Subjects with Active Tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:4223-4234. [PMID: 33262617 PMCID: PMC7695608 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s278705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify candidate hub genes and miRNAs associated with active tuberculosis (ATB) and reveal the potential molecular mechanisms of disease progression. Patients and Methods The expression of mRNA and miRNA was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 4 ATB patients and 4 healthy donors (HD) using high throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, differentially expressed miRNAs were validated with 35 ATB patients and 35 HDs using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Results A total of 2658 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEG) including 1415 up-regulated genes and 1243 down-regulated genes were identified in the ATB group compared with HDs, and the DEGs enriched in immune-related pathways, especially in TNF signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and tuberculosis. Additionally, 10 hub genes were acquired according to protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis of DEGs. Moreover, 26 differentially expressed miRNAs were found in ATB group compared with HDs. Furthermore, RT-qPCR results showed that hsa-miR-23a-5p (P=0.0106), hsa-miR-183-5p (P=0.0027), hsa-miR-193a-5p (P=0.0021) and hsa-miR-941(P=0.0001) were significantly increased in the ATB patients compared with HD group, and the hsa-miR-16-1-3p was significantly decreased (P=0.0032). Conclusion Our research provided a characteristic profile of mRNAs and miRNAs expressed in ATB subjects, and 10 hub genes related with ATB were found, which will contribute to explore the role of miRNAs and hub genes in the pathogenesis of ATB, and improve the ability of differential diagnosis and treatment for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwan Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanru Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiezuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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94
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Paik S, Jo EK. An Interplay Between Autophagy and Immunometabolism for Host Defense Against Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603951. [PMID: 33262773 PMCID: PMC7688515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular catabolic pathway featuring lysosomal degradation, is a central component of the host immune defense against various infections including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Mtb can evade the autophagic defense and drive immunometabolic remodeling of host phagocytes. Co-regulation of the autophagic and metabolic pathways may play a pivotal role in shaping the innate immune defense and inflammation during Mtb infection. Two principal metabolic sensors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, function together to control the autophagy and immunometabolism that coordinate the anti-mycobacterial immune defense. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and immunometabolism in terms of combating intracellular Mtb, and how AMPK-mTOR signaling regulates antibacterial autophagy in terms of Mtb infection. We describe several autophagy-targeting agents that promote host antimicrobial defenses by regulating the AMPK-mTOR axis. A better understanding of the crosstalk between immunometabolism and autophagy, both of which are involved in host defense, is crucial for the development of innovative targeted therapies for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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95
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Cioce M, Pulito C, Strano S, Blandino G, Fazio VM. Metformin: Metabolic Rewiring Faces Tumor Heterogeneity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112439. [PMID: 33182253 PMCID: PMC7695274 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity impinges on all the aspects of tumor history, from onset to metastasis and relapse. It is growingly recognized as a propelling force for tumor adaptation to environmental and micro-environmental cues. Metabolic heterogeneity perfectly falls into this process. It strongly contributes to the metabolic plasticity which characterizes cancer cell subpopulations—capable of adaptive switching under stress conditions, between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation—in both a convergent and divergent modality. The mitochondria appear at center-stage in this adaptive process and thus, targeting mitochondria in cancer may prove of therapeutic value. Metformin is the oldest and most used anti-diabetic medication and its relationship with cancer has witnessed rises and falls in the last 30 years. We believe it is useful to revisit the main mechanisms of action of metformin in light of the emerging views on tumor heterogeneity. We first analyze the most consolidated view of its mitochondrial mechanism of action and then we frame the latter in the context of tumor adaptive strategies, cancer stem cell selection, metabolic zonation of tumors and the tumor microenvironment. This may provide a more critical point of view and, to some extent, may help to shed light on some of the controversial evidence for metformin’s anticancer action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cioce
- Department of Medicine, R.U. in Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-9165
| | - Claudio Pulito
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Sabrina Strano
- SAFU Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Vito Michele Fazio
- Department of Medicine, R.U. in Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Institute of Translation Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
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96
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Saftig P, Puertollano R. How Lysosomes Sense, Integrate, and Cope with Stress. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:97-112. [PMID: 33012625 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are in the center of the cellular control of catabolic and anabolic processes. These membrane-surrounded acidic organelles contain around 70 hydrolases, 200 membrane proteins, and numerous accessory proteins associated with the cytosolic surface of lysosomes. Accessory and transmembrane proteins assemble in signaling complexes that sense and integrate multiple signals and transmit the information to the nucleus. This communication allows cells to respond to changes in multiple environmental conditions, including nutrient levels, pathogens, energy availability, and lysosomal damage, with the goal of restoring cellular homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the major molecular players and known pathways that are involved in control of metabolic and stress responses that either originate from lysosomes or regulate lysosomal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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97
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Jacobs KA, Maghe C, Gavard J. Lysosomes in glioblastoma: pump up the volume. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2094-2104. [PMID: 32723137 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1796016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic, dynamic organelles that supervise catabolism, integrate signaling cascades, and tune cellular trafficking. Moreover, the loss of their integrity may jeopardize cell viability. In cancer cells, lysosomes are qualitatively and quantitatively modified for the tumor's own benefit. For all these reasons, these organelles emerge as appealing intracellular targets to manipulate non-oncogene addiction. This is of particular interest for brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, in which stem cells are exhausted and transformed, respectively. Recent publications had demonstrated that stem cells displayed disarmed lysosomes in terms of number and functions during aging and oncogenic progression. Likewise, our laboratory identified that the arginine protease MALT1, normally dedicated to the assembly of proper NF-kB activation and processing a number of substrates, arbitrates lysosome biogenesis and mTOR signaling in glioblastoma stem-like cells. Indeed, blocking either the expression or the activity of this enzyme leads to an aberrant increase of lysosomes, alongside of the down-regulation of the mTOR signaling. This surge of lysosomes eradicates glioblastoma stem-like cells. Targeting lysosomes might thus inspire the design of new strategies to face this devastating human cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the lysosome as well as its role as a cell death initiator, to highlight the potential of lysosomal drugs for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Jacobs
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France
| | - Clément Maghe
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France
| | - Julie Gavard
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology, ICO , St. Herblain, France
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98
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Tazhitdinova R, Timoshenko AV. The Emerging Role of Galectins and O-GlcNAc Homeostasis in Processes of Cellular Differentiation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081792. [PMID: 32731422 PMCID: PMC7465113 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. Human cells express twelve out of sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes and their expression profiles are very different between cell types and tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the changes in the expression of individual galectins at mRNA and protein levels in different types of differentiating cells and the effects of recombinant galectins on cellular differentiation. A new model of galectin regulation is proposed considering the change in O-GlcNAc homeostasis between progenitor/stem cells and mature differentiated cells. The recognition of galectins as regulatory factors controlling cell differentiation and self-renewal is essential for developmental and cancer biology to develop innovative strategies for prevention and targeted treatment of proliferative diseases, tissue regeneration, and stem-cell therapy.
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99
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Jia J, Bissa B, Brecht L, Allers L, Choi SW, Gu Y, Zbinden M, Burge MR, Timmins G, Hallows K, Behrends C, Deretic V. AMPK is activated during lysosomal damage via a galectin-ubiquitin signal transduction system. Autophagy 2020; 16:1550-1552. [PMID: 32597364 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1788890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal damage activates AMPK, a regulator of macroautophagy/autophagy and metabolism, and elicits a strong ubiquitination response. Here we show that the cytosolic lectin LGALS9 detects lysosomal membrane breach by binding to lumenal glycoepitopes, and directs both the ubiquitination response and AMPK activation. Proteomic analyses have revealed increased LGALS9 association with lysosomes, and concomitant changes in LGALS9 interactions with its newly identified partners that control ubiquitination-deubiquitination processes. An LGALS9-inetractor, deubiquitinase USP9X, dissociates from damaged lysosomes upon recognition of lumenal glycans by LGALS9. USP9X's departure from lysosomes promotes K63 ubiquitination and stimulation of MAP3K7/TAK1, an upstream kinase and activator of AMPK hitherto orphaned for a precise physiological function. Ubiquitin-activated MAP3K7/TAK1 controls AMPK specifically during lysosomal injury, caused by a spectrum of membrane-damaging or -permeabilizing agents, including silica crystals, the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TNFSF10/TRAIL signaling, and the anti-diabetes drugs metformin. The LGALS9-ubiquitin system activating AMPK represents a novel signal transduction system contributing to various physiological outputs that are under the control of AMPK, including autophagy, MTOR, lysosomal maintenance and biogenesis, immunity, defense against microbes, and metabolic reprograming. ABBREVIATIONS AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APEX2: engineered ascorbate peroxidase 2; ATG13: autophagy related 13; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; BMMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CAMKK2: calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2; DUB: deubiquitinase; GPN: glycyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide; LLOMe: L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP3K7/TAK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; MERIT: membrane repair, removal and replacement; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TNFSF10/TRAIL: TNF superfamily member 10; USP9X: ubiquitin specific peptidase 9 X-linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health School of Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bhawana Bissa
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health School of Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lukas Brecht
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , München, Germany
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health School of Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Seong Won Choi
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health School of Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yuexi Gu
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health School of Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mark Zbinden
- Human Metabolome Technologies America , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark R Burge
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Graham Timmins
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kenneth Hallows
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , München, Germany
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health School of Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA
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100
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Agius L, Ford BE, Chachra SS. The Metformin Mechanism on Gluconeogenesis and AMPK Activation: The Metabolite Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093240. [PMID: 32375255 PMCID: PMC7247334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin therapy lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes by targeting various pathways including hepatic gluconeogenesis. Despite widespread clinical use of metformin the molecular mechanisms by which it inhibits gluconeogenesis either acutely through allosteric and covalent mechanisms or chronically through changes in gene expression remain debated. Proposed mechanisms include: inhibition of Complex 1; activation of AMPK; and mechanisms independent of both Complex 1 inhibition and AMPK. The activation of AMPK by metformin could be consequent to Complex 1 inhibition and raised AMP through the canonical adenine nucleotide pathway or alternatively by activation of the lysosomal AMPK pool by other mechanisms involving the aldolase substrate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or perturbations in the lysosomal membrane. Here we review current interpretations of the effects of metformin on hepatic intermediates of the gluconeogenic and glycolytic pathway and the candidate mechanistic links to regulation of gluconeogenesis. In conditions of either glucose excess or gluconeogenic substrate excess, metformin lowers hexose monophosphates by mechanisms that are independent of AMPK-activation and most likely mediated by allosteric activation of phosphofructokinase-1 and/or inhibition of fructose bisphosphatase-1. The metabolite changes caused by metformin may also have a prominent role in counteracting G6pc gene regulation in conditions of compromised intracellular homeostasis.
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