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Delorme R, Taupin F, Flaender M, Ravanat JL, Champion C, Agelou M, Elleaume H. Comparison of gadolinium nanoparticles and molecular contrast agents for radiation therapy-enhancement. Med Phys 2017; 44:5949-5960. [PMID: 28886212 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nanoparticles appear as a novel tool to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy in cancer treatments. Many parameters influence their efficacy, such as their size, concentration, composition, their cellular localization, as well as the photon source energy. The current Monte Carlo study aims at comparing the dose-enhancement in presence of gadolinium (Gd), either as isolated atoms or atoms clustered in nanoparticles (NPs), by investigating the role played by these physical parameters at the cellular and the nanometer scale. In parallel, in vitro assays were performed in presence of either the gadolinium contrast agent (GdCA) Magnevist® or ultrasmall gadolinium NPs (GdNPs, 3 nm) for comparison with the simulations. METHODS PENELOPE Monte Carlo Code was used for in silico dose calculations. Monochromatic photon beams were used to calculate dose enhancements in different cell compartments and low-energy secondary electron spectra dependence with energy. Particular attention has been placed on the interplay between the X-ray beam energy, the Gd localization and its distance from cellular targets. Clonogenic assays were used to quantify F98 rat glioma cell survival after irradiation in the presence of GdNPs or GdCA, using monochromatic X-rays with energies in the 30 keV-80 keV range from a synchrotron and 1.25 MeV gamma photons from a cobalt-60 source. The simulations that correspond to the experimental conditions were compared with the experimental results. RESULTS In silico, a highly heterogeneous and clustered Gd-atom distribution, a massive production of low energy electrons around GdNPs and an optimal X-ray beam energy, above the Gd K-edge, were key factors found to increase microscopic doses, which could potentially induce cell death. The different Gd localizations studied all resulted in a lower dose enhancement for the nucleus component than for cytoplasm or membrane compartments, with a maximum dose-enhancement factor (DEF) found at 65 keV and 58 keV, respectively. In vitro, radiosensitization was observed with GdNPs incubated 5 h with the cells (2.1 mg Gd/mL) at all energies. Experimental DEFs were found to be greater than computational DEFs but follow a similar trend with irradiation energy. However, an important radiosensitivity was observed experimentally with GdNPs at high energy (1.25 MeV), whereas no effect was expected from modeling. This effect was correlated with GdNPs incubation time. In vitro, GdCA provided no dose enhancement at 1.25 MeV energies, in agreement with computed data. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a foundation on which to base optimizations of the physical parameters in Gd radiation-enhanced therapy. Strong evidence was provided that GdCA or GdNPs could both be used for radiation dose-enhancement therapy. There in vivo biological distribution, in the tumor volume and at the cellular scale, will be the key factor for providing large dose enhancements and determine their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Delorme
- CEA, LIST, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,IMNC Laboratory, UMR 8165-CNRS/IN2P3, Paris-Saclay University, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Florence Taupin
- EA-7442 Rayonnement Synchrotron et Recherche Médicale, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38058, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Mélanie Flaender
- EA-7442 Rayonnement Synchrotron et Recherche Médicale, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38058, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Champion
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Hélène Elleaume
- EA-7442 Rayonnement Synchrotron et Recherche Médicale, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38058, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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Chakroun RW, Zhang P, Lin R, Schiapparelli P, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Cui H. Nanotherapeutic systems for local treatment of brain tumors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10. [PMID: 28544801 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumor, including the most common type glioblastoma, are histologically heterogeneous and invasive tumors known as the most devastating neoplasms with high morbidity and mortality. Despite multimodal treatment including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, the disease inevitably recurs and is fatal. This lack of curative options has motivated researchers to explore new treatment strategies and to develop new drug delivery systems (DDSs); however, the unique anatomical, physiological, and pathological features of brain tumors greatly limit the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy. In this context, we review the recent progress in the development of nanoparticle-based DDSs aiming to address the key challenges in transporting sufficient amount of therapeutic agents into the brain tumor areas while minimizing the potential side effects. We first provide an overview of the standard treatments currently used in the clinic for the management of brain cancers, discussing the effectiveness and limitations of each therapy. We then provide an in-depth review of nanotherapeutic systems that are intended to bypass the blood-brain barrier, overcome multidrug resistance, infiltrate larger tumorous tissue areas, and/or release therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2018, 10:e1479. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1479 This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Walid Chakroun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ran Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sung W, Ye SJ, McNamara AL, McMahon SJ, Hainfeld J, Shin J, Smilowitz HM, Paganetti H, Schuemann J. Dependence of gold nanoparticle radiosensitization on cell geometry. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5843-5853. [PMID: 28429022 PMCID: PMC5526329 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The radiosensitization effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo in radiation therapy. The purpose of this study was to systematically assess the biological effectiveness of GNPs distributed in the extracellular media for realistic cell geometries. TOPAS-nBio simulations were used to determine the nanometre-scale radial dose distributions around the GNPs, which were subsequently used to predict the radiation dose response of cells surrounded by GNPs. MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and F-98 rat glioma cells were used as models to assess different cell geometries by changing (1) the cell shape, (2) the nucleus location within the cell, (3) the size of GNPs, and (4) the photon energy. The results show that the sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER) was increased up to a factor of 1.2 when the location of the nucleus is close to the cell membrane for elliptical-shaped cells. Heat-maps of damage-likelihoods show that most of the lethal events occur in the regions of the nuclei closest to the membrane, potentially causing highly clustered damage patterns. The effect of the GNP size on radiosensitization was limited when the GNPs were located outside the cell. The improved modelling of the cell geometry was shown to be crucial because the dose enhancement caused by GNPs falls off rapidly with distance from the GNPs. We conclude that radiosensitization can be achieved for kV photons even without cellular uptake of GNPs when the nucleus is shifted towards the cell membrane. Furthermore, damage was found to concentrate in a small region of the nucleus in close proximity to the extracellular, GNP-laden region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmo Sung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Ye
- Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Robotics Research Laboratory for Extreme Environment, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
- corresponding authors: .
| | - Aimee L. McNamara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Jungwook Shin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- corresponding authors: .
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Glaser T, Han I, Wu L, Zeng X. Targeted Nanotechnology in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:166. [PMID: 28408882 PMCID: PMC5374154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, and in particular glioblastoma multiforme, are aggressive brain tumors characterized by a poor prognosis and high rates of recurrence. Current treatment strategies are based on open surgery, chemotherapy (temozolomide) and radiotherapy. However, none of these treatments, alone or in combination, are considered effective in managing this devastating disease, resulting in a median survival time of less than 15 months. The efficiency of chemotherapy is mainly compromised by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that selectively inhibits drugs from infiltrating into the tumor mass. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), with their unique biology and their resistance to both radio- and chemotherapy, compound tumor aggressiveness and increase the chances of treatment failure. Therefore, more effective targeted therapeutic regimens are urgently required. In this article, some well-recognized biological features and biomarkers of this specific subgroup of tumor cells are profiled and new strategies and technologies in nanomedicine that explicitly target CSCs, after circumventing the BBB, are detailed. Major achievements in the development of nanotherapies, such as organic poly(propylene glycol) and poly(ethylene glycol) or inorganic (iron and gold) nanoparticles that can be conjugated to metal ions, liposomes, dendrimers and polymeric micelles, form the main scope of this summary. Moreover, novel biological strategies focused on manipulating gene expression (small interfering RNA and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPR]/CRISPR associated protein 9 [Cas 9] technologies) for cancer therapy are also analyzed. The aim of this review is to analyze the gap between CSC biology and the development of targeted therapies. A better understanding of CSC properties could result in the development of precise nanotherapies to fulfill unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Center, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical CenterSeongnam, South Korea
| | - Liquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Byrne HL, Gholami Y, Kuncic Z. Impact of fluorescence emission from gold atoms on surrounding biological tissue—implications for nanoparticle radio-enhancement. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:3097-3110. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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56
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Bredlau AL, Dixit S, Chen C, Broome AM. Nanotechnology Applications for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:104-115. [PMID: 26903150 PMCID: PMC5327462 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160223121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are invariably fatal tumors found in the pons of elementary school aged children. These tumors are grade II-IV gliomas, with a median survival of less than 1 year from diagnosis when treated with standard of care (SOC) therapy. Nanotechnology may offer therapeutic options for the treatment of DIPGs. Multiple nanoparticle formulations are currently being investigated for the treatment of DIPGs. Nanoparticles based upon stable elements, polymer nanoparticles, and organic nanoparticles are under development for the treatment of brain tumors, including DIPGs. Targeting of nanoparticles is now possible as delivery techniques that address the difficulty in crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB) are developed. Theranostic nanoparticles, a combination of therapeutics and diagnostic nanoparticles, improve imaging of the cancerous tissue while delivering therapy to the local region. However, additional time and attention should be directed to developing a nanoparticle delivery system for treatment of the uniformly fatal pediatric disease of DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, MSC 120/BEB 213, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Rosa S, Connolly C, Schettino G, Butterworth KT, Prise KM. Biological mechanisms of gold nanoparticle radiosensitization. Cancer Nanotechnol 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28217176 PMCID: PMC5288470 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-017-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the use of nanomaterials for a range of biomedical applications over the last number of years. In particular, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) possess a number of unique properties that make them ideal candidates as radiosensitizers on the basis of their strong photoelectric absorption coefficient and ease of synthesis. However, despite promising preclinical evidence in vitro supported by a limited amount of in vivo experiments, along with advances in mechanistic understanding, GNPs have not yet translated into the clinic. This may be due to disparity between predicted levels of radiosensitization based on physical action, observed biological response and an incomplete mechanistic understanding, alongside current experimental limitations. This paper provides a review of the current state of the field, highlighting the potential underlying biological mechanisms in GNP radiosensitization and examining the barriers to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Rosa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chris Connolly
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, London, TW11 0LW UK
| | | | - Karl T. Butterworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
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58
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Sanche L. Interaction of low energy electrons with DNA: Applications to cancer radiation therapy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brun E, Sicard-Roselli C. Actual questions raised by nanoparticle radiosensitization. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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60
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61
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Shi M, Paquette B, Thippayamontri T, Gendron L, Guérin B, Sanche L. Increased radiosensitivity of colorectal tumors with intra-tumoral injection of low dose of gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5323-5333. [PMID: 27789945 PMCID: PMC5068480 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as radiosensitizers for the treatment of malignant tumors has been limited by the large quantities of GNPs that must be administered and the requirement for low-energy X-ray irradiation to optimize radiosensitization. In this study, we enhance the radiosensitivity of HCT116 human colorectal cells with tiopronin-coated GNPs (Tio-GNPs) combined with a low-energy X-ray (26 keV effective energy) source, similar to the Papillon 50 clinical irradiator used for topical irradiation of rectal tumors. Sensitizer enhancement ratios of 1.48 and 1.69 were measured in vitro, when the HCT116 cells were incubated with 0.1 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL of Tio-GNPs, respectively. In nude mice bearing the HCT116 tumor, intra-tumoral (IT) injection of Tio-GNPs allowed a 94 times higher quantity of Tio-GNPs to accumulate than was possible by intravenous injection and facilitated a significant tumor response. The time following irradiation, for tumors growing to four times their initial tumor volume (4Td) was 54 days for the IT injection of 366.3 μg of Tio-GNPs plus 10 Gy, compared to 37 days with radiation alone (P=0.0018). Conversely, no significant improvement was obtained when GNPs were injected intravenously before tumor irradiation (P=0.6547). In conclusion, IT injection of Tio-GNPs combined with low-energy X-rays can significantly reduce the growth of colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Center for Research in Radiotherapy
| | - Benoit Paquette
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Center for Research in Radiotherapy
| | | | - Louis Gendron
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Center for Research in Radiotherapy
| | - Léon Sanche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Center for Research in Radiotherapy
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Yokel RA. Physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials that influence their nervous system distribution and effects. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2081-2093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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63
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Key clinical beam parameters for nanoparticle-mediated radiation dose amplification. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34040. [PMID: 27658637 PMCID: PMC5034311 DOI: 10.1038/srep34040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As nanoparticle solutions move towards human clinical trials in radiation therapy, the influence of key clinical beam parameters on therapeutic efficacy must be considered. In this study, we have investigated the clinical radiation therapy delivery variables that may significantly affect nanoparticle-mediated radiation dose amplification. We found a benefit for situations which increased the proportion of low energy photons in the incident beam. Most notably, “unflattened” photon beams from a clinical linear accelerator results in improved outcomes relative to conventional “flat” beams. This is measured by significant DNA damage, tumor growth suppression, and overall improvement in survival in a pancreatic tumor model. These results, obtained in a clinical setting, clearly demonstrate the influence and importance of radiation therapy parameters that will impact clinical radiation dose amplification with nanoparticles.
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Niestroj M, Bewer B, Mousseau DD, Chapman D, Chen J, Hormes J. A monochromatic x-ray irradiation system for
in vitro
studies at synchrotron beamlines. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/5/055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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65
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Subiel A, Ashmore R, Schettino G. Standards and Methodologies for Characterizing Radiobiological Impact of High-Z Nanoparticles. Theranostics 2016; 6:1651-71. [PMID: 27446499 PMCID: PMC4955064 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the application of high-Z nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer treatment and diagnosis has recently been the subject of growing interest, with much promise being shown with regards to a potential transition into clinical practice. In spite of numerous publications related to the development and application of nanoparticles for use with ionizing radiation, the literature is lacking coherent and systematic experimental approaches to fully evaluate the radiobiological effectiveness of NPs, validate mechanistic models and allow direct comparison of the studies undertaken by various research groups. The lack of standards and established methodology is commonly recognised as a major obstacle for the transition of innovative research ideas into clinical practice. This review provides a comprehensive overview of radiobiological techniques and quantification methods used in in vitro studies on high-Z nanoparticles and aims to provide recommendations for future standardization for NP-mediated radiation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Subiel
- ✉ Corresponding author: +44 (0)20 8943 8548; ; National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
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Posadas I, Monteagudo S, Ceña V. Nanoparticles for brain-specific drug and genetic material delivery, imaging and diagnosis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:833-49. [PMID: 26980585 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor access of therapeutic drugs and genetic material into the central nervous system due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier often limits the development of effective noninvasive treatments and diagnoses of neurological disorders. Moreover, the delivery of genetic material into neuronal cells remains a challenge because of the intrinsic difficulty in transfecting this cell type. Nanotechnology has arisen as a promising tool to provide solutions for this problem. This review will cover the different approaches that have been developed to deliver drugs and genetic material efficiently to the central nervous system as well as the main nanomaterials used to image the central nervous system and diagnose its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Posadas
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Monteagudo
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentín Ceña
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Ribeiro de Barros H, Cardoso MB, Camargo de Oliveira C, Cavichiolo Franco CR, de Lima Belan D, Vidotti M, Riegel-Vidotti IC. Stability of gum arabic-gold nanoparticles in physiological simulated pHs and their selective effect on cell lines. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24858b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable gold nanoparticles coated with gum arabic (GA-AuNPs) exhibit selective effect on B16-F10 cells that could provide a future alternative for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloise Ribeiro de Barros
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daniel de Lima Belan
- Departamento de Biologia Celular
- Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - Marcio Vidotti
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - Izabel C. Riegel-Vidotti
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR
- Curitiba
- Brazil
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Yousef I, Seksek O, Gil S, Prezado Y, Sulé-Suso J, Martínez-Rovira I. Study of the biochemical effects induced by X-ray irradiations in combination with gadolinium nanoparticles in F98 glioma cells: first FTIR studies at the Emira laboratory of the SESAME synchrotron. Analyst 2016; 141:2238-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One strategy to improve the clinical outcome of radiotherapy is to use nanoparticles as radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Yousef
- SESAME Synchrotron
- 19252 Allan
- Jordan
- ALBA Synchrotron
- Carrer de la Llum 2-26
| | - Olivier Seksek
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie (IMNC)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Université Paris 7 & 11
- 91406 Orsay Cedex
- France
| | - Sílvia Gil
- Department of Dermatology
- Hospital Parc Taulí
- Sabadell
- Spain
| | - Yolanda Prezado
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie (IMNC)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Université Paris 7 & 11
- 91406 Orsay Cedex
- France
| | - Josep Sulé-Suso
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Thornburrow Drive
- Stoke on Trent
- UK
| | - Immaculada Martínez-Rovira
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie et Modélisation en Neurobiologie et Cancérologie (IMNC)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Université Paris 7 & 11
- 91406 Orsay Cedex
- France
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Bräuer-Krisch E, Adam JF, Alagoz E, Bartzsch S, Crosbie J, DeWagter C, Dipuglia A, Donzelli M, Doran S, Fournier P, Kalef-Ezra J, Kock A, Lerch M, McErlean C, Oelfke U, Olko P, Petasecca M, Povoli M, Rosenfeld A, Siegbahn EA, Sporea D, Stugu B. Medical physics aspects of the synchrotron radiation therapies: Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) and synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy (SSRT). Phys Med 2015; 31:568-83. [PMID: 26043881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic Synchrotron Radiotherapy (SSRT) and Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) are both novel approaches to treat brain tumor and potentially other tumors using synchrotron radiation. Although the techniques differ by their principles, SSRT and MRT share certain common aspects with the possibility of combining their advantages in the future. For MRT, the technique uses highly collimated, quasi-parallel arrays of X-ray microbeams between 50 and 600 keV. Important features of highly brilliant Synchrotron sources are a very small beam divergence and an extremely high dose rate. The minimal beam divergence allows the insertion of so called Multi Slit Collimators (MSC) to produce spatially fractionated beams of typically ∼25-75 micron-wide microplanar beams separated by wider (100-400 microns center-to-center(ctc)) spaces with a very sharp penumbra. Peak entrance doses of several hundreds of Gy are extremely well tolerated by normal tissues and at the same time provide a higher therapeutic index for various tumor models in rodents. The hypothesis of a selective radio-vulnerability of the tumor vasculature versus normal blood vessels by MRT was recently more solidified. SSRT (Synchrotron Stereotactic Radiotherapy) is based on a local drug uptake of high-Z elements in tumors followed by stereotactic irradiation with 80 keV photons to enhance the dose deposition only within the tumor. With SSRT already in its clinical trial stage at the ESRF, most medical physics problems are already solved and the implemented solutions are briefly described, while the medical physics aspects in MRT will be discussed in more detail in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Bräuer-Krisch
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Enver Alagoz
- University of Bergen Department of Physics and Technology, PB 7803 5020, Norway
| | - Stefan Bartzsch
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Crosbie
- RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Dipuglia
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, NSW, Australia
| | - Mattia Donzelli
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Simon Doran
- CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton Surrey, UK
| | - Pauline Fournier
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France; Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, NSW, Australia
| | - John Kalef-Ezra
- Medical Physics Laboratory, University of Ioannina, 451.10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angela Kock
- Sintef Minalab, Gaustadalléen 23C, 0373, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Lerch
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, NSW, Australia
| | - Ciara McErlean
- CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton Surrey, UK
| | - Uwe Oelfke
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd, Sutton SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Olko
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Krawkow, Poland
| | - Marco Petasecca
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, NSW, Australia
| | - Marco Povoli
- University of Oslo, Department of Physics, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anatoly Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, NSW, Australia
| | - Erik A Siegbahn
- Department of Oncolgy-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-177176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dan Sporea
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, RO-077125, Romania
| | - Bjarne Stugu
- University of Bergen, Department of Physics and Technology, PB 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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70
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Retif P, Pinel S, Toussaint M, Frochot C, Chouikrat R, Bastogne T, Barberi-Heyob M. Nanoparticles for Radiation Therapy Enhancement: the Key Parameters. Theranostics 2015; 5:1030-44. [PMID: 26155318 PMCID: PMC4493540 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the radiosensitization strategies that use high-Z nanoparticles. It does not establish an exhaustive list of the works in this field but rather propose constructive criticisms pointing out critical factors that could improve the nano-radiation therapy. Whereas most reviews show the chemists and/or biologists points of view, the present analysis is also seen through the prism of the medical physicist. In particular, we described and evaluated the influence of X-rays energy spectra using a numerical analysis. We observed a lack of standardization in preclinical studies that could partially explain the low number of translation to clinical applications for this innovative therapeutic strategy. Pointing out the critical parameters of high-Z nanoparticles radiosensitization, this review is expected to contribute to a larger preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Retif
- 1. CHR Metz-Thionville, Hôpital de Mercy, Service de radiothérapie, 1 allée du Château, Ars-Laquenexy, 57530, France
- 2. Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, BP 70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
- 3. CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
| | - Sophie Pinel
- 2. Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, BP 70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
- 3. CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
| | - Magali Toussaint
- 2. Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, BP 70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
- 3. CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
| | - Céline Frochot
- 4. Université de Lorraine, LRGP, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, Nancy, 54000, France
- 5. CNRS, LRGP, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Rima Chouikrat
- 4. Université de Lorraine, LRGP, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, Nancy, 54000, France
- 5. CNRS, LRGP, UMR 7274, 1 rue Grandville, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Thierry Bastogne
- 2. Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, BP 70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
- 3. CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
- 6. Université de Lorraine, INRIA-BIGS & CRAN, BP 70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
| | - Muriel Barberi-Heyob
- 2. Université de Lorraine, CRAN, UMR 7039, Campus Sciences, BP 70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
- 3. CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54506, France
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71
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Nanomedicine to overcome radioresistance in glioblastoma stem-like cells and surviving clones. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:236-52. [PMID: 25799457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the standard treatments for glioblastoma, but its effectiveness often encounters the phenomenon of radioresistance. This resistance was recently attributed to distinct cell contingents known as glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) and dominant clones. It is characterized in particular by the activation of signaling pathways and DNA repair mechanisms. Recent advances in the field of nanomedicine offer new possibilities for radiosensitizing these cell populations. Several strategies have been developed in this direction, the first consisting of encapsulating a contrast agent or synthesizing metal-based nanocarriers to concentrate the dose gradient at the level of the target tissue. In the second strategy the physicochemical properties of the vectors are used to encapsulate a wide range of pharmacological agents which act in synergy with the ionizing radiation to destroy the cancerous cells. This review reports on the various molecular anomalies present in GSCs and the predominant role of nanomedicines in the development of radiosensitization strategies.
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72
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Balcerzyk A, Boughattas I, Pin S, Balanzat E, Baldacchino G. First observation of HO˙ reactivity in water under high energy ions at elevated temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:23975-84. [PMID: 25286140 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This communication reports the first observation of the formation of HO˙ produced under two different High energy ion beams, (18)O(8+) and (36)Ar(18+) having Linear Energy Transfers (LET) of 65 and 350 eV nm(-1) respectively, at temperatures up to 411 K. Both scavenging with various concentrations of SCN(-) and heavy-ion pulse radiolysis methods are used with an original temperature and pressure regulated optical cell. Deconvolution of kinetics is used to analyze the evolution of HO˙ track segment yields as a function of time and temperature. It takes care of involving the ionic strength effect and Arrhenius expression in the rate constants correction. The results show a fast decay of HO˙ yields in the 10(-10)-10(-8) s range which denotes an efficient reactivity of this species in the track structure of the ion beam. This effect is enhanced with the lowest LET of O(8+). Increasing the temperature also accelerates the decays for both ions. These observations are discussed in terms of temperature activation of reactions and the track structure exhibiting the formation of HO˙ in a "low LET" penumbra around the ionization tracks. HO˙ track segment yields at 100 ns, of 0.4 × 10(-7) and 0.6 × 10(-7) mol J(-1), respectively for 350 and 65 eV nm(-1), are not affected by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balcerzyk
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, SIS2M, LRad, Bât 546, PC 175, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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73
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Setua S, Ouberai M, Piccirillo SG, Watts C, Welland M. Cisplatin-tethered gold nanospheres for multimodal chemo-radiotherapy of glioblastoma. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:10865-73. [PMID: 25117686 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the most aggressive and challenging brain tumour to treat. We report the first successful chemo-radiotherapy on patient derived treatment resistant GBM cells using a cisplatin-tethered gold nanosphere. After intracellular uptake, the nanosphere effects DNA damage which initiates caspase-mediated apoptosis in those cells. In the presence of radiation, both gold and platinum of cisplatin, serve as high atomic number radiosensitizers leading to the emission of ionizing photoelectrons and Auger electrons. This resulted in enhanced synergy between cisplatin and radiotherapy mediated cytotoxicity, and photo/Auger electron mediated radiosensitisation leading to complete ablation of the tumour cells in an in vitro model system. This study demonstrates the potential of designed nanoparticles to target aggressive cancers in the patient derived cell lines providing a platform to move towards treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Setua
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FF, UK.
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74
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Laster BH, Isaacson C, Perets E, Msamra M, Priel E, Kalef-Ezra J, Kost J. Keeping those telomeres short! an innovative intratumoral long-term drug delivery system. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:23-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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75
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Menter DG, Patterson SL, Logsdon CD, Kopetz S, Sood AK, Hawk ET. Convergence of nanotechnology and cancer prevention: are we there yet? Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:973-92. [PMID: 25060262 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is emerging as a promising modality for cancer treatment; however, in the realm of cancer prevention, its full utility has yet to be determined. Here, we discuss the potential of integrating nanotechnology in cancer prevention to augment early diagnosis, precision targeting, and controlled release of chemopreventive agents, reduced toxicity, risk/response assessment, and personalized point-of-care monitoring. Cancer is a multistep, progressive disease; the functional and acquired characteristics of the early precancer phenotype are intrinsically different from those of a more advanced anaplastic or invasive malignancy. Therefore, applying nanotechnology to precancers is likely to be far more challenging than applying it to established disease. Frank cancers are more readily identifiable through imaging and biomarker and histopathologic assessment than their precancerous precursors. In addition, prevention subjects routinely have more rigorous intervention criteria than therapy subjects. Any nanopreventive agent developed to prevent sporadic cancers found in the general population must exhibit a very low risk of serious side effects. In contrast, a greater risk of side effects might be more acceptable in subjects at high risk for cancer. Using nanotechnology to prevent cancer is an aspirational goal, but clearly identifying the intermediate objectives and potential barriers is an essential first step in this exciting journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sherri L Patterson
- Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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76
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Ngwa W, Kumar R, Sridhar S, Korideck H, Zygmanski P, Cormack RA, Berbeco R, Makrigiorgos GM. Targeted radiotherapy with gold nanoparticles: current status and future perspectives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1063-82. [PMID: 24978464 PMCID: PMC4143893 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is the treatment of cancer and other diseases with ionizing radiation. The ultimate goal of RT is to destroy all the disease cells while sparing healthy tissue. Towards this goal, RT has advanced significantly over the past few decades in part due to new technologies including: multileaf collimator-assisted modulation of radiation beams, improved computer-assisted inverse treatment planning, image guidance, robotics with more precision, better motion management strategies, stereotactic treatments and hypofractionation. With recent advances in nanotechnology, targeted RT with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is actively being investigated as a means to further increase the RT therapeutic ratio. In this review, we summarize the current status of research and development towards the use of GNPs to enhance RT. We highlight the promising emerging modalities for targeted RT with GNPs and the corresponding preclinical evidence supporting such promise towards potential clinical translation. Future prospects and perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Ngwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Electronic Materials Research Institute & Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Srinivas Sridhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Electronic Materials Research Institute & Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Houari Korideck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Piotr Zygmanski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert A Cormack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ross Berbeco
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - G Mike Makrigiorgos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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77
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Movia D, Gerard V, Maguire CM, Jain N, Bell AP, Nicolosi V, O'Neill T, Scholz D, Gun'ko Y, Volkov Y, Prina-Mello A. A safe-by-design approach to the development of gold nanoboxes as carriers for internalization into cancer cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2543-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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