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Wellman SM, Kozai TDY. In vivo spatiotemporal dynamics of NG2 glia activity caused by neural electrode implantation. Biomaterials 2018; 164:121-133. [PMID: 29501892 PMCID: PMC5951685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural interface technology provides direct sampling and analysis of electrical and chemical events in the brain in order to better understand neuronal function and treat neurodegenerative disease. However, intracortical electrodes experience inflammatory reactions that reduce long-term stability and functionality and are understood to be facilitated by activated microglia and astrocytes. Emerging studies have identified another cell type that participates in the formation of a high-impedance glial scar following brain injury; the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC). These cells maintain functional synapses with neurons and are a crucial source of neurotrophic support. Following injury, OPCs migrate toward areas of tissue injury over the course of days, similar to activated microglia. The delayed time course implicates these OPCs as key components in the formation of the outer layers of the glial scar around the implant. In vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) was employed to observe fluorescently-labeled OPC and microglia reactivity up to 72 h following probe insertion. OPCs initiated extension of cellular processes (2.5 ± 0.4 μm h-1) and cell body migration (1.6 ± 0.3 μm h-1) toward the probe beginning 12 h after insertion. By 72 h, OPCs became activated at a radius of about 190.3 μm away from the probe surface. This study characterized the early spatiotemporal dynamics of OPCs involved in the inflammatory response induced by microelectrode insertion. OPCs are key mediators of tissue health and are understood to have multiple fate potentials. Detailed spatiotemporal characterization of glial behavior under pathological conditions may allow identification of alternative intervention targets for mitigating the formation of a glial scar and subsequent neurodegeneration that debilitates chronic neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, United States
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, United States; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, United States.
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52
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Morphological characterization of NG2 glia and their association with neuroglial cells in the 3-nitropropionic acid-lesioned striatum of rat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5942. [PMID: 29654253 PMCID: PMC5899159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to examine the spatiotemporal profiles and phenotypic characteristics of neuron-glia antigen 2 (NG2) glia and their associations with neuroglial cells in striatal lesions due to the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). In control striatum, weak NG2 immunoreactivity was restricted to resting NG2 glia with thin processes, but prominent NG2 expression was noted on activated microglia/macrophages, and reactive NG2 glia in the lesion core after 3-NP injection. Activation of NG2 glia, including enhanced proliferation and morphological changes, had a close spatiotemporal relationship with infiltration of activated microglia into the lesion core. Thick and highly branched processes of reactive NG2 glia formed a cellular network in the astrocyte-free lesion core and primarily surrounded developing cavities 2–4 weeks post-lesion. NG2 glia became associated with astrocytes in the lesion core and the border of cavities over the chronic interval of 4–8 weeks. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that reactive NG2 glia had large euchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli and thick and branched processes that ramified distally. Thus, our data provide detailed information regarding the morphologies of NG2 glia in the lesion core, and support the link between transformation of NG2 glia to the reactive form and microglial activation/recruitment in response to brain insults.
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53
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Zbesko JC, Nguyen TVV, Yang T, Frye JB, Hussain O, Hayes M, Chung A, Day WA, Stepanovic K, Krumberger M, Mona J, Longo FM, Doyle KP. Glial scars are permeable to the neurotoxic environment of chronic stroke infarcts. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:63-78. [PMID: 29331263 PMCID: PMC5851450 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Following stroke, the damaged tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis, a stage of infarct resolution that lasts for months although the exact length of time is currently unknown. One method of repair involves reactive astrocytes and microglia forming a glial scar to compartmentalize the area of liquefactive necrosis from the rest of the brain. The formation of the glial scar is a critical component of the healing response to stroke, as well as other central nervous system (CNS) injuries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the extracellular fluid present in areas of liquefactive necrosis and determine how effectively it is segregated from the remainder of the brain. To accomplish this goal, we used a mouse model of stroke in conjunction with an extracellular fluid toxicity assay, fluorescent and electron microscopy, immunostaining, tracer injections into the infarct, and multiplex immunoassays. We confirmed that the extracellular fluid present in areas of liquefactive necrosis following stroke is toxic to primary cortical and hippocampal neurons for at least 7 weeks following stroke, and discovered that although glial scars are robust physical and endocytic barriers, they are nevertheless permeable. We found that molecules present in the area of liquefactive necrosis can leak across the glial scar and are removed by a combination of paravascular clearance and microglial endocytosis in the adjacent tissue. Despite these mechanisms, there is delayed atrophy, cytotoxic edema, and neuron loss in regions adjacent to the infarct for weeks following stroke. These findings suggest that one mechanism of neurodegeneration following stroke is the failure of glial scars to impermeably segregate areas of liquefactive necrosis from surviving brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Omar Hussain
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Megan Hayes
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Amanda Chung
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - W Anthony Day
- Arizona Health Sciences Center Imaging Core Facility, Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - Maj Krumberger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Justine Mona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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54
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Adams KL, Gallo V. The diversity and disparity of the glial scar. Nat Neurosci 2017; 21:9-15. [PMID: 29269757 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury or disease to the CNS results in multifaceted cellular and molecular responses. One such response, the glial scar, is a structural formation of reactive glia around an area of severe tissue damage. While traditionally viewed as a barrier to axon regeneration, beneficial functions of the glial scar have also been recently identified. In this Perspective, we discuss the divergent roles of the glial scar during CNS regeneration and explore the possibility that these disparities are due to functional heterogeneity within the cells of the glial scar-specifically, astrocytes, NG2 glia and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Adams
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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55
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HuoXueJieDu Formula Alleviates Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats by Inhibiting SOCS3-STAT3 and TIMP1-A2M Pathways. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:4832125. [PMID: 29318137 PMCID: PMC5727685 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4832125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HuoXueJieDu (HXJD) formula exerts protective effects against diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rats, but its underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, the diabetic rats were established using streptozocin. The administration of HXJD was initiated at 20 weeks after diabetes induction and continued for 12 weeks. Whole genome expression profiles in rat retinas were examined using microarray technology. Differential gene expression and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on the microarray data, with validation through real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that 170 genes and several IPA canonical pathways related to inflammation, matrix metabolism, and phototransduction were regulated by HXJD. PCR validation of selected genes, including SOCS3, STAT3, TIMP1, and A2M, confirmed the gene expression changes influenced by HXJD. In addition, the immunohistochemical staining results suggested that critical members of the SOCS3-STAT3 pathway were also affected by HXJD. Taken together, these results indicated that SOCS3-STAT3 and TIMP1-A2M pathways might mediate the alleviation of HXJD activities in rats with diabetic retinopathy.
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56
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Petersen MA, Ryu JK, Chang KJ, Etxeberria A, Bardehle S, Mendiola AS, Kamau-Devers W, Fancy SPJ, Thor A, Bushong EA, Baeza-Raja B, Syme CA, Wu MD, Rios Coronado PE, Meyer-Franke A, Yahn S, Pous L, Lee JK, Schachtrup C, Lassmann H, Huang EJ, Han MH, Absinta M, Reich DS, Ellisman MH, Rowitch DH, Chan JR, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen Activates BMP Signaling in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Inhibits Remyelination after Vascular Damage. Neuron 2017; 96:1003-1012.e7. [PMID: 29103804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption alters the composition of the brain microenvironment by allowing blood proteins into the CNS. However, whether blood-derived molecules serve as extrinsic inhibitors of remyelination is unknown. Here we show that the coagulation factor fibrinogen activates the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and suppresses remyelination. Fibrinogen induces phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 and inhibits OPC differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) while promoting an astrocytic fate in vitro. Fibrinogen effects are rescued by BMP type I receptor inhibition using dorsomorphin homolog 1 (DMH1) or CRISPR/Cas9 activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) knockout in OPCs. Fibrinogen and the BMP target Id2 are increased in demyelinated multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. Therapeutic depletion of fibrinogen decreases BMP signaling and enhances remyelination in vivo. Targeting fibrinogen may be an upstream therapeutic strategy to promote the regenerative potential of CNS progenitors in diseases with remyelination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Petersen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kae-Jiun Chang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ainhoa Etxeberria
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Wanjiru Kamau-Devers
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Berkeley City College, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Thor
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Wu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie Yahn
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lauriane Pous
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - May H Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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57
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Multipotency and therapeutic potential of NG2 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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58
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Wang HF, Liu XK, Li R, Zhang P, Chu Z, Wang CL, Liu HR, Qi J, Lv GY, Wang GY, Liu B, Li Y, Wang YY. Effect of glial cells on remyelination after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1724-1732. [PMID: 29171439 PMCID: PMC5696855 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination plays a key role in functional recovery of axons after spinal cord injury. Glial cells are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. When spinal cord injury occurs, many glial cells at the lesion site are immediately activated, and different cells differentially affect inflammatory reactions after injury. In this review, we aim to discuss the core role of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and crosstalk with the rest of glia and their subcategories in the remyelination process. Activated astrocytes influence proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, while activated microglia alter remyelination by regulating the inflammatory reaction after spinal cord injury. Understanding the interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells and the rest of glia is necessary when designing a therapeutic plan of remyelination after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstruction Surgery Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ze Chu
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-li Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hua-rui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guo-yue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-yi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuan-yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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59
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Kato K, Losada-Perez M, Hidalgo A. Gene network underlying the glial regenerative response to central nervous system injury. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:85-93. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- School of Medicine; Kyorin University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Alicia Hidalgo
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; United Kingdom
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60
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Hackett AR, Lee JK. Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2016; 7:199. [PMID: 27895617 PMCID: PMC5108923 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, are located throughout the central nervous system and serve as a pool of progenitors to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. In response to spinal cord injury (SCI), NG2 cells increase their proliferation and differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. While astrocytes are typically associated with being the major cell type in the glial scar, many NG2 cells also accumulate within the glial scar but their function remains poorly understood. Similar to astrocytes, these cells hypertrophy, upregulate expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, inhibit axon regeneration, contribute to the glial-fibrotic scar border, and some even differentiate into astrocytes. Whether NG2 cells also have a role in other astrocyte functions, such as preventing the spread of infiltrating leukocytes and expression of inflammatory cytokines, is not yet known. Thus, NG2 cells are not only important for remyelination after SCI but are also a major component of the glial scar with functions that overlap with astrocytes in this region. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways important for the proliferation and differentiation of NG2 cells, as well as the role of NG2 cells in scar formation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R. Hackett
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jae K. Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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61
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Sághy É, Sipos É, Ács P, Bölcskei K, Pohóczky K, Kemény Á, Sándor Z, Szőke É, Sétáló G, Komoly S, Pintér E. TRPA1 deficiency is protective in cuprizone-induced demyelination-A new target against oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Glia 2016; 64:2166-2180. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Sághy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Éva Sipos
- Department of Neurology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Péter Ács
- Department of Neurology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Krisztina Pohóczky
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kemény
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sándor
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group; Pécs Hungary
| | - György Sétáló
- Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Sámuel Komoly
- Department of Neurology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
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