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Klemes J, Kotzianova A, Pokorny M, Mojzes P, Novak J, Sukova L, Demuth J, Vesely J, Sasek L, Velebny V. Non-invasive diagnostic system and its opto-mechanical probe for combining confocal Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1442-1449. [PMID: 28464557 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive optical diagnostic methods allow important information about studied systems to be obtained in a non-destructive way. Complete diagnosis requires information about the chemical composition as well as the morphological structure of a sample. We report on the development of an opto-mechanical probe that combines Raman spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), two methods that provide all the crucial information needed for a non-invasive diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to introduce the technical design, construction and optimization of a dual opto-mechanical probe combining two in-house developed devices for confocal RS and OCT. The unique benefit of the probe is a gradual acquisition of OCT and RS data, which allows to use the acquired OCT images to pinpoint locations of interest for RS measurements. The parameters and the correct functioning of the probe were verified by RS scanning of various samples (silicon wafer and ex vivo tissue) based on their OCT images - lateral as well as depth scanning was performed. Both the OCT and RS systems were developed, optimized and tested with the ultimate aim of verifying the functionality of the probe. Picture: Schematic illustration and visualization of the developed RS-OCT probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klemes
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Kotzianova
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pokorny
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mojzes
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, CZ-12116, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lada Sukova
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Vladimir Velebny
- Contipro a.s., R&D Department, CZ-56102, Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
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52
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Kim YI, Jeong S, Jun BH, Lee YS, Lee YS, Jeong DH, Lee DS. Endoscopic imaging using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2017-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this review, we assessed endoscopic imaging using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). As white-light endoscopy, the current standard for gastrointestinal endoscopy, is limited to morphology, Raman endoscopy using surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles (SERS endoscopy) was introduced as one of the novel functional modalities. SERS endoscopy has multiplex capability and high sensitivity with low autofluorescence and photobleaching. As a result, multiple molecular characteristics of the lesion can be accurately evaluated in real time while performing endoscopy using SERS probes and appropriate instrumentation. Especially, recently developed dual modality of fluorescence and SERS endoscopy offers easy localization with identification of multiple target molecules. For clinical use of SERS endoscopy in the future, problems of limited field of view and cytotoxicity should be addressed by fusion imaging, topical administration, and non-toxic coating of nanoparticles. We expect SERS endoscopic imaging would be an essential endoscopic technique for diagnosis of cancerous lesions, assessment of resection margins and evaluation of therapeutic responses.
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53
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Su H, Wang Y, Yu Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Sui H, Sun C, Zhao B. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy study on the structure changes of 4-Mercaptophenylboronic Acid under different pH conditions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 185:336-342. [PMID: 28599237 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
4-Mercaptophenylboronic Acid (4-MPBA) plays pivotal role in various fields. The orientation and existing form of the 4-MPBA strongly depend on the pH value of the media. The general aim of this work is to obtain information about the structure changes of 4-MPBA absorbed on Ag nanoparticles in different pH environment. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique is a simple and rapid method to study adsorption phenomena at molecule level. The investigation is done by means of SERS. In order to interpret the experimental information, a series of SERS spectra is carried out. The relative intensities of the totally symmetric (a1 mode) and non-totally symmetric (b2 mode) bands in the SERS spectra of 4-MPBA change depend on the environmental pH values, which is a manifestation of charge transfer (CT) processes. The degree of charge transfer increases with the pH value of the media changing from acidity to alkalinity. The structure changes of MPBA had been carried out in different pH environment. We envision that this approach will be of great significance in related fields of 4-MPBA-involved detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Zhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Huimin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chengbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Höhl M, DeTemple D, Lyutenski S, Leuteritz G, Varkentin A, Schmitt HA, Lenarz T, Roth B, Meinhardt-Wollweber M, Morgner U. Optical properties of the human round window membrane. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-7. [PMID: 29076311 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.10.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical techniques are effective tools for diagnostic applications in medicine and are particularly attractive for the noninvasive analysis of biological tissues and fluids in vivo. Noninvasive examinations of substances via a fiber optic probe need to consider the optical properties of biological tissues obstructing the optical path. This applies to the analysis of the human perilymph, which is located behind the round window membrane. The composition of this inner ear liquid is directly correlated to inner ear hearing loss. In this work, experimental methods for studying the optical properties of the human round window membrane ex vivo are presented. For the first time, a comprehensive investigation of this tissue is performed, including optical transmission, forward scattering, and Raman scattering. The results obtained suggest the application of visible wavelengths (>400 nm) for investigating the perilymph behind the round window membrane in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Höhl
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannoversches Zentrum für Optische Technologien, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Daphne DeTemple
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannoversches Zentrum für Optische Technologien, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyutenski
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Experimentelle Otorhinolaryngologie, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Leuteritz
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannoversches Zentrum für Optische Technologien, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arthur Varkentin
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannoversches Zentrum für Optische Technologien, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Andrea Schmitt
- Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," Oldenburg, Germany
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Experimentelle Otorhinolaryngologie, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," Oldenburg, Germany
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Experimentelle Otorhinolaryngologie, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Roth
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannoversches Zentrum für Optische Technologien, Hannover, Germany
| | - Merve Meinhardt-Wollweber
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannoversches Zentrum für Optische Technologien, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Morgner
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Quantenoptik, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannoversches Zentrum für Optische Technologien, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," Oldenburg, Germany
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55
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Chen N, Rong M, Shao X, Zhang H, Liu S, Dong B, Xue W, Wang T, Li T, Pan J. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of serum accurately detects prostate cancer in patients with prostate-specific antigen levels of 4-10 ng/mL. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5399-5407. [PMID: 28794631 PMCID: PMC5538684 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s137756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of blood serum was investigated to differentiate between prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in males with a prostate-specific antigen level of 4-10 ng/mL, so as to reduce unnecessary biopsies. A total of 240 SERS spectra from blood serum were acquired from 40 PCa subjects and 40 BPH subjects who had all received prostate biopsies and were given a pathological diagnosis. Multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) diagnostic algorithms, were used to analyze the spectra data of serum from patients in control (CTR), PCa and BPH groups; results offered a sensitivity of 97.5%, a specificity of 100.0%, a precision of 100.0% and an accuracy of 99.2% for CTR; a sensitivity of 90.0%, a specificity of 97.5%, a precision of 94.7% and an accuracy of 98.3% for BPH; a sensitivity of 95.0%, a specificity of 93.8%, a precision of 88.4% and an accuracy of 94.2% for PCa. Similarly, this technique can significantly differentiate low- and high-risk PCa with an accuracy of 92.3%, a specificity of 95% and a sensitivity of 89.5%. The results suggest that analyzing blood serum using SERS combined with PCA-LDA diagnostic algorithms is a promising clinical tool for PCa diagnosis and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University
| | - Ming Rong
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University
| | - Xiaoguang Shao
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University
| | - Shupeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
| | - Tingyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University
| | - Taihao Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
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56
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Wang Z, Li R, Chen H, Ma F, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Gu X, Qi Z. Cationic amphiphilic copolymers: synthesis, characterization, self-assembly and drug-loading capacity. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
| | - Huimin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
| | - Fulong Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
| | - Xiuxuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
| | - Yu Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
| | - Xiaofei Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
| | - Zhengjian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu PR China
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57
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Ayala OD, Wakeman CA, Pence IJ, O'Brien CM, Werkhaven JA, Skaar EP, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Characterization of bacteria causing acute otitis media using Raman microspectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:1864-1871. [PMID: 34858522 PMCID: PMC8635270 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay00128b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a prevalent disease that is the most frequent cause of physician visits and prescription of antibiotics for children. Current methods to diagnose OM and differentiate between the two main types of OM, acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME), rely on interpreting symptoms that may overlap between them. Since AOM requires antibiotic treatment and OME does not, there is a clinical need to distinguish between AOM and OME to determine whether antibiotic treatment is necessary and guide future prescriptions. We used an optical spectroscopy technique, Raman spectroscopy (RS), to identify and characterize the biochemical features of the three main pathogens that cause AOM in vitro. A Renishaw inVia confocal Raman microscope at 785 nm was used to spectrally investigate the Raman signatures of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochemical features or biomarkers important for classification of each bacterial species were identified and yielded a 97% accuracy of discrimination. To test the effectiveness of Raman-based bacterial classification in a clinical sample, human middle ear effusion (MEE) from patients affected by recurrent AOM was collected, cultured, and measured using RS. The probability of bacterial involvement from each of the three main bacteria that cause AOM was determined from the clinical MEE samples. These results suggest the potential of utilizing RS to aid in accurately diagnosing AOM and providing physicians with bacterial identification to guide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Ayala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C A Wakeman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - I J Pence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C M O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J A Werkhaven
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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58
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Shaikh R, Prabitha VG, Dora TK, Chopra S, Maheshwari A, Deodhar K, Rekhi B, Sukumar N, Krishna CM, Subhash N. A comparative evaluation of diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy in the detection of cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:242-252. [PMID: 26929106 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopic techniques show improved diagnostic accuracy for non-invasive detection of cervical cancers. In this study, sensitivity and specificity of two in vivo modalities, i.e diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS), were compared by utilizing spectra recorded from the same sites (67 tumor (T), 22 normal cervix (C), and 57 normal vagina (V)). Data was analysed using principal component - linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA), and validated using leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for classification between normal (N) and tumor (T) sites were 91%, 96%, 95% and 93%, respectively for RS and 85%, 95%, 93% and 88%, respectively for DRS. Even though DRS revealed slightly lower diagnostic accuracies, owing to its lower cost and portability, it was found to be more suited for cervical cancer screening in low resource settings. On the other hand, RS based devices could be ideal for screening patients with centralised facilities in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Shaikh
- Chilakapati Laboratory, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Vasumathi G Prabitha
- Biophotonics Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 031, Kerala, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Dora
- Tata Memorial Center, Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Supriya Chopra
- Tata Memorial Center, Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Amita Maheshwari
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Gynecology Oncology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Kedar Deodhar
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Surgical Pathology, Cytopathology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Bharat Rekhi
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Surgical Pathology, Cytopathology, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Nita Sukumar
- Biophotonics Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 031, Kerala, India
| | - C Murali Krishna
- Chilakapati Laboratory, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Narayanan Subhash
- Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, Centre for Innovation in Medical Electronics, BMS College of Engineering, Basavanagudi, Bangalore, 560019, India
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59
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Abstract
Despite significant effort, cancer still remains a leading cause of death worldwide. In order to reduce its burden, the development and improvement of noninvasive strategies for early detection and diagnosis of cancer are urgently needed. Raman spectroscopy, an optical technique that relies on inelastic light scattering arising from molecular vibrations, is one such strategy, as it can noninvasively probe cancerous markers using only endogenous contrast. In this review, spontaneous, coherent and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopies and imaging, as well as the fundamental principles governing the successful use of these techniques, are discussed. Methods for spectral data analysis are also highlighted. Utilization of the discussed Raman techniques for the detection and diagnosis of cancer in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo is described. The review concludes with a discussion of the future directions of Raman technologies, with particular emphasis on their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Austin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Sam Osseiran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue E25-519, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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60
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Su H, Ruan W, Ye S, Liu Y, Sui H, Li Z, Sun X, He C, Zhao B. Detection of physiological potassium ions level in human serum by Raman scattering spectroscopy. Talanta 2016; 161:743-747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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61
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Vibrational spectroscopies to investigate concretions and ectopic calcifications for medical diagnosis. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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62
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Lin D, Zheng Z, Wang Q, Huang H, Huang Z, Yu Y, Qiu S, Wen C, Cheng M, Feng S. Label-free optical sensor based on red blood cells laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy analysis for ABO blood typing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:24750-24759. [PMID: 27828195 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.024750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The clinical significance of ABO blood typing extends beyond transfusion medicine and is demonstrated to be associated with susceptibility to various diseases, even including cancer. In this study, a home-made laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) system was applied to detect red blood cells (RBCs) with the aim to develop a label-free, simple and objective blood typing method for the first time. High-quality Raman spectra of RBCs in the fingerprint region of 420-1700 cm-1 can be obtained, meanwhile exciting blood typing results can be achieved, especially with an accuracy of 100% for identifying Type AB from other blood types with the use of multivariate statistical analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA). This primary work demonstrates that the label-free RBCs LTRS analysis in conjunction with PCA-LDA diagnostic algorithms has great potential as a biosensor for ABO blood typing.
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63
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Planz V, Lehr CM, Windbergs M. In vitro models for evaluating safety and efficacy of novel technologies for skin drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 242:89-104. [PMID: 27612408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For preclinical testing of novel therapeutics, predictive in vitro models of the human skin are required to assess efficacy, absorption and safety. Simple as well as more sophisticated three-dimensional organotypic models of the human skin emerged as versatile and powerful tools simulating healthy as well as diseased skin states. Besides addressing the demands of research and industry, such models serve as valid alternative to animal testing. Recently, the acceptance of several models by regulatory authorities corroborates their role as important building block for preclinical development. However, valid assessment of readout parameters derived from these models requires suitable analytical techniques. Standard analytical methods are mostly destructive and limited regarding in-depth investigation on molecular level. The combination of adequate in vitro models with modern non-invasive analytical modalities bears a great potential to address important skin drug delivery related questions. Topics of interest are for instance the assessment of repeated dosing effects and xenobiotic biotransformation, which cannot be analyzed by destructive techniques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current in vitro skin models differing in functional complexity and mimicking healthy as well as diseased skin states. Further, benefits and limitations regarding analytical evaluation of efficacy, absorption and safety of novel drug carrier systems applied to such models are discussed along with a prospective view of anticipated future directions. In addition, emerging non-invasive imaging modalities are introduced and their significance and potential to advance current knowledge in the field of skin drug delivery is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Planz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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64
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Kogermann K, Putrinš M, Tenson T. Single-cell level methods for studying the effect of antibiotics on bacteria during infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 95:2-16. [PMID: 27577009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence about phenotypic heterogeneity among bacteria during infection has accumulated during recent years. This heterogeneity has to be considered if the mechanisms of infection and antibiotic action are to be understood, so we need to implement existing and find novel methods to monitor the effects of antibiotics on bacteria at the single-cell level. This review provides an overview of methods by which this aim can be achieved. Fluorescence label-based methods and Raman scattering as a label-free approach are discussed in particular detail. Other label-free methods that can provide single-cell level information, such as impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance, are briefly summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of these different methods are discussed in light of a challenging in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Marta Putrinš
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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65
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Lussier F, Brulé T, Vishwakarma M, Das T, Spatz JP, Masson JF. Dynamic-SERS Optophysiology: A Nanosensor for Monitoring Cell Secretion Events. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3866-71. [PMID: 27172291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We monitored metabolite secretion near living cells using a plasmonic nanosensor. The nanosensor created from borosilicate nanopipettes analogous to the patch clamp was decorated with Au nanoparticles and served as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with addressable location. With this nanosensor, we acquired SERS locally near Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCKII) epithelial cells, and we detected multiple metabolites, such as pyruvate, lactate, ATP, and urea simultaneously. These plasmonic nanosensors were capable of monitoring metabolites in the extracellular medium with enough sensitivity to detect an increase in metabolite concentration following the lyses of MDCKII cells with a nonionic surfactant. The plasmonic nanosensors also allowed a relative quantification of a chemical gradient for a metabolite near cells, as demonstrated with a decrease in relative lactate to pyruvate concentration further away from the MDCKII cells. This SERS optophysiology technique for the sensitive and nondestructive monitoring of extracellular metabolites near living cells is broadly applicable to different cellular and tissue models and should therefore provide a powerful tool for cellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Lussier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Thibault Brulé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Medhavi Vishwakarma
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Department of Biointerface Science & Technology, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamal Das
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Department of Biointerface Science & Technology, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Department of Biointerface Science & Technology, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-François Masson
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS) , 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6 Canada
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66
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Happillon T, Untereiner V, Beljebbar A, Gobinet C, Daliphard S, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Quinquenel A, Delmer A, Troussard X, Klossa J, Manfait M. Diagnosis approach of chronic lymphocytic leukemia on unstained blood smears using Raman microspectroscopy and supervised classification. Analyst 2016; 140:4465-72. [PMID: 26017101 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the potential of Raman microspectroscopy combined with supervised classification algorithms to diagnose a blood lymphoproliferative disease, namely chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This study was conducted directly on human blood smears (27 volunteers and 49 CLL patients) spread on standard glass slides according to a cytological protocol before the staining step. Visible excitation at 532 nm was chosen, instead of near infrared, in order to minimize the glass contribution in the Raman spectra. After Raman measurements, blood smears were stained using the May-Grünwald Giemsa procedure to correlate spectroscopic data classifications with cytological analysis. A first prediction model was built using support vector machines to discriminate between the two main leukocyte subpopulations (lymphocytes and polymorphonuclears) with sensitivity and specificity over 98.5%. The spectral differences between these two classes were associated to higher nucleic acid content in lymphocytes compared to polymorphonuclears. Then, we developed a classification model to discriminate between neoplastic and healthy lymphocyte spectra, with a mean sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 91% respectively. The main molecular differences between healthy and CLL cells were associated with DNA and protein changes. These spectroscopic markers could lead, in the future, to the development of a helpful medical tool for CLL diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Happillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Équipe MéDIAN Biophotonique et Technologies pour la Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims Cedex, France
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67
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Lin D, Huang H, Qiu S, Feng S, Chen G, Chen R. Diagnostic potential of polarized surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy technology for colorectal cancer detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:2222-34. [PMID: 26906798 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.002222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a more powerful blood analysis method based on polarized surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology for non-invasive and sensitive colorectal cancer (CRC) detection. The efficiency of different polarized scattering signals (non-polarization, parallel polarization and perpendicular polarization) on blood serum SERS was explored for the first time. Results demonstrated that polarized SERS was more sensitive to explore distinctive spectral differences between cancer and normal groups. And higher diagnostic accuracy of 91.6% could be achieved using polarized SERS integrated with PCA-LDA for classification of the two serum groups in comparison to conventional SERS technology. This exploratory study demonstrated that the nanobiosensor based on polarized SERS technique in conjunction with PCA-LDA provided a novel strategy for blood SERS analysis, and had the potential as a clinical complement for CRC screening.
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68
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Renata J. Micro and nanocapsules as supports for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jastrząb Renata
- A. Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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69
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Bartelmess J, Quinn SJ, Giordani S. Carbon nanomaterials: multi-functional agents for biomedical fluorescence and Raman imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:4672-98. [PMID: 25406743 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00306c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbon based nanomaterials have emerged over the last few years as important agents for biomedical fluorescence and Raman imaging applications. These spectroscopic techniques utilize either fluorescently labelled carbon nanomaterials or the intrinsic photophysical properties of the carbon nanomaterial. In this review article we present the utilization and performance of several classes of carbon nanomaterials, namely carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanoonions, nanodiamonds and different graphene derivatives, which are currently employed for in vitro as well as in vivo imaging in biology and medicine. A variety of different approaches, imaging agents and techniques are examined and the specific properties of the various carbon based imaging agents are discussed. Some theranostic carbon nanomaterials, which combine diagnostic features (i.e. imaging) with cell specific targeting and therapeutic approaches (i.e. drug delivery or photothermal therapy), are also included in this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bartelmess
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Nano Carbon Materials, Nanophysics Department, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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70
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Lam Z, Kong KV, Olivo M, Leong WK. Vibrational spectroscopy of metal carbonyls for bio-imaging and -sensing. Analyst 2016; 141:1569-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02191j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal carbonyls exhibit strong CO absorptions in the 2200–1800 cm−1 region, which is free of interference from other functional groups. This feature has led to their applications in bio-imaging and -sensing, in particular through mid-IR, Raman and more recently, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Lam
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Bio-Optical Imaging Group
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
| | | | - Malini Olivo
- Bio-Optical Imaging Group
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
| | - Weng Kee Leong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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71
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Chen G, Lin X, Lin D, Ge X, Feng S, Pan J, Lin J, Huang Z, Huang X, Chen R. Identification of different tumor states in nasopharyngeal cancer using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with Lasso-PLS-DA algorithm. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24438b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of different states in cancer is of vital importance for cancer treatment and management.
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72
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Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is increasingly investigated for cancer diagnosis. As the potential of the technique is explored and realized, it is slowly making its way into clinics. There are more reports in recent years showing promise that it can help clinicians for cancer diagnosis. However, a number of challenges remain to be overcome, especially in vivo cancer diagnosis. In this article, the recent progress of the technique toward clinical cancer diagnosis is discussed from a critical perspective.
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73
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Dochow S, Ma D, Latka I, Bocklitz T, Hartl B, Bec J, Fatakdawala H, Marple E, Urmey K, Wachsmann-Hogiu S, Schmitt M, Marcu L, Popp J. Combined fiber probe for fluorescence lifetime and Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8291-301. [PMID: 26093843 PMCID: PMC4995092 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we present a dual modality fiber optic probe combining fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) and Raman spectroscopy for in vivo endoscopic applications. The presented multi-spectroscopy probe enables efficient excitation and collection of fluorescence lifetime signals for FLIm in the UV/visible wavelength region, as well as of Raman spectra in the near-IR for simultaneous Raman/FLIm imaging. The probe was characterized in terms of its lateral resolution and distance dependency of the Raman and FLIm signals. In addition, the feasibility of the probe for in vivo FLIm and Raman spectral characterization of tissue was demonstrated. Graphical Abstract An image comparison between FLIm and Raman spectroscopy acquired with the bimodal probe onseveral tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dochow
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Dinglong Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ines Latka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Brad Hartl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Julien Bec
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hussain Fatakdawala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eric Marple
- EmVision LCC, 1471 F Road, Loxahatchee, FL, 33470, USA
| | - Kirk Urmey
- EmVision LCC, 1471 F Road, Loxahatchee, FL, 33470, USA
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Marcu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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74
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Coello B, López-Álvarez M, Rodríguez-Domínguez M, Serra J, González P. Quantitative evaluation of the mineralization level of dental tissues by Raman spectroscopy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/4/045204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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75
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Zheng C, Shao W, Paidi SK, Han B, Fu T, Wu D, Bi L, Xu W, Fan Z, Barman I. Pursuing shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) for concomitant detection of breast lesions and microcalcifications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16960-8. [PMID: 26415633 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05319f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although tissue staining followed by morphologic identification remains the gold standard for diagnosis of most cancers, such determinations relying solely on morphology are often hampered by inter- and intra-observer variability. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, in contrast, offer objective markers for diagnoses and can afford disease detection prior to alterations in cellular and extracellular architecture by furnishing a rapid "omics"-like view of the biochemical status of the probed specimen. Here, we report a classification approach to concomitantly detect microcalcification status and local pathological state in breast tissue, featuring a combination of vibrational spectroscopy that focuses on the tumor and its microenvironment, and multivariate data analysis of spectral markers reflecting molecular expression. We employ the unprecedented sensitivity and exquisite molecular specificity offered by Au@SiO2 shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) to probe the presence of calcified deposits and distinguish between normal breast tissues, fibroadenoma, atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). By correlating the spectra with the corresponding histologic assessment, we developed partial least squares-discriminant analysis derived decision algorithm that provides excellent diagnostic power in the fresh frozen sections (overall accuracy of 99.4% and 93.6% using SHINs for breast lesions with and without microcalcifications, respectively). The performance of this decision algorithm is competitive with or supersedes that of analogous algorithms employing spontaneous Raman spectroscopy while enabling facile detection due to the considerably higher intensity of SHINERS. Our results pave the way for rapid tissue spectral pathology measurements using SHINERS that can offer a novel stain-free route to accurate and economical diagnoses without human interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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76
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Owens P, Phillipson N, Perumal J, O'Connor GM, Olivo M. Sensing of p53 and EGFR Biomarkers Using High Efficiency SERS Substrates. BIOSENSORS 2015; 5:664-77. [PMID: 26516922 PMCID: PMC4697139 DOI: 10.3390/bios5040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe a method for the determination of protein concentration using Surface Enhanced Raman Resonance Scattering (SERRS) immunoassays. We use two different Raman active linkers, 4-aminothiophenol and 6-mercaptopurine, to bind to a high sensitivity SERS substrate and investigate the influence of varying concentrations of p53 and EGFR on the Raman spectra. Perturbations in the spectra are due to the influence of protein-antibody binding on Raman linker molecules and are attributed to small changes in localised mechanical stress, which are enhanced by SERRS. These influences are greatest for peaks due to the C-S functional group and the Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) was found to be inversely proportional to protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Owens
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Nigel Phillipson
- School of Physics, National University Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Jayakumar Perumal
- Bio-Optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios 138667, Singapore.
| | - Gerard M O'Connor
- School of Physics, National University Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Malini Olivo
- Bio-Optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios 138667, Singapore.
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77
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Feng S, Wang W, Tai IT, Chen G, Chen R, Zeng H. Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for detection of colorectal cancer and precursor lesions using blood plasma. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3494-502. [PMID: 26417518 PMCID: PMC4574674 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fecal based tests have limited diagnostic values in detecting adenomatous polyps, the precursor lesions to colorectal cancer (CRC). Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using silver nanoparticles as substrate is a multiplexed analytical technique capable of detecting biomolecules with high sensitivity. This study utilizes SERS to analyze blood plasma for detecting both CRC and adenomatous polyps for the first time. Blood plasma samples are collected from healthy control subjects and patients diagnosed with adenomas and CRC. Using a real-time Raman system, SERS spectra for blood plasma samples are measured in 1 s. The collected SERS spectra are analyzed with partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Classification of normal versus CRC plus adenomatous polyps achieved diagnostic sensitivity of 86.4% and specificity of 80%. The results suggest that blood plasma SERS analysis could be a potential screening test to detect both CRC and adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyuan Feng
- Imaging Unit – Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Imaging Unit – Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Equal contribution
| | - Isabella T. Tai
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Guannan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Haishan Zeng
- Imaging Unit – Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute – Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E8, Canada
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78
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Franzen L, Windbergs M. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in skin research--From skin physiology and diagnosis up to risk assessment and dermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 89:91-104. [PMID: 25868454 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the field of skin research, confocal Raman microscopy is an upcoming analytical technique. Substantial technical progress in design and performance of the individual setup components like detectors and lasers as well as the combination with confocal microscopy enables chemically selective and non-destructive sample analysis with high spatial resolution in three dimensions. Due to these advantages, the technique bears tremendous potential for diverse skin applications ranging from the analysis of physiological component distribution in skin tissue and the diagnosis of pathological states up to biopharmaceutical investigations such as drug penetration kinetics within the different tissue layers. This review provides a comprehensive introduction about the basic principles of Raman microscopy highlighting the advantages and considering the limitations of the technique for skin applications. Subsequently, an overview about skin research studies applying Raman spectroscopy is given comprising various in vitro as well as in vivo implementations. Furthermore, the future perspective and potential of Raman microscopy in the field of skin research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Franzen
- Saarland University, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Saarland University, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbruecken, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery, Saarbruecken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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79
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Chen L, Mungroo N, Daikuara L, Neethirajan S. Label-free NIR-SERS discrimination and detection of foodborne bacteria by in situ synthesis of Ag colloids. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:45. [PMID: 26108554 PMCID: PMC4479109 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid detection and discrimination of bacteria for biomedical and food safety applications remain a considerable challenge. We report a label-free near infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering (NIR-SERS) method for the discrimination of pathogenic bacteria from drinking water. The approach relies on the in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) within the bacterial cell suspensions. Results Pre-treatment of cells with Triton X-100 significantly improved the sensitivity of the assay. Using this method, we were able to discriminate several common pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Listeria spp. A comparison of the SERS spectra allowed for the discrimination of two Listeria species, namely L. monocytogenes and L. innocua. We further report the application of the method to discriminate two MRSA strains from clinical isolates. The complete assay was completed in a span of 5 min. Conclusions The proposed analytical method proves to be a rapid tool for selective and label-free identification of pathogenic bacterium. Pre-treatment of bacterial cells with Triton X-100 resulted in new features on the SERS spectra, allowing for a successful discrimination of common disease related bacteria including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Listeria and MRSA. We also demonstrate that the spectral features obtained using in situ synthesis of nanoparticles could be could be used to differentiate two species of listeria. By using L.innocua as a model sample, we found the limit of detection of our assay to be 103 CFU/mL. The method can selectively discriminate different bacterial species, and has a potential to be used in the development of point-of-care diagnostics with biomedical and food safety applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0106-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyan Chen
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 12, Canada.
| | - Nawfal Mungroo
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 12, Canada.
| | - Luciana Daikuara
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 12, Canada.
| | - Suresh Neethirajan
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 12, Canada.
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80
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Bagga K, Brougham DF, Keyes TE, Brabazon D. Magnetic and noble metal nanocomposites for separation and optical detection of biological species. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:27968-80. [PMID: 26024367 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoalloys and nanocomposites are widely studied classes of nanomaterials within the context of biological systems. They are of immense interest because of the possibility of tuning the optical, magnetic, electronic and chemical properties through particle composition and internal architecture. In principle these properties can therefore be optimized for application in biological detections such as of DNA sequences, bacteria, viruses, antibodies, antigens, and cancer cells. This article presents an overview of methods currently used for nanoalloy and nanocomposite synthesis and characterisation, focusing on Au-Ag and FexOy@Au structures as primary components in detection platforms for plasmonic and magnetically enabled plasmonic bio-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bagga
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Ireland.
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81
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Li S, Li L, Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Liu Z, Jin M, Su C, Lin L, Xu J, Liu S. Characterization and noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer with serum surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and genetic algorithms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9582. [PMID: 25947114 PMCID: PMC4423238 DOI: 10.1038/srep09582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to characterize and classify serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectra between bladder cancer patients and normal volunteers by genetic algorithms (GAs) combined with linear discriminate analysis (LDA). Two group serum SERS spectra excited with nanoparticles are collected from healthy volunteers (n = 36) and bladder cancer patients (n = 55). Six diagnostic Raman bands in the regions of 481-486, 682-687, 1018-1034, 1313-1323, 1450-1459 and 1582-1587 cm(-1) related to proteins, nucleic acids and lipids are picked out with the GAs and LDA. By the diagnostic models built with the identified six Raman bands, the improved diagnostic sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 100% were acquired for classifying bladder cancer patients from normal serum SERS spectra. The results are superior to the sensitivity of 74.6% and specificity of 97.2% obtained with principal component analysis by the same serum SERS spectra dataset. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves further confirmed the efficiency of diagnostic algorithm based on GA-LDA technique. This exploratory work demonstrates that the serum SERS associated with GA-LDA technique has enormous potential to characterize and non-invasively detect bladder cancer through peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxin Li
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Linfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qiuyao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhouyi Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Mei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chengkang Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Junfa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Songhao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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82
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Freitag I, Matthäus C, Csaki A, Clement JH, Cialla-May D, Weber K, Krafft C, Popp J. Differentiation of MCF-7 tumor cells from leukocytes and fibroblast cells using epithelial cell adhesion molecule targeted multicore surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy labels. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:55002. [PMID: 25938206 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of tumor and normal cells is a promising application of Raman spectroscopy. The throughput of Raman-assisted cell sorting is limited by low sensitivity. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a well-recognized candidate to increase the intensity of Raman signals of cells. First, different strategies are summarized to detect tumor cells using targeted SERS probes. Then, a protocol is described to prepare multicore-SERS-labels (MSLs) by aggregating gold nanoparticles, coating with a reporter molecule and a thin silver shell to further boost enhancement, encapsulating with a stable silica layer, and functionalizing by epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibodies. Raman, dark field and fluorescence microscopy proved the specific and nonspecific binding of functionalized and nonfunctionalized MSLs to MCF-7 tumor cells, leukocytes from blood, and nontransformed human foreskin fibroblasts. Raman imaging and dark field microscopy indicated no uptake of MSLs, yet binding to the cellular membrane. Viability tests were performed with living tumor cells to demonstrate the low toxicity of MSL-EpCAM. The SERS signatures were detected from cells with exposure times down to 25 ms at 785-nm laser excitation. The prospects of these MSLs in multiplex assays, for enumeration and sorting of circulating tumor cells in microfluidic chips, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Freitag
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, Jena 07745, GermanybUniversity of Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Andrea Csaki
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Joachim H Clement
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, Jena 07745, GermanybUniversity of Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Karina Weber
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, Jena 07745, GermanybUniversity of Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, Jena 07745, GermanybUniversity of Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany
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83
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Oztekin EK, Smith SE, Hahn DW. Differential laser-induced perturbation Raman spectroscopy: a comparison with Raman spectroscopy for analysis and classification of amino acids and dipeptides. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:047006. [PMID: 25905445 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.4.047006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Differential-laser induced perturbation spectroscopy (DLIPS) is a new spectral analysis technique for classification and identification, with key potential applications for analysis of complex biomolecular systems. DLIPS takes advantage of the complex ultraviolet (UV) laser–material interactions based on difference spectroscopy by coupling low intensity UV laser perturbation with a traditional spectroscopy probe. Here, we quantify the DLIPS performance using a Raman scattering probe in classification of basic constituents of collagenous tissues, namely, the amino acids glycine, L-proline, and L-alanine, and the dipeptides glycine–glycine, glycine–alanine and glycine–proline and compare the performance to a traditional Raman spectroscopy probe via several multivariate analyses. We find that the DLIPS approach yields an ~40% improvement in discrimination among these tissue building blocks. The effects of the 193-nm perturbation laser are further examined by assessing the photodestruction of targeted material molecular bonds. The DLIPS method with a Raman probe holds promise for future tissue diagnosis, either as a stand-alone technique or as part of an orthogonal biosensing scheme.
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84
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Svetlakova AS, Brandt NN, Priezzhev AV, Chikishev AY. Raman microspectroscopy of nanodiamond-induced structural changes in albumin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:047004. [PMID: 25901656 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.4.047004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are promising agents for theranostic applications due to reported low toxicity and high biocompatibility, which is still being extensively tested on cellular, tissue, and organism levels. It is presumed that for experimental and future clinical applications, NDs will be administered into the organism via the blood circulation system. In this regard, the interaction of NDs with blood components needs to be thoroughly studied. We studied the interaction of carboxylated NDs (cNDs) with albumin, one of the major proteins of blood plasma. After 2-h long in vitro incubation in an aqueous solution of the protein, 100-nm cNDs were dried and the dry samples were studied with the aid of Raman microspectroscopy. The spectroscopic data indicate significant conformational changes that can be due to cND–protein interaction. A possible decrease in the functional activity of albumin related to the conformational changes must be taken into account in the in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S Svetlakova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Physics Department, Leninskie Gory 1/62, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay N Brandt
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Physics Department, Leninskie Gory 1/62, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Priezzhev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Physics Department, Leninskie Gory 1/62, Moscow 119991, RussiabLomonosov Moscow State University, International Laser Center, Leninskie Gory 1/62, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey Yu Chikishev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, International Laser Center, Leninskie Gory 1/62, Moscow 119992, Russia
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85
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Mangueira NM, Xavier M, de Souza RA, Salgado MAC, Silveira L, Villaverde AB. Effect of low-level laser therapy in an experimental model of osteoarthritis in rats evaluated through Raman spectroscopy. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:145-53. [PMID: 25714387 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate the biochemical changes associated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) using 660 and 780 nm, on a well-established experimental model of osteoarthritis (OA) in the knees of rats with induced collagenase, using histomorphometry and Raman spectroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (GCON, n=9), collagenase without treatment (GCOL, n=9), collagenase with LLLT 660 nm treatment (G660, n=8), and collagenase with LLLT 780 nm treatment (G780, n=10). LLLT protocol was: 30 mW power output, 10 sec irradiation time, 0.04 cm(2) spot size, 0.3 J energy, 0.75 W/cm(2) irradiance, and 7.5 J/cm(2) fluence per session per day, during 14 days. Then, knees were withdrawn and submitted to histomorphometry and Raman spectroscopy analysis. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis distance were employed to characterize the spectral findings. RESULTS Histomorphometry revealed a significant increase in the amount of collagen III for the group irradiated with 660 nm. The Raman bands at 1247, 1273, and 1453 cm(-1) (from principal component score PC2), attributed to collagen type II, and 1460 cm(-1) (from PC3), attributed to collagen type III, suggested that the LLLT causes acceleration in cellular activity, especially on the cells that repair cartilage, accelerating the breakdown of cartilage destroyed by collagenase and stimulating the fibroblast to synthesize repairing collagen III. CONCLUSIONS LLLT accelerated the initial breakdown of cartilage destroyed by collagenase and stimulated the fibroblast to synthesize the repairing collagen III, suggesting a beneficial effect of LLLT on OA.
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86
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Farhane Z, Bonnier F, Casey A, Byrne HJ. Raman micro spectroscopy for in vitro drug screening: subcellular localisation and interactions of doxorubicin. Analyst 2015; 140:4212-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00256g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is used for the localization and tracking of chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin, in the intracellular environment of lung cancer cell line. Results show the potential of the technique to monitor the mechanisms of action and response on a molecular level, with subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Farhane
- FOCAS Research Institute
- Dublin Institute of Technology
- Dublin 8
- Ireland
| | - F. Bonnier
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | - A. Casey
- FOCAS Research Institute
- Dublin Institute of Technology
- Dublin 8
- Ireland
| | - H. J. Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute
- Dublin Institute of Technology
- Dublin 8
- Ireland
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87
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Huang J, Liu S, Chen Z, Chen N, Pang F, Wang T. Distinguishing Cancerous Liver Cells Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2014; 15:36-43. [DOI: 10.1177/1533034614561358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been widely used in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. It possesses great potential for the analysis of biochemical processes in cell studies. In this article, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of normal and cancerous liver cells incubated with SERS active substrates (gold nanoparticle) was measured using confocal Raman microspectroscopy technology. The chemical components of the cells were analyzed through statistical methods for the SERS spectrum. Both the relative intensity ratio and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for distinguishing the normal liver cells (QSG-7701) from the hepatoma cells (SMMC-7721). The relative intensity ratio of the Raman spectra peaks such as I937/I1209, I1276/I1308, I1342/I1375, and I1402/I1435 was set as the judge boundary, and the sensitivity and the specificity using PCA method were calculated. The results indicated that the surface-enhanced Raman spectrum could provide the chemical information for distinguishing the normal cells from the cancerous liver cells and demonstrated that SERS technology possessed the possible applied potential for the diagnosis of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shupeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Na Chen
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fufei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tingyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
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88
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The many facets of Raman spectroscopy for biomedical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:699-717. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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89
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Liang L, Zheng C, Zhang H, Xu S, Zhang Z, Hu C, Bi L, Fan Z, Han B, Xu W. Exploring type II microcalcifications in benign and premalignant breast lesions by shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 132:397-402. [PMID: 24887501 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of type II microcalcifications in fibroadenoma (FB), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) breast tissues has been analyzed by the fingerprint features of Raman spectroscopy. Fresh breast tissues were first handled to frozen sections and then they were measured by normal Raman spectroscopy. Due to inherently low sensitivity of Raman scattering, Au@SiO2 shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique was utilized. A total number of 71 Raman spectra and 70 SHINERS spectra were obtained from the microcalcifications in benign and premalignant breast tissues. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the type II microcalcifications between these tissues. This is the first time to detect type II microcalcifications in premalignant (ADH and DCIS) breast tissue frozen sections, and also the first time SHINERS has been utilized for breast cancer detection. Conclusions demonstrated in this paper confirm that SHINERS has great potentials to be applied to the identification of breast lesions as an auxiliary method to mammography in the early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chengxu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lirong Bi
- Pathology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Weiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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90
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Li S, Chen G, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Liu Z, Xu J, Li X, Lin L. Identification and characterization of colorectal cancer using Raman spectroscopy and feature selection techniques. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:25895-908. [PMID: 25401621 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.025895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to detect colorectal cancer with near-infrared Raman spectroscopy and feature selection techniques. A total of 306 Raman spectra of colorectal cancer tissues and normal tissues are acquired from 44 colorectal cancer patients. Five diagnostically important Raman bands in the regions of 815-830, 935-945, 1131-1141, 1447-1457 and 1665-1675 cm(-1) related to proteins, nucleic acids and lipids of tissues are identified with the ant colony optimization (ACO) and support vector machine (SVM). The diagnostic models built with the identified Raman bands provide a diagnostic accuracy of 93.2% for identifying colorectal cancer from normal Raman spectroscopy. The study demonstrates that the Raman spectroscopy associated with ACO-SVM diagnostic algorithms has great potential to characterize and diagnose colorectal cancer.
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91
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Assessment of tumor cells in a mouse model of diffuse infiltrative glioma by Raman spectroscopy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:860241. [PMID: 25247190 PMCID: PMC4163456 DOI: 10.1155/2014/860241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioma of infiltrative nature is challenging for surgeons to achieve tumor-specific and maximal resection. Raman spectroscopy provides structural information on the targeted materials as vibrational shifts. We utilized Raman spectroscopy to distinguish invasive tumors from normal tissues. Spectra obtained from replication-competent avian sarcoma-(RCAS-) based infiltrative glioma cells and glioma tissues (resembling low-grade human glioma) were compared with those obtained from normal mouse astrocytes and normal tissues. In cell analysis, the spectra at 950-1000, 1030, 1050-1100, 1120-1130, 1120-1200, 1200-1300, 1300-1350, and 1450 cm(-1) were significantly higher in infiltrative glioma cells than in normal astrocytes. In brain tissue analysis, the spectra at 1030, 1050-1100, and 1200-1300 cm(-1) were significantly higher in infiltrative glioma tissues than in normal brain tissues. These spectra reflect the structures of proteins, lipids, and DNA content. The sensitivity and specificity to predict glioma cells by distinguishing normal cells were 98.3% and 75.0%, respectively. Principal component analysis elucidated the significance of spectral difference between tumor tissues and normal tissues. It is possible to distinguish invasive tumors from normal tissues by using Raman spectroscopy.
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92
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Dong Y, Li K, Jiang P, Wang G, Miao H, Zhang J, Zhang C. Simple hydrothermal preparation of α-, β-, and γ-MnO2and phase sensitivity in catalytic ozonation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02654c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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93
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Cheng IF, Chen TY, Lu RJ, Wu HW. Rapid identification of bacteria utilizing amplified dielectrophoretic force-assisted nanoparticle-induced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:324. [PMID: 25024685 PMCID: PMC4085094 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been widely used to manipulate, separate, and concentrate microscale particles. Unfortunately, DEP force is difficult to be used in regard to the manipulation of nanoscale molecules/particles. For manipulation of 50- to 100-nm particles, the electrical field strength must be higher than 3 × 10(6) V/m, and with a low applied voltage of 10 Vp-p, the electrode gap needs to be reduced to submicrons. Our research consists of a novel and simple approach, using a several tens micrometers scale electrode (low cost and easy to fabricate) to generate a dielectrophoretic microparticle assembly to form nanogaps with a locally amplified alternating current (AC) electric field gradient, which is used to rapidly trap nanocolloids. The results show that the amplified DEP force could effectively trap 20-nm colloids in the nanogaps between the 5-μm particle aggregates. The concentration factor at the local detection region was shown to be approximately 5 orders of magnitude higher than the bulk solution. This approach was also successfully used in bead-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the rapid identification of bacteria from diluted blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fang Cheng
- National Nano Device Laboratories, National Applied Research Laboratories, Tainan 74147, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Chen
- National Nano Device Laboratories, National Applied Research Laboratories, Tainan 74147, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ji Lu
- Department of Computer and Communication, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71003, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Wu
- Department of Computer and Communication, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71003, Taiwan
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94
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The use of Au@SiO2 shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for human breast cancer detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5425-32. [PMID: 24958347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study uses the powerful fingerprint features of Raman spectroscopy to distinguish different types of breast tissues including normal breast tissues (NB), fibroadenoma (FD), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Thin frozen tissue sections of fresh breast tissues were measured by Raman spectroscopy. Due to the inherent low sensitivity of Raman spectra, Au@SiO2 shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique was utilized to provide supplementary and more informative spectral features. A total of 619 Raman spectra were acquired and compared to 654 SHINERS spectra. The maximum enhancement effect of distinct and specific bands was characterized for different tissue types. When applying the new criteria, excellent separation of FD, DCIS, and IDC was obtained for all tissue types. Most importantly, we were able to distinguish ADH from DCIS. Although only a preliminary distinction was characterized between ADH and NB, the results provided a good foundation of criteria to further discriminate ADH from NB and shed more light toward a better understanding of the mechanism of ADH formation. This is the first report to detect the premalignant (ADH and DCIS) breast tissue frozen sections and also the first report exploiting SHINERS to detect and distinguish breast tissues. The results presented in this study show that SHINERS can be applied to accurately and efficiently identify breast lesions. Further, the spectra can be acquired in a minimally invasive procedure and analyzed rapidly facilitating early and accurate diagnosis in vivo/in situ.
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95
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Brauchle E, Noor S, Holtorf E, Garbe C, Schenke-Layland K, Busch C. Raman spectroscopy as an analytical tool for melanoma research. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:636-45. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Brauchle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB); Stuttgart Germany
- University Women's Hospital Tuebingen; Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
- University of Stuttgart; Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP); Stuttgart Germany
| | - S. Noor
- Section of Dermato-Oncology; Department of Dermatology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - E. Holtorf
- Section of Dermato-Oncology; Department of Dermatology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - C. Garbe
- Section of Dermato-Oncology; Department of Dermatology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - K. Schenke-Layland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB); Stuttgart Germany
- University Women's Hospital Tuebingen; Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - C. Busch
- Section of Dermato-Oncology; Department of Dermatology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
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96
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Lin D, Pan J, Huang H, Chen G, Qiu S, Shi H, Chen W, Yu Y, Feng S, Chen R. Label-free blood plasma test based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering for tumor stages detection in nasopharyngeal cancer. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4751. [PMID: 24756153 PMCID: PMC3996462 DOI: 10.1038/srep04751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of a label-free nanobiosensor based on blood plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for exploring variability of different tumor (T) stages in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Au nanoparticles as the SERS-active nanostructures were directly mixed with human blood plasma to enhance the Raman scattering signals. High quality SERS spectra can be acquired from blood plasma samples belong to 60 healthy volunteers, 25 NPC patients with T1 stage and 75 NPC patients with T2-T4 stage. A diagnostic accuracy of 83.5% and 93.3%, respectively, can be achieved for classification between early T (T1) stage cancer and normal; and advanced T (T2-T4) stage cancer and normal blood groups. This exploratory study demonstrates that the nanobiosensor based on SERS technique in conjunction with PCA-LDA has great potential as a clinical complement for different T stages detection in nasopharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lin
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jianji Pan
- Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Guannan Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Sufang Qiu
- Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Hong Shi
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Yun Yu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Shangyuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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97
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Dehghani-Bidgoli Z, Baygi MHM, Kabir E, Malekfar R. Developing an Instrument-Independent Algorithm for Raman Spectroscopy: A Case of Cancer Detection. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2014; 13:119-27. [DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the problems in the use of Raman spectroscopy for cancer detection in clinical application is the variety of Raman instruments, producing different spectra for the same sample, due to the nature of the measurement system. This prevents the measured spectra from different systems to be compared against one another without appropriate tools and techniques. Therefore, for each instrument one needs to spend considerable amount of time to prepare a set of reference data based on which the future measurements to be interpreted. For early diagnosis of cancer by Raman spectroscopy, there is a need for an algorithm by which such diagnosis can be made by any type of Raman instrument giving rise to the same findings. In the present study we have investigated the detection of breast cancer in three classes of breast samples (normal, benign and cancer) using three different Raman instruments (Almega, Bruker and R3000) to develop an algorithm that, irrespective of the type of Raman instrument, can be applied to the spectra to extract the features necessary to arrive at the same diagnosis. In doing so, we employed different pre-processing methods to eliminate the instrument-dependent effects on the spectra enabling us to fuse such spectra obtained from different instruments. Then, we classified the data using support vector machine (SVM) and multi-layer perception (MLP) to assess the degree to which the employed methods have been able to detect cancer. The results of the study showed that the range and resolution matching using spline interpolation, and noise and fluorescence elimination using wavelet and SNV normalizations were the most sensitive and accurate procedures for eliminating the instrumental specification-based effects and fusing the data from different instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Dehghani-Bidgoli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I. R. Iran
| | - M. H. Miran Baygi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I. R. Iran
| | - E. Kabir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I. R. Iran
| | - R. Malekfar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I. R. Iran
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98
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I-Fang Cheng, Chang HC, Chen TY, Hu C, Yang FL. Rapid (<5 min) identification of pathogen in human blood by electrokinetic concentration and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2365. [PMID: 23917638 PMCID: PMC3734443 DOI: 10.1038/srep02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports a novel microfluidic platform for rapid and long-ranged concentration of rare-pathogen from human blood for subsequent on-chip surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) identification/discrimination of bacteria based on their detected fingerprints. Using a hybrid electrokinetic mechanism, bacteria can be concentrated at the stagnation area on the SERS-active roughened electrode, while blood cells were excluded away from this region at the center of concentric circular electrodes. This electrokinetic approach performs isolation and concentration of bacteria in about three minutes; the density factor is increased approximately a thousand fold in a local area of ~5000 μm2 from a low bacteria concentration of 5 × 103 CFU/ml. Besides, three genera of bacteria, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa that are found in most of the isolated infections in bacteremia were successfully identified in less than one minute on-chip without the use of any antibody/chemical immobilization and reaction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fang Cheng
- National Nano Device Laboratories, National Applied Research Laboratories, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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99
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Smijs TG, Jachtenberg JW, Pavel S, Bakker-Schut TC, Willemse-Erix D, de Haas ERM, Sterenborg H. Detection and differentiation of causative organisms of onychomycosis in an ex vivo
nail model by means of Raman spectroscopy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:1492-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. G. Smijs
- Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Department of Radiotherapy; Erasmus Medical Centre; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. W. Jachtenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery; Erasmus Medical Centre; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - S. Pavel
- Department of Dermatology; Charles University; Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - T. C. Bakker-Schut
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Erasmus Medical Centre; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - D. Willemse-Erix
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Erasmus Medical Centre; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - E. R. M. de Haas
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Erasmus Medical Centre; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - H. Sterenborg
- Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Department of Radiotherapy; Erasmus Medical Centre; Rotterdam The Netherlands
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100
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Driscoll AJ, Harpster MH, Johnson PA. The development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a detection modality for portable in vitro diagnostics: progress and challenges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20415-33. [PMID: 24177331 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52334a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This perspective provides an overview of the diverse surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based sensor platforms that have been developed for in vitro diagnostic applications. To provide focus, protein and nucleic acid detection assays based on the principle of extrinsic SERS sensing are emphasized, as well as their potential for translation to fully integrated point-of-care (POC) test platforms. The development of intrinsic SERS sensors, which are predicated on the direct detection of analytes by laser excitation, entails unique opportunities and challenges deserving of their own attention. As the robust sensing of disease pathogens and cancers in both clinical facilities and limited resource settings is the targeted objective of many next-generation biosensors, the majority of the research progress summarized here centers on SERS sensors developed for the rapid, sensitive and selective detection of disease-causing pathogens and biomarkers. In our effort to communicate a realistic assessment of the progress that has been made and the challenges that lie ahead, we avoid an overtly optimistic appraisal of the current status of SERS diagnostics that does not tacitly acknowledge the difficulties inherent in aligning SERS-based technologies alongside ELISA and PCR technologies as a complementary method for bioanalyte detection possessing unique advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Driscoll
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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