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Reading JL, Gálvez-Cancino F, Swanton C, Lladser A, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. The function and dysfunction of memory CD8 + T cells in tumor immunity. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:194-212. [PMID: 29664561 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The generation and maintenance of CD8+ T cell memory is crucial to long-term host survival, yet the basic tenets of CD8+ T cell immunity are still being established. Recent work has led to the discovery of tissue-resident memory cells and refined our understanding of the transcriptional and epigenetic basis of CD8+ T cell differentiation and dysregulation. In parallel, the unprecedented clinical success of immunotherapy has galvanized an intense, global research effort to decipher and de-repress the anti-tumor response. However, the progress of immunotherapy is at a critical juncture, since the efficacy of immuno-oncology agents remains confined to a fraction of patients and often fails to provide durable benefit. Unlocking the potential of immunotherapy requires the design of strategies that both induce a potent effector response and reliably forge stable, functional memory T cell pools capable of protecting from recurrence or relapse. It is therefore essential that basic and emerging concepts of memory T cell biology are rapidly and faithfully transposed to advance therapeutic development in cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights seminal and recent reports in CD8+ T cell memory and tumor immunology, and evaluates recent data from solid cancer specimens in the context of the key paradigms from preclinical models. We elucidate the potential significance of circulating effector cells poised downstream of neoantigen recognition and upstream of T cell dysfunction and propose that cells in this immunological 'sweet spot' may be key anti-tumor effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Reading
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Alvaro Lladser
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Cosma G, Eisenlohr L. CD8 + T-cell responses in vaccination: reconsidering targets and function in the context of chronic antigen stimulation. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 29770202 PMCID: PMC5931265 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14115.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells play important roles in eliminating infected and transformed cells. Owing to their potential for therapeutic applications, significant efforts are dedicated toward developing CD8 T cell–based vaccines. Thus far, CD8 T-cell vaccination strategies have had limited success therapeutically in contrast to those targeting antibody-based immunity. However, if the current challenges and gaps in the understanding of T-cell biology are overcome, the full potential of rational CD8 T-cell vaccine design might be realized. Here, we review recent progress in this direction, focusing on target selection and maintenance of function in the settings of chronic infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cosma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurence Eisenlohr
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhen A, Peterson CW, Carrillo MA, Reddy SS, Youn CS, Lam BB, Chang NY, Martin HA, Rick JW, Kim J, Neel NC, Rezek VK, Kamata M, Chen ISY, Zack JA, Kiem HP, Kitchen SG. Long-term persistence and function of hematopoietic stem cell-derived chimeric antigen receptor T cells in a nonhuman primate model of HIV/AIDS. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006753. [PMID: 29284044 PMCID: PMC5746250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells have emerged as a powerful immunotherapy for various forms of cancer and show promise in treating HIV-1 infection. However, significant limitations are persistence and whether peripheral T cell-based products can respond to malignant or infected cells that may reappear months or years after treatment remains unclear. Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) are capable of long-term engraftment and have the potential to overcome these limitations. Here, we report the use of a protective CD4 chimeric antigen receptor (C46CD4CAR) to redirect HSPC-derived T-cells against simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection in pigtail macaques. CAR-containing cells persisted for more than 2 years without any measurable toxicity and were capable of multilineage engraftment. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment followed by cART withdrawal resulted in lower viral rebound in CAR animals relative to controls, and demonstrated an immune memory-like response. We found CAR-expressing cells in multiple lymphoid tissues, decreased tissue-associated SHIV RNA levels, and substantially higher CD4/CD8 ratios in the gut as compared to controls. These results show that HSPC-derived CAR T-cells are capable of long-term engraftment and immune surveillance. This study demonstrates for the first time the safety and feasibility of HSPC-based CAR therapy in a large animal preclinical model. Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell (HSPC) based gene therapy can be used to treat many infectious and genetic diseases. Here, we used an HSPC-based approach to redirect and enhance host immunity against HIV-1. We engineered HSPCs to carry chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) genes that detect and destroy HIV-infected cells. CAR therapy has shown huge potential in the treatment of cancer, but has only been applied in peripheral blood T-cells. HSPC-based CAR therapy has several benefits over T cell gene therapy, as it allows for normal T cell development, selection, and persistence of the engineered cells for the lifetime of the patient. We used a CAR molecule that hijacks the essential interaction between the virus and the cell surface molecule CD4 to redirect HSPC-derived T-cells against infected cells. We observed >2 years of stable production of CAR-expressing cells without any adverse events, and wide distribution of these cells in lymphoid tissues and gastrointestinal tract, which are major anatomic sites for HIV replication and persistence in suppressed patients. Most importantly, HSPC-derived CAR T-cells functionally responded to infected cells. This study demonstrates for the first time the safety and feasibility of HSPC based therapy utilizing an HIV-specific CAR for suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Peterson
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mayra A. Carrillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sowmya Somashekar Reddy
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cindy S. Youn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brianna B. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nelson Y. Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Rick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nick C. Neel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie K. Rezek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Irvin S. Y. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Day D, Monjazeb AM, Sharon E, Ivy SP, Rubin EH, Rosner GL, Butler MO. From Famine to Feast: Developing Early-Phase Combination Immunotherapy Trials Wisely. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4980-4991. [PMID: 28864726 PMCID: PMC5736967 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Not until the turn of this century has immunotherapy become a fundamental component of cancer treatment. While monotherapy with immune modulators, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, provides a subset of patients with durable clinical benefit and possible cure, combination therapy offers the potential for antitumor activity in a greater number of patients. The field of immunology has provided us with a plethora of potential molecules and pathways to target. This abundance makes it impractical to empirically test all possible combinations efficiently. We recommend that potential immunotherapy combinations be chosen based on sound rationale and available data to address the mechanisms of primary and acquired immune resistance. Novel trial designs may increase the proportion of patients receiving potentially efficacious treatments and, at the same time, better define the balance of clinical activity and safety. We believe that implementing a strategic approach in the early development of immunotherapy combinations will expedite the delivery of more effective therapies with improved safety and durable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Day
- Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Elad Sharon
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - S Percy Ivy
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric H Rubin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Gary L Rosner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marcus O Butler
- Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ghoneim HE, Fan Y, Moustaki A, Abdelsamed HA, Dash P, Dogra P, Carter R, Awad W, Neale G, Thomas PG, Youngblood B. De Novo Epigenetic Programs Inhibit PD-1 Blockade-Mediated T Cell Rejuvenation. Cell 2017. [PMID: 28648661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint-blockade (ICB)-mediated rejuvenation of exhausted T cells has emerged as a promising approach for treating various cancers and chronic infections. However, T cells that become fully exhausted during prolonged antigen exposure remain refractory to ICB-mediated rejuvenation. We report that blocking de novo DNA methylation in activated CD8 T cells allows them to retain their effector functions despite chronic stimulation during a persistent viral infection. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of antigen-specific murine CD8 T cells at the effector and exhaustion stages of an immune response identified progressively acquired heritable de novo methylation programs that restrict T cell expansion and clonal diversity during PD-1 blockade treatment. Moreover, these exhaustion-associated DNA-methylation programs were acquired in tumor-infiltrating PD-1hi CD8 T cells, and approaches to reverse these programs improved T cell responses and tumor control during ICB. These data establish de novo DNA-methylation programming as a regulator of T cell exhaustion and barrier of ICB-mediated T cell rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ardiana Moustaki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hossam A Abdelsamed
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert Carter
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Walid Awad
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geoff Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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