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Oliveira da Silva MI, Santejo M, Babcock IW, Magalhães A, Minamide LS, Won SJ, Castillo E, Gerhardt E, Fahlbusch C, Swanson RA, Outeiro TF, Taipa R, Ruff M, Bamburg JR, Liz MA. α-Synuclein triggers cofilin pathology and dendritic spine impairment via a PrP C-CCR5 dependent pathway. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:264. [PMID: 38615035 PMCID: PMC11016063 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction and dementia are critical symptoms of Lewy Body dementias (LBD). Specifically, alpha-synuclein (αSyn) accumulation in the hippocampus leading to synaptic dysfunction is linked to cognitive deficits in LBD. Here, we investigated the pathological impact of αSyn on hippocampal neurons. We report that either αSyn overexpression or αSyn pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) treatment triggers the formation of cofilin-actin rods, synapse disruptors, in cultured hippocampal neurons and in the hippocampus of synucleinopathy mouse models and of LBD patients. In vivo, cofilin pathology is present concomitantly with synaptic impairment and cognitive dysfunction. Rods generation prompted by αSyn involves the co-action of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). Importantly, we show that CCR5 inhibition, with a clinically relevant peptide antagonist, reverts dendritic spine impairment promoted by αSyn. Collectively, we detail the cellular and molecular mechanism through which αSyn disrupts hippocampal synaptic structure and we identify CCR5 as a novel therapeutic target to prevent synaptic impairment and cognitive dysfunction in LBD.
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Grants
- R01 AG049668 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 NS105774 NINDS NIH HHS
- R43 AG071064 NIA NIH HHS
- S10 OD025127 NIH HHS
- Applicable Funding Source FEDER - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020 – Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028336 (PTDC/MED-NEU/28336/2017); National Funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia under the project IF/00902/2015; R&D@PhD from Luso-American Development Foundation (FLAD); FLAD Healthcare 2020; and Programme for Cooperation in Science between Portugal and Germany 2018/2019 (FCT/DAAD). Márcia A Liz is supported by CEECINST/00091/2018.
- FEDER - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020 – Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028336 (PTDC/MED-NEU/28336/2017); National Funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia under the project IF/00902/2015; R&D@PhD from Luso-American Development Foundation (FLAD); FLAD Healthcare 2020; and Programme for Cooperation in Science between Portugal and Germany 2018/2019 (FCT/DAAD).
- Generous gifts to the Colorado State University Development Fund (J.R.B) and by the National Institutes on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01AG049668, 1S10OD025127 (J.R.B), and R43AG071064 (J.R.B).
- National Institutes on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under award number RO1NS105774 (R.A.S).
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy - EXC 2067/1- 390729940) and SFB1286 (Project B8)
- Generous gifts to the Colorado State University Development Fund (J.R.B) and by the National Institutes on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01AG049668, 1S10OD025127 (J.R.B), R43AG071064 (J.R.B)
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Oliveira da Silva
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC -Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Santejo
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC -Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaac W Babcock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Addiction Biology Group, IBMC -Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laurie S Minamide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Seok-Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Erika Castillo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Fahlbusch
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Scientific employee with an honorary contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- Neuropathology Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
- Autoimmune and Neuroscience Research Group, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael Ruff
- Creative Bio-Peptides, Rockville, MD, 20854, USA
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Márcia A Liz
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC -Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Uruk G, Mocanu E, Shaw AE, Bamburg JR, Swanson RA. Cofilactin rod formation mediates inflammation-induced neurite degeneration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113914. [PMID: 38451813 PMCID: PMC11068216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke, trauma, and neurodegenerative disorders cause loss of neurites (axons and dendrites) in addition to neuronal death. Neurite loss may result directly from a primary insult, secondary to parental neuron death, or secondary to a post-injury inflammatory response. Here, we use lipopolysaccharide and the alarmin S100β to selectively evaluate neurite loss caused by the inflammatory response. Activation of microglia and infiltrating macrophages by these stimuli causes neurite loss that far exceeds neuronal death, both in vitro and in vivo. Neurite loss is accompanied by the formation of cofilactin rods and aggregates (CARs), which are polymers of cofilin-1 and actin induced by oxidative stress and other factors. Mice deficient in either cofilin-1 or the superoxide-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase-2 show reduced CAR formation, neurite loss, and motor impairment. The findings identify a mechanism by which inflammation leads to neurite loss via CAR formation and highlight the relevance of neurite loss to functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Uruk
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ebony Mocanu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alisa E Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Mai N, Wu L, Uruk G, Mocanu E, Swanson RA. Bioenergetic and excitotoxic determinants of cofilactin rod formation. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38299375 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Cofilactin rods (CARs), which are 1:1 aggregates of cofilin-1 and actin, lead to neurite loss in ischemic stroke and other disorders. The biochemical pathways driving CAR formation are well-established, but how these pathways are engaged under ischemic conditions is less clear. Brain ischemia produces both ATP depletion and glutamate excitotoxicity, both of which have been shown to drive CAR formation in other settings. Here, we show that CARs are formed in cultured neurons exposed to ischemia-like conditions: oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), glutamate, or oxidative stress. Of these conditions, only OGD produced significant ATP depletion, showing that ATP depletion is not required for CAR formation. Moreover, the OGD-induced CAR formation was blocked by the glutamate receptor antagonists MK-801 and kynurenic acid; the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitors GSK2795039 and apocynin; as well as an ROS scavenger. The findings identify a biochemical pathway leading from OGD to CAR formation in which the glutamate release induced by energy failure leads to activation of neuronal glutamate receptors, which in turn activates NADPH oxidase to generate oxidative stress and CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Mai
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gökhan Uruk
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ebony Mocanu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Rae CD, Baur JA, Borges K, Dienel G, Díaz-García CM, Douglass SR, Drew K, Duarte JMN, Duran J, Kann O, Kristian T, Lee-Liu D, Lindquist BE, McNay EC, Robinson MB, Rothman DL, Rowlands BD, Ryan TA, Scafidi J, Scafidi S, Shuttleworth CW, Swanson RA, Uruk G, Vardjan N, Zorec R, McKenna MC. Brain energy metabolism: A roadmap for future research. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38183680 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Although we have learned much about how the brain fuels its functions over the last decades, there remains much still to discover in an organ that is so complex. This article lays out major gaps in our knowledge of interrelationships between brain metabolism and brain function, including biochemical, cellular, and subcellular aspects of functional metabolism and its imaging in adult brain, as well as during development, aging, and disease. The focus is on unknowns in metabolism of major brain substrates and associated transporters, the roles of insulin and of lipid droplets, the emerging role of metabolism in microglia, mysteries about the major brain cofactor and signaling molecule NAD+ , as well as unsolved problems underlying brain metabolism in pathologies such as traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and metabolic downregulation during hibernation. It describes our current level of understanding of these facets of brain energy metabolism as well as a roadmap for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Rae
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 & Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gerald Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Carlos Manlio Díaz-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Kelly Drew
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dasfne Lee-Liu
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Britta E Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Departments of Pediatrics and System Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Benjamin D Rowlands
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy A Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gökhan Uruk
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Zhang H, Liu J, Bingham D, Orr A, Kawabori M, Kim JY, Zheng Z, Lam TI, Massa SM, Swanson RA, Yenari MA. Use of Botulinum Toxin for Limb Immobilization for Rehabilitation in Rats with Experimental Stroke. Biomolecules 2023; 13:512. [PMID: 36979446 PMCID: PMC10046338 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor rehabilitation strategies after unilateral stroke suggest that the immobilization of the healthy, unimpaired limb can promote the functional recovery of a paretic limb. In rodents, this has been modeled using casts, harnesses, and other means of restricting the use of the non-paretic forelimb in models of experimental stroke. Here, we evaluated an alternative approach, using botulinum toxin injections to limit the function of the non-paretic forelimb. Adult male rats were subjected to permanent ligation of the left distal middle cerebral artery, resulting in right forelimb paresis. The rats were then subjected to: (1) no treatment; (2) botulinum toxin injections 1 day post stroke; or (3) cast placement 5 days post stroke. Casts were removed after 5 weeks, while the botulinum toxin injection effectively immobilized subjects for approximately the same duration. Rats with bilateral forelimb impairment due to the stroke plus casting or botulinum injections were still able to feed and groom normally. Both immobilization groups showed modest recovery following the stroke compared to those that did not receive immobilization, but the casting approach led to unacceptable levels of animal stress. The botulinum toxin approach to limb immobilization had both advantages and disadvantages over traditional physical limb immobilization. The major advantage was that it was far less stress-inducing to the subject animals and appeared to be well tolerated. A disadvantage was that the paresis took roughly 10 weeks to fully resolve, and any degree of residual paresis could confound the interpretation of the behavioral assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Deborah Bingham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Adrienne Orr
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Masahito Kawabori
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen Zheng
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tina I. Lam
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stephen M. Massa
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raymond A. Swanson
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Midori A. Yenari
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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6
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Won SJ, Mocanu E, Davis J, Swanson RA. Abstract WP235: Hyperglycemia In The Days After Stroke Exacerbates Brain Injury By Increasing Microglial Superoxide Production. Stroke 2023. [DOI: 10.1161/str.54.suppl_1.wp235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized for decades that elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia) during ischemia/reperfusion greatly exacerbates injury; however, little is known about the effect of hyperglycemia that begins later, over the hours to days after ischemia. This often occurs after stroke as part of a systemic stress response, even in non-diabetic patients, but neither clinical evidence nor prior basic science studies provide guidance on how post-stroke hyperglycemia should be managed. Here we investigated this issue using a mouse photothrombotic model of permanent ischemia. Normoglycemia or hyperglycemia (blood glucose of 300-400 mg/dL; 15-20 mM) was maintained between 17 - 48 hours after ischemia onset. Post-stroke hyperglycemia was found to increase the final infarct volume, increase hemorrhage formation, and exacerbate motor dysfunction. Hyperglycemia also increased superoxide formation in peri-lesional microglia/macrophages. Importantly, hyperglycemia did not have these deleterious effects in p47
phox-/-
mice, which cannot form an active superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase-2 complex, or in wild-type mice treated with a peptide inhibitor of NADPH oxidase-2 (gp91-TAT peptide). These results suggest that hyperglycemia occurring many hours after ischemia can increase oxidative stress in peri-infarct tissues by fueling NADPH oxidase activity in reactive microglia/macrophages, and by this mechanism may contribute to worsened outcome.
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7
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Bishop R, Won SJ, Irvine KA, Basu J, Rome ES, Swanson RA. Blast-induced axonal degeneration in the rat cerebellum in the absence of head movement. Sci Rep 2022; 12:143. [PMID: 34996954 PMCID: PMC8741772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast exposure can injure brain by multiple mechanisms, and injury attributable to direct effects of the blast wave itself have been difficult to distinguish from that caused by rapid head displacement and other secondary processes. To resolve this issue, we used a rat model of blast exposure in which head movement was either strictly prevented or permitted in the lateral plane. Blast was found to produce axonal injury even with strict prevention of head movement. This axonal injury was restricted to the cerebellum, with the exception of injury in visual tracts secondary to ocular trauma. The cerebellar axonal injury was increased in rats in which blast-induced head movement was permitted, but the pattern of injury was unchanged. These findings support the contentions that blast per se, independent of head movement, is sufficient to induce axonal injury, and that axons in cerebellar white matter are particularly vulnerable to direct blast-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bishop
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave (E4-220), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jayinee Basu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Eric S Rome
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
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8
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Castillo E, Mocanu E, Uruk G, Swanson RA. Glucose availability limits microglial nitric oxide production. J Neurochem 2021; 159:1008-1015. [PMID: 34587283 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic intermediates influence inflammation not only through signaling effects, but also by fueling the production of pro-inflammatory molecules. Microglial production of nitric oxide (NO) requires the consumption of NADPH. NADPH consumed in this process is regenerated from NADP+ primarily through the hexose monophosphate shunt, which can utilize only glucose as a substrate. These factors predict that glucose availability can be rate-limiting for glial NO production. To test this prediction, cultured astrocytes and microglia were incubated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ to promote expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the rate of NO production was assessed at defined glucose concentrations. Increased NO production was detected only in cultures containing microglia. The NO production was markedly slowed at glucose concentrations below 0.5 mM, and comparably reduced by inhibition of the hexose monophosphate shunt with 6-aminonicotinamide. Reduced NO production caused by glucose deprivation was partly reversed by malate, which fuels NADPH production by malate dehydrogenase, and by NADPH itself. These findings highlight the role of the hexose monophosphate shunt in fueling NO synthesis and suggest that microglial NO production in the brain may be limited at sites of low glucose availability, such as abscesses or other compartmentalized infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Castillo
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ebony Mocanu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gӧkhan Uruk
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, O'Callaghan JP, Petzold GC, Serrano-Pozo A, Steinhäuser C, Volterra A, Carmignoto G, Agarwal A, Allen NJ, Araque A, Barbeito L, Barzilai A, Bergles DE, Bonvento G, Butt AM, Chen WT, Cohen-Salmon M, Cunningham C, Deneen B, De Strooper B, Díaz-Castro B, Farina C, Freeman M, Gallo V, Goldman JE, Goldman SA, Götz M, Gutiérrez A, Haydon PG, Heiland DH, Hol EM, Holt MG, Iino M, Kastanenka KV, Kettenmann H, Khakh BS, Koizumi S, Lee CJ, Liddelow SA, MacVicar BA, Magistretti P, Messing A, Mishra A, Molofsky AV, Murai KK, Norris CM, Okada S, Oliet SHR, Oliveira JF, Panatier A, Parpura V, Pekna M, Pekny M, Pellerin L, Perea G, Pérez-Nievas BG, Pfrieger FW, Poskanzer KE, Quintana FJ, Ransohoff RM, Riquelme-Perez M, Robel S, Rose CR, Rothstein JD, Rouach N, Rowitch DH, Semyanov A, Sirko S, Sontheimer H, Swanson RA, Vitorica J, Wanner IB, Wood LB, Wu J, Zheng B, Zimmer ER, Zorec R, Sofroniew MV, Verkhratsky A. Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:312-325. [PMID: 33589835 PMCID: PMC8007081 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 312.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling was first described over a century ago, uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the contribution of reactive astrocytes to CNS diseases, repair, and aging. It is also unclear whether fixed categories of reactive astrocytes exist and, if so, how to identify them. We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters-preferably in vivo-plus multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models. These guidelines may spur the discovery of astrocyte-based biomarkers as well as astrocyte-targeting therapies that abrogate detrimental actions of reactive astrocytes, potentiate their neuro- and glioprotective actions, and restore or augment their homeostatic, modulatory, and defensive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Escartin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - András Lakatos
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Volterra
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Carmignoto
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Amit Agarwal
- The Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Arthur M Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- 'Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit' Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Colm Cunningham
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University College London, London, UK
| | - Blanca Díaz-Castro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe) and Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science and Rigshospitalet, Kobenhavn N, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet & Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Synergy, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Philip G Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew G Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masamitsu Iino
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ksenia V Kastanenka
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science 55, Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Neurosciences Psychiatriques, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Site de Cery, Prilly-Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - João F Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- IPCA-EST-2Ai, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Campus of IPCA, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Aude Panatier
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luc Pellerin
- INSERM U1082, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gertrudis Perea
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Pérez-Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank W Pfrieger
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Associate Member, The Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Miriam Riquelme-Perez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, School of Neuroscience Virginia Tech, Riverside Circle, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiology and Pathologies, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University Paris, Paris, France
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience and Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, Virginia Tech at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Dept. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, IDDRC, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Levi B Wood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Excitotoxicity is classically attributed to Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors (NMDAr), leading to production of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase and superoxide by mitochondria, which react to form highly cytotoxic peroxynitrite. More recent observations warrant revision of the classic view and help to explain some otherwise puzzling aspects of excitotoxic cell injury. Studies using pharmacological and genetic approaches show that superoxide produced by NMDAr activation originates primarily from NADPH oxidase rather than from mitochondria. As NADPH oxidase is localized to the plasma membrane, this also provides an explanation for the extracellular release of superoxide and cell-to-cell “spread” of excitotoxic injury observed in vitro and in vivo. The signaling pathway linking NMDAr to NADPH oxidase involves Ca2+ influx, phosphoinositol-3-kinase, and protein kinase Cζ, and interventions at any of these steps can prevent superoxide production and excitotoxic injury. Ca2+ influx specifically through NMDAr is normally required to induce excitotoxicity, through a mechanism presumed to involve privileged Ca2+ access to local signaling domains. However, experiments using selective blockade of the NMDAr ion channel and artificial reconstitution of Ca2+ by other routes indicate that the special effects of NMDAr activation are attributable instead to concurrent non-ionotropic NMDAr signaling by agonist binding to NMDAr. The non-ionotropic signaling driving NADPH oxidase activation is mediated in part by phosphoinositol-3-kinase binding to the C-terminal domain of GluN2B receptor subunits. These more recently identified aspects of excitotoxicity expand our appreciation of the complexity of excitotoxic processes and suggest novel approaches for limiting neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
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11
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Kurisu K, You JS, Won SJ, Zheng Z, Swanson RA, Yenari MA. Abstract WMP74: Cofilin-Actin Rod Formation in Experimental Stroke is Attenuated by Therapeutic Hypothermia and Overexpression of the Inducible 70-kDa Heat Shock Protein (Hsp70). Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wmp74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose:
Cofilin-actin rods are covalently linked aggregates of cofilin -1 and actin. Under ischemic conditions, these rods have been observed in neuronal processes, but their significance is unknown. Here, we explored a potential role of these rods in two different models of neuroprotection from experimental stroke—therapeutic hypothermia and the 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70).
Methods:
Male C57/BL6 mice were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO), and treated with hypothermia. Cooling (31°C, 2hrs) was begun at the onset of dMCAO. A neuroprotective effect of hypothermia was validated by functional assessments and infarct volume measurement. Cofilin-actin rod formation was assessed by histological analysis at 4 and 24hrs after dMCAO. Its expression was analyzed in three different regions, infarct core (the center of the infarct), penumbra (area salvaged by intervention and a fixed distance from the midline), and ischemic borderzone (border of ischemic lesion). In addition, Hsp70-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice and Hsp70-deficient (Ko) mice were also subjected to dMCAO, and cofilin-actin rod expression was assessed in same manner.
Results:
As shown previously by our lab, both hypothermia and Hsp70 Tg mice had smaller lesion sizes and improved neurological outcomes compared to normothermic and wildtype (Wt) mice. Hsp70 Ko mice had larger lesion sizes and worsened neurological outcomes. Following dMCAO, cofilin-actin rods were increased, but were reduced by hypothermia in the ischemic core (24hrs, p<0.05), penumbra (4 and 24hrs, p<0.05), and ischemic borderzone (4 and 24hrs, p<0.05). Among Hsp70 Tg mice, cofilin-actin rod formation was decreased in the ischemic borderzone (4 and 24hrs, p<0.05), while Hsp70 Ko mice showed increased rod formation in the penumbra (4 and 24hrs, p<0.05).
Conclusions:
Cofilin-actin rod formation was suppressed under conditions of improved neurological outcome, and increased under circumstances where outcome was worsened. This suggests that cofilin-actin rods may act to participate in or exacerbate ischemic pathology, and warrants further study as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kurisu
- Neurology, UCSF, VA Med Cntr, San Francisco, CA
| | - Je Sung You
- Neurology, UCSF, VA Med Cntr, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Zhen Zheng
- Neurology, UCSF, VA Med Cntr, San Francisco, CA
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12
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Kurisu K, You J, Zheng Z, Won SJ, Swanson RA, Yenari MA. Cofilin-actin rod formation in experimental stroke is attenuated by therapeutic hypothermia and overexpression of the inducible 70 kD inducible heat shock protein (Hsp70). Brain Circ 2019; 5:225-233. [PMID: 31950099 PMCID: PMC6950512 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_52_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cofilin-actin rods are covalently linked aggregates of cofilin-1 and actin. Under ischemic conditions, these rods have been observed in neuronal dendrites and axons and may contribute to the loss of these processes. Hypothermia (Hypo) and the 70 kD inducible heat shock protein (Hsp70) are both known to improve outcomes after stroke, but the mechanisms are uncertain. Here, we evaluated the effect of these factors on cofilin-actin rod formation in a mouse model of stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) and treated with Hypo using a paradigm previously shown to be neuroprotective. We similarly studied mice that overexpressed transgenic (Tg) or were deficient knockout (Ko) in the inducible 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70), also previously shown to be protective by our group and others. Cofilin-actin rod formation was assessed by histological analysis at 4 and 24 h after dMCAO. Its expression was analyzed in three different regions, namely, infarct core (the center of the infarct), middle cerebral artery (MCA) borderzone (the edge of the brain regions supplied by the MCA), and the ischemic borderzone (border of ischemic lesion). Ischemic lesion size and neurological deficits were also assessed. RESULTS Both Hypo-treated and Hsp70 Tg mice had smaller lesion sizes and improved neurological outcomes, whereas Hsp70 Ko mice had larger lesion sizes and worsened neurological outcomes. Cofilin-actin rods were increased after stroke, but were reduced by therapeutic Hypo and in Hsp70 Tg mice. In contrast, cofilin-actin rods were increased in ischemic brains of Hsp70 Ko mice. CONCLUSIONS Cofilin-actin rod formation was suppressed under the conditions of neuroprotection and increased under circumstances where outcome was worsened. This suggests that cofilin-actin rods may act to participate in or exacerbate ischemic pathology and warrants further study as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kurisu
- University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesung You
- University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen Zheng
- University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seok Joon Won
- University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Midori A Yenari
- University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Wu L, Wong CP, Swanson RA. Methodological considerations for studies of brain glycogen. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:914-922. [PMID: 30892752 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen stores in the brain have been recognized for decades, but the underlying physiological function of this energy reserve remains elusive. This uncertainty stems in part from several technical challenges inherent in the study of brain glycogen metabolism. These include low glycogen content in the brain, non-homogeneous labeling of glycogen by radiotracers, rapid glycogenolysis during postmortem tissue handling, and effects of the stress response on brain glycogen turnover. Here we briefly review the aspects of the glycogen structure and metabolism that bear on these technical challenges and present ways they can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Candance P Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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14
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15
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Minnella AM, Zhao JX, Jiang X, Jakobsen E, Lu F, Wu L, El-Benna J, Gray JA, Swanson RA. Excitotoxic superoxide production and neuronal death require both ionotropic and non-ionotropic NMDA receptor signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17522. [PMID: 30504838 PMCID: PMC6269523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR) trigger superoxide production by neuronal NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2), which if sustained leads to cell death. This process involves Ca2+ influx through NMDAR channels. By contrast, comparable Ca2+ influx by other routes does not induce NOX2 activation or cell death. This contrast has been attributed to site-specific effects of Ca2+ flux through NMDAR. Here we show instead that it stems from non-ionotropic signaling by NMDAR GluN2B subunits. To evaluate non-ionotropic effects, mouse cortical neurons were treated with NMDA together with 7-chlorokynurenate, L-689,560, or MK-801, which block Ca2+ influx through NMDAR channels but not NMDA binding. NMDA-induced superoxide formation was prevented by the channel blockers, restored by concurrent Ca2+ influx through ionomycin or voltage-gated calcium channels, and not induced by the Ca2+ influx in the absence of NMDAR ligand binding. Neurons expressing either GluN2B subunits or chimeric GluN2A/GluN2B C-terminus subunits exhibited NMDA-induced superoxide production, whereas neurons expressing chimeric GluN2B/GluN2A C-terminus subunits did not. Neuronal NOX2 activation requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and NMDA binding to NMDAR increased PI3K association with NMDA GluN2B subunits independent of Ca2+ influx. These findings identify a non-ionotropic signaling pathway that links NMDAR to NOX2 activation through the C-terminus domain of GluN2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Minnella
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94122, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Jerry X Zhao
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94122, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Emil Jakobsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Fuxin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94122, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - John A Gray
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94122, USA. .,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
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16
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Barros F, Brown AM, Swanson RA. Editorial. Glia 2018; 66:1133. [PMID: 29663573 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Barros
- Centro de Estudios Cientificos (CECs), 5110466, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Angus M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Neurology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA
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17
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Won SJ, Minnella AM, Wu L, Eun CH, Rome E, Herson PS, Shaw AE, Bamburg JR, Swanson RA. Cofilin-actin rod formation in neuronal processes after brain ischemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198709. [PMID: 30325927 PMCID: PMC6191105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional impairment after brain ischemia results in part from loss of neuronal spines and dendrites, independent of neuronal death. Cofilin-actin rods are covalently linked aggregates of cofilin-1 and actin that form in neuronal processes (neurites) under conditions of ATP depletion and oxidative stress, and which cause neurite degeneration if not disassembled. ATP depletion and oxidative stress occur with differing severity, duration, and time course in different ischemic conditions. Here we evaluated four mouse models of brain ischemia to define the conditions that drive formation of cofilin-actin rods. Three of the models provide early reperfusion: transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (CCAo), and cardiac arrest / cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). Early reperfusion restores ATP generating capacity, but also induces oxidative stress. The fourth model, photothrombotic cortical infarction, does not provide reperfusion. Cofilin-actin rods were formed in each of these models, but with differing patterns. Where acute reperfusion occurred, rod formation was maximal within 4 hours after reperfusion. Where infarction occurred, rods continued to form for at least 24 hours after ischemic onset, and extended into the adjacent non-ischemic tissue. Interventions that limit cofilin-actin rod formation may help to preserve integrity of neuronal processes in permanent ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Won
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Minnella
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Long Wu
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Claire H. Eun
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric Rome
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Paco S. Herson
- Neuronal Injury Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Alisa E. Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - James R. Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Raymond A. Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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18
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Ryu JK, Rafalski VA, Meyer-Franke A, Adams RA, Poda SB, Rios Coronado PE, Pedersen LØ, Menon V, Baeten KM, Sikorski SL, Bedard C, Hanspers K, Bardehle S, Mendiola AS, Davalos D, Machado MR, Chan JP, Plastira I, Petersen MA, Pfaff SJ, Ang KK, Hallenbeck KK, Syme C, Hakozaki H, Ellisman MH, Swanson RA, Zamvil SS, Arkin MR, Zorn SH, Pico AR, Mucke L, Freedman SB, Stavenhagen JB, Nelson RB, Akassoglou K. Fibrin-targeting immunotherapy protects against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1212-1223. [PMID: 30323343 PMCID: PMC6317891 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of innate immunity and deposition of blood-derived fibrin in the central nervous system (CNS) occur in autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, mechanisms linking blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption with neurodegeneration are poorly understood, and exploration of fibrin as a therapeutic target has been limited by its beneficial clotting functions. Here we report the generation of monoclonal antibody 5B8 targeted against the cryptic fibrin epitope γ377–395 to selectively inhibit fibrin-induced inflammation and oxidative stress without interfering with clotting. 5B8 suppressed fibrin-induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and proinflammatory gene expression. In animal models of MS and AD, 5B8 entered the CNS and bound to parenchymal fibrin, and its therapeutic administration reduced innate immune activation and neurodegeneration. Thus, fibrin-targeting immunotherapy inhibits autoimmune- and amyloid-driven neurotoxicity and may have clinical benefit without globally suppressing innate immunity or interfering with coagulation in diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan A Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shoana L Sikorski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Davalos
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Ioanna Plastira
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark A Petersen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel J Pfaff
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenny K Ang
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth K Hallenbeck
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hiroyuki Hakozaki
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Ramanathan DS, Guo L, Gulati T, Davidson G, Hishinuma AK, Won SJ, Knight RT, Chang EF, Swanson RA, Ganguly K. Low-frequency cortical activity is a neuromodulatory target that tracks recovery after stroke. Nat Med 2018; 24:1257-1267. [PMID: 29915259 PMCID: PMC6093781 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has highlighted the importance of transient low-frequency oscillatory (LFO; <4 Hz) activity in the healthy primary motor cortex during skilled upper-limb tasks. These brief bouts of oscillatory activity may establish the timing or sequencing of motor actions. Here, we show that LFOs track motor recovery post-stroke and can be a physiological target for neuromodulation. In rodents, we found that reach-related LFOs, as measured in both the local field potential and the related spiking activity, were diminished after stroke and that spontaneous recovery was closely correlated with their restoration in the perilesional cortex. Sensorimotor LFOs were also diminished in a human subject with chronic disability after stroke in contrast to two non-stroke subjects who demonstrated robust LFOs. Therapeutic delivery of electrical stimulation time-locked to the expected onset of LFOs was found to significantly improve skilled reaching in stroke animals. Together, our results suggest that restoration or modulation of cortical oscillatory dynamics is important for the recovery of upper-limb function and that they may serve as a novel target for clinical neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhakshin S Ramanathan
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Health System, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ling Guo
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tanuj Gulati
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gray Davidson
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - April K Hishinuma
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seok-Joon Won
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karunesh Ganguly
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Irvine KA, Bishop RK, Won SJ, Xu J, Hamel KA, Coppes V, Singh P, Sondag A, Rome E, Basu J, Cittolin-Santos GF, Panter SS, Swanson RA. Effects of Veliparib on Microglial Activation and Functional Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat and Pig. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:918-929. [PMID: 29285982 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammation response induced by brain trauma can impair recovery. This response requires several hours to develop fully and thus provides a clinically relevant therapeutic window of opportunity. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors suppress inflammatory responses, including brain microglial activation. We evaluated delayed treatment with veliparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, currently in clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic, in rats and pigs subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI). In rats, CCI induced a robust inflammatory response at the lesion margins, scattered cell death in the dentate gyrus, and a delayed, progressive loss of corpus callosum axons. Pre-determined measures of cognitive and motor function showed evidence of attentional deficits that resolved after three weeks and motor deficits that recovered only partially over eight weeks. Veliparib was administered beginning 2 or 24 h after CCI and continued for up to 12 days. Veliparib suppressed CCI-induced microglial activation at doses of 3 mg/kg or higher and reduced reactive astrocytosis and cell death in the dentate gyrus, but had no significant effect on delayed axonal loss or functional recovery. In pigs, CCI similarly induced a perilesional microglial activation that was attenuated by veliparib. CCI in the pig did not, however, induce detectable persisting cognitive or motor impairment. Our results showed veliparib suppression of CCI-induced microglial activation with a delay-to-treatment interval of at least 24 h in both rats and pigs, but with no associated functional improvement. The lack of improvement in long-term recovery underscores the complexities in translating anti-inflammatory effects to clinically relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Robin K Bishop
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Katherine A Hamel
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Valerie Coppes
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Pardeep Singh
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew Sondag
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Rome
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Jayinee Basu
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Giordano Fabricio Cittolin-Santos
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Science Without Borders, CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - S Scott Panter
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
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21
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Barros LF, Brown A, Swanson RA. Glia in brain energy metabolism: A perspective. Glia 2018; 66:1134-1137. [PMID: 29476554 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early views of glia as relatively inert, housekeeping cells have evolved, and glia are now recognized as dynamic cells that not only respond to neuronal activity but also sense metabolic changes and regulate neuronal metabolism. This evolution has been aided in part by technical advances permitting progressively better spatial and temporal resolution. Recent advances in cell-type specific genetic manipulation and sub-cellular metabolic probes promise to further this evolution by enabling study of metabolic interactions between intertwined fine neuronal and glial processes in vivo. Views of glia in disease processes have also evolved. Long considered purely reactive, glia and particularly microglia are now seen to play active roles in both promoting and limiting brain injury. At the same time, established concepts of glial energetics are now being linked to areas such as learning and neural network function, topics previously considered far removed from glial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angus Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
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22
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Ghosh S, Castillo E, Frias ES, Swanson RA. Bioenergetic regulation of microglia. Glia 2017; 66:1200-1212. [PMID: 29219210 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia have diverse actions, ranging from synapse pruning in development to cytotoxic effects in disease. Brain energy metabolism and substrate availability vary under normal and disease states, but how these variations influence microglial function is relatively unknown. Microglia, like most other cell types, express the full complement of gene products required for both glycolytic and oxidative metabolism. Evidence suggests that microglia increase aerobic glycolysis and decrease respiration when activated by various stimuli. Mitochondrial function, glucose availability, and glycolytic rate influence pro-inflammatory gene expression at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. These effects are mediated through CtBP, an NADH-sensitive transcriptional co-repressor; through effects on NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation; through formation of advanced glycation end-products; and by less well-defined mechanisms. In addition to these transcriptional effects, microglial glucose metabolism is also required for superoxide production by NADPH oxidase, as glucose is the obligate substrate for regenerating NADPH in the hexose monophosphate shunt. Microglia also metabolize acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, which are generated during fasting or ketogenic diet, and respond to these ketones as metabolic signals. β-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits histone de-acetylases and activates microglial GRP109A receptors. These actions suppress microglia activation after brain injury and promote neuroprotective microglia phenotypes. As our understanding of microglial activation matures, additional links between energy metabolism and microglial function are likely to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Erika Castillo
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Elma S Frias
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
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23
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Berger NA, Besson VC, Boulares AH, Bürkle A, Chiarugi A, Clark RS, Curtin NJ, Cuzzocrea S, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Moroni F, Pacher P, Radermacher P, Salzman AL, Snyder SH, Soriano FG, Strosznajder RP, Sümegi B, Swanson RA, Szabo C. Opportunities for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors for the therapy of non-oncological diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:192-222. [PMID: 28213892 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent clinical availability of the PARP inhibitor olaparib (Lynparza) opens the door for potential therapeutic repurposing for non-oncological indications. Considering (a) the preclinical efficacy data with PARP inhibitors in non-oncological diseases and (b) the risk-benefit ratio of treating patients with a compound that inhibits an enzyme that has physiological roles in the regulation of DNA repair, we have selected indications, where (a) the severity of the disease is high, (b) the available therapeutic options are limited, and (c) the duration of PARP inhibitor administration could be short, to provide first-line options for therapeutic repurposing. These indications are as follows: acute ischaemic stroke; traumatic brain injury; septic shock; acute pancreatitis; and severe asthma and severe acute lung injury. In addition, chronic, devastating diseases, where alternative therapeutic options cannot halt disease development (e.g. Parkinson's disease, progressive multiple sclerosis or severe fibrotic diseases), should also be considered. We present a preclinical and clinical action plan for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Berger
- Center for Science, Health and Society, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valerie C Besson
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Hamid Boulares
- The Stanley Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Headache Center - University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert S Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology and Department of Physiology and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Burn Center, University Hospital Medical Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Moroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Solomon H Snyder
- Department of Neurology and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Garcia Soriano
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Balázs Sümegi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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24
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Haefeli J, Ferguson AR, Bingham D, Orr A, Won SJ, Lam TI, Shi J, Hawley S, Liu J, Swanson RA, Massa SM. A data-driven approach for evaluating multi-modal therapy in traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42474. [PMID: 28205533 PMCID: PMC5311970 DOI: 10.1038/srep42474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapies targeting multiple recovery mechanisms have the potential for additive or synergistic effects, but experimental design and analyses of multimodal therapeutic trials are challenging. To address this problem, we developed a data-driven approach to integrate and analyze raw source data from separate pre-clinical studies and evaluated interactions between four treatments following traumatic brain injury. Histologic and behavioral outcomes were measured in 202 rats treated with combinations of an anti-inflammatory agent (minocycline), a neurotrophic agent (LM11A-31), and physical therapy consisting of assisted exercise with or without botulinum toxin-induced limb constraint. Data was curated and analyzed in a linked workflow involving non-linear principal component analysis followed by hypothesis testing with a linear mixed model. Results revealed significant benefits of the neurotrophic agent LM11A-31 on learning and memory outcomes after traumatic brain injury. In addition, modulations of LM11A-31 effects by co-administration of minocycline and by the type of physical therapy applied reached statistical significance. These results suggest a combinatorial effect of drug and physical therapy interventions that was not evident by univariate analysis. The study designs and analytic techniques applied here form a structured, unbiased, internally validated workflow that may be applied to other combinatorial studies, both in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Haefeli
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Deborah Bingham
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adrienne Orr
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Seok Joon Won
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tina I. Lam
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jian Shi
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Hawley
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jialing Liu
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Raymond A. Swanson
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephen M. Massa
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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25
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Xu J, Wang H, Won SJ, Basu J, Kapfhamer D, Swanson RA. Microglial activation induced by the alarmin S100B is regulated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Glia 2016; 64:1869-78. [PMID: 27444121 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury resulting from stroke or trauma can be exacerbated by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, proteases, and reactive oxygen species by activated microglia. The microglial activation resulting from brain injury is mediated in part by alarmins, which are signaling molecules released from damaged cells. The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has been shown to regulate microglial activation after brain injury, and here we show that signaling effects of the alarmin S100B are regulated by PARP-1. S100B is a protein localized predominantly to astrocytes. Exogenous S100B added to primary microglial cultures induced a rapid change in microglial morphology, upregulation of IL-1β, TNFα, and iNOS gene expression, and release of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and nitric oxide. Most, though not all of these effects were attenuated in PARP-1(-/-) microglia and in wild-type microglia treated with the PARP inhibitor, veliparib. Microglial activation and gene expression changes induced by S100B injected directly into brain were likewise attenuated by PARP-1 inhibition. The anti-inflammatory effects of PARP-1 inhibitors in acutely injured brain may thus be mediated in part through effects on S100B signaling pathways. GLIA 2016;64:1869-1878.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Repubic of China.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Repubic of China
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Jayinee Basu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - David Kapfhamer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
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Abstract
Normal neuronal function and neuronal survival require that brain extracellular glutamate concentrations be maintained at low micromolar levels. This is accomplished by a family of Na+-dependent glutamate transporters. These transporters are expressed on both glia and neurons, but uptake by glia seems to predominate. Several transporter subtypes have been identified that differ in anatomical distribution, cell type of expression, and electrophysiological properties. Activity of the transporters can be influenced by changes in the uptake driving forces (thermodynamic forces) and by phosphorylation and other modulations that alter their kinetic properties. An understanding of the modulatory mech anisms and signal transduction systems that govern glutamate transport is now beginning to take shape. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:280-282, 1999
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Reyes RC, Cittolin-Santos GF, Kim JE, Won SJ, Brennan-Minnella AM, Katz M, Glass GA, Swanson RA. Neuronal Glutathione Content and Antioxidant Capacity can be Normalized In Situ by N-acetyl Cysteine Concentrations Attained in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:217-25. [PMID: 26572666 PMCID: PMC4720670 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) supports the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), an essential substrate for fast, enzymatically catalyzed oxidant scavenging and protein repair processes. NAC is entering clinical trials for adrenoleukodystrophy, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and other disorders in which oxidative stress may contribute to disease progression. However, these trials are hampered by uncertainty about the dose of NAC required to achieve biological effects in human brain. Here we describe an approach to this issue in which mice are used to establish the levels of NAC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) required to affect brain neurons. NAC dosing in humans can then be calibrated to achieve these NAC levels in human CSF. The mice were treated with NAC over a range of doses, followed by assessments of neuronal GSH levels and neuronal antioxidant capacity in ex vivo brain slices. Neuronal GSH levels and antioxidant capacity were augmented at NAC doses that produced peak CSF NAC concentrations of ≥50 nM. Oral NAC administration to humans produced CSF concentrations of up to 10 μM, thus demonstrating that oral NAC administration can surpass the levels required for biological activity in brain. Variations of this approach may similarly facilitate and rationalize drug dosing for other agents targeting central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reno C Reyes
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Giordano Fabricio Cittolin-Santos
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Science Without Borders, CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela M Brennan-Minnella
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maya Katz
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Graham A Glass
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Reyes RC, Cittolin-Santos GF, Kim JE, Won SJ, Brennan-Minnella AM, Katz M, Glass GA, Swanson RA. Erratum to: Neuronal Glutathione Content and Antioxidant Capacity can be Normalized In Situ by N-acetyl Cysteine Concentrations Attained in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:239. [PMID: 26659493 PMCID: PMC4720674 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reno C Reyes
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Giordano Fabricio Cittolin-Santos
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Science Without Borders, CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela M Brennan-Minnella
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maya Katz
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Graham A Glass
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
- The Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Vuong B, Hogan-Cann ADJ, Alano CC, Stevenson M, Chan WY, Anderson CM, Swanson RA, Kauppinen TM. NF-κB transcriptional activation by TNFα requires phospholipase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:229. [PMID: 26637332 PMCID: PMC4670503 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is required for pro-inflammatory effects of TNFα. Our previous studies demonstrated that PARP-1 mediates TNFα-induced NF-κB activation in glia. Here, we evaluated the mechanisms by which TNFα activates PARP-1 and PARP-1 mediates NF-κB activation. METHODS Primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes and microglia were treated with TNFα and suitable signaling pathway modulators (pharmacological and molecular). Outcome measures included calcium imaging, PARP-1 activation status, NF-κB transcriptional activity, DNA damage assesment and cytokine relesease profiling. RESULTS TNFα induces PARP-1 activation in the absence of detectable DNA strand breaks, as measured by the PANT assay. TNFα-induced transcriptional activation of NF-κB requires PARP-1 enzymatic activity. Enzymatic activation of PARP-1 by TNFα was blocked in Ca(2+)-free medium, by Ca(2+) chelation with BAPTA-AM, and by D609, an inhibitor of phoshatidyl choline-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), but not by thapsigargin or by U73112, an inhibitor of phosphatidyl inisitol-specific PLC (PI -PLC). A TNFR1 blocking antibody reduced Ca(2+) influx and PARP-1 activation. TNFα-induced PARP-1 activation was also blocked by siRNA downregulation of ERK2 and by PD98059, an inhibitor of the MEK / ERK protein kinase cascade. Moreover, TNFα-induced NF-κB (p65) transcriptional activation was absent in cells expressing PARP-1 that lacked ERK2 phosphorylation sites, while basal NF-κB transcriptional activation increased in cells expressing PARP-1 with a phosphomimetic substitution at an ERK2 phophorylation site. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TNFα induces PARP-1 activation through a signaling pathway involving TNFR1, Ca(2+) influx, activation of PC-PLC, and activation of the MEK1 / ERK2 protein kinase cascade. TNFα-induced PARP-1 activation is not associated with DNA damage, but ERK2 mediated phosphorylation of PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Vuong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Adam D J Hogan-Cann
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Conrad C Alano
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Mackenzie Stevenson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- Present Address: Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Christopher M Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Tiina M Kauppinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
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Chen Y, Brennan-Minnella AM, Sheth S, El-Benna J, Swanson RA. Tat-NR2B9c prevents excitotoxic neuronal superoxide production. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:739-42. [PMID: 25669908 PMCID: PMC4420863 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tat-NR2B9c peptide has shown clinical efficacy as a neuroprotective agent in acute stroke. Tat-NR2B9c is designed to prevent nitric oxide (NO) production by preventing postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and neuronal nitric oxide synthase; however, PSD-95 is a scaffolding protein that also couples NMDA receptors to other downstream effects. Here, using neuronal cultures, we show that Tat-NR2B9c also prevents NMDA-induced activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase, thereby blocking superoxide production. Given that both superoxide and NO are required for excitotoxic injury, the neuroprotective effect of Tat-NR2B9c may alternatively be attributable to uncoupling neuronal NADPH oxidase from NMDA receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Chen
- 1] Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China [2] Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Angela M Brennan-Minnella
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sunil Sheth
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- 1] INSERM, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris, Paris, France [2] Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Katz M, Won SJ, Park Y, Orr A, Jones DP, Swanson RA, Glass GA. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of N-acetylcysteine after oral administration in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:500-3. [PMID: 25765302 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depletion of neuronal glutathione may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can restore neuronal glutathione levels, but it has not been established whether NAC can cross the blood-brain barrier in humans. METHODS Twelve patients with PD were given oral NAC twice daily for 2 days. Three doses were compared: 7 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, and 70 mg/kg. NAC, cysteine, and glutathione were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at baseline and 90 min after the last dose. Cognitive and motor functions were assessed pre- and post-NAC administration using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III motor subscore (UPDRS-III). RESULTS Oral NAC produced a dose-dependent increase in CSF NAC concentrations (p < 0.001), with the highest dose producing a CSF concentration of 9.26 ± 1.62 μM. There were no significant adverse events. NAC had no acute effect on motor or cognitive function. CONCLUSION Orally administered NAC produces biologically relevant CSF NAC concentrations at doses that are well tolerated. The findings support the feasibility of NAC as a potential disease-modifying therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Katz
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Youngja Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Suite 205, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Adrienne Orr
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Suite 205, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Graham A Glass
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA,
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Neuronal superoxide production contributes to cell death in both glutamate excitotoxicity and brain ischemia (stroke). NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2) is the major source of neuronal superoxide production in these settings, and regulation of NOX2 activity can thereby influence outcome in stroke. RECENT ADVANCES Reduced NOX2 activity can rescue cells from oxidative stress and cell death that otherwise occur in excitotoxicity and ischemia. NOX2 activity is regulated by several factors previously shown to affect outcome in stroke, including glucose availability, intracellular pH, protein kinase ζ/δ, casein kinase 2, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, Rac1/2, and phospholipase A2. The newly identified functions of these factors as regulators of NOX2 activity suggest alternative mechanisms for their effects on ischemic brain injury. CRITICAL ISSUES Key aspects of these regulatory influences remain unresolved, including the mechanisms by which rac1 and phospholipase activities are coupled to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and whether superoxide production by NOX2 triggers subsequent superoxide production by mitochondria. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It will be important to establish whether interventions targeting the signaling pathways linking NMDA receptors to NOX2 in brain ischemia can provide a greater neuroprotective efficacy or a longer time window to treatment than provided by NMDA receptor blockade alone. It will likewise be important to determine whether dissociating superoxide production from the other signaling events initiated by NMDA receptors can mitigate the deleterious effects of NMDA receptor blockade.
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Knox R, Brennan-Minnella AM, Lu F, Yang D, Nakazawa T, Yamamoto T, Swanson RA, Ferriero DM, Jiang X. NR2B phosphorylation at tyrosine 1472 contributes to brain injury in a rodent model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Stroke 2014; 45:3040-7. [PMID: 25158771 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The NR2B subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is phosphorylated by the Src family kinase Fyn in brain, with tyrosine (Y) 1472 as the major phosphorylation site. Although Y1472 phosphorylation is important for synaptic plasticity, it is unknown whether it is involved in NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia (HI). This study was designed to elucidate the specific role of Y1472 phosphorylation of NR2B in neonatal HI in vivo and in NMDA-mediated neuronal death in vitro. METHODS Neonatal mice with a knockin mutation of Y1472 to phenylalanine (YF-KI) and their wild-type littermates were subjected to HI using the Vannucci model. Brains were scored 5 days later for damage using cresyl violet and iron staining. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation were performed to determine NR2B tyrosine phosphorylation. Expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and superoxide production were measured in vivo. NMDA-induced calcium response, superoxide formation, and cell death were evaluated in primary cortical neurons. RESULTS After neonatal HI, YF-KI mice have reduced expression of NADPH oxidase subunit gp91phox and p47phox and superoxide production, lower activity of proteases implicated in necrotic and apoptotic cell death, and less brain damage when compared with the wild-type mice. In vitro, YF-KI mutation diminishes superoxide generation in response to NMDA without effect on calcium accumulation and inhibits NMDA and glutamate-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of NR2B phosphorylation at Y1472 after neonatal HI is involved in superoxide-mediated oxidative stress and contributes to brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renatta Knox
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Angela M Brennan-Minnella
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Fuxin Lu
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Diana Yang
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.K., F.L., D.Y., D.M.F., X.J.), Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (R.K., D.M.F.), Medical Scientist Training Program (R.K.), Department of Neurology (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S., D.M.F.), and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.M.B.-M., R.A.S.), University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.N., T.Y.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M Robbins
- From the Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco (N.M.R., R.A.S.); and Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, CA (R.A.S.)
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- From the Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco (N.M.R., R.A.S.); and Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, CA (R.A.S.).
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Abstract
Lipids are a diverse collection of macromolecules essential for normal physiology, but the tissue distribution and function for many individual lipid species remain unclear. Here, we report a mass spectrometry survey of lipid abundance across 18 mouse tissues, detecting ~1,000 mass spectrometry features, of which we identify 179 lipids from the glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, lysophospholipids, acylcarnitines, sphingolipids, and cholesteryl ester classes. Our data reveal tissue-specific organization of lipids and can be used to generate testable hypotheses. For example, our data indicate that circulating triglycerides positively and negatively associated with future diabetes in humans are enriched in mouse adipose tissue and liver, respectively, raising hypotheses regarding the tissue origins of these diabetes-associated lipids. We also integrate our tissue lipid data with gene expression profiles to predict a number of substrates of lipid-metabolizing enzymes, highlighting choline phosphotransferases and sterol O-acyltransferases. Finally, we identify several tissue-specific lipids not present in plasma under normal conditions that may be of interest as biomarkers of tissue injury, and we show that two of these lipids are released into blood following ischemic brain injury in mice. This resource complements existing compendia of tissue gene expression and may be useful for integrative physiology and lipid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Jain
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Won SJ, Lam T, Brennan-Minnella AM, Shi Y, Sun D, Swanson RA. Abstract W MP78: Small Changes in Intracellular pH Block Ischemic and Excitotoxic Cell Death by Suppressing Neuronal Superoxide Production. Stroke 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/str.45.suppl_1.wmp78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue acidosis has long been recognized as a crucial variable affecting outcome after brain ischemia, with mild acidosis (pH 7.0 - 6.6) providing robust neuroprotection. pH in ischemic tissues is reduced by anaerobic glucose metabolism, and normalized by reperfusion. Superoxide produced by neuronal NADPH oxidase (NOX2) has recently been identified as a major source of oxidative stress in ischemia and excitotoxicity. Given that NOX2 in other cell types is highly sensitive to intracellular pH, we evaluated the possibility that pH effects on neuronal NOX2 activity mediate the neuroprotective effects of mild acidosis. In cultured neurons, reducing medium pH from 7.2 to 7.0 produced a comparable 0.2 pH-unit intracellular acidification and completely prevented NMDA-induced NOX2 activity, superoxide production, and cell death. These effects were observed even when extracellular calcium was elevated to overcompensate for reduced NMDA-induced calcium influx at the lowered pH. Intracellular H
+
produced by NOX2 is be extruded to permit continued NOX2 activity. Neurons treated with an inhibitor of Na
+
/H
+
exchange, cariporide showed a 0.2- 0.3 unit intracellular acidification (with no change in extracellular pH). Cariporide- treated neurons also showed no superoxide formation and no cell death in response to NMDA, with no change in NMDA-induced calcium influx. To evaluate this effect in vivo, mice were given stereotaxic striatal injections NMDA. NMDA induced superoxide production and subsequent neuronal death, both of which were blocked by co-injection with cariporide. Superoxide production and neuronal death were similarly blocked in mice with reduced expression of Na
+
/H
+
exchanger isoform 1 protein (NHE-1
+/-
mice). NHE-1
+/-
mice also exhibited much less superoxide production and neuronal death after forebrain ischemia-reperfusion. These findings identify a mechanism by which mild acidosis improves outcomes in ischemia and excitotoxicity. The findings may also help explain why superoxide production is greater in reperfused than non-reperfused brain, and why both NOX2 inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists are more neuroprotective in reperfused than non-reperfused brain.
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Chen Y, Won SJ, Xu Y, Swanson RA. Targeting microglial activation in stroke therapy: pharmacological tools and gender effects. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:2146-55. [PMID: 24372213 PMCID: PMC4076056 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666131228203906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by critical reductions in blood flow to brain or spinal cord. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, and they respond to stroke by assuming an activated phenotype that releases cytotoxic cytokines, reactive oxygen species, proteases, and other factors. This acute, innate immune response may be teleologically adapted to limit infection, but in stroke this response can exacerbate injury by further damaging or killing nearby neurons and other cell types, and by recruiting infiltration of circulating cytotoxic immune cells. The microglial response requires hours to days to fully develop, and this time interval presents a clinically accessible time window for initiating therapy. Because of redundancy in cytotoxic microglial responses, the most effective therapeutic approach may be to target the global gene expression changes involved in microglial activation. Several classes of drugs can do this, including histone deacetylase inhibitors, minocycline and other PARP inhibitors, corticosteroids, and inhibitors of TNFα and scavenger receptor signaling. Here we review the pre-clinical studies in which these drugs have been used to suppress microglial activation after stroke. We also review recent advances in the understanding of sex differences in the CNS inflammatory response, as these differences are likely to influence the efficacy of drugs targeting post-stroke brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R A Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Swanson RA. Glucose, acid, and aspartate: Friends and foes of the axon. Ann Neurol 2013; 75:490-1. [PMID: 24272667 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and Neurology Service San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
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40
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Min SW, Sohn PD, Cho SH, Swanson RA, Gan L. Sirtuins in neurodegenerative diseases: an update on potential mechanisms. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:53. [PMID: 24093018 PMCID: PMC3782645 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silent information regulator 2 proteins (sirtuins or SIRTs) are a group of deacetylases (or deacylases) whose activities are dependent on and regulated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). Compelling evidence supports that sirtuins play major roles in many aspects of physiology, especially in pathways related to aging - the predominant and unifying risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of sirtuins in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on protein homeostasis, neural plasticity, mitochondrial function, and sustained chronic inflammation. We will also examine the potential and challenges of targeting sirtuin pathways to block these pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Min
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California at San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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41
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Lam TI, Bingham D, Chang TJ, Lee CC, Shi J, Wang D, Massa S, Swanson RA, Liu J. Beneficial effects of minocycline and botulinum toxin-induced constraint physical therapy following experimental traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2013; 27:889-99. [PMID: 23778701 DOI: 10.1177/1545968313491003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective recovery from functional impairments caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires appropriate rehabilitation therapy. Multiple pathways are involved in secondary injury and recovery suggesting a role for multimodal approaches. OBJECTIVE Here, we examined the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory agent minocycline and botulinum toxin (botox)-induced limb constraint with structured physical therapy, delivered alone or in combination, after a severe TBI produced by a controlled cortical impact in rats. METHODS Minocycline was administered at 25 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks beginning 1 day after TBI or sham surgery. For constraint/physical therapy, botox-type A was injected into the nonaffected forearm muscle 1 day after injury and 2 weeks of physical therapy commenced at 5 days after injury. Functional evaluations were conducted 8 weeks after injury. RESULTS Minocycline, either as a monotherapy or as combination treatment with botox/physical therapy significantly reduced impairments of spatial learning and memory in the water maze test, whereas botox/physical therapy reduced forelimb motor asymmetry and improved manual dexterity in the cylinder and vermicelli handling tests, A synergistic effect between the 2 treatments was observed when rats performed tasks requiring dexterity. Inflammation was attenuated in the peri-contusion cortex and hippocampus in all TBI groups receiving mono or combination therapies, though there was no significant difference in lesion size among groups. CONCLUSION These data provide a rationale for incorporating anti-inflammatory treatment during rehabilitation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina I Lam
- 1San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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42
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Kauppinen TM, Gan L, Swanson RA. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-induced NAD(+) depletion promotes nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity by preventing p65 de-acetylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1833:1985-91. [PMID: 23597856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB is a transcription factor that integrates pro-inflammatory and pro-survival responses in diverse cell types. The activity of NF-κB is regulated in part by acetylation of its p65 subunit at lysine 310, which is required for transcription complex formation. De-acetylation at this site is performed by sirtuin 1(SIRT1) and possibly other sirtuins in an NAD(+) dependent manner, such that SIRT1 inhibition promotes NF-κB transcriptional activity. It is unknown, however, whether changes in NAD(+) levels can influence p65 acetylation and cellular inflammatory responses. Poly(ADP-ribose)-1 (PARP-1) is an abundant nuclear enzyme that consumes NAD(+) in the process of forming (ADP-ribose)polymers on target proteins, and extensive PARP-1 activation can reduce intracellular NAD(+) concentrations. Here we tested the idea that PARP-1 activation can regulate NF-κB transcriptional activity by reducing NAD(+) concentrations and thereby inhibiting de-acetylation of p65. Primary astrocyte cultures were treated with the alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) to induce PARP-1 activation. This resulted in sustained acetylation of p65 and increased NF-κB transcriptional activity as monitored by a κB-driven eGFP reporter gene. These effects of MNNG were negated by a PARP-1 inhibitor, in PARP-1(-/-) cells, and in PARP-1(-/-) cells transfected with a catalytically inactive PARP-1 construct, thus confirming that these effects are mediated by PARP-1 catalytic activity. The effects of PARP-1 activation were replicated by a SIRT1 inhibitor, EX-527, and were reversed by exogenous NAD(+). These findings demonstrate that PARP-1-induced changes in NAD(+) levels can modulate NF-κB transcriptional activity through effects on p65 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina M Kauppinen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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43
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Won SJ, Yoo BH, Kauppinen TM, Choi BY, Kim JH, Jang BG, Lee MW, Sohn M, Liu J, Swanson RA, Suh SW. Recurrent/moderate hypoglycemia induces hippocampal dendritic injury, microglial activation, and cognitive impairment in diabetic rats. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:182. [PMID: 22830525 PMCID: PMC3458941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent/moderate (R/M) hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes. Although mild or moderate hypoglycemia is not life-threatening, if recurrent, it may cause cognitive impairment. In the present study, we sought to determine whether R/M hypoglycemia leads to neuronal death, dendritic injury, or cognitive impairment. METHODS The experiments were conducted in normal and in diabetic rats. Rats were subjected to moderate hypoglycemia by insulin without anesthesia. Oxidative stress was evaluated by 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal immunostaining and neuronal death was determined by Fluoro-Jade B staining 7 days after R/M hypoglycemia. To test whether oxidative injury caused by NADPH oxidase activation, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, was used. Cognitive function was assessed by Barnes maze and open field tests at 6 weeks after R/M hypoglycemia. RESULTS The present study found that oxidative injury was detected in the dendritic area of the hippocampus after R/M hypoglycemia. Sparse neuronal death was found in the cortex, but no neuronal death was detected in the hippocampus. Significant cognitive impairment and thinning of the CA1 dendritic region was detected 6 weeks after hypoglycemia. Oxidative injury, cognitive impairment, and hippocampal thinning after R/M hypoglycemia were more severe in diabetic rats than in non-diabetic rats. Oxidative damage in the hippocampal CA1 dendritic area and microglial activation were reduced by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that oxidative injury of the hippocampal CA1 dendritic region by R/M hypoglycemia is associated with chronic cognitive impairment in diabetic patients. The present study further suggests that NADPH oxidase inhibition may prevent R/M hypoglycemia-induced hippocampal dendritic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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44
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Won SJ, Choi BY, Yoo BH, Sohn M, Ying W, Swanson RA, Suh SW. Prevention of traumatic brain injury-induced neuron death by intranasal delivery of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1401-9. [PMID: 22352983 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most devastating injuries experienced by military personnel, as well as the general population, and can result in acute and chronic complications such as cognitive impairments. Since there are currently no effective tools for the treatment of TBI, it is of great importance to determine the mechanisms of neuronal death that characterize this insult. Several studies have indicated that TBI-induced neuronal death arises in part due to excessive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which results in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) depletion and subsequent energy failure. In this study, we investigated whether intranasal administration of NAD⁺ could reduce neuronal death after TBI. Rats were subjected to a weight-drop TBI model that induces cortical and hippocampal neuronal death. The intranasal administration of NAD⁺ (20 mg/kg) immediately after TBI protected neurons in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, but not in the cortex. In addition, delayed microglial activation normally seen after TBI was reduced by NAD⁺ treatment at 7 days after insult. Neuronal superoxide production and PARP-1 accumulation after TBI were not inhibited by NAD⁺ treatment, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and PARP-1 activation are events that occur upstream of NAD⁺ depletion. This study suggests that intranasal delivery of NAD⁺ represents a novel, inexpensive, and non-toxic intervention for preventing TBI-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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45
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46
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d'Avila JC, Lam TI, Bingham D, Shi J, Won SJ, Kauppinen TM, Massa S, Liu J, Swanson RA. Microglial activation induced by brain trauma is suppressed by post-injury treatment with a PARP inhibitor. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:31. [PMID: 22335939 PMCID: PMC3298794 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces activation of microglia. Activated microglia can in turn increase secondary injury and impair recovery. This innate immune response requires hours to days to become fully manifest, thus providing a clinically relevant window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Microglial activation is regulated in part by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Inhibition of PARP-1 activity suppresses NF-kB-dependent gene transcription and thereby blocks several aspects of microglial activation. Here we evaluated the efficacy of a PARP inhibitor, INO-1001, in suppressing microglial activation after cortical impact in the rat. METHODS Rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact and subsequently treated with 10 mg/kg of INO-1001 (or vehicle alone) beginning 20 - 24 hours after the TBI. Brains were harvested at several time points for histological evaluation of inflammation and neuronal survival, using markers for microglial activation (morphology and CD11b expression), astrocyte activation (GFAP), and neuronal survival (NeuN). Rats were also evaluated at 8 weeks after TBI using measures of forelimb dexterity: the sticky tape test, cylinder test, and vermicelli test. RESULTS Peak microglial and astrocyte activation was observed 5 to 7 days after this injury. INO-1001 significantly reduced microglial activation in the peri-lesion cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus. No rebound inflammation was observed in rats that were treated with INO-1001 or vehicle for 12 days followed by 4 days without drug. The reduced inflammation was associated with increased neuronal survival in the peri-lesion cortex and improved performance on tests of forelimb dexterity conducted 8 weeks after TBI. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a PARP inhibitor for 12 days after TBI, with the first dose given as long as 20 hours after injury, can reduce inflammation and improve histological and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C d'Avila
- Dept. of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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47
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Kauppinen TM, Suh SW, Higashi Y, Berman AE, Escartin C, Won SJ, Wang C, Cho SH, Gan L, Swanson RA. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 modulates microglial responses to amyloid β. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:152. [PMID: 22051244 PMCID: PMC3247192 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Microglial activation also occurs in AD, and this inflammatory response may contribute to disease progression. Microglial activation can be induced by Aβ, but the mechanisms by which this occurs have not been defined. The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) regulates microglial activation in response to several stimuli through its interactions with the transcription factor, NF-κB. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether PARP-1 activation is involved in Aβ-induced microglial activation, and whether PARP-1 inhibition can modify microglial responses to Aβ. Methods hAPPJ20 mice, which accumulate Aβ with ageing, were crossed with PARP-1-/- mice to assess the effects of PARP-1 depletion on microglial activation, hippocampal synaptic integrity, and cognitive function. Aβ peptide was also injected into brain of wt and PARP-1-/- mice to directly determine the effects of PARP-1 on Aβ-induced microglial activation. The effect of PARP-1 on Aβ-induced microglial cytokine production and neurotoxicity was evaluated in primary microglia cultures and in microglia-neuron co-cultures, utilizing PARP-1-/- cells and a PARP-1 inhibitor. NF-κB activation was evaluated in microglia infected with a lentivirus reporter gene. Results The hAPPJ20 mice developed microglial activation, reduced hippocampal CA1 calbindin expression, and impaired novel object recognition by age 6 months. All of these features were attenuated in hAPPJ20/PARP-1-/- mice. Similarly, Aβ1-42 injected into mouse brain produced a robust microglial response in wild-type mice, and this was blocked in mice lacking PARP-1 expression or activity. Studies using microglial cultures showed that PARP-1 activity was required for Aβ-induced NF-κB activation, morphological transformation, NO release, TNFα release, and neurotoxicity. Conversely, PARP-1 inhibition increased release of the neurotrophic factors TGFβ and VEGF, and did not impair microglial phagocytosis of Aβ peptide. Conclusions These results identify PARP-1 as a requisite and previously unrecognized factor in Aβ-induced microglial activation, and suggest that the effects of PARP-1 are mediated, at least in part, by its interactions with NF-κB. The suppression of Aβ-induced microglial activation and neurotoxicity by PARP-1 inhibition suggests this approach could be useful in AD and other disorders in which microglial neurotoxicity may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina M Kauppinen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street (127), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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48
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Won SJ, Tang XN, Suh SW, Yenari MA, Swanson RA. Hyperglycemia promotes tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhage by Increasing superoxide production. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:583-90. [PMID: 22002675 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Risk of intracerebral hemorrhage is the primary factor limiting use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for stroke. Clinical studies have established an association between admission hyperglycemia and the risk of hemorrhage with tPA use, independent of prior diabetes. Here we used an animal model of tPA-induced reperfusion hemorrhage to determine if this clinical association reflects a true causal relationship. METHODS Rats underwent 90 minutes of focal ischemia, and tPA infusion was begun 10 minutes prior to vessel reperfusion. Glucose was administered during ischemia to generate blood levels ranging from 5.9 ± 1.8mM (normoglycemia) to 21 ± 2.3mM. In some studies, apocynin was administered to block superoxide production by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Brains were harvested 1 hour or 3 days after reperfusion to evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and apocynin on oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, infarct volume, and hemorrhage volume. RESULTS Rats that were hyperglycemic during tPA infusion had diffusely increased blood-brain barrier permeability in the postischemic territory, and a 3- to 5-fold increase in intracerebral hemorrhage volumes. The hyperglycemic rats also showed increased superoxide formation in the brain parenchyma and vasculature during reperfusion. The effects of hyperglycemia on superoxide production, blood-brain barrier disruption, infarct size, and hemorrhage were all attenuated by apocynin. INTERPRETATION These findings demonstrate a causal relationship between hyperglycemia and hemorrhage in an animal model of tPA stroke treatment, and suggest that this effect of hyperglycemia is mediated through an increase in superoxide production by NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Won
- Neurology and Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
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49
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Berman AE, Chan WY, Brennan AM, Reyes RC, Adler BL, Suh SW, Kauppinen TM, Edling Y, Swanson RA. N-acetylcysteine prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons in the EAAC1-/- mouse. Ann Neurol 2010; 69:509-20. [PMID: 21446024 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD) is accompanied by oxidative stress and preceded by glutathione depletion. The development of disease-modifying therapies for PD has been hindered by a paucity of animal models that mimic these features and demonstrate an age-related progression. The EAAC1(-/-) mouse may be useful in this regard, because EAAC1(-/-) mouse neurons have impaired neuronal cysteine uptake, resulting in reduced neuronal glutathione content and chronic oxidative stress. Here we aimed to (1) characterize the age-related changes in nigral dopaminergic neurons in the EAAC1(-/-) mouse, and (2) use the EAAC1(-/-) mouse to evaluate N-acetylcysteine, a membrane-permeable cysteine pro-drug, as a potential disease-modifying intervention for PD. METHODS Wild-type mice, EAAC1(-/-) mice, and EAAC1(-/-) mice chronically treated with N-acetylcysteine were evaluated at serial time points for evidence of oxidative stress, dopaminergic cell death, and motor abnormalities. RESULTS EAAC1(-/-) mice showed age-dependent loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, with more than 40% of these neurons lost by age 12 months. This neuronal loss was accompanied by increased nitrotyrosine formation, nitrosylated α-synuclein, and microglial activation. These changes were substantially reduced in mice that received N-acetylcysteine. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that the EAAC1(-/-) mouse may be a useful model of the chronic neuronal oxidative stress that occurs in PD. The salutary effects of N-acetylcysteine in this mouse model provide an impetus for clinical evaluation of glutathione repletion in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari E Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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50
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Abstract
Microglial activation is an early response to brain ischemia and many other stressors. Microglia continuously monitor and respond to changes in brain homeostasis and to specific signaling molecules expressed or released by neighboring cells. These signaling molecules, including ATP, glutamate, cytokines, prostaglandins, zinc, reactive oxygen species, and HSP60, may induce microglial proliferation and migration to the sites of injury. They also induce a nonspecific innate immune response that may exacerbate acute ischemic injury. This innate immune response includes release of reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and proteases. Microglial activation requires hours to days to fully develop, and thus presents a target for therapeutic intervention with a much longer window of opportunity than acute neuroprotection. Effective agents are now available for blocking both microglial receptor activation and the microglia effector responses that drive the inflammatory response after stroke. Effective agents are also available for targeting the signal transduction mechanisms linking these events. However, the innate immune response can have beneficial as well deleterious effects on outcome after stoke, and a challenge will be to find ways to selectively suppress the deleterious effects of microglial activation after stroke without compromising neurovascular repair and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori A. Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 94121 San Francisco, California
| | - Tiina M. Kauppinen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 94121 San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond A. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 94121 San Francisco, California
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