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Bartels T, Rowitch DH, Bayraktar OA. Generation of Mammalian Astrocyte Functional Heterogeneity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024:a041351. [PMID: 38692833 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian astrocytes have regional roles within the brain parenchyma. Indeed, the notion that astrocytes are molecularly heterogeneous could help explain how the central nervous system (CNS) retains embryonic positional information through development into specialized regions into adulthood. A growing body of evidence supports the concept of morphological and molecular differences between astrocytes in different brain regions, which might relate to their derivation from regionally patterned radial glia and/or local neuron inductive cues. Here, we review evidence for regionally encoded functions of astrocytes to provide an integrated concept on lineage origins and heterogeneity to understand regional brain organization, as well as emerging technologies to identify and further investigate novel roles for astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Bartels
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Omer Ali Bayraktar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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2
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Ghosh T, Almeida RG, Zhao C, Mannioui A, Martin E, Fleet A, Chen CZ, Assinck P, Ellams S, Gonzalez GA, Graham SC, Rowitch DH, Stott K, Adams I, Zalc B, Goldman N, Lyons DA, Franklin RJM. A retroviral link to vertebrate myelination through retrotransposon-RNA-mediated control of myelin gene expression. Cell 2024; 187:814-830.e23. [PMID: 38364788 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Myelin, the insulating sheath that surrounds neuronal axons, is produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). This evolutionary innovation, which first appears in jawed vertebrates, enabled rapid transmission of nerve impulses, more complex brains, and greater morphological diversity. Here, we report that RNA-level expression of RNLTR12-int, a retrotransposon of retroviral origin, is essential for myelination. We show that RNLTR12-int-encoded RNA binds to the transcription factor SOX10 to regulate transcription of myelin basic protein (Mbp, the major constituent of myelin) in rodents. RNLTR12-int-like sequences (which we name RetroMyelin) are found in all jawed vertebrates, and we further demonstrate their function in regulating myelination in two different vertebrate classes (zebrafish and frogs). Our study therefore suggests that retroviral endogenization played a prominent role in the emergence of vertebrate myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Ghosh
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Rafael G Almeida
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, MS society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Abdelkrim Mannioui
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Aquatic Facility, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Martin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alex Fleet
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Civia Z Chen
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Peggy Assinck
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sophie Ellams
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK
| | - Ginez A Gonzalez
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stephen C Graham
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Ian Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nick Goldman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, MS society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs-Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
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Kapell H, Fazio L, Dyckow J, Schwarz S, Cruz-Herranz A, Mayer C, Campos J, D’Este E, Möbius W, Cordano C, Pröbstel AK, Gharagozloo M, Zulji A, Narayanan Naik V, Delank A, Cerina M, Müntefering T, Lerma-Martin C, Sonner JK, Sin JH, Disse P, Rychlik N, Sabeur K, Chavali M, Srivastava R, Heidenreich M, Fitzgerald KC, Seebohm G, Stadelmann C, Hemmer B, Platten M, Jentsch TJ, Engelhardt M, Budde T, Nave KA, Calabresi PA, Friese MA, Green AJ, Acuna C, Rowitch DH, Meuth SG, Schirmer L. Neuron-oligodendrocyte potassium shuttling at nodes of Ranvier protects against inflammatory demyelination. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164223. [PMID: 36719741 PMCID: PMC10065072 DOI: 10.1172/jci164223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Increasing evidence suggests that vulnerable neurons in MS exhibit fatal metabolic exhaustion over time, a phenomenon hypothesized to be caused by chronic hyperexcitability. Axonal Kv7 (outward-rectifying) and oligodendroglial Kir4.1 (inward-rectifying) potassium channels have important roles in regulating neuronal excitability at and around the nodes of Ranvier. Here, we studied the spatial and functional relationship between neuronal Kv7 and oligodendroglial Kir4.1 channels and assessed the transcriptional and functional signatures of cortical and retinal projection neurons under physiological and inflammatory demyelinating conditions. We found that both channels became dysregulated in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), with Kir4.1 channels being chronically downregulated and Kv7 channel subunits being transiently upregulated during inflammatory demyelination. Further, we observed that pharmacological Kv7 channel opening with retigabine reduced neuronal hyperexcitability in human and EAE neurons, improved clinical EAE signs, and rescued neuronal pathology in oligodendrocyte-Kir4.1-deficient (OL-Kir4.1-deficient) mice. In summary, our findings indicate that neuron-OL compensatory interactions promoted resilience through Kv7 and Kir4.1 channels and identify pharmacological activation of nodal Kv7 channels as a neuroprotective strategy against inflammatory demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kapell
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Fazio
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Dyckow
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Schwarz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrés Cruz-Herranz
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christina Mayer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joaquin Campos
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa D’Este
- Optical Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Network of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Cordano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amel Zulji
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Venu Narayanan Naik
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Delank
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | - Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | | | - Celia Lerma-Martin
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana K. Sonner
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jung Hyung Sin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, UKM, Münster, Germany
- University of Münster, Chembion, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Rychlik
- University of Münster, Chembion, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rajneesh Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Heidenreich
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn C. Fitzgerald
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, UKM, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN) and
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ari J. Green
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Claudio Acuna
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David H. Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN) and
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Carapancea E, Cornet MC, Milh M, De Cosmo L, Huang EJ, Granata T, Striano P, Ceulemans B, Stein A, Morris-Rosendahl D, Conti G, Mitra N, Raymond FL, Rowitch DH, Solazzi R, Vercellino F, De Liso P, D'Onofrio G, Boniver C, Danhaive O, Carkeek K, Salpietro V, Weckhuysen S, Fedrigo M, Angelini A, Castellotti B, Lederer D, Benoit V, Raviglione F, Guerrini R, Dilena R, Cilio MR. Clinical and Neurophysiologic Phenotypes in Neonates With BRAT1 Encephalopathy. Neurology 2023; 100:e1234-e1247. [PMID: 36599696 PMCID: PMC10033164 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000206755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES BRAT1 encephalopathy is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive neonatal encephalopathy. We delineate the neonatal electroclinical phenotype at presentation and provide insights for early diagnosis. METHODS Through a multinational collaborative, we studied a cohort of neonates with encephalopathy associated with biallelic pathogenic variants in BRAT1 for whom detailed clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuroimaging information was available from the onset of symptoms. Neuropathologic changes were also analyzed. RESULTS We included 19 neonates. Most neonates were born at term (16/19) from nonconsanguineous parents. 15/19 (79%) were admitted soon after birth to a neonatal intensive care unit, exhibiting multifocal myoclonus, both spontaneous and exacerbated by stimulation. 7/19 (37%) had arthrogryposis at birth, and all except 1 progressively developed hypertonia in the first week of life. Multifocal myoclonus, which was present in all but 1 infant, was the most prominent manifestation and did not show any EEG correlate in 16/19 (84%). Video-EEG at onset was unremarkable in 14/19 (74%) infants, and 6 (33%) had initially been misdiagnosed with hyperekplexia. Multifocal seizures were observed at a median age of 14 days (range: 1-29). During the first months of life, all infants developed progressive encephalopathy, acquired microcephaly, prolonged bouts of apnea, and bradycardia, leading to cardiac arrest and death at a median age of 3.5 months (range: 20 days to 30 months). Only 7 infants (37%) received a definite diagnosis before death, at a median age of 34 days (range: 25-126), and almost two-thirds (12/19, 63%) were diagnosed 8 days to 12 years postmortem (median: 6.5 years). Neuropathology examination, performed in 3 patients, revealed severely delayed myelination and diffuse astrogliosis, sparing the upper cortical layers. DISCUSSION BRAT1 encephalopathy is a neonatal-onset, rapidly progressive neurologic disorder. Neonates are often misdiagnosed as having hyperekplexia, and many die undiagnosed. The key phenotypic features are multifocal myoclonus, an organized EEG, progressive, persistent, and diffuse hypertonia, and an evolution into refractory multifocal seizures, prolonged bouts of apnea, bradycardia, and early death. Early recognition of BRAT1 encephalopathy allows for prompt workup, appropriate management, and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Carapancea
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Coralie Cornet
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Milh
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucrezia De Cosmo
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric J Huang
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tiziana Granata
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pasquale Striano
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Berten Ceulemans
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anja Stein
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deborah Morris-Rosendahl
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Greta Conti
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nipa Mitra
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David H Rowitch
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberta Solazzi
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Vercellino
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paola De Liso
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianluca D'Onofrio
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clementina Boniver
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Danhaive
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katherine Carkeek
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marny Fedrigo
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annalisa Angelini
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Barbara Castellotti
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Lederer
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valerie Benoit
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Federico Raviglione
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robertino Dilena
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Roberta Cilio
- From the Institute Of NeuroScience (E.C., M.R.C.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (M.-C.C.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.M.), Hôpital "La Timone" Enfants, Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (L.D.C.), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; Division of Neuropathology (E.J.H.), Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) (P.S., G.D.O.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (P.S.), Università Degli studi di Genova, Italy; Division of Paediatric Neurology (Berten Ceulemans), Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Neonatology (A.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory (D.M.-R.), Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; NHLI (D.M.-R.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (G.C., R.G.), Meyer Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Meyer, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N.M.), Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Genetics (F.L.R., D.H.R.), Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Neonatology (D.H.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.V.), SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (P.D.L.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology (C.B.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Division of Neonatology (O.D., K.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (V.S.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied&Translational Neurogenomics Group (S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences (S.W.), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health (M.F., A.A.), Università Degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics (Barbara Castellotti), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Genetics (D.L., V.B.), Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium; Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service (F.R.), ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (R.D.), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Milan, Italy; and Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.R.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Bulstrode H, Girdler GC, Gracia T, Aivazidis A, Moutsopoulos I, Young AMH, Hancock J, He X, Ridley K, Xu Z, Stockley JH, Finlay J, Hallou C, Fajardo T, Fountain DM, van Dongen S, Joannides A, Morris R, Mair R, Watts C, Santarius T, Price SJ, Hutchinson PJA, Hodson EJ, Pollard SM, Mohorianu I, Barker RA, Sweeney TR, Bayraktar O, Gergely F, Rowitch DH. Myeloid cell interferon secretion restricts Zika flavivirus infection of developing and malignant human neural progenitor cells. Neuron 2022; 110:3936-3951.e10. [PMID: 36174572 PMCID: PMC7615581 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect human developing brain (HDB) progenitors resulting in epidemic microcephaly, whereas analogous cellular tropism offers treatment potential for the adult brain cancer, glioblastoma (GBM). We compared productive ZIKV infection in HDB and GBM primary tissue explants that both contain SOX2+ neural progenitors. Strikingly, although the HDB proved uniformly vulnerable to ZIKV infection, GBM was more refractory, and this correlated with an innate immune expression signature. Indeed, GBM-derived CD11b+ microglia/macrophages were necessary and sufficient to protect progenitors against ZIKV infection in a non-cell autonomous manner. Using SOX2+ GBM cell lines, we found that CD11b+-conditioned medium containing type 1 interferon beta (IFNβ) promoted progenitor resistance to ZIKV, whereas inhibition of JAK1/2 signaling restored productive infection. Additionally, CD11b+ conditioned medium, and IFNβ treatment rendered HDB progenitor lines and explants refractory to ZIKV. These findings provide insight into neuroprotection for HDB progenitors as well as enhanced GBM oncolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Bulstrode
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Gemma C Girdler
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tannia Gracia
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - Ilias Moutsopoulos
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Adam M H Young
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Hancock
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Xiaoling He
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Katherine Ridley
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Zhaoyang Xu
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John H Stockley
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Finlay
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Clement Hallou
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Teodoro Fajardo
- Department of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Virology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 2ES, UK
| | | | | | - Alexis Joannides
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robert Morris
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard Mair
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK
| | - Thomas Santarius
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen J Price
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter J A Hutchinson
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Emma J Hodson
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Irina Mohorianu
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Trevor R Sweeney
- Department of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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6
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Tanabe K, Nobuta H, Yang N, Ang CE, Huie P, Jordan S, Oldham MC, Rowitch DH, Wernig M. Generation of functional human oligodendrocytes from dermal fibroblasts by direct lineage conversion. Development 2022; 149:275808. [PMID: 35748297 PMCID: PMC9357374 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, possess great potential for disease modeling and cell transplantation-based therapies for leukodystrophies. However, caveats to oligodendrocyte differentiation protocols ( Ehrlich et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2013; Douvaras and Fossati, 2015) from human embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which include slow and inefficient differentiation, and tumorigenic potential of contaminating undifferentiated pluripotent cells, are major bottlenecks towards their translational utility. Here, we report the rapid generation of human oligodendrocytes by direct lineage conversion of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). We show that the combination of the four transcription factors OLIG2, SOX10, ASCL1 and NKX2.2 is sufficient to convert HDFs to induced oligodendrocyte precursor cells (iOPCs). iOPCs resemble human primary and iPSC-derived OPCs based on morphology and transcriptomic analysis. Importantly, iOPCs can differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Finally, iOPCs derived from patients with Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease, a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy caused by mutations in the proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) gene, showed increased cell death compared with iOPCs from healthy donors. Thus, human iOPCs generated by direct lineage conversion represent an attractive new source for human cell-based disease models and potentially myelinating cell grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanabe
- I Peace, Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiroko Nobuta
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheen Euong Ang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip Huie
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sacha Jordan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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7
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Warrier V, Zhang X, Reed P, Havdahl A, Moore TM, Cliquet F, Leblond CS, Rolland T, Rosengren A, Rowitch DH, Hurles ME, Geschwind DH, Børglum AD, Robinson EB, Grove J, Martin HC, Bourgeron T, Baron-Cohen S. Genetic correlates of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1293-1304. [PMID: 35654973 PMCID: PMC9470531 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The substantial phenotypic heterogeneity in autism limits our understanding of its genetic etiology. To address this gap, here we investigated genetic differences between autistic individuals (nmax = 12,893) based on core and associated features of autism, co-occurring developmental disabilities and sex. We conducted a comprehensive factor analysis of core autism features in autistic individuals and identified six factors. Common genetic variants were associated with the core factors, but de novo variants were not. We found that higher autism polygenic scores (PGS) were associated with lower likelihood of co-occurring developmental disabilities in autistic individuals. Furthermore, in autistic individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability (ID), autism PGS are overinherited by autistic females compared to males. Finally, we observed higher SNP heritability for autistic males and for autistic individuals without ID. Deeper phenotypic characterization will be critical in determining how the complex underlying genetics shape cognition, behavior and co-occurring conditions in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Warrier
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Xinhe Zhang
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick Reed
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Freddy Cliquet
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire S Leblond
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Rolland
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anders Rosengren
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge University Clinical School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine (CGPM), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics) and iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elise B Robinson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine (CGPM), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics) and iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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8
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French CE, Dolling H, Mégy K, Sanchis-Juan A, Kumar A, Delon I, Wakeling M, Mallin L, Agrawal S, Austin T, Walston F, Park SM, Parker A, Piyasena C, Bradbury K, Ellard S, Rowitch DH, Raymond FL. Refinements and considerations for trio whole genome sequence analysis when investigating Mendelian Diseases presenting in early childhood. Human Genetics and Genomics Advances 2022; 3:100113. [PMID: 35586607 PMCID: PMC9108978 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate early deployment of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for severely ill children, a standardized pipeline for WGS analysis with timely turnaround and primary care pediatric uptake is needed. We developed a bioinformatics pipeline for comprehensive gene-agnostic trio WGS analysis of children suspected of having an undiagnosed monogenic disease that included detection and interpretation of primary genetic mechanisms of disease, including SNVs/indels, CNVs/SVs, uniparental disomy (UPD), imprinted genes, short tandem repeat expansions, mobile element insertions, SMN1/2 copy number calling, and mitochondrial genome variants. We assessed primary care practitioner experience and competence in a large cohort of 521 families (comprising 90% WGS trios). Children were identified by primary practitioners for recruitment, and we used the UK index of multiple deprivation to confirm lack of patient socio-economic status ascertainment bias. Of the 521 children sequenced, 176 (34%) received molecular diagnoses, with rates as high as 45% for neurology clinics. Twenty-three of the diagnosed cases (13%) required bespoke methods beyond routine SNV/CNV analysis. In our multidisciplinary clinician user experience assessment, both pediatricians and clinical geneticists expressed strong support for rapid WGS early in the care pathway, but requested further training in determining patient selection, consenting, and variant interpretation. Rapid trio WGS provides an efficacious single-pass screening test for children when deployed by primary practitioners in clinical settings that carry high a priori risk for rare pediatric disease presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. French
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Helen Dolling
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR Bioresource, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Centre for Family Research, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
| | - Karyn Mégy
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- NIHR Bioresource, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alba Sanchis-Juan
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- NIHR Bioresource, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ajay Kumar
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Isabelle Delon
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthew Wakeling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Lucy Mallin
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Shruti Agrawal
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Topun Austin
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Florence Walston
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alasdair Parker
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sian Ellard
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - David H. Rowitch
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR Bioresource, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - F. Lucy Raymond
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR Bioresource, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Corresponding author
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9
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Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, White SR, Vogel JW, Anderson KM, Adamson C, Adler S, Alexopoulos GS, Anagnostou E, Areces-Gonzalez A, Astle DE, Auyeung B, Ayub M, Bae J, Ball G, Baron-Cohen S, Beare R, Bedford SA, Benegal V, Beyer F, Blangero J, Blesa Cábez M, Boardman JP, Borzage M, Bosch-Bayard JF, Bourke N, Calhoun VD, Chakravarty MM, Chen C, Chertavian C, Chetelat G, Chong YS, Cole JH, Corvin A, Costantino M, Courchesne E, Crivello F, Cropley VL, Crosbie J, Crossley N, Delarue M, Delorme R, Desrivieres S, Devenyi GA, Di Biase MA, Dolan R, Donald KA, Donohoe G, Dunlop K, Edwards AD, Elison JT, Ellis CT, Elman JA, Eyler L, Fair DA, Feczko E, Fletcher PC, Fonagy P, Franz CE, Galan-Garcia L, Gholipour A, Giedd J, Gilmore JH, Glahn DC, Goodyer IM, Grant PE, Groenewold NA, Gunning FM, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hammill CF, Hansson O, Hedden T, Heinz A, Henson RN, Heuer K, Hoare J, Holla B, Holmes AJ, Holt R, Huang H, Im K, Ipser J, Jack CR, Jackowski AP, Jia T, Johnson KA, Jones PB, Jones DT, Kahn RS, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Kawashima R, Kelley EA, Kern S, Kim KW, Kitzbichler MG, Kremen WS, Lalonde F, Landeau B, Lee S, Lerch J, Lewis JD, Li J, Liao W, Liston C, Lombardo MV, Lv J, Lynch C, Mallard TT, Marcelis M, Markello RD, Mathias SR, Mazoyer B, McGuire P, Meaney MJ, Mechelli A, Medic N, Misic B, Morgan SE, Mothersill D, Nigg J, Ong MQW, Ortinau C, Ossenkoppele R, Ouyang M, Palaniyappan L, Paly L, Pan PM, Pantelis C, Park MM, Paus T, Pausova Z, Paz-Linares D, Pichet Binette A, Pierce K, Qian X, Qiu J, Qiu A, Raznahan A, Rittman T, Rodrigue A, Rollins CK, Romero-Garcia R, Ronan L, Rosenberg MD, Rowitch DH, Salum GA, Satterthwaite TD, Schaare HL, Schachar RJ, Schultz AP, Schumann G, Schöll M, Sharp D, Shinohara RT, Skoog I, Smyser CD, Sperling RA, Stein DJ, Stolicyn A, Suckling J, Sullivan G, Taki Y, Thyreau B, Toro R, Traut N, Tsvetanov KA, Turk-Browne NB, Tuulari JJ, Tzourio C, Vachon-Presseau É, Valdes-Sosa MJ, Valdes-Sosa PA, Valk SL, van Amelsvoort T, Vandekar SN, Vasung L, Victoria LW, Villeneuve S, Villringer A, Vértes PE, Wagstyl K, Wang YS, Warfield SK, Warrier V, Westman E, Westwater ML, Whalley HC, Witte AV, Yang N, Yeo B, Yun H, Zalesky A, Zar HJ, Zettergren A, Zhou JH, Ziauddeen H, Zugman A, Zuo XN, Bullmore ET, Alexander-Bloch AF. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 2022; 604:525-533. [PMID: 35388223 PMCID: PMC9021021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/ ). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3, showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - S R White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J W Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Adamson
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Adler
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | - G S Alexopoulos
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - E Anagnostou
- Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Areces-Gonzalez
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca", Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - D E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Ayub
- Queen's University, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- University College London, Mental Health Neuroscience Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - J Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - G Ball
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Lifetime Asperger Syndrome Service (CLASS), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Beare
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S A Bedford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - F Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - M Blesa Cábez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Borzage
- Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J F Bosch-Bayard
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Bourke
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - V D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M M Chakravarty
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Chen
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Chertavian
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Chetelat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Y S Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J H Cole
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre (DRC), University College London, London, UK
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Costantino
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
- Undergraduate program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Autism Center of Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F Crivello
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - V L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Crosbie
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Instituto Milenio Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Delarue
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - R Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - S Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, McGill Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - K A Donald
- Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - K Dunlop
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A D Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
| | - J T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C T Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Eyler
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D A Fair
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - E Feczko
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - C E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - A Gholipour
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Giedd
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - P E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N A Groenewold
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F M Gunning
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C F Hammill
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - T Hedden
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - R N Henson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Heuer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
- Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | - A J Holmes
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Huang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Im
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Ipser
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A P Jackowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Beijing, China
| | - T Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and BrainInspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K A Johnson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D T Jones
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - H Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - E A Kelley
- Queen's University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K W Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, South Korea
| | - M G Kitzbichler
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F Lalonde
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Landeau
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - S Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - W Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - C Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - J Lv
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Lynch
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R D Markello
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Mazoyer
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Mechelli
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Medic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - D Mothersill
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology and Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Q W Ong
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Ortinau
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Ossenkoppele
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lund University, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ouyang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Palaniyappan
- Robarts Research Institute and The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Paly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - P M Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Poalo (UNIFESP), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Paus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Paz-Linares
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - A Pichet Binette
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - K Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - X Qian
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C K Rollins
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Seville, Spain
| | - L Ronan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G A Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H L Schaare
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - R J Schachar
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A P Schultz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - G Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- PONS-Centre, Charite Mental Health, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen's Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - R T Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C D Smyser
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R A Sperling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Stolicyn
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Sullivan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Y Taki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - B Thyreau
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - R Toro
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - N Traut
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - K A Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J J Tuulari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - C Tzourio
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - É Vachon-Presseau
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - P A Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain (AECRP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S L Valk
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L Vasung
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L W Victoria
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Villeneuve
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - K Wagstyl
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - Y S Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S K Warfield
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Westwater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A V Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 'Obesity Mechanisms', University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Yun
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J H Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - X N Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Education, School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - E T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A F Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Morton SU, Christodoulou J, Costain G, Muntoni F, Wakeling E, Wojcik MH, French CE, Szuto A, Dowling JJ, Cohn RD, Raymond FL, Darras BT, Williams DA, Lunke S, Stark Z, Rowitch DH, Agrawal PB. Multicenter Consensus Approach to Evaluation of Neonatal Hypotonia in the Genomic Era: A Review. JAMA Neurol 2022; 79:405-413. [PMID: 35254387 PMCID: PMC10134401 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Importance Infants with hypotonia can present with a variety of potentially severe clinical signs and symptoms and often require invasive testing and multiple procedures. The wide range of clinical presentations and potential etiologies leaves diagnosis and prognosis uncertain, underscoring the need for rapid elucidation of the underlying genetic cause of disease. Observations The clinical application of exome sequencing or genome sequencing has dramatically improved the timely yield of diagnostic testing for neonatal hypotonia, with diagnostic rates of greater than 50% in academic neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) across Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US, which compose the International Precision Child Health Partnership (IPCHiP). A total of 74% (17 of 23) of patients had a change in clinical care in response to genetic diagnosis, including 2 patients who received targeted therapy. This narrative review discusses the common causes of neonatal hypotonia, the relative benefits and limitations of available testing modalities used in NICUs, and hypotonia management recommendations. Conclusions and Relevance This narrative review summarizes the causes of neonatal hypotonia and the benefits of prompt genetic diagnosis, including improved prognostication and identification of targeted treatments which can improve the short-term and long-term outcomes. Institutional resources can vary among different NICUs; as a result, consideration should be given to rule out a small number of relatively unique conditions for which rapid targeted genetic testing is available. Nevertheless, the consensus recommendation is to use rapid genome or exome sequencing as a first-line testing option for NICU patients with unexplained hypotonia. As part of the IPCHiP, this diagnostic experience will be collected in a central database with the goal of advancing knowledge of neonatal hypotonia and improving evidence-based practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah U Morton
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Christodoulou
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wakeling
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica H Wojcik
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney E French
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Szuto
- Department of Genetic Counselling, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James J Dowling
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald D Cohn
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Basil T Darras
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Nguyen V, Chavali M, Larpthaveesarp A, Kodali S, Gonzalez G, Franklin RJM, Rowitch DH, Gonzalez F. Neuroprotective effects of Sonic hedgehog agonist SAG in a rat model of neonatal stroke. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:1161-1170. [PMID: 33654279 PMCID: PMC8410885 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal stroke affects 1 in 2800 live births and is a major cause of neurological injury. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is critical for central nervous system (CNS) development and has neuroprotective and reparative effects in different CNS injury models. Previous studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of small molecule Shh-Smoothened agonist (SAG) against neonatal cerebellar injury and it improves Down syndrome-related brain structural deficits in mice. Here we investigated SAG neuroprotection in rat models of neonatal ischemia-reperfusion (stroke) and adult focal white matter injury. METHODS We used transient middle cerebral artery occlusion at P10 and ethidium bromide (EB) injection in adult rats to induce damage. Following surgery and SAG or vehicle treatment, we analyzed tissue loss, cell proliferation and fate, and behavioral outcome. RESULTS We report that a single dose of SAG administered following neonatal stroke preserved brain volume, reduced gliosis, enhanced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and EC proliferation, and resulted in long-term cognitive improvement. Single-dose SAG also promoted proliferation of OPCs following focal demyelination in the adult rat. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate benefit of one-time SAG treatment post insult in reducing brain injury and improving behavioral outcome after experimental neonatal stroke. IMPACT A one-time dose of small molecule Sonic hedgehog agonist protected against neonatal stroke and improved long-term behavioral outcomes in a rat model. This study extends the use of Sonic hedgehog in treating developing brain injury, previously shown in animal models of Down syndrome and cerebellar injury. Sonic hedgehog agonist is one of the most promising therapies in treating neonatal stroke thanks to its safety profile and low dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edyth Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edyth Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amara Larpthaveesarp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Srikirti Kodali
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ginez Gonzalez
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edyth Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Haim LB, Schirmer L, Zulji A, Sabeur K, Tiret B, Ribon M, Chang S, Lamers WH, BoillEée S, Chaumeil MM, Rowitch DH. Evidence for glutamine synthetase function in mouse spinal cord oligodendrocytes. Glia 2021; 69:2812-2827. [PMID: 34396578 PMCID: PMC8502205 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme that metabolizes glutamate into glutamine. While GS is highly enriched in astrocytes, expression in other glial lineages has been noted. Using a combination of reporter mice and cell type-specific markers, we show that GS is expressed in myelinating oligodendrocytes (OL) but not oligodendrocyte progenitor cells of the mouse and human ventral spinal cord. To investigate the role of GS in mature OL, we used a conditional knockout (cKO) approach to selectively delete GS-encoding gene (Glul) in OL, which caused a significant decrease in glutamine levels on mouse spinal cord extracts. GS cKO mice (CNP-cre+ :Glulfl/fl ) showed no differences in motor neuron numbers, size or axon density; OL differentiation and myelination in the ventral spinal cord was normal up to 6 months of age. Interestingly, GS cKO mice showed a transient and specific decrease in peak force while locomotion and motor coordination remained unaffected. Last, GS expression in OL was increased in chronic pathological conditions in both mouse and humans. We found a disease-stage dependent increase of OL expressing GS in the ventral spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, we showed that GLUL transcripts levels were increased in OL in leukocortical tissue from multiple sclerosis but not control patients. These findings provide evidence towards OL-encoded GS function in spinal cord sensorimotor axis, which is dysregulated in chronic neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Ben Haim
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amel Zulji
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brice Tiret
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science and of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Ribon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine BoillEée
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science and of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David H. Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Lam BYH, Williamson A, Finer S, Day FR, Tadross JA, Gonçalves Soares A, Wade K, Sweeney P, Bedenbaugh MN, Porter DT, Melvin A, Ellacott KLJ, Lippert RN, Buller S, Rosmaninho-Salgado J, Dowsett GKC, Ridley KE, Xu Z, Cimino I, Rimmington D, Rainbow K, Duckett K, Holmqvist S, Khan A, Dai X, Bochukova EG, Trembath RC, Martin HC, Coll AP, Rowitch DH, Wareham NJ, van Heel DA, Timpson N, Simerly RB, Ong KK, Cone RD, Langenberg C, Perry JRB, Yeo GS, O'Rahilly S. MC3R links nutritional state to childhood growth and the timing of puberty. Nature 2021; 599:436-441. [PMID: 34732894 PMCID: PMC8819628 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The state of somatic energy stores in metazoans is communicated to the brain, which regulates key aspects of behaviour, growth, nutrient partitioning and development1. The central melanocortin system acts through melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) to control appetite, food intake and energy expenditure2. Here we present evidence that MC3R regulates the timing of sexual maturation, the rate of linear growth and the accrual of lean mass, which are all energy-sensitive processes. We found that humans who carry loss-of-function mutations in MC3R, including a rare homozygote individual, have a later onset of puberty. Consistent with previous findings in mice, they also had reduced linear growth, lean mass and circulating levels of IGF1. Mice lacking Mc3r had delayed sexual maturation and an insensitivity of reproductive cycle length to nutritional perturbation. The expression of Mc3r is enriched in hypothalamic neurons that control reproduction and growth, and expression increases during postnatal development in a manner that is consistent with a role in the regulation of sexual maturation. These findings suggest a bifurcating model of nutrient sensing by the central melanocortin pathway with signalling through MC4R controlling the acquisition and retention of calories, whereas signalling through MC3R primarily regulates the disposition of calories into growth, lean mass and the timing of sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Williamson
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Finer
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - F R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J A Tadross
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Gonçalves Soares
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Wade
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P Sweeney
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M N Bedenbaugh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D T Porter
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Melvin
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K L J Ellacott
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - R N Lippert
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam, Germany
| | - S Buller
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Rosmaninho-Salgado
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - G K C Dowsett
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K E Ridley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Cimino
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Rimmington
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Rainbow
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Duckett
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Holmqvist
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Khan
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - X Dai
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - E G Bochukova
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - R C Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H C Martin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - A P Coll
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - D H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D A van Heel
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - N Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R B Simerly
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G S Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - S O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Kohnke S, Buller S, Nuzzaci D, Ridley K, Lam B, Pivonkova H, Bentsen MA, Alonge KM, Zhao C, Tadross J, Holmqvist S, Shimizu T, Hathaway H, Li H, Macklin W, Schwartz MW, Richardson WD, Yeo GSH, Franklin RJM, Karadottir RT, Rowitch DH, Blouet C. Nutritional regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation regulates perineuronal net remodeling in the median eminence. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109362. [PMID: 34260928 PMCID: PMC8293628 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH; arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus [ARH] and median eminence [ME]) is a key nutrient sensing site for the production of the complex homeostatic feedback responses required for the maintenance of energy balance. Here, we show that refeeding after an overnight fast rapidly triggers proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors, leading to the production of new oligodendrocytes in the ME specifically. During this nutritional paradigm, ME perineuronal nets (PNNs), emerging regulators of ARH metabolic functions, are rapidly remodeled, and this process requires myelin regulatory factor (Myrf) in oligodendrocyte progenitors. In genetically obese ob/ob mice, nutritional regulations of ME oligodendrocyte differentiation and PNN remodeling are blunted, and enzymatic digestion of local PNN increases food intake and weight gain. We conclude that MBH PNNs are required for the maintenance of energy balance in lean mice and are remodeled in the adult ME by the nutritional control of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kohnke
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sophie Buller
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Danae Nuzzaci
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katherine Ridley
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helena Pivonkova
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie A Bentsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Tadross
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Hathaway
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy Macklin
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ragnhildur T Karadottir
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clemence Blouet
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge University Clinical School, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
| | - S O'Rahilly
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge University Clinical School, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
| | - G C S Smith
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Cambridge University Clinical School, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
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16
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Rowitch DH, O'Rahilly S, Smith GCS. Letter to Editor Response to: Is zoomnosis a human-driven human zoonosis? A call for action. QJM 2021; 114:143. [PMID: 33459783 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G C S Smith
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Cambridge University Clinical School, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, O'Callaghan JP, Petzold GC, Serrano-Pozo A, Steinhäuser C, Volterra A, Carmignoto G, Agarwal A, Allen NJ, Araque A, Barbeito L, Barzilai A, Bergles DE, Bonvento G, Butt AM, Chen WT, Cohen-Salmon M, Cunningham C, Deneen B, De Strooper B, Díaz-Castro B, Farina C, Freeman M, Gallo V, Goldman JE, Goldman SA, Götz M, Gutiérrez A, Haydon PG, Heiland DH, Hol EM, Holt MG, Iino M, Kastanenka KV, Kettenmann H, Khakh BS, Koizumi S, Lee CJ, Liddelow SA, MacVicar BA, Magistretti P, Messing A, Mishra A, Molofsky AV, Murai KK, Norris CM, Okada S, Oliet SHR, Oliveira JF, Panatier A, Parpura V, Pekna M, Pekny M, Pellerin L, Perea G, Pérez-Nievas BG, Pfrieger FW, Poskanzer KE, Quintana FJ, Ransohoff RM, Riquelme-Perez M, Robel S, Rose CR, Rothstein JD, Rouach N, Rowitch DH, Semyanov A, Sirko S, Sontheimer H, Swanson RA, Vitorica J, Wanner IB, Wood LB, Wu J, Zheng B, Zimmer ER, Zorec R, Sofroniew MV, Verkhratsky A. Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:312-325. [PMID: 33589835 PMCID: PMC8007081 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 312.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling was first described over a century ago, uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the contribution of reactive astrocytes to CNS diseases, repair, and aging. It is also unclear whether fixed categories of reactive astrocytes exist and, if so, how to identify them. We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters-preferably in vivo-plus multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models. These guidelines may spur the discovery of astrocyte-based biomarkers as well as astrocyte-targeting therapies that abrogate detrimental actions of reactive astrocytes, potentiate their neuro- and glioprotective actions, and restore or augment their homeostatic, modulatory, and defensive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Escartin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - András Lakatos
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Volterra
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Carmignoto
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Amit Agarwal
- The Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Arthur M Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- 'Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit' Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Colm Cunningham
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University College London, London, UK
| | - Blanca Díaz-Castro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe) and Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science and Rigshospitalet, Kobenhavn N, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet & Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Synergy, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Philip G Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew G Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masamitsu Iino
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ksenia V Kastanenka
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science 55, Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Neurosciences Psychiatriques, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Site de Cery, Prilly-Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - João F Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- IPCA-EST-2Ai, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Campus of IPCA, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Aude Panatier
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luc Pellerin
- INSERM U1082, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gertrudis Perea
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Pérez-Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank W Pfrieger
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Associate Member, The Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Miriam Riquelme-Perez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, School of Neuroscience Virginia Tech, Riverside Circle, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiology and Pathologies, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University Paris, Paris, France
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience and Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, Virginia Tech at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Dept. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, IDDRC, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Levi B Wood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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18
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Schirmer L, Schafer DP, Bartels T, Rowitch DH, Calabresi PA. Diversity and Function of Glial Cell Types in Multiple Sclerosis. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:228-247. [PMID: 33593693 PMCID: PMC7914214 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glial subtype diversity is an emerging topic in neurobiology and immune-mediated neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We discuss recent conceptual and technological advances that allow a better understanding of the transcriptomic and functional heterogeneity of oligodendrocytes (OLs), astrocytes, and microglial cells under inflammatory-demyelinating conditions. Recent single cell transcriptomic studies suggest the occurrence of novel homeostatic and reactive glial subtypes and provide insight into the molecular events during disease progression. Multiplexed RNA in situ hybridization has enabled 'mapping back' dysregulated gene expression to glial subtypes within the MS lesion microenvironment. These findings suggest novel homeostatic and reactive glial-cell-type functions both in immune-related processes and neuroprotection relevant to understanding the pathology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology and the Brudnik Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Bartels
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Chavali M, Ulloa-Navas MJ, Pérez-Borredá P, Garcia-Verdugo JM, McQuillen PS, Huang EJ, Rowitch DH. Wnt-Dependent Oligodendroglial-Endothelial Interactions Regulate White Matter Vascularization and Attenuate Injury. Neuron 2020; 108:1130-1145.e5. [PMID: 33086038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated oligodendroglial-vascular crosstalk during brain development, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We report that oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) contact sprouting endothelial tip cells in mouse, ferret, and human neonatal white matter. Using transgenic mice, we show that increased or decreased OPC density results in cognate changes in white matter vascular investment. Hypoxia induced increases in OPC numbers, vessel density and endothelial cell expression of the Wnt pathway targets Apcdd1 and Axin2 in white matter, suggesting paracrine OPC-endothelial signaling. Conditional knockout of OPC Wntless resulted in diminished white matter vascular growth in normoxia, whereas loss of Wnt7a/b function blunted the angiogenic response to hypoxia, resulting in severe white matter damage. These findings indicate that OPC-endothelial cell interactions regulate neonatal white matter vascular development in a Wnt-dependent manner and further suggest this mechanism is important in attenuating hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manideep Chavali
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; New Born Brain Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria José Ulloa-Navas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Borredá
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | | | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; New Born Brain Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Nobuta H, Yang N, Ng YH, Marro SG, Sabeur K, Chavali M, Stockley JH, Killilea DW, Walter PB, Zhao C, Huie P, Goldman SA, Kriegstein AR, Franklin RJM, Rowitch DH, Wernig M. Oligodendrocyte Death in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease Is Rescued by Iron Chelation. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 25:531-541.e6. [PMID: 31585094 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is an X-linked leukodystrophy caused by mutations in Proteolipid Protein 1 (PLP1), encoding a major myelin protein, resulting in profound developmental delay and early lethality. Previous work showed involvement of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, but poor PLP1 genotype-phenotype associations suggest additional pathogenetic mechanisms. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and gene-correction, we show that patient-derived oligodendrocytes can develop to the pre-myelinating stage, but subsequently undergo cell death. Mutant oligodendrocytes demonstrated key hallmarks of ferroptosis including lipid peroxidation, abnormal iron metabolism, and hypersensitivity to free iron. Iron chelation rescued mutant oligodendrocyte apoptosis, survival, and differentiationin vitro, and post-transplantation in vivo. Finally, systemic treatment of Plp1 mutant Jimpy mice with deferiprone, a small molecule iron chelator, reduced oligodendrocyte apoptosis and enabled myelin formation. Thus, oligodendrocyte iron-induced cell death and myelination is rescued by iron chelation in PMD pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nobuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Han Ng
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuele G Marro
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John H Stockley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - David W Killilea
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Patrick B Walter
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip Huie
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Huang W, Bhaduri A, Velmeshev D, Wang S, Wang L, Rottkamp CA, Alvarez-Buylla A, Rowitch DH, Kriegstein AR. Origins and Proliferative States of Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells. Cell 2020; 182:594-608.e11. [PMID: 32679030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human cerebral cortex size and complexity has increased greatly during evolution. While increased progenitor diversity and enhanced proliferative potential play important roles in human neurogenesis and gray matter expansion, the mechanisms of human oligodendrogenesis and white matter expansion remain largely unknown. Here, we identify EGFR-expressing "Pre-OPCs" that originate from outer radial glial cells (oRGs) and undergo mitotic somal translocation (MST) during division. oRG-derived Pre-OPCs provide an additional source of human cortical oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and define a lineage trajectory. We further show that human OPCs undergo consecutive symmetric divisions to exponentially increase the progenitor pool size. Additionally, we find that the OPC-enriched gene, PCDH15, mediates daughter cell repulsion and facilitates proliferation. These findings indicate properties of OPC derivation, proliferation, and dispersion important for human white matter expansion and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dmitry Velmeshev
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Li Wang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Catherine A Rottkamp
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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22
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Tabet A, Gebhart T, Wu G, Readman C, Pierson Smela M, Rana VK, Baker C, Bulstrode H, Anikeeva P, Rowitch DH, Scherman OA. Applying support-vector machine learning algorithms toward predicting host-guest interactions with cucurbit[7]uril. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:14976-14982. [PMID: 32588846 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning is a valuable tool in the development of chemical technologies but its applications into supramolecular chemistry have been limited. Here, the utility of kernel-based support vector machine learning using density functional theory calculations as training data is evaluated when used to predict equilibrium binding coefficients of small molecules with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). We find that utilising SVMs may confer some predictive ability. This algorithm was then used to predict the binding of drugs TAK-580 and selumetinib. The algorithm did predict strong binding for TAK-580 and poor binding for selumetinib, and these results were experimentally validated. It was discovered that the larger homologue cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) is partial to selumetinib, suggesting an opportunity for tunable release by introducing different concentrations of CB[7] or CB[8] into a hydrogel depot. We qualitatively demonstrated that these drugs may have utility in combination against gliomas. Finally, mass transfer simulations show CB[7] can independently tune the release of TAK-580 without affecting selumetinib. This work gives specific evidence that a machine learning approach to recognition of small molecules by macrocycles has merit and reinforces the view that machine learning may prove valuable in the development of drug delivery systems and supramolecular chemistry more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tabet
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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23
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Bayraktar OA, Bartels T, Holmqvist S, Kleshchevnikov V, Martirosyan A, Polioudakis D, Ben Haim L, Young AMH, Batiuk MY, Prakash K, Brown A, Roberts K, Paredes MF, Kawaguchi R, Stockley JH, Sabeur K, Chang SM, Huang E, Hutchinson P, Ullian EM, Hemberg M, Coppola G, Holt MG, Geschwind DH, Rowitch DH. Astrocyte layers in the mammalian cerebral cortex revealed by a single-cell in situ transcriptomic map. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:500-509. [PMID: 32203496 PMCID: PMC7116562 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the cerebral cortex is organized into six excitatory neuronal layers, it is unclear whether glial cells show distinct layering. In the present study, we developed a high-content pipeline, the large-area spatial transcriptomic (LaST) map, which can quantify single-cell gene expression in situ. Screening 46 candidate genes for astrocyte diversity across the mouse cortex, we identified superficial, mid and deep astrocyte identities in gradient layer patterns that were distinct from those of neurons. Astrocyte layer features, established in the early postnatal cortex, mostly persisted in adult mouse and human cortex. Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial reconstruction analysis further confirmed the presence of astrocyte layers in the adult cortex. Satb2 and Reeler mutations that shifted neuronal post-mitotic development were sufficient to alter glial layering, indicating an instructive role for neuronal cues. Finally, astrocyte layer patterns diverged between mouse cortical regions. These findings indicate that excitatory neurons and astrocytes are organized into distinct lineage-associated laminae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Ali Bayraktar
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Theresa Bartels
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Araks Martirosyan
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Damon Polioudakis
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lucile Ben Haim
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam M H Young
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mykhailo Y Batiuk
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirti Prakash
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Brown
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John H Stockley
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sandra M Chang
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Hutchinson
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew G Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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24
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Kullmann JA, Trivedi N, Howell D, Laumonnerie C, Nguyen V, Banerjee SS, Stabley DR, Shirinifard A, Rowitch DH, Solecki DJ. Oxygen Tension and the VHL-Hif1α Pathway Determine Onset of Neuronal Polarization and Cerebellar Germinal Zone Exit. Neuron 2020; 106:607-623.e5. [PMID: 32183943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal brain circuit assembly is driven by temporally regulated intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues that organize neurogenesis, migration, and axo-dendritic specification in post-mitotic neurons. While cell polarity is an intrinsic organizer of morphogenic events, environmental cues in the germinal zone (GZ) instructing neuron polarization and their coupling during postnatal development are unclear. We report that oxygen tension, which rises at birth, and the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) pathway regulate polarization and maturation of post-mitotic cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). At early postnatal stages with low GZ vascularization, Hif1α restrains CGN-progenitor cell-cycle exit. Unexpectedly, cell-intrinsic VHL-Hif1α pathway activation also delays the timing of CGN differentiation, germinal zone exit, and migration initiation through transcriptional repression of the partitioning-defective (Pard) complex. As vascularization proceeds, these inhibitory mechanisms are downregulated, implicating increasing oxygen tension as a critical switch for neuronal polarization and cerebellar GZ exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Kullmann
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Niraj Trivedi
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Danielle Howell
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christophe Laumonnerie
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics and Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shalini S Banerjee
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel R Stabley
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Abbas Shirinifard
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics and Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AN, UK
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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25
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Rana VK, Tabet A, Vigil JA, Balzer CJ, Narkevicius A, Finlay J, Hallou C, Rowitch DH, Bulstrode H, Scherman OA. Cucurbit[8]uril-Derived Graphene Hydrogels. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1629-1634. [PMID: 35619388 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The scalable production of uniformly distributed graphene (GR)-based composite materials remains a sizable challenge. While GR-polymer nanocomposites can be manufactured at a large scale, processing limitations result in poor control over the homogeneity of hydrophobic GR sheets in the matrices. Such processes often result in difficulties controlling stability and avoiding aggregation, therefore eliminating benefits that might have otherwise arisen from the nanoscopic dimensions of GR. Here, we report an exfoliated and stabilized GR dispersion in water. Cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])-mediated host-guest chemistry was used to obtain supramolecular hydrogels consisting of uniformly distributed GR and guest-functionalized macromolecules. The obtained GR hydrogels show superior bioelectrical properties over identical systems produced without CB[8]. Utilizing such supramolecular interactions with biologically derived macromolecules is a promising approach to stabilize graphene in water and avoid oxidative chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K. Rana
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Anthony Tabet
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - Julian A. Vigil
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christopher J. Balzer
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - John Finlay
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - Clement Hallou
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - David H. Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - Harry Bulstrode
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - Oren A. Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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26
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Velmeshev D, Schirmer L, Jung D, Haeussler M, Perez Y, Mayer S, Bhaduri A, Goyal N, Rowitch DH, Kriegstein AR. Single-cell genomics identifies cell type-specific molecular changes in autism. Science 2019; 364:685-689. [PMID: 31097668 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of autism, bulk gene expression studies show that changes in the neocortex of autism patients converge on common genes and pathways. However, direct assessment of specific cell types in the brain affected by autism has not been feasible until recently. We used single-nucleus RNA sequencing of cortical tissue from patients with autism to identify autism-associated transcriptomic changes in specific cell types. We found that synaptic signaling of upper-layer excitatory neurons and the molecular state of microglia are preferentially affected in autism. Moreover, our results show that dysregulation of specific groups of genes in cortico-cortical projection neurons correlates with clinical severity of autism. These findings suggest that molecular changes in upper-layer cortical circuits are linked to behavioral manifestations of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Velmeshev
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Diane Jung
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Yonatan Perez
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Simone Mayer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nitasha Goyal
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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27
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Segel M, Neumann B, Hill MFE, Weber IP, Viscomi C, Zhao C, Young A, Agley CC, Thompson AJ, Gonzalez GA, Sharma A, Holmqvist S, Rowitch DH, Franze K, Franklin RJM, Chalut KJ. Niche stiffness underlies the ageing of central nervous system progenitor cells. Nature 2019; 573:130-134. [PMID: 31413369 PMCID: PMC7025879 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ageing causes a decline in tissue regeneration owing to a loss of function of adult stem cell and progenitor cell populations1. One example is the deterioration of the regenerative capacity of the widespread and abundant population of central nervous system (CNS) multipotent stem cells known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)2. A relatively overlooked potential source of this loss of function is the stem cell 'niche'-a set of cell-extrinsic cues that include chemical and mechanical signals3,4. Here we show that the OPC microenvironment stiffens with age, and that this mechanical change is sufficient to cause age-related loss of function of OPCs. Using biological and synthetic scaffolds to mimic the stiffness of young brains, we find that isolated aged OPCs cultured on these scaffolds are molecularly and functionally rejuvenated. When we disrupt mechanical signalling, the proliferation and differentiation rates of OPCs are increased. We identify the mechanoresponsive ion channel PIEZO1 as a key mediator of OPC mechanical signalling. Inhibiting PIEZO1 overrides mechanical signals in vivo and allows OPCs to maintain activity in the ageing CNS. We also show that PIEZO1 is important in regulating cell number during CNS development. Thus we show that tissue stiffness is a crucial regulator of ageing in OPCs, and provide insights into how the function of adult stem and progenitor cells changes with age. Our findings could be important not only for the development of regenerative therapies, but also for understanding the ageing process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Segel
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Björn Neumann
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Myfanwy F E Hill
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabell P Weber
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Young
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chibeza C Agley
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amelia J Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ginez A Gonzalez
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amar Sharma
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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28
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Aldape K, Brindle KM, Chesler L, Chopra R, Gajjar A, Gilbert MR, Gottardo N, Gutmann DH, Hargrave D, Holland EC, Jones DTW, Joyce JA, Kearns P, Kieran MW, Mellinghoff IK, Merchant M, Pfister SM, Pollard SM, Ramaswamy V, Rich JN, Robinson GW, Rowitch DH, Sampson JH, Taylor MD, Workman P, Gilbertson RJ. Challenges to curing primary brain tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:509-520. [PMID: 30733593 PMCID: PMC6650350 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, brain tumours remain among the deadliest of all forms of cancer. The ability of these tumours to resist almost all conventional and novel treatments relates, in part, to the unique cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental properties of neural tissues. In an attempt to encourage progress in our understanding and ability to successfully treat patients with brain tumours, Cancer Research UK convened an international panel of clinicians and laboratory-based scientists to identify challenges that must be overcome if we are to cure all patients with a brain tumour. The seven key challenges summarized in this Position Paper are intended to serve as foci for future research and investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David T W Jones
- Pediatric Glioma Research Group, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Giles W Robinson
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge and Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - John H Sampson
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke Cancer Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Richard J Gilbertson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- CRUK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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29
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Gupta N, Henry RG, Kang SM, Strober J, Lim DA, Ryan T, Perry R, Farrell J, Ulman M, Rajalingam R, Gage A, Huhn SL, Barkovich AJ, Rowitch DH. Long-Term Safety, Immunologic Response, and Imaging Outcomes following Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:254-261. [PMID: 31378671 PMCID: PMC6700500 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Four boys with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, an X-linked leukodystrophy, underwent transplantation with human allogeneic central nervous system stem cells (HuCNS-SC). Subsequently, all subjects were followed for an additional 4 years in this separate follow-up study to evaluate safety, neurologic function, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, and immunologic response. The neurosurgical procedure, immunosuppression, and HuCNS-SC transplantation were well tolerated and all four subjects were alive at the conclusion of the study period. At year 2, all subjects exhibited diffusion MRI changes at the implantation sites as well as in more distant brain regions. There were persistent, increased signal changes in the three patients who were studied up to year 5. Two of four subjects developed donor-specific HLA alloantibodies, demonstrating that neural stem cells can elicit an immune response when injected into the CNS, and suggesting the importance of monitoring immunologic parameters and identifying markers of engraftment in future studies. Neural stem cell transplantation has a safe long-term safety profile Donor-specific alloantibodies develop after stem cell transplantation into the CNS Diffusion MR imaging is a potential surrogate for CNS myelination
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 550 16(th) Street, 4(th) Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143-0137, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Roland G Henry
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of California San Francisco & Berkeley, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan Strober
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 550 16(th) Street, 4(th) Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143-0137, USA
| | - Tamara Ryan
- Fetal Treatment Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rachel Perry
- Fetal Treatment Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jody Farrell
- Fetal Treatment Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mary Ulman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - A James Barkovich
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 550 16(th) Street, 4(th) Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143-0137, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
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30
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Aldape K, Brindle KM, Chesler L, Chopra R, Gajjar A, Gilbert MR, Gottardo N, Gutmann DH, Hargrave D, Holland EC, Jones DTW, Joyce JA, Kearns P, Kieran MW, Mellinghoff IK, Merchant M, Pfister SM, Pollard SM, Ramaswamy V, Rich JN, Robinson GW, Rowitch DH, Sampson JH, Taylor MD, Workman P, Gilbertson RJ. Reply to 'Assembling the brain trust: the multidisciplinary imperative in neuro-oncology'. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:522-523. [PMID: 31150022 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Darren Hargrave
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, UK
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David T W Jones
- Pediatric Glioma Research Group, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder's Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Giles W Robinson
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge and Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - John H Sampson
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumour Center, Duke Cancer Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, and Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Richard J Gilbertson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- CRUK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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31
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Ellis JK, Sorrells SF, Mikhailova S, Chavali M, Chang S, Sabeur K, Mcquillen P, Rowitch DH. Ferret brain possesses young interneuron collections equivalent to human postnatal migratory streams. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2843-2859. [PMID: 31050805 PMCID: PMC6773523 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human early postnatal brain contains late migratory streams of immature interneurons that are directed to cortex and other focal brain regions. However, such migration is not observed in rodent brain, and whether other small animal models capture this aspect of human brain development is unclear. Here, we investigated whether the gyrencephalic ferret cortex possesses human‐equivalent postnatal streams of doublecortin positive (DCX+) young neurons. We mapped DCX+ cells in the brains of ferrets at P20 (analogous to human term gestation), P40, P65, and P90. In addition to the rostral migratory stream, we identified three populations of young neurons with migratory morphology at P20 oriented toward: (a) prefrontal cortex, (b) dorsal posterior sigmoid gyrus, and (c) occipital lobe. These three neuronal collections were all present at P20 and became extinguished by P90 (equivalent to human postnatal age 2 years). DCX+ cells in such collections all expressed GAD67, identifying them as interneurons, and they variously expressed the subtype markers SP8 and secretagogin (SCGN). SCGN+ interneurons appeared in thick sections to be oriented from white matter toward multiple cortical regions, and persistent SCGN‐expressing cells were observed in cortex. These findings indicate that ferret is a suitable animal model to study the human‐relevant process of late postnatal cortical interneuron integration into multiple regions of cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Ellis
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sasha Mikhailova
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sandra Chang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Patrick Mcquillen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David H Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32
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French CE, Delon I, Dolling H, Sanchis-Juan A, Shamardina O, Mégy K, Abbs S, Austin T, Bowdin S, Branco RG, Firth H, Rowitch DH, Raymond FL. Whole genome sequencing reveals that genetic conditions are frequent in intensively ill children. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:627-636. [PMID: 30847515 PMCID: PMC6483967 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With growing evidence that rare single gene disorders present in the neonatal period, there is a need for rapid, systematic, and comprehensive genomic diagnoses in ICUs to assist acute and long-term clinical decisions. This study aimed to identify genetic conditions in neonatal (NICU) and paediatric (PICU) intensive care populations. METHODS We performed trio whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis on a prospective cohort of families recruited in NICU and PICU at a single site in the UK. We developed a research pipeline in collaboration with the National Health Service to deliver validated pertinent pathogenic findings within 2-3 weeks of recruitment. RESULTS A total of 195 families had whole genome analysis performed (567 samples) and 21% received a molecular diagnosis for the underlying genetic condition in the child. The phenotypic description of the child was a poor predictor of the gene identified in 90% of cases, arguing for gene agnostic testing in NICU/PICU. The diagnosis affected clinical management in more than 65% of cases (83% in neonates) including modification of treatments and care pathways and/or informing palliative care decisions. A 2-3 week turnaround was sufficient to impact most clinical decision-making. CONCLUSIONS The use of WGS in intensively ill children is acceptable and trio analysis facilitates diagnoses. A gene agnostic approach was effective in identifying an underlying genetic condition, with phenotypes and symptomatology being primarily used for data interpretation rather than gene selection. WGS analysis has the potential to be a first-line diagnostic tool for a subset of intensively ill children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E French
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Isabelle Delon
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helen Dolling
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Alba Sanchis-Juan
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Olga Shamardina
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Karyn Mégy
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Stephen Abbs
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Topun Austin
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sarah Bowdin
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ricardo G Branco
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Helen Firth
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - David H Rowitch
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK. .,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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33
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Vento-Tormo R, Efremova M, Botting RA, Turco MY, Vento-Tormo M, Meyer KB, Park JE, Stephenson E, Polański K, Goncalves A, Gardner L, Holmqvist S, Henriksson J, Zou A, Sharkey AM, Millar B, Innes B, Wood L, Wilbrey-Clark A, Payne RP, Ivarsson MA, Lisgo S, Filby A, Rowitch DH, Bulmer JN, Wright GJ, Stubbington MJT, Haniffa M, Moffett A, Teichmann SA. Single-cell reconstruction of the early maternal-fetal interface in humans. Nature 2018; 563:347-353. [PMID: 30429548 PMCID: PMC7612850 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1186] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During early human pregnancy the uterine mucosa transforms into the decidua, into which the fetal placenta implants and where placental trophoblast cells intermingle and communicate with maternal cells. Trophoblast-decidual interactions underlie common diseases of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia and stillbirth. Here we profile the transcriptomes of about 70,000 single cells from first-trimester placentas with matched maternal blood and decidual cells. The cellular composition of human decidua reveals subsets of perivascular and stromal cells that are located in distinct decidual layers. There are three major subsets of decidual natural killer cells that have distinctive immunomodulatory and chemokine profiles. We develop a repository of ligand-receptor complexes and a statistical tool to predict the cell-type specificity of cell-cell communication via these molecular interactions. Our data identify many regulatory interactions that prevent harmful innate or adaptive immune responses in this environment. Our single-cell atlas of the maternal-fetal interface reveals the cellular organization of the decidua and placenta, and the interactions that are critical for placentation and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rachel A Botting
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Margherita Y Turco
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Emily Stephenson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Angela Goncalves
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucy Gardner
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Zou
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M Sharkey
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Millar
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barbara Innes
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Wood
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rebecca P Payne
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Steve Lisgo
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Filby
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Judith N Bulmer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, The Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK.
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34
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Pla R, Stanco A, Howard MA, Rubin AN, Vogt D, Mortimer N, Cobos I, Potter GB, Lindtner S, Price JD, Nord AS, Visel A, Schreiner CE, Baraban SC, Rowitch DH, Rubenstein JLR. Dlx1 and Dlx2 Promote Interneuron GABA Synthesis, Synaptogenesis, and Dendritogenesis. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:3797-3815. [PMID: 29028947 PMCID: PMC6188538 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The postnatal functions of the Dlx1&2 transcription factors in cortical interneurons (CINs) are unknown. Here, using conditional Dlx1, Dlx2, and Dlx1&2 knockouts (CKOs), we defined their roles in specific CINs. The CKOs had dendritic, synaptic, and survival defects, affecting even PV+ CINs. We provide evidence that DLX2 directly drives Gad1, Gad2, and Vgat expression, and show that mutants had reduced mIPSC amplitude. In addition, the mutants formed fewer GABAergic synapses on excitatory neurons and had reduced mIPSC frequency. Furthermore, Dlx1/2 CKO had hypoplastic dendrites, fewer excitatory synapses, and reduced excitatory input. We provide evidence that some of these phenotypes were due to reduced expression of GRIN2B (a subunit of the NMDA receptor), a high confidence Autism gene. Thus, Dlx1&2 coordinate key components of CIN postnatal development by promoting their excitability, inhibitory output, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Pla
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Stanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - MacKenzie A Howard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna N Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Niall Mortimer
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Inma Cobos
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Brian Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James D Price
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex S Nord
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Christoph E Schreiner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, Eli and Edyth Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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35
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Schirmer L, Möbius W, Zhao C, Cruz-Herranz A, Ben Haim L, Cordano C, Shiow LR, Kelley KW, Sadowski B, Timmons G, Pröbstel AK, Wright JN, Sin JH, Devereux M, Morrison DE, Chang SM, Sabeur K, Green AJ, Nave KA, Franklin RJ, Rowitch DH. Oligodendrocyte-encoded Kir4.1 function is required for axonal integrity. eLife 2018; 7:36428. [PMID: 30204081 PMCID: PMC6167053 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial support is critical for normal axon function and can become dysregulated in white matter (WM) disease. In humans, loss-of-function mutations of KCNJ10, which encodes the inward-rectifying potassium channel KIR4.1, causes seizures and progressive neurological decline. We investigated Kir4.1 functions in oligodendrocytes (OLs) during development, adulthood and after WM injury. We observed that Kir4.1 channels localized to perinodal areas and the inner myelin tongue, suggesting roles in juxta-axonal K+ removal. Conditional knockout (cKO) of OL-Kcnj10 resulted in late onset mitochondrial damage and axonal degeneration. This was accompanied by neuronal loss and neuro-axonal dysfunction in adult OL-Kcnj10 cKO mice as shown by delayed visual evoked potentials, inner retinal thinning and progressive motor deficits. Axon pathologies in OL-Kcnj10 cKO were exacerbated after WM injury in the spinal cord. Our findings point towards a critical role of OL-Kir4.1 for long-term maintenance of axonal function and integrity during adulthood and after WM injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schirmer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Cruz-Herranz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lucile Ben Haim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Christian Cordano
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lawrence R Shiow
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kevin W Kelley
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Boguslawa Sadowski
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Garrett Timmons
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jackie N Wright
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jung Hyung Sin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Devereux
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniel E Morrison
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra M Chang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robin Jm Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David H Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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36
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Griveau A, Seano G, Shelton SJ, Kupp R, Jahangiri A, Obernier K, Krishnan S, Lindberg OR, Yuen TJ, Tien AC, Sabo JK, Wang N, Chen I, Kloepper J, Larrouquere L, Ghosh M, Tirosh I, Huillard E, Alvarez-Buylla A, Oldham MC, Persson AI, Weiss WA, Batchelor TT, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Suvà ML, Phillips JJ, Aghi MK, Mehta S, Jain RK, Rowitch DH. A Glial Signature and Wnt7 Signaling Regulate Glioma-Vascular Interactions and Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:874-889.e7. [PMID: 29681511 PMCID: PMC6211172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas comprise heterogeneous malignant glial and stromal cells. While blood vessel co-option is a potential mechanism to escape anti-angiogenic therapy, the relevance of glial phenotype in this process is unclear. We show that Olig2+ oligodendrocyte precursor-like glioma cells invade by single-cell vessel co-option and preserve the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Conversely, Olig2-negative glioma cells form dense perivascular collections and promote angiogenesis and BBB breakdown, leading to innate immune cell activation. Experimentally, Olig2 promotes Wnt7b expression, a finding that correlates in human glioma profiling. Targeted Wnt7a/7b deletion or pharmacologic Wnt inhibition blocks Olig2+ glioma single-cell vessel co-option and enhances responses to temozolomide. Finally, Olig2 and Wnt7 become upregulated after anti-VEGF treatment in preclinical models and patients. Thus, glial-encoded pathways regulate distinct glioma-vascular microenvironmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Griveau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Giorgio Seano
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Samuel J Shelton
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Kupp
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Saint Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Arman Jahangiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shanmugarajan Krishnan
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Olle R Lindberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tracy J Yuen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - An-Chi Tien
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Sabo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy Wang
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ivy Chen
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonas Kloepper
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Louis Larrouquere
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mitrajit Ghosh
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Huillard
- ICM Brain and Spine Institute, 47 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology and Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mario L Suvà
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shwetal Mehta
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Saint Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge and Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AN, UK.
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Kelley KW, Ben Haim L, Schirmer L, Tyzack GE, Tolman M, Miller JG, Tsai HH, Chang SM, Molofsky AV, Yang Y, Patani R, Lakatos A, Ullian EM, Rowitch DH. Kir4.1-Dependent Astrocyte-Fast Motor Neuron Interactions Are Required for Peak Strength. Neuron 2018; 98:306-319.e7. [PMID: 29606582 PMCID: PMC5919779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diversified neurons are essential for sensorimotor function, but whether astrocytes become specialized to optimize circuit performance remains unclear. Large fast α-motor neurons (FαMNs) of spinal cord innervate fast-twitch muscles that generate peak strength. We report that ventral horn astrocytes express the inward-rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 (a.k.a. Kcnj10) around MNs in a VGLUT1-dependent manner. Loss of astrocyte-encoded Kir4.1 selectively altered FαMN size and function and led to reduced peak strength. Overexpression of Kir4.1 in astrocytes was sufficient to increase MN size through activation of the PI3K/mTOR/pS6 pathway. Kir4.1 was downregulated cell autonomously in astrocytes derived from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with SOD1 mutation. However, astrocyte Kir4.1 was dispensable for FαMN survival even in the mutant SOD1 background. These findings show that astrocyte Kir4.1 is essential for maintenance of peak strength and suggest that Kir4.1 downregulation might uncouple symptoms of muscle weakness from MN cell death in diseases like ALS. Kir4.1 is upregulated in astrocytes around high-activity alpha motor neurons (MNs) Astrocyte Kir4.1 KO caused decreased peak strength without alpha MN loss ALS patient-derived astrocytes show cell-autonomous Kir4.1 downregulation Astrocyte Kir4.1 regulates MN size through PI3K/mTOR/pS6 activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Kelley
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lucile Ben Haim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Giulia E Tyzack
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michaela Tolman
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - John G Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hui-Hsin Tsai
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sandra M Chang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andras Lakatos
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK.
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Abstract
The cerebellum undergoes rapid growth during the third trimester and is vulnerable to injury and deficient growth in infants born prematurely. Factors associated with preterm cerebellar hypoplasia include chronic lung disease and postnatal glucocorticoid administration. We modeled chronic hypoxemia and glucocorticoid administration in neonatal mice to study whole cerebellar and cell type-specific effects of dual exposure. Chronic neonatal hypoxia resulted in permanent cerebellar hypoplasia. This was compounded by administration of prednisolone as shown by greater volume loss and Purkinje cell death. In the setting of hypoxia and prednisolone, administration of a small molecule Smoothened-Hedgehog agonist (SAG) preserved cerebellar volume and protected against Purkinje cell death. Such protective effects were observed even when SAG was given as a one-time dose after dual insult. To model complex injury and determine cell type-specific roles for the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, we performed conditional knockout of von Hippel Lindau (VHL) to hyperactivate HIF1α in cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNP) or Purkinje cells. Surprisingly, HIF activation in either cell type resulted in no cerebellar deficit. However, in mice administered prednisolone, HIF overactivation in CGNPs resulted in significant cerebellar hypoplasia, whereas HIF overactivation in Purkinje cells caused cell death. Together, these findings indicate that HIF primes both cell types for injury via glucocorticoids, and that hypoxia/HIF + postnatal glucocorticoid administration act on distinct cellular pathways to cause cerebellar injury. They further suggest that SAG is neuroprotective in the setting of complex neonatal cerebellar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Division of Neonatology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kurosh Ameri
- Department of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Omer Bayraktar
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Division of Neonatology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
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Krencik R, Seo K, van Asperen JV, Basu N, Cvetkovic C, Barlas S, Chen R, Ludwig C, Wang C, Ward ME, Gan L, Horner PJ, Rowitch DH, Ullian EM. Systematic Three-Dimensional Coculture Rapidly Recapitulates Interactions between Human Neurons and Astrocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1745-1753. [PMID: 29198827 PMCID: PMC5785708 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astrocytes network with neurons in dynamic ways that are still poorly defined. Our ability to model this relationship is hampered by the lack of relevant and convenient tools to recapitulate this complex interaction. To address this barrier, we have devised efficient coculture systems utilizing 3D organoid-like spheres, termed asteroids, containing pre-differentiated human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived astrocytes (hAstros) combined with neurons generated from hPSC-derived neural stem cells (hNeurons) or directly induced via Neurogenin 2 overexpression (iNeurons). Our systematic methods rapidly produce structurally complex hAstros and synapses in high-density coculture with iNeurons in precise numbers, allowing for improved studies of neural circuit function, disease modeling, and drug screening. We conclude that these bioengineered neural circuit model systems are reliable and scalable tools to accurately study aspects of human astrocyte-neuron functional properties while being easily accessible for cell-type-specific manipulations and observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krencik
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Kyounghee Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jessy V van Asperen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nupur Basu
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caroline Cvetkovic
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Saba Barlas
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert Chen
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Connor Ludwig
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael E Ward
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Philip J Horner
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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van Tilborg E, de Theije CGM, van Hal M, Wagenaar N, de Vries LS, Benders MJ, Rowitch DH, Nijboer CH. Origin and dynamics of oligodendrocytes in the developing brain: Implications for perinatal white matter injury. Glia 2017; 66:221-238. [PMID: 29134703 PMCID: PMC5765410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infants born prematurely are at high risk to develop white matter injury (WMI), due to exposure to hypoxic and/or inflammatory insults. Such perinatal insults negatively impact the maturation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), thereby causing deficits in myelination. To elucidate the precise pathophysiology underlying perinatal WMI, it is essential to fully understand the cellular mechanisms contributing to healthy/normal white matter development. OLs are responsible for myelination of axons. During brain development, OLs are generally derived from neuroepithelial zones, where neural stem cells committed to the OL lineage differentiate into OL precursor cells (OPCs). OPCs, in turn, develop into premyelinating OLs and finally mature into myelinating OLs. Recent studies revealed that OPCs develop in multiple waves and form potentially heterogeneous populations. Furthermore, it has been shown that myelination is a dynamic and plastic process with an excess of OPCs being generated and then abolished if not integrated into neural circuits. Myelination patterns between rodents and humans show high spatial and temporal similarity. Therefore, experimental studies on OL biology may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of WMI in the preterm infant and offers new perspectives on potential treatments for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Tilborg
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurik van Hal
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Wagenaar
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda S de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cora H Nijboer
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kupp R, Shtayer L, Tien AC, Szeto E, Sanai N, Rowitch DH, Mehta S. Lineage-Restricted OLIG2-RTK Signaling Governs the Molecular Subtype of Glioma Stem-like Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 16:2838-2845. [PMID: 27626655 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor OLIG2 is a master regulator of oligodendroglial fate decisions and tumorigenic competence of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying dysregulation of OLIG2 function during gliomagenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we show that OLIG2 modulates growth factor signaling in two distinct populations of GSCs, characterized by expression of either the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα). Biochemical analyses of OLIG2 function in normal and malignant neural progenitors reveal a positive feedforward loop between OLIG2 and EGFR to sustain co-expression. Furthermore, loss of OLIG2 function results in mesenchymal transformation in PDGFRα(HIGH) GSCs, a phenomenon that appears to be circumscribed in EGFR(HIGH) GSCs. Exploitation of OLIG2's dual and antithetical, pro-mitotic (EGFR-driven), and lineage-specifying (PDGFRα-driven) functions by glioma cells appears to be critical for sustaining growth factor signaling and GSC molecular subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kupp
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Lior Shtayer
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - An-Chi Tien
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emily Szeto
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Nader Sanai
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Shwetal Mehta
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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42
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Petersen MA, Ryu JK, Chang KJ, Etxeberria A, Bardehle S, Mendiola AS, Kamau-Devers W, Fancy SPJ, Thor A, Bushong EA, Baeza-Raja B, Syme CA, Wu MD, Rios Coronado PE, Meyer-Franke A, Yahn S, Pous L, Lee JK, Schachtrup C, Lassmann H, Huang EJ, Han MH, Absinta M, Reich DS, Ellisman MH, Rowitch DH, Chan JR, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen Activates BMP Signaling in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Inhibits Remyelination after Vascular Damage. Neuron 2017; 96:1003-1012.e7. [PMID: 29103804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption alters the composition of the brain microenvironment by allowing blood proteins into the CNS. However, whether blood-derived molecules serve as extrinsic inhibitors of remyelination is unknown. Here we show that the coagulation factor fibrinogen activates the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and suppresses remyelination. Fibrinogen induces phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 and inhibits OPC differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) while promoting an astrocytic fate in vitro. Fibrinogen effects are rescued by BMP type I receptor inhibition using dorsomorphin homolog 1 (DMH1) or CRISPR/Cas9 activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) knockout in OPCs. Fibrinogen and the BMP target Id2 are increased in demyelinated multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. Therapeutic depletion of fibrinogen decreases BMP signaling and enhances remyelination in vivo. Targeting fibrinogen may be an upstream therapeutic strategy to promote the regenerative potential of CNS progenitors in diseases with remyelination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Petersen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kae-Jiun Chang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ainhoa Etxeberria
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Wanjiru Kamau-Devers
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Berkeley City College, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Thor
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Wu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie Yahn
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lauriane Pous
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - May H Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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43
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Shiow LR, Favrais G, Schirmer L, Schang AL, Cipriani S, Andres C, Wright JN, Nobuta H, Fleiss B, Gressens P, Rowitch DH. Reactive astrocyte COX2-PGE2 production inhibits oligodendrocyte maturation in neonatal white matter injury. Glia 2017; 65:2024-2037. [PMID: 28856805 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major risk factor for neonatal white matter injury (NWMI), which is associated with later development of cerebral palsy. Although recent studies have demonstrated maturation arrest of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in NWMI, the identity of inflammatory mediators with direct effects on OPCs has been unclear. Here, we investigated downstream effects of pro-inflammatory IL-1β to induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in white matter. First, we assessed COX2 expression in human fetal brain and term neonatal brain affected by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). In the developing human brain, COX2 was expressed in radial glia, microglia, and endothelial cells. In human term neonatal HIE cases with subcortical WMI, COX2 was strongly induced in reactive astrocytes with "A2" reactivity. Next, we show that OPCs express the EP1 receptor for PGE2, and PGE2 acts directly on OPCs to block maturation in vitro. Pharmacologic blockade with EP1-specific inhibitors (ONO-8711, SC-51089), or genetic deficiency of EP1 attenuated effects of PGE2. In an IL-1β-induced model of NWMI, astrocytes also exhibit "A2" reactivity and induce COX2. Furthermore, in vivo inhibition of COX2 with Nimesulide rescues hypomyelination and behavioral impairment. These findings suggest that neonatal white matter astrocytes can develop "A2" reactivity that contributes to OPC maturation arrest in NWMI through induction of COX2-PGE2 signaling, a pathway that can be targeted for neonatal neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Shiow
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neonatology.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Geraldine Favrais
- INSERM U930, Universite Francois Rabelais, Tours, France.,Neonatal intensive care unit, CHRU de Tours, Universite Francois Rabelais, Tours, France.,PROTECT, INSERM, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Schang
- PROTECT, INSERM, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.,PremUP, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Sara Cipriani
- PROTECT, INSERM, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.,PremUP, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | | | - Jaclyn N Wright
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hiroko Nobuta
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- PROTECT, INSERM, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.,PremUP, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.,PremUP, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Neonatology.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Paediatrics, and Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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44
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Sabo JK, Heine V, Silbereis JC, Schirmer L, Levison SW, Rowitch DH. Olig1 is required for noggin-induced neonatal myelin repair. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:560-571. [PMID: 28253550 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal white matter injury (NWMI) is a lesion found in preterm infants that can lead to cerebral palsy. Although antagonists of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, such as Noggin, promote oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) production after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, the downstream functional targets are poorly understood. The basic helix-loop-helix protein, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1 (Olig1), promotes oligodendrocyte (OL) development and is essential during remyelination in adult mice. Here, we investigated whether Olig1 function is required downstream of BMP antagonism for response to injury in the neonatal brain. METHODS We used wild-type and Olig1-null mice subjected to neonatal stroke and postnatal neural progenitor cultures, and we analyzed Olig1 expression in human postmortem samples from neonates that suffered HI encephalopathy (HIE). RESULTS Olig1-null neonatal mice showed significant hypomyelination after moderate neonatal stroke. Surprisingly, damaged white matter tracts in Olig1-null mice lacked Olig2+ OPCs, and instead proliferating neuronal precursors and GABAergic interneurons were present. We demonstrate that Noggin-induced OPC production requires Olig1 function. In postnatal neural progenitors, Noggin governs production of OLs versus interneurons through Olig1-mediated repression of Dlx1/2 transcription factors. Additionally, we observed that Olig1 and the BMP signaling effector, phosphorylated SMADs (Sma- and Mad-related proteins) 1, 5, and 8, were elevated in the subventricular zone of human infants with HIE compared to controls. INTERPRETATION These findings indicate that Olig1 has a critical function in regulation of postnatal neural progenitor cell production in response to Noggin. Ann Neurol 2017;81:560-571.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Sabo
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vivi Heine
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John C Silbereis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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45
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Paredes MF, James D, Gil-Perotin S, Kim H, Cotter JA, Ng C, Sandoval K, Rowitch DH, Xu D, McQuillen PS, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Huang EJ, Alvarez-Buylla A. Extensive migration of young neurons into the infant human frontal lobe. Science 2017; 354:354/6308/aaf7073. [PMID: 27846470 PMCID: PMC5436574 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf7073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The first few months after birth, when a child begins to interact with the environment, are critical to human brain development. The human frontal lobe is important for social behavior and executive function; it has increased in size and complexity relative to other species, but the processes that have contributed to this expansion are unknown. Our studies of postmortem infant human brains revealed a collection of neurons that migrate and integrate widely into the frontal lobe during infancy. Chains of young neurons move tangentially close to the walls of the lateral ventricles and along blood vessels. These cells then individually disperse long distances to reach cortical tissue, where they differentiate and contribute to inhibitory circuits. Late-arriving interneurons could contribute to developmental plasticity, and the disruption of their postnatal migration or differentiation may underlie neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F Paredes
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David James
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Gil-Perotin
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain.,Multiple Sclerosis and Neural Regeneration Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Hosung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cotter
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carissa Ng
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kadellyn Sandoval
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Patrick S McQuillen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jose-Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric J Huang
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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46
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Osorio MJ, Rowitch DH, Tesar P, Wernig M, Windrem MS, Goldman SA. Concise Review: Stem Cell-Based Treatment of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease. Stem Cells 2016; 35:311-315. [PMID: 27882623 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is an X-linked disorder caused by mutation in the proteolipid protein-1 (PLP1) gene, which encodes the proteolipid protein of myelinating oligodendroglia. PMD exhibits phenotypic variability that reflects its considerable genotypic heterogeneity, but all forms of the disease result in central hypomyelination, associated in most cases with early neurological dysfunction, progressive deterioration, and ultimately death. PMD may present as a connatal, classic and transitional forms, or as the less severe spastic paraplegia type 2 and PLP-null phenotypes. These disorders are most often associated with duplications of the PLP1 gene, but can also be caused by coding and noncoding point mutations as well as full or partial deletion of the gene. A number of genetically-distinct but phenotypically-similar disorders of hypomyelination exist which, like PMD, lack any effective therapy. Yet as relatively pure CNS hypomyelinating disorders, with limited involvement of the PNS and relatively little attendant neuronal pathology, PMD and similar hypomyelinating disorders are attractive therapeutic targets for neural stem cell and glial progenitor cell transplantation, efforts at which are now underway in a number of research centers. Stem Cells 2017;35:311-315.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joana Osorio
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David H Rowitch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, UCSF School of Medicine and Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Martha S Windrem
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy due to intrapartum events is estimated at 1 to 2 per 1000 live births in high-income countries. Outcomes have improved over the past decade due to implementation of therapeutic hypothermia, the only clinically available neuroprotective strategy for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Neonatal encephalopathy is the most common condition treated within a neonatal neurocritical care unit. Neonates with encephalopathy benefit from a neurocritical care approach due to prevention of secondary brain injury through attention to basic physiology, earlier recognition and treatment of neurologic complications, consistent management using guidelines and protocols, and use of optimized teams at dedicated referral centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Glass
- Department of Neurology, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Room 494, Box 0663, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - David H. Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics; Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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48
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Zhang et al. (2016) develop a novel approach to generate populations of human astrocytes to uncover their uniquely human traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Kelley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
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49
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Krencik R, Hokanson KC, Narayan AR, Dvornik J, Rooney GE, Rauen KA, Weiss LA, Rowitch DH, Ullian EM. Dysregulation of astrocyte extracellular signaling in Costello syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:286ra66. [PMID: 25947161 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes produce an assortment of signals that promote neuronal maturation according to a precise developmental timeline. Is this orchestrated timing and signaling altered in human neurodevelopmental disorders? To address this question, the astroglial lineage was investigated in two model systems of a developmental disorder with intellectual disability caused by mutant Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS) termed Costello syndrome: mutant HRAS human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and transgenic mice. Human iPSCs derived from patients with Costello syndrome differentiated to astroglia more rapidly in vitro than those derived from wild-type cell lines with normal HRAS, exhibited hyperplasia, and also generated an abundance of extracellular matrix remodeling factors and proteoglycans. Acute treatment with a farnesyl transferase inhibitor and knockdown of the transcription factor SNAI2 reduced expression of several proteoglycans in Costello syndrome iPSC-derived astrocytes. Similarly, mice in which mutant HRAS was expressed selectively in astrocytes exhibited experience-independent increased accumulation of perineuronal net proteoglycans in cortex, as well as increased parvalbumin expression in interneurons, when compared to wild-type mice. Our data indicate that astrocytes expressing mutant HRAS dysregulate cortical maturation during development as shown by abnormal extracellular matrix remodeling and implicate excessive astrocyte-to-neuron signaling as a possible drug target for treating mental impairment and enhancing neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krencik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kenton C Hokanson
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aditi R Narayan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jill Dvornik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gemma E Rooney
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lauren A Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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50
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Tate MC, Lindquist RA, Nguyen T, Sanai N, Barkovich AJ, Huang EJ, Rowitch DH, Alvarez-Buylla A. Postnatal growth of the human pons: a morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:449-62. [PMID: 25307966 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite its critical importance to global brain function, the postnatal development of the human pons remains poorly understood. In the present study, we first performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analyses of the postnatal human pons (0-18 years; n = 6-14/timepoint). Pons volume increased 6-fold from birth to 5 years, followed by continued slower growth throughout childhood. The observed growth was primarily due to expansion of the basis pontis. T2-based MRI analysis suggests that this growth is linked to increased myelination, and histological analysis of myelin basic protein in human postmortem specimens confirmed a dramatic increase in myelination during infancy. Analysis of cellular proliferation revealed many Ki67(+) cells during the first 7 months of life, particularly during the first month, where proliferation was increased in the basis relative to tegmentum. The majority of proliferative cells in the postnatal pons expressed the transcription factor Olig2, suggesting an oligodendrocyte lineage. The proportion of proliferating cells that were Olig2(+) was similar through the first 7 months of life and between basis and tegmentum. The number of Ki67(+) cells declined dramatically from birth to 7 months and further decreased by 3 years, with a small number of Ki67(+) cells observed throughout childhood. In addition, two populations of vimentin/nestin-expressing cells were identified: a dorsal group near the ventricular surface, which persists throughout childhood, and a parenchymal population that diminishes by 7 months and was not evident later in childhood. Together, our data reveal remarkable postnatal growth in the ventral pons, particularly during infancy when cells are most proliferative and myelination increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Tate
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143
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