51
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Yassine H, De Freitas Caires N, Depontieu F, Scherpereel A, Awad A, Tsicopoulos A, Leboeuf C, Janin A, Duez C, Grigoriu B, Lassalle P. The non glycanated endocan polypeptide slows tumor growth by inducing stromal inflammatory reaction. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2725-35. [PMID: 25575808 PMCID: PMC4413613 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocan expression is increasingly studied in various human cancers. Experimental evidence showed that human endocan, through its glycan chain, is implicated in various processes of tumor growth. We functionally characterize mouse endocan which is also a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan but much less glycanated than human endocan. Distant domains from the O-glycanation site, located within exons 1 and 2 determine the glycanation pattern of endocan. In opposite to the human homologue, overexpression of mouse endocan in HT-29 cells delayed the tumor appearance and reduced the tumor growth rate. This tumor growth inhibition is supported by non glycanated form of mouse endocan. Non glycanated human endocan overexpressed in HT-29, A549 or K1000 cells also exhibited an anti-tumor effect. Moreover, systemic delivery of non glycanated human endocan also results in HT-29 tumor growth delay. In vitro, endocan polypeptide did not affect HT-29 cell proliferation, nor cell viability. In tumor tissue sections, a stromal inflammatory reaction was observed only in tumors overexpressing endocan polypeptide, and depletion of CD122+ cells was able to delete partially the anti-tumor effect of endocan polypeptide. These results reveal a novel pathway for endocan in the control of tumor growth, which involves inflammatory cells of the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Yassine
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie De Freitas Caires
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France.,Lunginnov, Lille, France
| | - Florence Depontieu
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Scherpereel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France.,CHRU Lille, Hôpital Calmette, Lille, France
| | - Ali Awad
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Leboeuf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Anne Janin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Duez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Bogdan Grigoriu
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France.,Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr.T.Popa" Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Philippe Lassalle
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
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52
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Balta S, Mikhailidis DP, Demirkol S, Ozturk C, Celik T, Iyisoy A. Endocan: A novel inflammatory indicator in cardiovascular disease? Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:339-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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53
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Kali A, Shetty KSR. Endocan: a novel circulating proteoglycan. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 46:579-83. [PMID: 25538326 PMCID: PMC4264070 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.144891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan is a novel endothelium derived soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan. It has the property of binding to a wide range of bioactive molecules associated with cellular signaling and adhesion and thus regulating proliferation, differentiation, migration, and adhesion of different cell types in health and disease. An increase in tissue expression or serum level of endocan reflects endothelial activation and neovascularization which are prominent pathophysiological changes associated with inflammation and tumor progression. Consequently, endocan has been used as a blood-based and tissue-based biomarker for various cancers and inflammation and has shown promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Kali
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - K S Rathan Shetty
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
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54
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Nirala BK, Perumal V, Gohil NK. Glycated serum albumin stimulates expression of endothelial cell specific molecule-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: Implication in diabetes mediated endothelial dysfunction. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:290-7. [PMID: 25963575 DOI: 10.1177/1479164115583192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory conditions induced by products of protein glycation in diabetes substantially enhance the risk of endothelial dysfunction and related vascular complications. Endothelial cell specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) or endocan has been demonstrated as a potential biomarker in cancer and sepsis. Its role in diabetes-induced pathologies remains unknown. The expression of ESM-1 gene is under cytokine regulation, indicating its role in endothelium-dependent pathological disorders. In this study, we investigated the effect of advanced glycated human serum albumin (AGE-HSA) on the production of ESM-1. We show that AGE-HSA exerts a modulating role on the expression of ESM-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. It up-regulates expression of ESM-1 protein in a dose-dependent manner which correlates with its messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription. RAGE and galectin-3, both AGE receptors, show antagonistic action on its expression. While gene silencing of RAGE has down-regulatory effect, that of galectin-3 has up-regulatory effect on AGE-induced expression of ESM-1. Inhibition of MAPKKK and JNK pathways did not alter the expression. In contrast, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibition significantly up-regulated ESM-1 expression. In conclusion, these results suggest that AGE-induced activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells promotes formation of endocan which is an endothelial dysfunction marker and may be related to vascular disease in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikesh K Nirala
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivekanandan Perumal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita K Gohil
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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55
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Lassalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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56
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Kojic D, Siegler BH, Uhle F, Lichtenstern C, Nawroth PP, Weigand MA, Hofer S, Brenner T. Are there new approaches for diagnosis, therapy guidance and outcome prediction of sepsis? World J Exp Med 2015; 5:50-63. [PMID: 25992320 PMCID: PMC4436940 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beside many efforts to improve outcome, sepsis is still one of the most frequent causes of death in critically ill patients. It is the most common condition with high mortality in intensive care units. The complexity of the septic syndrome comprises immunological aspects - i.e., sepsis induced immunosuppression - but is not restricted to this fact in modern concepts. So far, exact mechanisms and variables determining outcome and mortality stay unclear. Since there is no typical risk profile, early diagnosis and risk stratification remain difficult, which hinders rapid and effective treatment initiation. Due to the heterogeneous nature of sepsis, potential therapy options should be adapted to the individual. Biomarkers like C-reactive protein and procalcitonin are routinely used as complementary tools in clinical decision-making. Beyond the acute phase proteins, a wide bunch of promising substances and non-laboratory tools with potential diagnostic and prognostic value is under intensive investigation. So far, clinical decision just based on biomarker assessment is not yet feasible. However, biomarkers should be considered as a complementary approach.
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57
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Yang J, Yang Q, Yu S, Zhang X. Endocan: A new marker for cancer and a target for cancer therapy. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:279-283. [PMID: 26137222 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan, previously known as endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1), was cloned from the human umbilical vein endothelial cell cDNA library. Endocan is a novel ESM, and a 50 kDa soluble proteoglycan. Endocan is secreted into the blood as the soluble proteoglycan, which is the form in the presence of chondroitin sulfate. In normal tissues, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan is expressed by endothelial cells (such as lung and kidney) and is overexpressed in several carcinoma endothelial cells. There are studies that identified high endocan expression in lung cancer, uterine cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, brain glioblastoma, breast cancer and other tumors. Tumor prognosis, metastasis and angiogenesis were shown to be associated with endocan expression. The majority of investigators believe that endocan regulates the tumor by tumor-associated inflammation, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, the tumor cells themselves and other aspects. Endocan may be a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Yang
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Shan Yu
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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58
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Increased expression of endocan in arthritic synovial tissues: Effects of adiponectin on the expression of endocan in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2695-702. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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59
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Afsar B, Takir M, Kostek O, Covic A, Kanbay M. Endocan: a new molecule playing a role in the development of hypertension and chronic kidney disease? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16:914-6. [PMID: 25376269 PMCID: PMC8031535 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, endocan-formerly known as endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM-1)--was found to be associated with entities such as cancer, hypertension, renal transplant rejection, and chronic renal failure. Endothelial cells of many organs secrete endocan, but the exact functions of this relatively new molecule have not been elucidated completely. Emerging evidence suggests, however, that endocan plays an important role in inflammation, upregulation of cell adhesion molecules, lymphocyte functions, and endothelial cytoskeleton rearrangement. As suggested above, endocan has a prognostic impact in hypertension, transplant rejection, and chronic renal failure. In the current review, the evidence regarding endocan, hypertension, and chronic renal failure are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Department of NephrologyKonya Numune State HospitalKonyaTurkey
| | - Mumtaz Takir
- Department of MedicineIstanbul Medeniyet University School of MedicineIstanbulTurkey
| | - Osman Kostek
- Department of MedicineIstanbul Medeniyet University School of MedicineIstanbulTurkey
| | - Adrian Covic
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Hospital Dr C.I. ParhonIasiRomania
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of MedicineKoc University School of MedicineIstanbulTurkey
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60
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Palmiere C, Augsburger M. Markers for sepsis diagnosis in the forensic setting: state of the art. Croat Med J 2014; 55:103-14. [PMID: 24778096 PMCID: PMC4009711 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnoses of sepsis remain challenging in forensic pathology routine despite improved methods of sample collection and extensive biochemical and immunohistochemical investigations. Macroscopic findings may be elusive and have an infectious or non-infectious origin. Blood culture results can be difficult to interpret due to postmortem contamination or bacterial translocation. Lastly, peripheral and cardiac blood may be unavailable during autopsy. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 can be measured in biological fluids collected during autopsy and may be used as in clinical practice for diagnostic purposes. However, concentrations of these parameters may be increased due to etiologies other than bacterial infections, indicating that a combination of biomarkers could more effectively discriminate non-infectious from infectious inflammations. In this article, we propose a review of the literature pertaining to the diagnostic performance of classical and novel biomarkers of inflammation and bacterial infection in the forensic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Palmiere
- Cristian Palmiere, , University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
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61
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Rocha SF, Schiller M, Jing D, Li H, Butz S, Vestweber D, Biljes D, Drexler HC, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Vajkoczy P, Adams S, Benedito R, Adams RH. Esm1 Modulates Endothelial Tip Cell Behavior and Vascular Permeability by Enhancing VEGF Bioavailability. Circ Res 2014; 115:581-90. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana F. Rocha
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Maria Schiller
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Ding Jing
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Hang Li
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Stefan Butz
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Daniel Biljes
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Hannes C.A. Drexler
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Melina Nieminen-Kelhä
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Susanne Adams
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Rui Benedito
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
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62
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Zhao W, Sun M, Li S, Wang Y, Liu J. Biological and clinical implications of endocan in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:10043-9. [PMID: 25012244 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan overexpression has been reported to be associated with poor prognosis in various cancer types such as breast cancer, kidney cancer, and lung cancer. However, the biological and prognostic significance of endocan in gastric cancer remains unknown. Here, we investigated the expression status of endocan in gastric cancer. Endocan expression status was determined in 255 gastric cancer specimens by immunohistochemical staining. The association of endocan protein with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was subsequently determined. The oncogenic role of endocan in gastric cancer was examined using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach. Spearman regression correlation analysis showed that endocan expression was associated with the pathological tumor stage. In Cox regression analysis, endocan expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for survival. Endocan promoted gastric cancer cell proliferation. Our findings indicate that endocan is a potential target for therapeutic intervention in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
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63
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Plasma endocan levels associate with inflammation, vascular abnormalities, cardiovascular events, and survival in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2014; 86:1213-20. [PMID: 24988065 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasma endocan levels are elevated in a large number of diseases, and may reflect endothelial cell dysfunction. There are currently no data on endocan in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, we measured plasma endocan in 251 patients with CKD (stage 1-5) and 60 control individuals. Plasma endocan concentrations correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), different markers of inflammation (pentraxin 3 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), and vascular abnormalities (flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT)). All-cause mortality and cardiovascular events (CVE) were also analyzed with respect to plasma endocan. Patients with CKD showed significantly increased plasma endocan (4.7 [IQR 1.9-9.4] compared with controls [IQR 1.1-1.5] ng/ml), with values progressively higher across stages of CKD. On univariate analysis, plasma endocan concentrations correlated negatively with eGFR and FMV, but positively with both markers of inflammation and CIMT. However, on multivariate analysis only high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, FMV, and CIMT remained significantly associated with plasma endocan. On Cox survival analysis, endocan levels were associated with all-cause mortality and CVE in these patients. Thus, plasma endocan increases in the presence of decreasing eGFR and influences all-cause mortality and CVE in patients with CKD independent of traditional and nontraditional risk factors.
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64
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Nawaz MI, De Hertogh G, Al-Kharashi AS, Van den Eynde K, Mohammad G, Geboes K. The Angiogenic Biomarker Endocan is Upregulated in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Correlates with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:321-31. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.921312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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65
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Endocan is useful biomarker of survival and severity in sepsis. Microvasc Res 2014; 93:92-7. [PMID: 24769132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coagulation abnormalities which occur as a consequence of endothelial changes are recognized as diagnostic criteria for sepsis, but significance of these changes in the outcome prognosis and prediction of the course of sepsis is still not accurately defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS 60 patients who fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of sepsis were included in our study. Patients were categorized in two groups according to sepsis severity and organ failure and MODS development was assessed in the first 48 h from ICU admission. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and endothelial cell specific molecule-1(endocan) levels, as well as procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined within the first 24h of the onset of the disease. Predictive APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) and SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) scores were calculated on the day of ICU admission. Data were used to determine an association between day 1 biomarker levels, organ dysfunction score values and the development of organ failure, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and mortality during 28 days. These connections were determined by plotting of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Differences between groups were assessed by Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. RESULTS Concentration of endocan was significantly higher in the group of patients with sepsis induced organ failure, MODS development and in the group of non- survivors in contrast to group with less severe form of the disease, without multiorgan failure, and in contrast to group of survivors (p<0.05). Values of areas under the ROC curves showed that endocan levels had good discriminative power for more severe course of sepsis, MODS development and possible discriminative power for mortality prediction (AUC: 0.81, 0.67, 0.71 retrospectively), better than PCT for fatality (AUC:053) and better than APACHE II (AUC:0.55) and SOFA (AUC: 0.57) scores for organ failure. CONCLUSIONS Results of our study show that endocan can be used as strong and significant predictor of sepsis severity and outcome, perhaps even better than SOFA and APACHE II scores.
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Ozaki K, Toshikuni N, George J, Minato T, Matsue Y, Arisawa T, Tsutsumi M. Serum endocan as a novel prognostic biomarker in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer 2014; 5:221-30. [PMID: 24665346 PMCID: PMC3963079 DOI: 10.7150/jca.7691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan is a vascular endothelium-derived factor regulated by angiogenic factors. The aim of this study was to determine whether serum endocan levels are prognostic for survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Serum endocan levels were measured in 64 HCC patients who were naïve to treatment, eight apparently healthy subjects, and 68 patients with liver cirrhosis; the latter two groups served as controls. Prognostic factors for the survival of HCC patients were examined using a Cox proportional hazards model. The median serum endocan levels were 1.145 ng/mL (range, 0.93-1.68 ng/mL) in healthy subjects, 1.93 ng/mL (range, 0.45-8.47 ng/mL) in liver cirrhosis patients, and 3.73 ng/mL (range, 0.74-10.95 ng/mL) in HCC patients (P = 0.0001). In HCC patients, elevated serum endocan levels were significantly associated with poor hepatic function (P = 0.015), a greater number of tumors (P = 0.034), and vascular invasion (P = 0.043). The median follow-up period was 23.0 months, and 33 HCC patients died during follow up. Multivariate analysis showed that serum endocan levels ≥ 2.20 ng/mL (hazard ratio 2.36, 95% confidence interval 1.22-5.36, P = 0.008) as well as elevated serum α-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin levels were independent prognostic biomarkers for poor survival. The combination of serum endocan and these two additional markers was significantly predictive of worse survival (P < 0.0001). Thus, serum endocan may be a prognostic biomarker for survival in HCC patients, and the combination of serum endocan, α-fetoprotein, and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin levels can result in better prognostic stratification of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Ozaki
- 1. Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Toshikuni
- 2. Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Joseph George
- 1. Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Minato
- 1. Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsue
- 1. Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomiyasu Arisawa
- 2. Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- 1. Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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Endocan, a new invasion and angiogenesis marker of pituitary adenomas. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:485-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Palmiere C, Augsburger M. Endocan measurement for the postmortem diagnosis of sepsis. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2014; 16:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Whayne
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Yu PH, Chou SF, Chen CL, Hung H, Lai CY, Yang PM, Jeng YM, Liaw SF, Kuo HH, Hsu HC, Chen JY, Wang WB. Upregulation of endocan by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 and its clinical significance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82254. [PMID: 24340011 PMCID: PMC3855342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan (or called Esm-1) has been shown to have tumorigenic activities and its expression is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded oncoprotein and has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). To further understand the role of LMP1 in the pathogenesis of NPC, microarray analysis of LMP1-regulated genes in epithelial cells was performed. We found that endocan was one of the major cellular genes upregulated by LMP1. This induction of endocan by LMP1 was confirmed in several epithelial cell lines including an NPC cell line. Upregulation of endocan by LMP1 was found to be mediated through the CTAR1 and CTAR2 domains of LMP1 and through the LMP1-activated NF-κB, MEK-ERK and JNK signaling pathways. To study whether endocan was expressed in NPC and whether endocan expression was associated with LMP1 expression in NPC, the expression of endocan and LMP1 in tumor tissues from 42 NPC patients was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression of endocan was found in 52% of NPC specimens. Significant correlation between LMP1 and endocan expression was observed (p<0.0001). Moreover, NPC patients with endocan expression were found to have a shorter survival than NPC patients without endocan expression (p=0.0104, log-rank test). Univariate and Multivariate analyses revealed that endocan was a potential prognostic factor for NPC. Finally, we demonstrated that endocan could stimulate the migration and invasion ability of endothelial cells and this activity of endocan was dependent on the glycan moiety and the phenylalanine-rich region of endocan. Together, these studies not only identify a new molecular marker that may predict the survival of NPC patients but also provide a new insight to the pathogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fan Chou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medial University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung Hung
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Yang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Fang Liaw
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Hsien Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hey-Chi Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Won-Bo Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Balta I, Balta S, Demirkol S, Mikhailidis D, Celik T, Akhan M, Kurt O, Kurt Y, Aydin I, Kilic S. Elevated serum levels of endocan in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: correlations with cardiovascular risk and activity of disease. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:1066-70. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Balta
- Department of Dermatology; Kecioren Training and Research Hospital; Ankara Turkey
| | - S. Balta
- Department of Cardiology; Gulhane Medical Academy; Etlik-Ankara Turkey
| | - S. Demirkol
- Department of Cardiology; Gulhane Medical Academy; Etlik-Ankara Turkey
| | - D.P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; University College London Medical School; University College London; London U.K
| | - T. Celik
- Department of Cardiology; Gulhane Medical Academy; Etlik-Ankara Turkey
| | - M. Akhan
- Department of Internal Medicine; Gulhane Medical Academy; Etlik-Ankara Turkey
| | - O. Kurt
- Department of Internal Medicine; Gulhane Medical Academy; Etlik-Ankara Turkey
| | - Y.G. Kurt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Gulhane Medical Academy; Etlik-Ankara Turkey
| | - I. Aydin
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Gulhane Medical Academy; Etlik-Ankara Turkey
| | - S. Kilic
- Department of Epidemiology; Gulhane Medical Academy; Etlik-Ankara Turkey
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Serum endocan levels as a marker of disease activity in patients with Behçet disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 70:291-6. [PMID: 24176522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocan is a novel human endothelial cell-specific molecule. The central role of leukocytes and endothelial dysfunction in the development of Behçet disease (BD) led us to hypothesize that endocan might be a marker of this disease. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between serum levels of endocan and disease activity in patients with BD. METHODS In all, 33 patients (16 active, 17 inactive) with BD and 35 healthy persons were included in the study. Endocan and C-reactive protein were measured in all subjects. RESULTS Patients with BD had significantly higher serum endocan levels. Mean serum levels of endocan were 1.29 ± 0.60 ng/mL (range: 0.58-2.99) in patients with BD and 0.75 ± 0.16 ng/mL (range: 0.48-1.21) in control subjects (P < .001). In patients with BD, serum endocan levels correlated moderately but significantly with C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and disease activity. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that the optimum endocan level cut-off point for patients with BD was 0.87 ng/mL, with a sensitivity and specificity of 75.8% and 80%, respectively (area under curve 0.835, 95% confidence interval 0.738-0.932). LIMITATIONS The main limitation of our study is the relatively small sample size. CONCLUSIONS Circulating endocan may be a marker of BD activity.
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Sasaki N, Toyoda M. Glycoconjugates and related molecules in human vascular endothelial cells. Int J Vasc Med 2013; 2013:963596. [PMID: 24171112 PMCID: PMC3793293 DOI: 10.1155/2013/963596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of blood vessels. They are critically involved in many physiological functions, including control of vasomotor tone, blood cell trafficking, hemostatic balance, permeability, proliferation, survival, and immunity. It is considered that impairment of EC functions leads to the development of vascular diseases. The carbohydrate antigens carried by glycoconjugates (e.g., glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids, and proteoglycans) mainly present on the cell surface serve not only as marker molecules but also as functional molecules. Recent studies have revealed that the carbohydrate composition of the EC surface is critical for these cells to perform their physiological functions. In this paper, we consider the expression and functional roles of endogenous glycoconjugates and related molecules (galectins and glycan-degrading enzymes) in human ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Frahm KA, Nash CP, Tobet SA. Endocan immunoreactivity in the mouse brain: method for identifying nonfunctional blood vessels. J Immunol Methods 2013; 398-399:27-32. [PMID: 24055127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocan is a secreted proteoglycan that has been shown to indicate angiogenic activity: remodeling in several tumor types in humans and mice. Serum endocan levels also indicate prognosis and has been proposed as a biomarker for certain cancers. Recently, monoclonal antibodies directed against mouse endocan have been developed allowing for further characterization of endocan function and potentially as a marker for angiogenesis through immunoreactivity in endothelial tip cells. The results of the current study show that endocan immunoreactivity in the mouse brain is present in blood vascular networks including but not limited to the cortex, hippocampus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in C57BL/6J and FVB/N mice. Endocan immunoreactivity did not vary during postnatal development or by sex. Interestingly, after vascular perfusion with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), endothelial cells positive for FITC were immunonegative for endocan suggesting FITC interference with the immunohistochemistry. A small number of FITC-negative blood vessels were endocan immunoreactive suggesting the identification of new blood vessels that are not yet functional. The current study shows that endocan is normally present in the mouse brain and prior vascular perfusion with FITC may provide a useful tool for identify newly forming blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle A Frahm
- Program in Cell & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Nault JC, Guyot E, Laguillier C, Chevret S, Ganne-Carrie N, N'Kontchou G, Beaugrand M, Seror O, Trinchet JC, Coelho J, Lasalle P, Charnaux N, Delehedde M, Sutton A, Nahon P. Serum proteoglycans as prognostic biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1343-52. [PMID: 23780836 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteoglycans are involved in neoangiogenesis and transduction of oncogenic signals, two hallmarks of carcinogenesis. METHODS This study sought to assess the prognostic value of serum levels of three proteoglycans (endocan, syndecan-1, and glypican-3) and VEGF in 295 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: 170 without hepatocellular carcinoma, 58 with early hepatocellular carcinoma, and 67 with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma at inclusion. We analyzed the association between proteoglycan levels and prognosis using Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods. RESULTS Serum levels of the three proteoglycans and VEGF were increased in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma compared with those without hepatocellular carcinoma or with early hepatocellular carcinoma. In multivariate analysis, high levels of serum endocan (>5 ng/mL) were independently associated with death [HR, 2.84; 95% confidence interval (CI,) 1.18-6.84; P = 0.02], but not with hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence, in patients without hepatocellular carcinoma at baseline. High serum endocan (>5 ng/mL) and syndecan-1 (>50 ng/mL) levels were significantly associated with greater risk of tumor recurrence (P = 0.025) in patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation. In patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, high serum levels of endocan (P = 0.004) and syndecan-1 (P = 0.006) were significantly associated with less favorable overall survival. However, only a high level of serum syndecan-1 (>50 ng/mL) was independently associated with greater risk of death (HR, 6.21 95% CI, 1.90-20.30; P = 0.0025). CONCLUSION Serum endocan and syndecan-1 are easily assessable prognostic serum biomarkers of overall survival in alcoholic cirrhosis with and without hepatocellular carcinoma. IMPACT These new biomarkers will be useful to manage patients with hepatocellular carcinoma developed on alcoholic cirrhosis.
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Clinicopathological correlation of endocan expression and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 288:1371-6. [PMID: 23708323 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-2863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelial-cell-specific molecule-1 or endocan is a proteoglycan with tumorigenic activity through both its glycan and protein cores. Endocan mRNA is identified as one of the most significant molecular signatures defining a poor prognosis in lung, breast, kidney, and hepatocellular cancer. OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical value of endocan expression in ovarian cancer tissues in association with other prognostic factors and its impact on overall survival. SETTING Oncology unit of Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred primary ovarian cancer patients were recruited as study group, another 100 patients undergoing hysterectomy and oophorectomy due to uterine fibroid were the control group. Angiogenesis was determined by immunohistochemical staining, using anti-endocan, and anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Endocan was expressed in endothelium of ovarian cancer tissue specimens in all patients with no expression in endothelium of normal ovarian tissue in the control group. VEGF was also expressed in endothelium of all specimens of ovarian cancer tissue, compared with 70% expression in normal ovarian tissue specimens in the control group. A significant association was found between endocan-microvessel density (MVD) and tumor histology, tumor size, staging, and grading. No significant association was found between VEGF expression and any of the clinicopathological variables. Overall survival of patients was inversely associated with endocan-MVD (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that endocan-MVD was an independent prognostic marker for overall survival of epithelial ovarian cancer (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Endocan could be a reliable marker to predict the survival in epithelial ovarian cancer patients.
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Endocan in cancers: a lesson from a circulating dermatan sulfate proteoglycan. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:705027. [PMID: 23606845 PMCID: PMC3625564 DOI: 10.1155/2013/705027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As most proteoglycans exert their biological activities in the pericellular region, circulating Endocan has appeared since its discovery as an atypical dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, with distinctive structural and functional properties. Endocan is naturally expressed by endothelial cells, highly regulated in presence of proinflammatory and proangiogenic molecules, binds to matrix proteins, growth factors, integrin, and cells, and may be then considered as an accurate marker of endothelial activation. Consequently, Endocan expression has been associated with a growing number of pathological conditions where endothelium gets challenged and notably in highly vascularized cancers. In this context, Endocan has indeed been rapidly emerging as a promising tissue- and blood-based marker of the vascular growth and neoangiogenesis during cancer progression. Furthermore, very recent studies have reported an expression of Endocan by the tumor cells themselves. This highlights Endocan as a multifaceted molecule with a great interest for researchers and clinicians to better understand tumor development, from the bench to the clinics. With promising perspectives of clinical applications, Endocan thus appears as an exciting model for on going and future developments of proteoglycan-based approaches in cancer diagnostics and/or therapy.
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Kim JH, Park MY, Kim CN, Kim KH, Kang HB, Kim KD, Kim JW. Expression of endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 regulated by hypoxia inducible factor-1α in human colon carcinoma: impact of ESM-1 on prognosis and its correlation with clinicopathological features. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1701-8. [PMID: 22948784 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a previous finding that endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) is a potential serum marker for colorectal cancer (CRC), the aim of this study was to clarify the clinicopathological significance of ESM-1 expression in CRC, and to explore the correlation between ESM-1 and HIF-1α in the tumorigenesis of CRC related to hypoxic conditions. ESM-1 mRNA expression was examined in CRC and corresponding normal mucosal tissues by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR. This experiment confirmed that ESM-1 levels were high in CRC. We screened the tissue samples of 143 CRC patients. By immunohistochemistry, we determined that the ESM-1 immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with the tumor size, depth of invasion, nodal status, distant metastasis and Dukes' stage, and was an independent prognostic factor for disease recurrence and worse survival outcome (P=0.001). The modulation of ESM-1 under hypoxia was investigated, and it was confirmed that ESM-1 expression was induced by HIF1-α and significantly attenuated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting HIF-1α in CRC cells. These results showed that ESM-1 is significantly overexpressed, which is regulated by HIF-1α in CRC patients, and can be used as a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301‑070, Republic of Korea
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Dieterich LC, Mellberg S, Langenkamp E, Zhang L, Zieba A, Salomäki H, Teichert M, Huang H, Edqvist PH, Kraus T, Augustin HG, Olofsson T, Larsson E, Söderberg O, Molema G, Pontén F, Georgii-Hemming P, Alafuzoff I, Dimberg A. Transcriptional profiling of human glioblastoma vessels indicates a key role of VEGF-A and TGFβ2 in vascular abnormalization. J Pathol 2012; 228:378-90. [PMID: 22786655 DOI: 10.1002/path.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma are aggressive astrocytic brain tumours characterized by microvascular proliferation and an abnormal vasculature, giving rise to brain oedema and increased patient morbidity. Here, we have characterized the transcriptome of tumour-associated blood vessels and describe a gene signature clearly associated with pleomorphic, pathologically altered vessels in human glioblastoma (grade IV glioma). We identified 95 genes differentially expressed in glioblastoma vessels, while no significant differences in gene expression were detected between vessels in non-malignant brain and grade II glioma. Differential vascular expression of ANGPT2, CD93, ESM1, ELTD1, FILIP1L and TENC1 in human glioblastoma was validated by immunohistochemistry, using a tissue microarray. Through qPCR analysis of gene induction in primary endothelial cells, we provide evidence that increased VEGF-A and TGFβ2 signalling in the tumour microenvironment is sufficient to invoke many of the changes in gene expression noted in glioblastoma vessels. Notably, we found an enrichment of Smad target genes within the distinct gene signature of glioblastoma vessels and a significant increase of Smad signalling complexes in the vasculature of human glioblastoma in situ. This indicates a key role of TGFβ signalling in regulating vascular phenotype and suggests that, in addition to VEGF-A, TGFβ2 may represent a new target for vascular normalization therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Carrillo LM, Arciniegas E, Rojas H, Ramírez R. Immunolocalization of endocan during the endothelial-mesenchymal transition process. Eur J Histochem 2012; 55:e13. [PMID: 22201190 PMCID: PMC3284149 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan is a dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (DSPG) that has been observed in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of small and large vessels in lung, kidney, liver, colon, ovary and brain tumors. This DSPG has been implicated in the regulation of cellular activities such as adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Given the important roles played by endocan in such processes, we sought to determine whether this DSPG is present in the chicken embryo aortic wall in embryonic days 12 and 14, when intimal thickening and endothelial transformation are notorious. Immunolabeling of serial paraffin cross-sections revealed endocan immunoreactivity at the endothelium and some mesenchymal cells constituting the intimal thickening but not in the cells arranged in lamellar layers. We also investigated whether endocan was present in monolayers of primary embryonic aortic endothelial cells attached to fibronectin when they were deprived of serum and stimulated with epidermal growth factor. Immunofluorescence determined that in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) condition where separating, detaching, and migrating cells were observed, endocan appeared organized in arrays typical of focal complexes in the leading edge of these cells. In serum-free medium condition in which the endothelial cells displayed a cobblestone appearance, endocan appeared mainly delineating the margin of many cells. This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of endocan during the aortic wall remodeling, and provides evidence that suggests a possible contribution of this DSPG in the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Carrillo
- Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Depontieu F, de Freitas Caires N, Gourcerol D, Giordano J, Grigoriu B, Delehedde M, Lassalle P. Development of monoclonal antibodies and ELISA specific for the mouse vascular endocan. J Immunol Methods 2012; 378:88-94. [PMID: 22370430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human vascular endocan is a proteoglycan exhibiting tumorigenic activity through both its glycan and protein cores. Endocan mRNA is identified as being one of the most significant molecular signatures defining a poor prognosis in lung, breast, kidney, prostate, and thyroid malignancies. The survival inversely correlates with endocan expression in tumor tissue from hepatocarcinoma, and in serum from lung cancer. In mouse, endocan mRNA is also increased in tumor vessels. However, mouse endocan has not yet been fully characterized. Here, we produced a panel of rat monoclonal antibodies directed against mouse endocan, leading to the development of a specific mouse/rat endocan ELISA. Mouse endocan serum level was measured at a median of 0.96 ng/mL and 1.08 ng/mL in 129Sv mice and C57bl6, respectively. These results also provide new tools to characterize and explore the role of endocan in mouse and rat models of human diseases. These results present mouse vascular endocan as a circulating molecule similar to human endocan.
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82
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Pan J, Qian Y, Weiser P, Zhou X, Lu H, Studelska DR, Zhang L. Glycosaminoglycans and activated contact system in cancer patient plasmas. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:473-95. [PMID: 20807657 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations create cancer cells. Cancer cells require thrombin for growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. All cancer patients display a hypercoagulable state, which includes platelet activation, blood coagulation, complement activation, vasodilatation, and inflammation. This often results in thrombosis, the second leading cause of death in cancer patients. It is established that chemically oversulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) induce thrombin generation through contact system activation in human plasma. Thrombin is responsible for thrombosis. In this chapter, we show that plasmas from lung cancer patients contain activated contact systems apparent by the absence of high molecular weight kininogen and processed C1inh, by abnormal kallikrein and thrombin activities, and by increased glucosamine, galactosamine, and GAG levels. Activated contact systems were also evident in plasmas from breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer patients. These data suggest that GAGs or other molecules produced by tumors induce abnormal thrombin generation through contact system activation. Therefore, the contact system and glycans represent new targets for cancer diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
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83
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Feng J, Damrauer SM, Lee M, Sellke FW, Ferran C, Abid MR. Endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilatation requires NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1703-10. [PMID: 20702812 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.209726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the functional significance of physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated coronary vasodilatation. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelium-derived NO is important in regulating coronary vascular tone. Excess ROS have been shown to reduce NO bioavailability, resulting in endothelial dysfunction and coronary diseases. NADPH oxidase is a major source of ROS in endothelial cells (ECs). By using lucigenin-based superoxide production and dichlorfluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence-activated cell sorter assays, we found that mouse heart ECs from NADPH oxidase-knockdown (p47(phox-/-)) animals have reduced NADPH oxidase activity (>40%) and ROS levels (>30%) compared with wild-type mouse heart ECs. Surprisingly, a reduction in ROS did not improve coronary vasomotion; rather, endothelium-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated coronary vasodilatation was reduced by greater than 50% in p47(phox-/-) animals. Western blots and L-citrulline assays showed a significant reduction in Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) and endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation and NO synthesis, respectively, in p47(phox-/-) coronary vessels and mouse heart ECs. Adenoviral expression of constitutively active endothelial NO synthase restored vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated coronary vasodilatation in p47(phox-/-) animals. CONCLUSIONS Endothelium-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor regulation of coronary vascular tone may require NADPH oxidase-derived ROS to activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-endothelial NO synthase axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA
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84
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Chen LY, Liu X, Wang SL, Qin CY. Over-expression of the Endocan gene in endothelial cells from hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with angiogenesis and tumour invasion. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:498-510. [PMID: 20515564 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan plays a role in tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth. The aim of this study was to detect the expression of endocan in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumour-associated endothelial cells and to correlate endocan expression with clinicopathological parameters and tumour angiogenesis. Tumour tissues and surrounding non-cancerous hepatic parenchyma from 42 primary HCC patients were studied. Endothelial cells were isolated using magnetic microbeads conjugated with anti-CD31 and endocan expression was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Endocan was significantly over-expressed in endothelial cells isolated from HCC tumours compared with corresponding non-cancerous liver tissues. In addition, the endocan mRNA level was significantly correlated with the serum alpha-fetoprotein level, intra-tumoural microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA, and vascular and venous invasion. The over-expression of endocan in tumour endothelial cells was closely related to the process of angiogenesis and pathogenesis in HCC, and suggests that endocan might be a useful marker for HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-Y Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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85
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Géraud C, Schledzewski K, Demory A, Klein D, Kaus M, Peyre F, Sticht C, Evdokimov K, Lu S, Schmieder A, Goerdt S. Liver sinusoidal endothelium: a microenvironment-dependent differentiation program in rat including the novel junctional protein liver endothelial differentiation-associated protein-1. Hepatology 2010; 52:313-26. [PMID: 20578158 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver sinusoidal endothelium (LSEC) is a prime example of organ-specific microvascular differentiation and functions. Disease-associated capillarization of LSEC in vivo and dedifferentiation of LSEC in vitro indicate the importance of the hepatic microenvironment. To identify the LSEC-specific molecular differentiation program in the rat we used a two-sided gene expression profiling approach comparing LSEC freshly isolated ex vivo with both lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMEC) and with LSEC cultured for 42 hours. The LSEC signature consisted of 48 genes both down-regulated in LMEC and in LSEC upon culture (fold change >7 in at least one comparison); quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmation of these genes included numerous family members and signaling pathway-associated molecules. The LSEC differentiation program comprised distinct sets of growth (Wnt2, Fzd4, 5, 9, Wls, vascular endothelial growth factors [VEGFR] 1, 2, 3, Nrp2) and transcription factors (Gata4, Lmo3, Tcfec, Maf) as well as endocytosis-related (Stabilin-1/2, Lyve1, and Ehd3) and cytoskeleton-associated molecules (Rnd3/RhoE). Specific gene induction in cultured LSEC versus freshly isolated LSEC as well as LMEC (Esm-1, Aatf) and up-regulation of gene expression to LMEC levels (CXCR4, Apelin) confirmed true transdifferentiation of LSEC in vitro. In addition, our analysis identified a novel 26-kDa single-pass transmembrane protein, liver endothelial differentiation-associated protein (Leda)-1, that was selectively expressed in all liver endothelial cells and preferentially localized to the abluminal cell surface. Upon forced overexpression in MDCK cells, Leda-1 was sorted basolaterally to E-cadherin-positive adherens junctions, suggesting functional involvement in cell adhesion and polarity. CONCLUSION Comparative microvascular analysis in rat identified a hepatic microenvironment-dependent LSEC-specific differentiation program including the novel junctional molecule Leda-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrill Géraud
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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86
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Sarrazin S, Lyon M, Deakin JA, Guerrini M, Lassalle P, Delehedde M, Lortat-Jacob H. Characterization and binding activity of the chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain from Endocan, a soluble endothelial proteoglycan. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1380-8. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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87
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Liu N, Zhang LH, Du H, Hu Y, Zhang GG, Wang XH, Li JY, Ji JF. Overexpression of endothelial cell specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) in gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17:2628-39. [PMID: 20383661 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) gene is involved in various biological events. This study was designed to clarify its clinical significance and explore its biological behavior in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS ESM-1 mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR in GC (n = 34) and matched adjacent normal tissues (n = 14). The expression of ESM-1 protein was investigated by immunohistochemistry in GC (n = 159) and matched normal tissues (n = 40), and its correlation with the clinicopathological features and overall survival of patients was analyzed. Microvessel density (MVD) in GC was assessed by anti-CD34 and the pattern of ESM-1 expression in tumor-related vascular was evaluated. The effect of ESM-1 promotion of proliferation in the GC MKN28 cell line and human microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1 were tested using the MTT assay. RESULTS ESM-1 mRNA was significantly overexpressed in GC compared with adjacent noncarcinoma controls (P < 0.01). ESM-1 protein was predominantly expressed in GC. ESM-1 expression was associated with distant metastasis and Borrmann type IV (P < 0.05) and was strongly associated with vascular invasion (P = 0.0057). Patients with ESM-1 expression showed lower 5-year survival rate (P = 0.0339). Multivariate analysis revealed that ESM-1 was an independent prognostic factor. In GC, CD34-MVD of GC vessels positively expressing ESM-1 was higher than that of GC with negative vessels expression of ESM-1 (P < 0.05). Besides, ESM-1 antibody dose-dependently impaired MKN28 and HMEC-1 growth. CONCLUSIONS ESM-1 is overexpressed in GC and can serve as a tumor biomarker to predict survival of GC patients, and it might promote tumor angiogenesis and growth in GC and, hence, may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Surgery, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing, China
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88
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Recchia FM, Xu L, Penn JS, Boone B, Dexheimer PJ. Identification of genes and pathways involved in retinal neovascularization by microarray analysis of two animal models of retinal angiogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:1098-105. [PMID: 19834031 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Comparative retinal gene expression analysis in two rodent models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was performed to identify the genes and pathways involved in retinal neovascularization. METHODS Three independent experimental runs were conducted for each species, according to standard protocols for induction of OIR. Total retinal RNA was isolated at two time points, corresponding to the early response to relative hypoxia (P13 in mouse, P15 in rat) and to the later phase of maximum retinal neovascularization (P18 in mouse, P20 in rat) and was used to prepare labeled probes for hybridization. Gene expression was compared between normal and experimental conditions for each species at each time point. Probesets with a false-discovery rate of <or=0.05 were considered significantly different and were classified as cellular functions or biological pathways. Changes in expression of selected genes were confirmed by quantitative rtPCR. RESULTS At the early time point, there were changes in 43 genes in each species, with two in common. Increased expression of members of the VEGF and ephrin receptor signaling pathways were identified in both models. At the later time point, there were changes in 26 genes in the rat and in 1622 in the mouse, with 13 in common. Four pathways were identified in both models. CONCLUSIONS Genes and pathways known to be involved in angiogenesis, as well as other biologically plausible genes and pathways, were identified. This work serves as a comprehensive resource for the study of retinal neovascularization and identification of potential rational targets for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco M Recchia
- Retina Division, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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89
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Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly malignant tumors characterized by microvascular proliferation and the pseudopalisading pattern of necrosis. Investigations have, therefore, focused on vascular and endothelial cell biology in GBM. Endocan, also called endothelial cell-specific molecule-1, is a proteoglycan that is secreted by endothelial cells and upregulated by proangiogenic factors. We found that endocan is not only expressed in vitro by endothelial cells but also in the T98G and U118MG human GBM cell lines. In U118MG cells, tumor necrosis factor and fibroblast growth factor 2 upregulated endocan production, whereas exposure to hypoxia or cobalt chloride, an inducer of hypoxia inducible factor 1, increased endocan release without affecting cell viability. Endocan expression in 82 brain tumors was studied by immunohistochemistry. Endocan immunoreactivity was detected in hyperplastic endothelial cells in high-grade gliomas, mostly at the tumor margins; endothelial cells were mostly endocan negative in low-grade gliomas, and it was never detected in the cerebral cortex distant from the tumors. Tumor cells in high-grade but not low-grade gliomas also expressed endocan, and it was detected in palisading cells surrounding areas of necrosis in GBM. Endothelial cell endocan immunoreactivity also correlated with shorter survival in glioma patients. Taken together, these results suggest that endocan is associated with abnormal vasculature in high-grade gliomas.
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90
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Klopstock N, Katzenellenbogen M, Pappo O, Sklair-Levy M, Olam D, Mizrahi L, Potikha T, Galun E, Goldenberg D. HCV tumor promoting effect is dependent on host genetic background. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5025. [PMID: 19340302 PMCID: PMC2660413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, transgenic mice which express the whole HCV polyprotein (HCV-Tg) do not develop HCC. Whereas chronic HCV infection causes inflammation in patients, in HCV-Tg mice, the host immune reaction against viral proteins is lacking. We aimed to test the role of HCV proteins in HCC development on the background of chronic inflammation in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We crossed HCV-Tg mice that do not develop HCC with the Mdr2-knockout (Mdr2-KO) mice which develop inflammation-associated HCC, to generate Mdr2-KO/HCV-Tg mice. We studied the effect of the HCV transgene on tumor incidence, hepatocyte mitosis and apoptosis, and investigated the potential contributing factors for the generated phenotype by gene expression and protein analyses. The Mdr2-KO/HCV-Tg females from the N2 generation of this breeding (having 75% of the FVB/N genome and 25% of the C57BL/6 genome) produced significantly larger tumors in comparison with Mdr2-KO mice. In parallel, the Mdr2-KO/HCV-Tg females had an enhanced inflammatory gene expression signature. However, in the N7 generation (having 99.2% of the FVB/N genome and 0.8% of the C57BL/6 genome) there was no difference in tumor development between Mdr2-KO/HCV-Tg and Mdr2-KO animals of both sexes. The HCV transgene was similarly expressed in the livers of Mdr2-KO/HCV-Tg females of both generations, as revealed by detection of the HCV transcript and the core protein. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the HCV transgene accelerated inflammation-associated hepatocarcinogenesis in a host genetic background-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Klopstock
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark Katzenellenbogen
- Bioinformatics and Microarray Unit, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orit Pappo
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Devorah Olam
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lina Mizrahi
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamara Potikha
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eithan Galun
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Goldenberg
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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91
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Campbell RB, Ying B, Kuesters GM, Hemphill R. Fighting Cancer: From the Bench to Bedside Using Second Generation Cationic Liposomal Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:411-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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92
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Huang GW, Tao YM, Ding X. Endocan expression correlated with poor survival in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:389-94. [PMID: 18592377 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in China. We aimed to first present the expression of endocan in HCC tissue and its correlation with the clinicopathological features and overall survival of patients with HCC after curative hepatectomy. Immunohistochemical detection of endocan, CD34, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were performed on samples from 100 patients with HCC. Endocan protein was expressed in endothelium of HCC tissue in all specimens, but was not expressed in endothelium of pericarcinomatous liver tissue and normal liver tissue. Microvessel density (MVD) denoted by endocan (endocan-MVD) in HCC was correlated with microscopic venous invasion and VEGF expression (P < 0.05). Survival analysis showed that overall survival of patients was inversely associated with endocan-MVD (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that endocan-MVD was an independent prognostic marker for overall survival of HCC (P < 0.01). In conclusion, endocan-MVD was a significant factor to predict the prognosis of HCC patients after curative hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Wen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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93
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Almog N, Ma L, Raychowdhury R, Schwager C, Erber R, Short S, Hlatky L, Vajkoczy P, Huber PE, Folkman J, Abdollahi A. Transcriptional Switch of Dormant Tumors to Fast-Growing Angiogenic Phenotype. Cancer Res 2009; 69:836-44. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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94
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Hatfield K, Øyan AM, Ersvaer E, Kalland KH, Lassalle P, Gjertsen BT, Bruserud Ø. Primary human acute myeloid leukaemia cells increase the proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells through the release of soluble mediators. Br J Haematol 2009; 144:53-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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95
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Schrage A, Wechsung K, Neumann K, Schumann M, Schulzke JD, Engelhardt B, Zeitz M, Hamann A, Klugewitz K. Enhanced T cell transmigration across the murine liver sinusoidal endothelium is mediated by transcytosis and surface presentation of chemokines. Hepatology 2008; 48:1262-72. [PMID: 18697212 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transmigration through the liver endothelium is a prerequisite for the homeostatic balance of intrahepatic T cells and a key regulator of inflammatory processes within the liver. Extravasation into the liver parenchyma is regulated by the distinct expression patterns of adhesion molecules and chemokines and their receptors on the lymphocyte and endothelial cell surface. In the present study, we investigated whether liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) inhibit or support the chemokine-driven transmigration and differentially influence the transmigration of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory CD4(+) T cells, indicating a mechanism of hepatic immunoregulation. Finally, the results shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which LSEC modulate chemokine-dependent transmigration. LSEC significantly enhanced the chemotactic effect of CXC-motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and CXCL9, but not of CXCL16 or CCL20, on naive and memory CD4(+) T cells of a T helper 1, T helper 2, or interleukin-10-producing phenotype. In contrast, brain and lymphatic endothelioma cells and ex vivo isolated lung endothelia inhibited chemokine-driven transmigration. As for the molecular mechanisms, chemokine-induced activation of LSEC was excluded by blockage of G(i)-protein-coupled signaling and the use of knockout mice. After preincubation of CXCL12 to the basal side, LSEC took up CXCL12 and enhanced transmigration as efficiently as in the presence of the soluble chemokine. Blockage of transcytosis in LSEC significantly inhibited this effect, and this suggested that chemokines taken up from the basolateral side and presented on the luminal side of endothelial cells trigger T cell transmigration. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a unique capacity of LSEC to present chemokines to circulating lymphocytes and highlight the importance of endothelial cells for the in vivo effects of chemokines. Chemokine presentation by LSEC could provide a future therapeutic target for inhibiting lymphocyte immigration and suppressing hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnhild Schrage
- Medizinische Klinik I, Campus Charité Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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96
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Aird WC. Molecular heterogeneity of tumor endothelium. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:271-81. [PMID: 18726119 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumors depend on a vascular supply for their growth. Tumor blood vessels, which are derived from normal tissue vasculature, display a markedly abnormal phenotype. Tumor endothelial properties are highly varied in space and time. An important goal is to delineate the range of phenotypes in tumor endothelium and to identify tumor endothelial-specific molecular signatures. This information should lead to a more complete understanding of the mechanisms of tumor growth, the discovery of new therapeutic targets, and the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and surveillance. The goals of this review are to outline recent advances in dissecting tumor endothelial-cell-specific gene expression, to address mechanisms of phenotypic heterogeneity in tumor vascular beds, and to discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Aird
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, RW-663, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Zuo L, Zhang SM, Hu RL, Zhu HQ, Zhou Q, Gui SY, Wu Q, Wang Y. Correlation between expression and differentiation of endocan in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:4562-8. [PMID: 18680240 PMCID: PMC2731287 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression frequency of endocan in colorectal cancer and analyze the relationship between endocan expression and clinical parameters and to study the role of endocan in colorectal carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Expression of endocan in 72 tumor tissue samples of colorectal cancer as well as in 27 normal mucous membrane tissue samples was analyzed using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray, Western blot and reverse-transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS: The expression of endocan was higher in normal colon and rectum tissue samples than in cancerous tissue samples (mRNA = 92.6%, protein = 36%), and was lower in colorectal cancer tissue samples (mRNA = 70.4%, protein = 36.1%). No correlation was found between staining intensity and clinical parameters such as sex, age, tumor size and TNM stage. However, the expression of endocan was positively correlated with the tissue differentiation in colorectal cancer.
CONCLUSION: The expression of endocan is down-regulated in colorectal cancer and is positively correlated with the tissue differentiation in colorectal cancer, suggesting that the expression of endocan is associated with development and differentiation of colorectal cancer.
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98
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Efficient long-term and high-yielded production of a recombinant proteoglycan in eukaryotic HEK293 cells using a membrane-based bioreactor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:297-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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99
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Cifola I, Spinelli R, Beltrame L, Peano C, Fasoli E, Ferrero S, Bosari S, Signorini S, Rocco F, Perego R, Proserpio V, Raimondo F, Mocarelli P, Battaglia C. Genome-wide screening of copy number alterations and LOH events in renal cell carcinomas and integration with gene expression profile. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:6. [PMID: 18194544 PMCID: PMC2253555 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC) is the most common and invasive adult renal cancer. For the purpose of identifying RCC biomarkers, we investigated chromosomal regions and individual genes modulated in RCC pathology. We applied the dual strategy of assessing and integrating genomic and transcriptomic data, today considered the most effective approach for understanding genetic mechanisms of cancer and the most sensitive for identifying cancer-related genes. Results We performed the first integrated analysis of DNA and RNA profiles of RCC samples using Affymetrix technology. Using 100K SNP mapping arrays, we assembled a genome-wide map of DNA copy number alterations and LOH areas. We thus confirmed the typical genetic signature of RCC but also identified other amplified regions (e.g. on chr. 4, 11, 12), deleted regions (chr. 1, 9, 22) and LOH areas (chr. 1, 2, 9, 13). Simultaneously, using HG-U133 Plus 2.0 arrays, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor vs. normal samples. Combining genomic and transcriptomic data, we identified 71 DEGs in aberrant chromosomal regions and observed, in amplified regions, a predominance of up-regulated genes (27 of 37 DEGs) and a trend to clustering. Functional annotation of these genes revealed some already implicated in RCC pathology and other cancers, as well as others that may be novel tumor biomarkers. Conclusion By combining genomic and transcriptomic profiles from a collection of RCC samples, we identified specific genomic regions with concordant alterations in DNA and RNA profiles and focused on regions with increased DNA copy number. Since the transcriptional modulation of up-regulated genes in amplified regions may be attributed to the genomic alterations characteristic of RCC, these genes may encode novel RCC biomarkers actively involved in tumor initiation and progression and useful in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Cifola
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies and CISI, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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