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Funaki M, Nio-Kobayashi J, Suzuki R, Bando Y. Galectin-3 Plays a Role in Neuroinflammation in the Visual Pathway in Experimental Optic Neuritis. Cells 2024; 13:612. [PMID: 38607051 PMCID: PMC11011492 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) featuring numerous neuropathologies, including optic neuritis (ON) in some patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of ON remain unknown. Galectins, β-galactoside-binding lectins, are involved in various pathophysiological processes. We previously showed that galectin-3 (gal-3) is associated with the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In the current study, we investigated the expression of gal-3 in the visual pathway in EAE mice to clarify its role in the pathogenesis of ON. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed upregulation of gal-3 in the visual pathway of the EAE mice during the peak stage of the disease, compared with naïve and EAE mice during the chronic stage. Gal-3 was detected mainly in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the visual pathway in EAE mice. In addition, gal-3+/Iba-1+ cells, identified as phagocytic by immunostaining for cathepsin D, accumulated in demyelinating lesions in the visual pathway during the peak disease stage of EAE. Moreover, NLRP3 expression was detected in most gal-3+/Iba-1+ cells. These results strongly suggest that gal-3 regulates NLRP3 signaling in microglia/macrophages and neuroinflammatory demyelination in ON. In astrocytes, gal-3 was expressed from the peak to the chronic disease stages. Taken together, our findings suggest a critical role of gal-3 in the pathogenesis of ON. Thus, gal-3 in glial cells may serve as a potential therapeutic target for ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Funaki
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Department of Functional Glycobiology in Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Sepehrisadr T, Atapour N, Baldicano AK, Rosa MGP, Grünert U, Martin PR. Transsynaptic Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells Following Lesions to Primary Visual Cortex in Marmosets. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:4. [PMID: 38306108 PMCID: PMC10851175 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose A lesion to primary visual cortex (V1) in primates can produce retrograde transneuronal degeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and retina. We investigated the effect of age at time of lesion on LGN volume and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density in marmoset monkeys. Methods Retinas and LGNs were obtained about 2 years after a unilateral left-sided V1 lesion as infants (n = 7) or young adult (n = 1). Antibodies against RBPMS were used to label all RGCs, and antibodies against CaMKII or GABAA receptors were used to label nonmidget RGCs. Cell densities were compared in the left and right hemiretina of each eye. The LGNs were stained with the nuclear marker NeuN or for Nissl substance. Results In three animals lesioned within the first 2 postnatal weeks, the proportion of RGCs lost within 5 mm of the fovea was ∼twofold higher than after lesions at 4 or 6 weeks. There was negligible loss in the animal lesioned at 2 years of age. A positive correlation between RGC loss and LGN volume reduction was evident. No loss of CaMKII-positive or GABAA receptor-positive RGCs was apparent within 2 mm of the fovea in any of the retinas investigated. Conclusions Susceptibility of marmoset RGCs to transneuronal degeneration is high at birth and declines over the first 6 postnatal weeks. High survival rates of CaMKII and GABAA receptor-positive RGCs implies that widefield and parasol cells are less affected by neonatal cortical lesions than are midget-pathway cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanin Sepehrisadr
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nafiseh Atapour
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyssa K. Baldicano
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcello G. P. Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul R. Martin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Puzniak RJ, Prabhakaran GT, McLean RJ, Stober S, Ather S, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I, Dineen RA, Hoffmann MB. CHIASM-Net: Artificial Intelligence-Based Direct Identification of Chiasmal Abnormalities in Albinism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:14. [PMID: 37815506 PMCID: PMC10573586 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Albinism is a congenital disorder affecting pigmentation levels, structure, and function of the visual system. The identification of anatomical changes typical for people with albinism (PWA), such as optic chiasm malformations, could become an important component of diagnostics. Here, we tested an application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for this purpose. Methods We established and evaluated a CNN, referred to as CHIASM-Net, for the detection of chiasmal malformations from anatomic magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain. CHIASM-Net, composed of encoding and classification modules, was developed using MR images of controls (n = 1708) and PWA (n = 32). Evaluation involved 8-fold cross validation involving accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics and was performed on a subset of controls and PWA samples excluded from the training. In addition to quantitative metrics, we used Explainable AI (XAI) methods that granted insights into factors driving the predictions of CHIASM-Net. Results The results for the scenario indicated an accuracy of 85 ± 14%, precision of 90 ± 14% and recall of 81 ± 18%. XAI methods revealed that the predictions of CHIASM-Net are driven by optic-chiasm white matter and by the optic tracts. Conclusions CHIASM-Net was demonstrated to use relevant regions of the optic chiasm for albinism detection from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain anatomies. This indicates the strong potential of CNN-based approaches for visual pathway analysis and ultimately diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Puzniak
- Visual Processing Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gokulraj T Prabhakaran
- Visual Processing Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca J McLean
- University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Stober
- Artificial Intelligence Lab, Institute for Intelligent Cooperating Systems, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarim Ather
- Department of Radiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank A Proudlock
- University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Gottlob
- University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Cooper Neurological Institute and Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, United States
| | - Robert A Dineen
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Hoffmann
- Visual Processing Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
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Xiang J, Wang X, Yu LL, Jin KJ, Yang YK. Objective Assessment of Visual Field Defects Caused by Optic Chiasm and Its Posterior Visual Pathway Injury. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2023; 39:350-359. [PMID: 37859473 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.230309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the characteristics and objective assessment method of visual field defects caused by optic chiasm and its posterior visual pathway injury. METHODS Typical cases of visual field defects caused by injuries to the optic chiasm, optic tracts, optic radiations, and visual cortex were selected. Visual field examinations, visual evoked potential (VEP) and multifocal visual evolved potential (mfVEP) measurements, craniocerebral CT/MRI, and retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed, respectively, and the aforementioned visual electrophysiological and neuroimaging indicators were analyzed comprehensively. RESULTS The electrophysiological manifestations of visual field defects caused by optic chiasm injuries were bitemporal hemianopsia mfVEP abnormalities. The visual field defects caused by optic tract, optic radiation, and visual cortex injuries were all manifested homonymous hemianopsia mfVEP abnormalities contralateral to the lesion. Mild relative afferent pupil disorder (RAPD) and characteristic optic nerve atrophy were observed in hemianopsia patients with optic tract injuries, but not in patients with optic radiation or visual cortex injuries. Neuroimaging could provide morphological evidence of damages to the optic chiasm and its posterior visual pathway. CONCLUSIONS Visual field defects caused by optic chiasm, optic tract, optic radiation, and visual cortex injuries have their respective characteristics. The combined application of mfVEP and static visual field measurements, in combination with neuroimaging, can maximize the assessment of the location and degree of visual pathway damage, providing an effective scheme for the identification of such injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Ministry of Education, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China
- Center of Cooperative Innovation for Judicial Civilization, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Ministry of Education, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China
- Center of Cooperative Innovation for Judicial Civilization, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Li-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Ministry of Education, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Kang-Jia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Ministry of Education, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Ying-Kai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Ministry of Education, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of retinal ganglion cells after occipital lobe damage is known to occur through transsynaptic retrograde degeneration in congenital lesions; however, studies of this phenomenon in acquired pathology, such as strokes affecting postgenicular visual pathway, are scant. We studied a cohort of adult patients with known onset of occipital lobe stroke to look for the presence, rate, and timing of macular ganglion cell loss on optical coherence tomography. METHODS Retrospective review of patients seen in tertiary neuro-ophthalmology practice with homonymous hemianopia secondary to occipital lobe stroke of known onset. Optical coherence tomography of the macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) was performed, and hemifields corresponding to the side of the visual field (VF) defect were compared with the control retinal hemifield. RESULTS Fifteen patients with homonymous VF defects were included in the study, and 8 of these (53.3%) demonstrated GCC hemifield thickness of less than 90% on the side corresponding to VF loss including 2/9 (22%) patients who had a stroke less than 2.5 years ago and 6/6 (100%) patients who had a stroke longer than 2.5 years ago. The amount of hemifield atrophy correlated to the logarithm of time since stroke onset ( P =0.030) but not age ( P = 0.95) or mean deviation on VF ( P = 0.19). Three patients with longitudinal data showed GCC thinning rates of 1.99, 5.13, and 5.68 µm per year. CONCLUSION Transsynaptic retrograde degeneration occurs after occipital lobe stroke as early as 5.5 months after injury and was observed in all patients 2.5 years after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Donaldson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (LD, EM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Western Ontario (MC), London, Canada; and Department of Medicine (EM), Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Bishop R, Won SJ, Irvine KA, Basu J, Rome ES, Swanson RA. Blast-induced axonal degeneration in the rat cerebellum in the absence of head movement. Sci Rep 2022; 12:143. [PMID: 34996954 PMCID: PMC8741772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast exposure can injure brain by multiple mechanisms, and injury attributable to direct effects of the blast wave itself have been difficult to distinguish from that caused by rapid head displacement and other secondary processes. To resolve this issue, we used a rat model of blast exposure in which head movement was either strictly prevented or permitted in the lateral plane. Blast was found to produce axonal injury even with strict prevention of head movement. This axonal injury was restricted to the cerebellum, with the exception of injury in visual tracts secondary to ocular trauma. The cerebellar axonal injury was increased in rats in which blast-induced head movement was permitted, but the pattern of injury was unchanged. These findings support the contentions that blast per se, independent of head movement, is sufficient to induce axonal injury, and that axons in cerebellar white matter are particularly vulnerable to direct blast-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bishop
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave (E4-220), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jayinee Basu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Eric S Rome
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
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Jagomäe T, Seppa K, Reimets R, Pastak M, Plaas M, Hickey MA, Kukker KG, Moons L, De Groef L, Vasar E, Kaasik A, Terasmaa A, Plaas M. Early Intervention and Lifelong Treatment with GLP1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in a Wolfram Syndrome Rat Model with an Emphasis on Visual Neurodegeneration, Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Diabetic Phenotype. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113193. [PMID: 34831417 PMCID: PMC8623088 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS), also known as a DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, early-onset diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy and deafness) is a rare autosomal disorder caused by mutations in the Wolframin1 (WFS1) gene. Previous studies have revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1 RA) are effective in delaying and restoring blood glucose control in WS animal models and patients. The GLP1 RA liraglutide has also been shown to have neuroprotective properties in aged WS rats. WS is an early-onset, chronic condition. Therefore, early diagnosis and lifelong pharmacological treatment is the best solution to control disease progression. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the long-term liraglutide treatment on the progression of WS symptoms. For this purpose, 2-month-old WS rats were treated with liraglutide up to the age of 18 months and changes in diabetes markers, visual acuity, and hearing sensitivity were monitored over the course of the treatment period. We found that treatment with liraglutide delayed the onset of diabetes and protected against vision loss in a rat model of WS. Therefore, early diagnosis and prophylactic treatment with the liraglutide may also prove to be a promising treatment option for WS patients by increasing the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Jagomäe
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.S.); (R.R.); (K.G.K.); (A.T.)
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Kadri Seppa
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.S.); (R.R.); (K.G.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Riin Reimets
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.S.); (R.R.); (K.G.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Marko Pastak
- Eye Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa 8 Street, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Mihkel Plaas
- Ear Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa 1a Street, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Miriam A. Hickey
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (M.A.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Kaia Grete Kukker
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.S.); (R.R.); (K.G.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Lieve Moons
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Belgium & Leuven Brain Institute, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.M.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Lies De Groef
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Belgium & Leuven Brain Institute, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.M.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (M.A.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Anton Terasmaa
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.S.); (R.R.); (K.G.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Mario Plaas
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.S.); (R.R.); (K.G.K.); (A.T.)
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.P.)
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Özcan Y, Talıpınar S, Kayıran A, Türe U. How do intracranial tumors associated with visual pathways affect quadrant and sectoral based optical coherence tomography measurements: The effect of intracranial tumors on RNFL and GC-IPL thickness. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:1751-1759. [PMID: 34162240 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211028035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the quantitative sectoral and regional changes of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness in different types of intracranial tumors associated with visual pathways. METHODS This comparative retrospective study included 58 eyes of 30 patients with intracranial tumors and the data of 62 eyes of 31 healthy subjects. The RNFL and GCIPL thicknesses were analyzed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). The tumors were classified into ones that affect pre-geniculate and post-geniculate pathway. RESULTS The mean RNFL thickness in temporal quadrant was significantly thinner in eyes with intracranial tumors affecting the pre-geniculate optic pathway compared to controls (p = 0.04). In contrast, the mean superior quadrant RNFL thickness was significantly thicker in eyes with brain tumors associated with post-geniculate optic pathway (p = 0.01). The mean GC-IPL thicknesses of the inner ring superotemporal, superonasal, inferotemporal and inferionasal sectors and outer ring superonasal and inferonasal sectors were significantly thinner in eyes with intracranial tumors affecting the pre-geniculate optic pathway compared to control eyes (p = 0.02, p = 0.001, p = 0.02, p = 0.003, p = 0.008 and p = 0.03 respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that significant changes can be seen in the different RNFL quadrants and GC-IPL sectors in eyes with intracranial tumors affecting pre-geniculate or post-geniculate optic pathway. OCT is a very useful imaging technique to quantify these structural changes which take place during the neurodegeneration process of visual pathways in intracranial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Özcan
- Ophthalmology Department, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Yeditepe University Speciality Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Talıpınar
- Ophthalmology Department, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Yeditepe Eye Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alp Kayıran
- Ophthalmology Department, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Yeditepe Eye Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Türe
- Department of Neurosurgeon, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Yeditepe University Speciality Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Muñoz-Cardona ML, Llano-Naranjo Y, Londoño-Ocampo F, Preciado-Mesa EE, Restrepo F, García L, Pineda-Arrieta B, Lopera-Marín B, Reyes-Botero GA. Acute Visual Loss Related to Retinal Vascular Occlusion Secondary to Visual Pathway Primary Glioblastoma. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:e142-e144. [PMID: 32701755 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta L Muñoz-Cardona
- Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (MLM-C), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia ; Department of Ophthalmology (YL-N), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia ; Department of Neurosurgery (FL-O), Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia ; Department of Neurosurgery (EEP-M), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia ; and Departments of Neuroradiology (FR, LG), Radiotherapy (BP-A), Pathology (BL-M), and Department of Neuro-oncology (GAR-B), Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia
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Vidyasagar TR. Neural underpinnings of dyslexia as a disorder of visuo‐spatial attention. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 87:4-10. [PMID: 14720113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Revised: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 11/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly 100 years, the underlying cause of dyslexia has been a matter of much debate, with widely varying viewpoints that have ranged from considering dyslexia as largely a learning disability to claims that it is essentially a perceptual defect occurring early along the visual pathway. This paper reviews some of this literature with particular reference to the studies that have implicated a defect in the afferent visual pathways in the aetiology of the disorder, then goes on to outline a neural theory of how functionally distinct parallel pathways in vision interact with each other in the process of reading and suggests how a defect in these pathways can lead to reading difficulties. Central to the proposed scheme is the suggestion that a fast-track pathway, arising from the magnocellular cells in the retina and acting through an attentional mechanism, has a gating function in spotlighting the individual letters of a text in a sequential fashion. That such gating occurs at the level of the primary visual cortex is supported by recent physiological evidence concerning attentional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trichur R Vidyasagar
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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van der Merwe Y, Murphy MC, Sims JR, Faiq MA, Yang XL, Ho LC, Conner IP, Yu Y, Leung CK, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. Citicoline Modulates Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration Through Intraocular Pressure-Independent Control. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1339-1359. [PMID: 33846961 PMCID: PMC8423893 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive, irreversible vision loss. Currently, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. However, glaucomatous degeneration may continue despite adequate IOP control. Therefore, there exists a need for treatment that protects the visual system, independent of IOP. This study sought, first, to longitudinally examine the neurobehavioral effects of different magnitudes and durations of IOP elevation using multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optokinetics and histology; and, second, to evaluate the effects of oral citicoline treatment as a neurotherapeutic in experimental glaucoma. Eighty-two adult Long Evans rats were divided into six groups: acute (mild or severe) IOP elevation, chronic (citicoline-treated or untreated) IOP elevation, and sham (acute or chronic) controls. We found that increasing magnitudes and durations of IOP elevation differentially altered structural and functional brain connectivity and visuomotor behavior, as indicated by decreases in fractional anisotropy in diffusion tensor MRI, magnetization transfer ratios in magnetization transfer MRI, T1-weighted MRI enhancement of anterograde manganese transport, resting-state functional connectivity, visual acuity, and neurofilament and myelin staining along the visual pathway. Furthermore, 3 weeks of oral citicoline treatment in the setting of chronic IOP elevation significantly reduced visual brain integrity loss and visual acuity decline without altering IOP. Such effects sustained after treatment was discontinued for another 3 weeks. These results not only illuminate the close interplay between eye, brain, and behavior in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, but also support a role for citicoline in protecting neural tissues and visual function in glaucoma beyond IOP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandi van der Merwe
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew C Murphy
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Sims
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Ling Yang
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leon C Ho
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ian P Conner
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Pleryon Therapeutics Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Christopher K Leung
- University Eye Center, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin C Chan
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Hanekamp S, Ćurčić-Blake B, Caron B, McPherson B, Timmer A, Prins D, Boucard CC, Yoshida M, Ida M, Hunt D, Jansonius NM, Pestilli F, Cornelissen FW. White matter alterations in glaucoma and monocular blindness differ outside the visual system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6866. [PMID: 33767217 PMCID: PMC7994383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree to which glaucoma has effects in the brain beyond the eye and the visual pathways is unclear. To clarify this, we investigated white matter microstructure (WMM) in 37 tracts of patients with glaucoma, monocular blindness, and controls. We used brainlife.io for reproducibility. White matter tracts were subdivided into seven categories ranging from those primarily involved in vision (the visual white matter) to those primarily involved in cognition and motor control. In the vision tracts, WMM was decreased as measured by fractional anisotropy in both glaucoma and monocular blind subjects compared to controls, suggesting neurodegeneration due to reduced sensory inputs. A test-retest approach was used to validate these results. The pattern of results was different in monocular blind subjects, where WMM properties increased outside the visual white matter as compared to controls. This pattern of results suggests that whereas in the monocular blind loss of visual input might promote white matter reorganization outside of the early visual system, such reorganization might be reduced or absent in glaucoma. The results provide indirect evidence that in glaucoma unknown factors might limit the reorganization as seen in other patient groups following visual loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hanekamp
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Branislava Ćurčić-Blake
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bradley Caron
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Vision Science, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brent McPherson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Anneleen Timmer
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Doety Prins
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine C Boucard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ida
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - David Hunt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Pestilli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Program in Vision Science, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Frans W Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Sekyi MT, Lauderdale K, Atkinson KC, Golestany B, Karim H, Feri M, Soto JS, Diaz C, Kim SH, Cilluffo M, Nusinowitz S, Katzenellenbogen JA, Tiwari‐Woodruff SK. Alleviation of extensive visual pathway dysfunction by a remyelinating drug in a chronic mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:312-332. [PMID: 33368801 PMCID: PMC8018057 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual deficits are among the most prevalent symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). To understand deficits in the visual pathway during MS and potential treatment effects, we used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model of MS. The afferent visual pathway was assessed in vivo using optical coherence tomography (OCT), electroretinography (ERG), and visually evoked cortical potentials (VEPs). Inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration were examined by immunohistochemistry ex vivo. In addition, an immunomodulatory, remyelinating agent, the estrogen receptor β ligand chloroindazole (IndCl), was tested for its therapeutic potential in the visual pathway. EAE produced functional deficits in visual system electrophysiology, including suppression of ERG and VEP waveform amplitudes and increased signal latencies. Therapeutic IndCl rescued overall visual system latency by VEP but had little impact on amplitude or ERG findings relative to vehicle. Faster VEP conduction in IndCl-treated mice was associated with enhanced myelin basic protein signal in all visual system structures examined. IndCl preserved retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and oligodendrocyte density in the prechiasmatic white matter, but similar retinal nerve fiber layer thinning by OCT was noted in vehicle and IndCl-treated mice. Although IndCl differentially attenuated leukocyte and astrocyte staining signal throughout the structures analyzed, axolemmal varicosities were observed in all visual fiber tracts of mice with EAE irrespective of treatment, suggesting impaired axonal energy homeostasis. These data support incomplete functional recovery of VEP amplitude with IndCl, as fiber tracts displayed persistent axon pathology despite remyelination-induced decreases in latencies, evidenced by reduced optic nerve g-ratio in IndCl-treated mice. Although additional studies are required, these findings demonstrate the dynamics of visual pathway dysfunction and disability during EAE, along with the importance of early treatment to mitigate EAE-induced axon damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Sekyi
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringRiverside Bourns School of EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Kelli Lauderdale
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Kelley C. Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Batis Golestany
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Hawra Karim
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Micah Feri
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Joselyn S. Soto
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Cobi Diaz
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Cancer CenterUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Marianne Cilluffo
- BRI Electron Microscopy LaboratoryLos Angeles School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Stein Eye InstituteLos Angeles School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Seema K. Tiwari‐Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
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14
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Calvo E, Milla-Navarro S, Ortuño-Lizarán I, Gómez-Vicente V, Cuenca N, De la Villa P, Germain F. Deleterious Effect of NMDA Plus Kainate on the Inner Retinal Cells and Ganglion Cell Projection of the Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051570. [PMID: 32106602 PMCID: PMC7084685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined administration of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) on the inner retina was studied as a model of excitotoxicity. The right eye of C57BL6J mice was injected with 1 µL of PBS containing NMDA 30 mM and KA 10 mM. Only PBS was injected in the left eye. One week after intraocular injection, electroretinogram recordings and immunohistochemistry were performed on both eyes. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections were studied by fluorescent-cholerotoxin anterograde labeling. A clear decrease of the retinal "b" wave amplitude, both in scotopic and photopic conditions, was observed in the eyes injected with NMDA/KA. No significant effect on the "a" wave amplitude was observed, indicating the preservation of photoreceptors. Immunocytochemical labeling showed no effects on the outer nuclear layer, but a significant thinning on the inner retinal layers, thus indicating that NMDA and KA induce a deleterious effect on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Anterograde tracing of the visual pathway after NMDA and KA injection showed the absence of RGC projections to the contralateral superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus. We conclude that glutamate receptor agonists, NMDA and KA, induce a deleterious effect of the inner retina when injected together into the vitreous chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Calvo
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
| | | | - Isabel Ortuño-Lizarán
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Violeta Gómez-Vicente
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Germain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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15
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Bennett CR, Bauer CM, Bailin ES, Merabet LB. Neuroplasticity in cerebral visual impairment (CVI): Assessing functional vision and the neurophysiological correlates of dorsal stream dysfunction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:171-181. [PMID: 31655075 PMCID: PMC6949360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) results from perinatal injury to visual processing structures and pathways and is the most common individual cause of pediatric visual impairment and blindness in developed countries. While there is mounting evidence demonstrating extensive neuroplastic reorganization in early onset, profound ocular blindness, how the brain reorganizes in the setting of congenital damage to cerebral (i.e. retro-geniculate) visual pathways remains comparatively poorly understood. Individuals with CVI exhibit a wide range of visual deficits and, in particular, present with impairments of higher order visual spatial processing (referred to as "dorsal stream dysfunction") as well as object recognition (associated with processing along the ventral stream). In this review, we discuss the need for ongoing work to develop novel, neuroscience-inspired approaches to investigate functional visual deficits in this population. We also outline the role played by advanced structural and functional neuroimaging in helping to elucidate the underlying neurophysiology of CVI, and highlight key differences with regard to patterns of neural reorganization previously described in ocular blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Bennett
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Corinna M Bauer
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Emma S Bailin
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Lotfi B Merabet
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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16
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Datta R, Sollee JR, Lavery AM, Ficerai-Garland G, Karoscik K, Liu G, Banwell BL, Waldman AT. Effects of Optic Neuritis, T2 Lesions, and Microstructural Diffusion Integrity in the Visual Pathway on Cortical Thickness in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimaging 2019; 29:760-770. [PMID: 31317617 PMCID: PMC10637320 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) is associated with focal inflammatory lesions and the loss of cortical and deep gray matter. Optic neuritis (ON) and white matter (WM) lesions in the visual pathway can directly contribute to visual cortical mantle thinning. We determine the relative contributions of MS insult on anterior and posterior visual pathway integrity. METHODS High- and low-contrast visual acuity, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and 3T MRI scans were obtained from 20 POMS patients (10 with remote ON) and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Cortical mantle thickness was measured using FreeSurfer. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity were calculated for postchiasmal optic radiations (with and without WM lesions). Groups were compared using Student's t-test (adjusted for multiple comparisons), and simple linear regression was used to investigate interrelationships between measures. RESULTS Mean cortical thickness of the whole brain was reduced in patients (2.49 mm) versus controls (2.58 mm, P = .0432) and in the visual cortex (2.07 mm vs. 2.17 mm, P = .0059), although the foveal confluence was spared. Mean FA of the optic radiations was reduced in POMS (.40) versus controls (.43, P = .0042) and correlated with visual cortical mantle thickness in POMS (P = .017). Visual acuity, OCT measures, and lesion volumes in the optic radiations were not associated with cortical mantle thickness. CONCLUSIONS POMS negatively impacts the integrity of the anterior visual pathway, but it is the loss of WM integrity that drives anterograde loss of the cortical mantle. Preserved visual acuity and foveal sparing imply some degree of functional and structural resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrato Datta
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John R Sollee
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy M Lavery
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gabriella Ficerai-Garland
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Krystle Karoscik
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Geraldine Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brenda L Banwell
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy T Waldman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the anatomy, symptoms, examination findings, and causes of diseases affecting the optic chiasm, optic tracts, optic radiations, and occipital lobes. RECENT FINDINGS Modern ophthalmic imaging can be used to monitor the effects of diseases of the optic chiasm and tract on the retinal ganglion cells. It can also be used to visualize transsynaptic degeneration of the anterior visual pathway in the setting of acquired retrogeniculate lesions. Visual prostheses that directly stimulate the occipital lobe are a potential strategy for rehabilitation that is in active clinical trials. SUMMARY Detecting and characterizing visual deficits due to optic chiasm and retrochiasmal disease are important for the diagnosis, localization, and monitoring of neurologic disease; identifying patient disability; and guiding rehabilitation.
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18
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den Haan J, Csinscik L, Parker T, Paterson RW, Slattery CF, Foulkes A, Bouwman FH, Verbraak FD, Scheltens P, Peto T, Lengyel I, Schott JM, Crutch SJ, Shakespeare TJ, Yong KXX. Retinal thickness as potential biomarker in posterior cortical atrophy and typical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11:62. [PMID: 31319885 PMCID: PMC6639972 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal thickness can be measured non-invasively with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and may offer compelling potential as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Retinal thinning is hypothesized to be a result of retrograde atrophy and/or parallel neurodegenerative processes. Changes in the visual pathway are of particular interest in posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), the most common atypical AD phenotype predominantly affecting the parietal-occipital cortices. We therefore evaluated retinal thickness as non-invasive biomarker of neurodegeneration in well-characterized participants with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and typical Alzheimer's disease (tAD). METHODS Retinal thickness measures were acquired from 48 patient participants (N = 25 PCA; N = 23 tAD) fulfilling consensus diagnostic criteria and 70 age-matched controls. Participants were recruited between 2014 and 2016. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, including measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness and total macular thickness (mRT). Participants did not show evidence of any significant ophthalmological conditions. Subgroup analyses were performed in participants with available MRI and CSF measures, providing evidence of neurodegeneration and underlying AD pathology respectively. RESULTS There was no evidence of overall between-group differences in pRNFL thickness (mean PCA 98.7 ± 12.2; tAD 99.9 ± 8.7; controls 99.6 ± 10.0 μm, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) p = 0.92) or total mRT (mean PCA 266.9 ± 16.3; tAD 267.8 ± 13.6; controls 269.3 ± 13.6 μm, one-way ANOVA p = 0.75). Similarly, subgroup analysis with MRI biomarkers (PCA = 18, tAD = 17, controls = 31) showing neurodegeneration, and CSF biomarkers (PCA = 18, tAD = 14, controls = 13) supporting underlying AD pathology did not provide evidence of overall between-group differences in pRNFL or mRT measures (all p > 0.3). CONCLUSIONS Retinal thickness did not discriminate tAD and PCA from controls or from one another despite unequivocal differences on standard clinical, neuro-imaging and CSF measures. Findings from this well-characterized sample, including cases with PCA, do not support the hypothesis that retinal neurodegeneration, measured using conventional OCT, is a useful biomarker for AD or PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurre den Haan
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Mailbox 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lajos Csinscik
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology UCL, London, UK
| | - Tom Parker
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ross W. Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Alexander Foulkes
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Femke H. Bouwman
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Mailbox 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank D. Verbraak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Mailbox 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL, London, UK
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology UCL, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Keir X. X. Yong
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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19
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Ather S, Proudlock FA, Welton T, Morgan PS, Sheth V, Gottlob I, Dineen RA. Aberrant visual pathway development in albinism: From retina to cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:777-788. [PMID: 30511784 PMCID: PMC6865554 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Albinism refers to a group of genetic abnormalities in melanogenesis that are associated neuronal misrouting through the optic chiasm. We perform quantitative assessment of visual pathway structure and function in 23 persons with albinism (PWA) and 20 matched controls using optical coherence tomography (OCT), volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging and visual evoked potentials (VEP). PWA had a higher streamline decussation index (percentage of total tractography streamlines decussating at the chiasm) compared with controls (Z = -2.24, p = .025), and streamline decussation index correlated weakly with inter-hemispheric asymmetry measured using VEP (r = .484, p = .042). For PWA, a significant correlation was found between foveal development index and total number of streamlines (r = .662, p < .001). Significant positive correlations were found between peri-papillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and optic nerve (r = .642, p < .001) and tract (r = .663, p < .001) width. Occipital pole cortical thickness was 6.88% higher (Z = -4.10, p < .001) in PWA and was related to anterior visual pathway structures including foveal retinal pigment epithelium complex thickness (r = -.579, p = .005), optic disc (r = .478, p = .021) and rim areas (r = .597, p = .003). We were unable to demonstrate a significant relationship between OCT-derived foveal or optic nerve measures and MRI-derived chiasm size or streamline decussation index. Our novel tractographic demonstration of altered chiasmatic decussation in PWA corresponds to VEP measured cortical asymmetry and is consistent with chiasmatic misrouting in albinism. We also demonstrate a significant relationship between retinal pigment epithelium and visual cortex thickness indicating that retinal pigmentation defects in albinism lead to downstream structural reorganisation of the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarim Ather
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Frank Anthony Proudlock
- University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye UnitRobert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences BuildingLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Welton
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of NottinghamQueen's Medical CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Morgan
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of NottinghamQueen's Medical CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustQueen's Medical CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Viral Sheth
- University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye UnitRobert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences BuildingLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Irene Gottlob
- University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye UnitRobert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences BuildingLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Rob A. Dineen
- Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of NottinghamQueen's Medical CentreNottinghamUnited Kingdom
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20
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Serova NK, Shkarubo AN, Tropinskaya OF, Eliseeva NM, Shishkina LV. [Neurosarcoidosis of the anterior visual pathway (a case report and literature review)]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko 2019; 83:97-103. [PMID: 31577275 DOI: 10.17116/neiro20198304197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown nature. Patients often present with pulmonary, skin, eye, and orbital lesions. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is accompanied by granulomatous leptomeningitis and damage to the basal brain structures with formation of granulomas near the cranial nerves, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, cavernous sinuses, optic chiasm, and intracranial optic nerves. The optic nerves can be affected independently of the other CNS regions, which may be the first manifestation of the disease. The article presents two clinical cases of sarcoidosis affecting the anterior visual pathway. Diagnosis of the disease was associated with certain difficulties. A biopsy revealed a sarcoidosis lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Serova
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Méndez-Gómez JL, Pelletier A, Rougier MB, Korobelnik JF, Schweitzer C, Delyfer MN, Catheline G, Monfermé S, Dartigues JF, Delcourt C, Helmer C. Association of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness With Brain Alterations in the Visual and Limbic Networks in Elderly Adults Without Dementia. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e184406. [PMID: 30646353 PMCID: PMC6324371 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The eye is a sensory organ that is easily accessible for imaging techniques, allowing the measurement of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. The eye is part of the central nervous system, and its neurons may be susceptible to degeneration; therefore, changes in the RNFL thickness may reflect microstructural and volume alterations in the brain. OBJECTIVE To explore the association between the peripapillary RNFL thickness and brain alterations in the visual and limbic networks in elderly people without dementia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional analysis of the Three-City/Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et Maladies Oculaires (Alienor) Study cohort (April 2009 to December 2010). The dates of analysis were July 2017 to August 2018. The setting was a population-based study in France. The brain volume analysis included 104 participants, and the diffusion tensor imaging analysis included 79 participants. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Global RNFL was assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Brain volumes were assessed via T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging by measurement of the global white and gray matter fractions and the hippocampal fraction. Brain microstructural alterations were assessed with diffusion tensor imaging at the level of the posterior thalamic radiations, the limbic system tracts (the fornix and cingulum bundles), and the posterior limb of the internal capsule (control region). Linear regression models adjusted for several confounders were performed. RESULTS Among a total of 104 participants, the mean (SD) age was 80.8 (3.9) years, and the cohort was 56.7% women (n = 59). The mean (SD) global RNFL thickness was 89.3 (12.9) µm. A thicker RNFL was associated with a greater hippocampal fraction (quantity of increase β = 0.013; 95% CI, 0.001-0.025 per 10-μm increase in the RNFL thickness) and better diffusion tensor imaging variables in the global cingulum (mean diffusivity β = -0.007; 95% CI, -0.015 to -0.000) and the hippocampal part of the cingulum (mean diffusivity β = -0.009; 95% CI, -0.016 to -0.002 and radial diffusivity β = -0.010; 95% CI, -0.018 to -0.002) and the posterior thalamic radiations (fractional anisotropy β = 0.008; 95% CI, 0.000-0.017). No significant associations were found with other magnetic resonance imaging volumes or with other diffusion tensor imaging variables. In particular, there was no significant association with the control region of interest. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this study suggest that in elderly individuals without dementia, a thicker RNFL was associated with better magnetic resonance imaging variables both in a region that included the visual pathways and in regions particularly involved in the neurodegenerative processes of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Méndez-Gómez
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Amandine Pelletier
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA), UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Bénédicte Rougier
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cédric Schweitzer
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Catheline
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA), UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
- Memory Consultation, Centre Mémoire de Ressource et de Recherche (CMRR), University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1219, Bordeaux, France
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1401, Bordeaux, France
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Lawlor M, Danesh-Meyer H, Levin LA, Davagnanam I, De Vita E, Plant GT. Glaucoma and the brain: Trans-synaptic degeneration, structural change, and implications for neuroprotection. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 63:296-306. [PMID: 28986311 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A recent hypothesis to enter the literature suggests that glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease. The basis for this has been the finding of central nervous system changes in glaucoma patients on histology and neuroimaging. It is known that retinal ganglion cell pathology of any cause leads to anterograde and retrograde retinal ganglion cell degeneration, as well as trans-synaptic (transneuronal) anterograde degeneration. Trans-synaptic degeneration has been demonstrated in a range of optic neuropathies including optic nerve transection, optic neuritis, and hereditary optic neuropathies. More recently, similar changes have been confirmed in glaucoma patients using the neuroimaging techniques of voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging. Some studies have reported brain changes in glaucoma outside the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway; however, these are preliminary and exploratory in nature. Further research is required to identify whether the degenerative brain changes in glaucoma are entirely secondary to the optic neuropathy or whether there is additional primary central nervous system pathology. This has critical implications for neuroprotective and regenerative treatment strategies and our basic understanding of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Lawlor
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonard A Levin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Indran Davagnanam
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Academic Neuroradiological Unit, Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico De Vita
- Academic Neuroradiological Unit, Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon T Plant
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; The Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Malechka VV, Moiseyev G, Takahashi Y, Shin Y, Ma JX. Impaired Rhodopsin Generation in the Rat Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Am J Pathol 2017; 187:2222-2231. [PMID: 28734946 PMCID: PMC5809515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients experience functional deficits in dark adaptation, contrast sensitivity, and color perception before microvascular pathologies become apparent. Herein, we evaluated early changes in neural retinal function and in retinoid metabolism in the eye in diabetes. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed decreased a- and b-wave amplitudes of scotopic and photopic electroretinography responses 4 months after diabetes induction compared to nondiabetic controls. Although Western blot analysis revealed no difference in opsin expression, rhodopsin content was decreased in diabetic retinas, as shown by a difference in absorbance. Consistently, levels of 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore for visual pigments, were significantly lower in diabetic retinas compared to those in controls, suggesting a retinoid deficiency. Among visual cycle proteins, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein and stimulated by retinoic acid 6 protein showed significantly lower levels in diabetic rats than those in nondiabetic controls. Similarly, serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 and retinoids were significantly lower in diabetic rats. Overall, these results suggest that retinoid metabolism in the eye is impaired in type 1 diabetes, which leads to deficient generation of visual pigments and neural retinal dysfunction in early diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volha V Malechka
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Gennadiy Moiseyev
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Younghwa Shin
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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24
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Xu G, Hu F, Wang X, Zhang B, Zhou Y. Bisphenol A exposure perturbs visual function of adult cats by remodeling the neuronal activity in the primary visual pathway. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:455-468. [PMID: 28875311 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a common environmental xenoestrogen, has been implicated in physiological and behavioral impairment, but the neuronal basis remains elusive. Although various synaptic mechanisms have been shown to mediate BPA-induced brain deficits, there are almost no reports addressing its underlying physiological mechanisms at the individual neuron level, particularly in the primary visual system. In the present study, using multiple-channel recording technique, we recorded the responses of single neurons in the primary visual system of cats to various direction stimuli both before and after BPA exposure. The results showed that the orientation selectivity of neurons in the primary visual cortex (area 17, A17) was obviously decreased after 2 h of intravenous BPA administration (0.2 mg/kg). Moreover, there were worse performances of information transmission of A17 neurons, presenting markedly decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To some extent, these functional decreases were attributable to the altered information inputs from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), which showed an increased spontaneous activity. Additionally, local injection of BPA (3.3 μg/ml) in A17 resulted in an obvious increase in orientation selectivity and a decrease in neuronal activity, involving enhanced activity of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons. In conclusion, our results first demonstrate that acute BPA exposure can restrict the visual perception of cats, mainly depending on the alteration of the LGN projection, not the intercortical interaction. Importantly, BPA-induced-brain deficits might not only be confined to the cortical level but also occur as early as at the subcortical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Batista-Brito R, Vinck M, Ferguson KA, Chang JT, Laubender D, Lur G, Mossner JM, Hernandez VG, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Higley MJ, Cardin JA. Developmental Dysfunction of VIP Interneurons Impairs Cortical Circuits. Neuron 2017; 95:884-895.e9. [PMID: 28817803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons play important roles in cortical circuit development. However, there are multiple populations of interneurons and their respective developmental contributions remain poorly explored. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its interneuron-specific receptor ERBB4 are critical genes for interneuron maturation. Using a conditional ErbB4 deletion, we tested the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons in the postnatal maturation of cortical circuits in vivo. ErbB4 removal from VIP interneurons during development leads to changes in their activity, along with severe dysregulation of cortical temporal organization and state dependence. These alterations emerge during adolescence, and mature animals in which VIP interneurons lack ErbB4 exhibit reduced cortical responses to sensory stimuli and impaired sensory learning. Our data support a key role for VIP interneurons in cortical circuit development and suggest a possible contribution to pathophysiology in neurodevelopmental disorders. These findings provide a new perspective on the role of GABAergic interneuron diversity in cortical development. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Batista-Brito
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA
| | - Martin Vinck
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA; Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katie A Ferguson
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jeremy T Chang
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA
| | - David Laubender
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA
| | - Gyorgy Lur
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA
| | - James M Mossner
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA
| | - Victoria G Hernandez
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael J Higley
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jessica A Cardin
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven CT, 06520, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are remarkably powerful, flexible and pervasive cellular regulators. With the help of cheaper RNA-seq, high-throughput screening of lncRNAs has become widely applied and has identified large numbers of specific lncRNAs in various physiological or pathological processes. Vision is known to be a complex and vital perception that comprises 80% of the sensory information we receive. A consensus has been reached that normal visual maintenance and impairment are primarily driven by gene regulation. Recently, it has become understood that lncRNAs are key regulators in most biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, immune responses, oxidative stress and inflammation. Our review is intended to provide insight towards a comprehensive view of the precise modulation of lncRNAs in visual maintenance and impairment. We also highlight the challenges and future directions in conducting lncRNA studies, particularly in patients whose lncRNAs may hold expanded promise for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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27
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Oliveira-Souza FG, DeRamus ML, van Groen T, Lambert AE, Bolding MS, Strang CE. Retinal changes in the Tg-SwDI mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2017; 354:43-53. [PMID: 28450267 PMCID: PMC5495115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a debilitating neurodegenerative illness, is characterized by neuronal cell loss, mental deficits, and abnormalities in several neurotransmitter and protein systems. AD is also associated with visual disturbances, but their causes remain unidentified. We hypothesize that the visual disturbances stem from retinal changes, particularly changes in the retinal cholinergic system, and that the etiology in the retina parallels the etiology in the rest of the brain. To test our hypothesis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed to assess changes in acetylcholine receptor (AChR) gene expression, number of retinal cells, and astrocytic gliosis in the Transgenic Swedish, Dutch and Iowa (Tg-SwDI) mouse model as compared to age-matched wild-type (WT). We observed that Tg-SwDI mice showed an initial upregulation of AChR gene expression early on (young adults and middle-aged adults), but a downregulation later on (old adults). Furthermore, transgenic animals displayed significant cell loss in the photoreceptor layer and inner retina of the young adult animals, as well as specific cholinergic cell loss, and increased astrocytic gliosis in the middle-aged adult and old adult groups. Our results suggest that the changes observed in AD cerebrum are also present in the retina and may be, at least in part, responsible for the visual deficits associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred G Oliveira-Souza
- Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Marci L DeRamus
- Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alexis E Lambert
- Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mark S Bolding
- Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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28
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Hart NJ, Koronyo Y, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Ocular indicators of Alzheimer's: exploring disease in the retina. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:767-787. [PMID: 27645291 PMCID: PMC5106496 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although historically perceived as a disorder confined to the brain, our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has expanded to include extra-cerebral manifestation, with mounting evidence of abnormalities in the eye. Among ocular tissues, the retina, a developmental outgrowth of the brain, is marked by an array of pathologies in patients suffering from AD, including nerve fiber layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. While the hallmark pathological signs of AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) comprising hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) protein, have long been described in the brain, identification of these characteristic biomarkers in the retina has only recently been reported. In particular, Aβ deposits were discovered in post-mortem retinas of advanced and early stage cases of AD, in stark contrast to non-AD controls. Subsequent studies have reported elevated Aβ42/40 peptides, morphologically diverse Aβ plaques, and pTau in the retina. In line with the above findings, animal model studies have reported retinal Aβ deposits and tauopathy, often correlated with local inflammation, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and functional deficits. This review highlights the converging evidence that AD manifests in the eye, especially in the retina, which can be imaged directly and non-invasively. Visual dysfunction in AD patients, traditionally attributed to well-documented cerebral pathology, can now be reexamined as a direct outcome of retinal abnormalities. As we continue to study the disease in the brain, the emerging field of ocular AD warrants further investigation of how the retina may faithfully reflect the neurological disease. Indeed, detection of retinal AD pathology, particularly the early presenting amyloid biomarkers, using advanced high-resolution imaging techniques may allow large-scale screening and monitoring of at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav J Hart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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29
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Aguirre GK, Datta R, Benson NC, Prasad S, Jacobson SG, Cideciyan AV, Bridge H, Watkins KE, Butt OH, Dain AS, Brandes L, Gennatas ED. Patterns of Individual Variation in Visual Pathway Structure and Function in the Sighted and Blind. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164677. [PMID: 27812129 PMCID: PMC5094697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many structural and functional brain alterations accompany blindness, with substantial individual variation in these effects. In normally sighted people, there is correlated individual variation in some visual pathway structures. Here we examined if the changes in brain anatomy produced by blindness alter the patterns of anatomical variation found in the sighted. We derived eight measures of central visual pathway anatomy from a structural image of the brain from 59 sighted and 53 blind people. These measures showed highly significant differences in mean size between the sighted and blind cohorts. When we examined the measurements across individuals within each group we found three clusters of correlated variation, with V1 surface area and pericalcarine volume linked, and independent of the thickness of V1 cortex. These two clusters were in turn relatively independent of the volumes of the optic chiasm and lateral geniculate nucleus. This same pattern of variation in visual pathway anatomy was found in the sighted and the blind. Anatomical changes within these clusters were graded by the timing of onset of blindness, with those subjects with a post-natal onset of blindness having alterations in brain anatomy that were intermediate to those seen in the sighted and congenitally blind. Many of the blind and sighted subjects also contributed functional MRI measures of cross-modal responses within visual cortex, and a diffusion tensor imaging measure of fractional anisotropy within the optic radiations and the splenium of the corpus callosum. We again found group differences between the blind and sighted in these measures. The previously identified clusters of anatomical variation were also found to be differentially related to these additional measures: across subjects, V1 cortical thickness was related to cross-modal activation, and the volume of the optic chiasm and lateral geniculate was related to fractional anisotropy in the visual pathway. Our findings show that several of the structural and functional effects of blindness may be reduced to a smaller set of dimensions. It also seems that the changes in the brain that accompany blindness are on a continuum with normal variation found in the sighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey K. Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ritobrato Datta
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Noah C. Benson
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Sashank Prasad
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Samuel G. Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Artur V. Cideciyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Holly Bridge
- FMRIB Centre, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Kate E. Watkins
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
| | - Omar H. Butt
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra S. Dain
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Lauren Brandes
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Efstathios D. Gennatas
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
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Pache F, Zimmermann H, Mikolajczak J, Schumacher S, Lacheta A, Oertel FC, Bellmann-Strobl J, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Reindl M, Waldman A, Soelberg K, Asgari N, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Gross N, Buttmann M, Ach T, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Brandt AU. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 4: Afferent visual system damage after optic neuritis in MOG-IgG-seropositive versus AQP4-IgG-seropositive patients. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:282. [PMID: 27802824 PMCID: PMC5088645 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) have been reported in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG)-negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). The objective of this study was to describe optic neuritis (ON)-induced neuro-axonal damage in the retina of MOG-IgG-positive patients in comparison with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients. METHODS Afferent visual system damage following ON was bilaterally assessed in 16 MOG-IgG-positive patients with a history of ON and compared with that in 16 AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients. In addition, 16 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and disease duration were analyzed. Study data included ON history, retinal optical coherence tomography, visual acuity, and visual evoked potentials. RESULTS Eight MOG-IgG-positive patients had a previous diagnosis of AQP4-IgG-negative NMOSD with ON and myelitis, and eight of (mainly recurrent) ON. Twenty-nine of the 32 eyes of the MOG-IgG-positive patients had been affected by at least one episode of ON. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) and ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer volume (GCIP) were significantly reduced in ON eyes of MOG-IgG-positive patients (pRNFL = 59 ± 23 μm; GCIP = 1.50 ± 0.34 mm3) compared with healthy controls (pRNFL = 99 ± 6 μm, p < 0.001; GCIP = 1.97 ± 0.11 mm3, p < 0.001). Visual acuity was impaired in eyes after ON in MOG-IgG-positive patients (0.35 ± 0.88 logMAR). There were no significant differences in any structural or functional visual parameters between MOG-IgG-positive and AQP4-IgG-positive patients (pRNFL: 59 ± 21 μm; GCIP: 1.41 ± 0.27 mm3; Visual acuity = 0.72 ± 1.09 logMAR). Importantly, MOG-IgG-positive patients had a significantly higher annual ON relapse rate than AQP4-IgG-positive patients (median 0.69 vs. 0.29 attacks/year, p = 0.004), meaning that on average a single ON episode caused less damage in MOG-IgG-positive than in AQP4-IgG-positive patients. pRNFL and GCIP loss correlated with the number of ON episodes in MOG-IgG-positive patients (p < 0.001), but not in AQP4-IgG-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS Retinal neuro-axonal damage and visual impairment after ON in MOG-IgG-positive patients are as severe as in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients. In MOG-IgG-positive patients, damage accrual may be driven by higher relapse rates, whereas AQP4-IgG-positive patients showed fewer but more severe episodes of ON. Given the marked damage in some of our MOG-IgG-positive patients, early diagnosis and timely initiation and close monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Pache
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Zimmermann
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Mikolajczak
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Schumacher
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Lacheta
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederike C. Oertel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Amy Waldman
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kerstin Soelberg
- Department of Neurology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolai Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Buttmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ach
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander U. Brandt
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - in cooperation with the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS)
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Weil RS, Schrag AE, Warren JD, Crutch SJ, Lees AJ, Morris HR. Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:2827-2843. [PMID: 27412389 PMCID: PMC5091042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease have a number of specific visual disturbances. These include changes in colour vision and contrast sensitivity and difficulties with complex visual tasks such as mental rotation and emotion recognition. We review changes in visual function at each stage of visual processing from retinal deficits, including contrast sensitivity and colour vision deficits to higher cortical processing impairments such as object and motion processing and neglect. We consider changes in visual function in patients with common Parkinson's disease-associated genetic mutations including GBA and LRRK2 . We discuss the association between visual deficits and clinical features of Parkinson's disease such as rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder and the postural instability and gait disorder phenotype. We review the link between abnormal visual function and visual hallucinations, considering current models for mechanisms of visual hallucinations. Finally, we discuss the role of visuo-perceptual testing as a biomarker of disease and predictor of dementia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimona S. Weil
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anette E. Schrag
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jason D. Warren
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Huw R. Morris
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Kancherla S, Kohler WJ, van der Merwe Y, Chan KC. In Vivo Evaluation of the Visual Pathway in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes by Diffusion Tensor MRI and Contrast Enhanced MRI. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165169. [PMID: 27768755 PMCID: PMC5074510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual function has been shown to deteriorate prior to the onset of retinopathy in some diabetic patients and experimental animal models. This suggests the involvement of the brain's visual system in the early stages of diabetes. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by examining the integrity of the visual pathway in a diabetic rat model using in vivo multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into an experimental diabetic group by intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin in 0.01 M citric acid, and a sham control group by intraperitoneal injection of citric acid only. One month later, diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) was performed to examine the white matter integrity in the brain, followed by chromium-enhanced MRI of retinal integrity and manganese-enhanced MRI of anterograde manganese transport along the visual pathway. Prior to MRI experiments, the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed significantly smaller weight gain and higher blood glucose level than the control rats. DTI revealed significantly lower fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity in the prechiasmatic optic nerve of the diabetic rats compared to the control rats. No apparent difference was observed in the axial diffusivity of the optic nerve, the chromium enhancement in the retina, or the manganese enhancement in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus between groups. Our results suggest that streptozotocin-induced diabetes leads to early injury in the optic nerve when no substantial change in retinal integrity or anterograde transport along the visual pathways was observed in MRI using contrast agent enhancement. DTI may be a useful tool for detecting and monitoring early pathophysiological changes in the visual system of experimental diabetes non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarupa Kancherla
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - William J. Kohler
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Yolandi van der Merwe
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Chan
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Barcelona PF, Sitaras N, Galan A, Esquiva G, Jmaeff S, Jian Y, Sarunic MV, Cuenca N, Sapieha P, Saragovi HU. p75NTR and Its Ligand ProNGF Activate Paracrine Mechanisms Etiological to the Vascular, Inflammatory, and Neurodegenerative Pathologies of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Neurosci 2016; 36:8826-41. [PMID: 27559166 PMCID: PMC6601903 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4278-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In many diseases, expression and ligand-dependent activity of the p75(NTR) receptor can promote pericyte and vascular dysfunction, inflammation, glial activation, and neurodegeneration. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by all of these pathological events. However, the mechanisms by which p75(NTR) may be implicated at each stage of DR pathology remain poorly understood. Using a streptozotocin mouse model of diabetic retinopathy, we report that p75(NTR) is upregulated very early in glia and in pericytes to mediate ligand-dependent induction of inflammatory cytokines, disruption of the neuro-glia-vascular unit, promotion of blood-retina barrier breakdown, edema, and neuronal death. In a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, mimicking proliferative DR, p75(NTR)-dependent inflammation leads to ischemia and pathological angiogenesis through Semaphorin 3A. The acute use of antagonists of p75(NTR) or antagonists of the ligand proNGF suppresses each distinct phase of pathology, ameliorate disease, and prevent disease progression. Thus, our study documents novel disease mechanisms and validates druggable targets for diabetic retinopathy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects an estimated 250 million people and has no effective treatment. Stages of progression comprise pericyte/vascular dysfunction, inflammation, glial activation, and neurodegeneration. The pathophysiology of each stage remains unclear. We postulated that the activity of p75NTR may be implicated. We show that p75NTR in glia and in pericytes mediate ligand-dependent induction of inflammatory cytokines, disruption of the neuro-glia-vascular unit, promotion of blood-retina barrier breakdown, edema, and neuronal death. p75NTR-promoted inflammation leads to ischemia and angiogenesis through Semaphorin 3A. Antagonists of p75NTR or antagonists of proNGF suppress each distinct phase of pathology, ameliorate disease, and prevent disease progression. Our study documents novel mechanisms in a pervasive disease and validates druggable targets for treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Astrocytes/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/chemically induced
- Diabetic Retinopathy/complications
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Inflammation/etiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Neurodegenerative Diseases/etiology
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Streptozocin/toxicity
- Tomography, Optical Coherence
- Vascular Diseases/etiology
- Visual Pathways/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Barcelona
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Center for Translational Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Sitaras
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Alba Galan
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Center for Translational Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante CP 03690, Spain
| | - Sean Jmaeff
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Center for Translational Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yifan Jian
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Marinko V Sarunic
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante CP 03690, Spain
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada, Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada, Department of Neurology-Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, and
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Center for Translational Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada, McGill Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Mormina E, Arrigo A, Calamuneri A, Alafaci C, Tomasello F, Morabito R, Marino S, Longo M, Vinci SL, Granata F. Optic radiations evaluation in patients affected by high-grade gliomas: a side-by-side constrained spherical deconvolution and diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroradiology 2016; 58:1067-1075. [PMID: 27516100 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-016-1732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need to improve surgical efficacy in patients affected by high-grade gliomas has led to development of advanced pre-surgical MRI-based techniques such as tractography. This study investigates pre-surgical planning of optic radiations (ORs) in patients affected by occipito-temporo-parietal high-grade gliomas, by means of constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. METHODS Twelve patients with occipito-temporo-parietal high-grade gliomas were recruited and analyzed using a 3 T MRI scanner. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was conducted with 64 gradient diffusion directions. OR alterations were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively to evaluate the effectiveness of CSD- and DTI-based pre-surgical planning. RESULTS CSD-based tractography provided better qualitative evaluation of affected white matter tracts when compared to DTI; by thresholding tractographic probabilistic maps coming from all reconstructions, we detected, at the highest cutoff level, OR involvement in 75 % of patients (vs 41.67 % of patients with probabilistic DTI). Quantitative analysis of diffusion parameters revealed a statistically significant decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the affected side following CSD-based reconstructions; on the contrary, DTI-based reconstructions did not show any significant quantitative alteration. CONCLUSION Our results showed improvement in pre-surgical planning of high-grade gliomas involving ORs with use of CSD-based tractography. This technique provided more useful information regarding the white matter spatial relationship with brain neoplasm and its involvement in the glioma, when compared to DTI. Using CSD model for OR evaluation may optimize safe surgical resection margins, helping to reduce risk of post-operative visual deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enricomaria Mormina
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1 c/o A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125, Messina, Italy
- Department of Neurology - Icahn School of Medicine, New York, Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1 c/o A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Concetta Alafaci
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Morabito
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1 c/o A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Marcello Longo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1 c/o A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Sergio Lucio Vinci
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1 c/o A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Granata
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria, 1 c/o A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125, Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Lesions of the posterior parietal cortex in humans can produce a specific disruption of visually guided hand movements termed optic ataxia. The fact that the deficit mainly occurs in peripheral vision suggests that reaching in foveal and extrafoveal vision relies on two different anatomical substrates. Using fMRI in healthy subjects, the authors demonstrated the existence of two systems, differently modulated by the two reaching conditions. Reaching in central vision involves a restricted network, including the medial intraparietal sulcus (mIPS) and the caudal part of the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). Reaching in peripheral vision engages a more extensive network, including the parieto-occipital junction (POJ). Interestingly, POJ corresponds to the site of the lesion overlap that the authors recently found to be responsible for optic ataxia. These two sets of results converge to show that there is not a unique cortical network for reaching control but instead two systems engaged in reaching to targets in the central and peripheral visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Clavagnier
- Laboratorium voor Neuroen Psychofysiologie, Medical School, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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Lanska DJ. Elaboration of the Visual Pathways from the Study of War-Related Cranial Injuries: The Period from the Russo-Japanese War to World War I. Front Neurol Neurosci 2016; 38:31-42. [PMID: 27035915 DOI: 10.1159/000442567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the wars in the early 20th century, elaboration of the visual pathways was greatly facilitated by the meticulous study of visual defects in soldiers who had suffered focal injuries to the visual cortex. Using relatively crude techniques, often under difficult wartime circumstances, investigators successfully mapped key features of the visual pathways. Studies during the Russo- Japanese War (1904-1905) by Tatsuji Inouye (1881-1976) and during World War I by Gordon Holmes (1876-1965), William Lister (1868-1944), and others produced increasingly refined retinotopic maps of the primary visual cortex, which were later supported and refined by studies during and after World War II. Studies by George Riddoch (1888-1947) during World War I also demonstrated that some patients could still perceive motion despite blindness caused by damage to their visual cortex and helped to establish the concept of functional partitioning of visual processes in the occipital cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Lanska
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Great Lakes VA Healthcare System, Tomah, Wis., USA
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Ten Brink AF, Biesbroek JM, Kuijf HJ, Van der Stigchel S, Oort Q, Visser-Meily JMA, Nijboer TCW. The right hemisphere is dominant in organization of visual search-A study in stroke patients. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:71-9. [PMID: 26876010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancellation tasks are widely used for diagnosis of lateralized attentional deficits in stroke patients. A disorganized fashion of target cancellation has been hypothesized to reflect disturbed spatial exploration. In the current study we aimed to examine which lesion locations result in disorganized visual search during cancellation tasks, in order to determine which brain areas are involved in search organization. A computerized shape cancellation task was administered in 78 stroke patients. As an index for search organization, the amount of intersections of paths between consecutive crossed targets was computed (i.e., intersections rate). This measure is known to accurately depict disorganized visual search in a stroke population. Ischemic lesions were delineated on CT or MRI images. Assumption-free voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping and region of interest-based analyses were used to determine the grey and white matter anatomical correlates of the intersections rate as a continuous measure. The right lateral occipital cortex, superior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, first branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF I), and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, were related to search organization. To conclude, a clear right hemispheric dominance for search organization was revealed. Further, the correlates of disorganized search overlap with regions that have previously been associated with conjunctive search and spatial working memory. This suggests that disorganized visual search is caused by disturbed spatial processes, rather than deficits in high level executive function or planning, which would be expected to be more related to frontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia F Ten Brink
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Matthijs Biesbroek
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Kuijf
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Van der Stigchel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Quirien Oort
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M A Visser-Meily
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja C W Nijboer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Qi S, Mu YF, Cui LB, Li R, Shi M, Liu Y, Xu JQ, Zhang J, Yang J, Yin H. Association of Optic Radiation Integrity with Cortical Thickness in Children with Anisometropic Amblyopia. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:51-60. [PMID: 26769488 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated regional abnormalities of both gray and white matter in amblyopia. However, alterations of cortical thickness associated with changes in white matter integrity have rarely been reported. In this study, structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were obtained from 15 children with anisometropic amblyopia and 15 age- and gender-matched children with normal sight. Combining DTI and surface-based morphometry, we examined a potential linkage between disrupted white matter integrity and altered cortical thickness. The fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the optic radiations (ORs) of children with anisometropic amblyopia were lower than in controls (P < 0.05). The cortical thickness in amblyopic children was lower than controls in the following subregions: lingual cortex, lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, cuneus, occipital lobe, inferior parietal lobe, and temporal lobe (P < 0.05, corrected), but was higher in the calcarine gyrus (P < 0.05, corrected). Node-by-node correlation analysis of changes in cortical thickness revealed a significant association between a lower FA value in the OR and diminished cortical thickness in the following subregions: medial lingual cortex, lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, lateral, superior, and medial occipital cortex, and lunate cortex. We also found a relationship between changes of cortical thickness and white matter OR integrity in amblyopia. These findings indicate that developmental changes occur simultaneously in the OR and visual cortex in amblyopia, and provide key information on complex damage of brain networks in anisometropic amblyopia. Our results also support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of anisometropic amblyopia is neurodevelopmental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Qi
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yun-Feng Mu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Long-Biao Cui
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Mei Shi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jun-Qing Xu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Aboulenein-Djamshidian F, Krššák M, Serbecic N, Rauschka H, Beutelspacher S, Kukurová IJ, Valkovič L, Khan A, Prayer D, Kristoferitsch W. CROP - The Clinico-Radiologico-Ophthalmological Paradox in Multiple Sclerosis: Are Patterns of Retinal and MRI Changes Heterogeneous and Thus Not Predictable? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142272. [PMID: 26565967 PMCID: PMC4643899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no direct scientific evidence has been found linking tissue changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, such as demyelination, axonal destruction or gliosis, with either steady progression and/or stepwise accumulation of focal CNS lesions. Tissue changes such as reduction of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the total macular volume (TMV), or brain- and spinal cord atrophy indicates an irreversible stage of tissue destruction. Whether these changes are found in all MS patients, and if there is a correlation with clinical disease state, remains controversial. The objective of our study was to determine, whether there was any correlation between the RNFL or TMV of patients with MS, and: (1) the lesion load along the visual pathways, (2) the ratios and absolute concentrations of metabolites in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), (3) standard brain atrophy indices, (4) disease activity or (5) disease duration. METHODS 28 MS patients (RRMS, n = 23; secondary progressive MS (SPMS), n = 5) with moderately-high disease activity or long disease course were included in the study. We utilised: (1) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (2) -spectroscopy (MRS), both operating at 3 Tesla, and (3) high-resolution spectral domain-OCT with locked reference images and eye tracking mode) to undertake the study. RESULTS There was no consistency in the pattern of CNS metabolites, brain atrophy indices and the RNFL/TMV between individuals, which ranged from normal to markedly-reduced levels. Furthermore, there was no strict correlation between CNS metabolites, lesions along the visual pathways, atrophy indices, RNFL, TMV, disease duration or disability. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that the concept of 'clinico-radiologico paradox' in multiple sclerosis be extended to CROP-'clinico-radiologico-ophthalmological paradox'. Furthermore, OCT data of MS patients should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmy Aboulenein-Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, SMZ-Ost Donauspital, A-1220 Langobardenstrasse 122, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Neuroimmunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders, A-1220 Langobardenstrasse 122, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Krššák
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Währingergürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nermin Serbecic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Währingergürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helmut Rauschka
- Department of Neurology, SMZ-Ost Donauspital, A-1220 Langobardenstrasse 122, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Neuroimmunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders, A-1220 Langobardenstrasse 122, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Beutelspacher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ivica Just Kukurová
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Währingergürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ladislav Valkovič
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Währingergürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adnan Khan
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculo-Skeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kristoferitsch
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Neuroimmunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders, A-1220 Langobardenstrasse 122, Vienna, Austria
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Qiao N, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Shen M, Shou X, Wang Y, Li S, Wang M, Zhao Y. Comparison of multifocal visual evoked potential, static automated perimetry, and optical coherence tomography findings for assessing visual pathways in patients with pituitary adenomas. Pituitary 2015; 18:598-603. [PMID: 25349031 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-014-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been no studies investigating the correlation between structural [thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) as determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT)] and functional [Humphrey visual field (HVF) or visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitude] measures of optic nerve integrity in patients with pituitary adenomas (PA). METHODS Patients with PAs were recruited between September 2010 and September 2013. OCT, standard automated perimetry (SAP), and multifical VEP (mfVEP) were performed. Agreement between OCT, SAP, and mfVEP values in classifying eyes/quadrants was determined using AC1 statistics. Pearson's correlation was used to examine relationships between structural and functional data. RESULTS In total, 88.7% of the eyes tested showed abnormal SAP findings and 93.7% showed abnormal mfVEP findings. Only 14.8% of the eyes showed abnormal OCT findings. The agreement between SAP and mfVEP findings was 88.9% (AC1 = 0.87). The agreement between OCT and mfVEP findings was 24.2% (AC1 = -0.52), and that between OCT and SAP findings was 21.5% (AC1 = -0.56). The correlation values between RNFL thickness and the functional measurements were -0.601 for the mfVEP score (P = 0.000) and -0.441 for the SAP score (P = 0.000). The correlation between the mfVEP and SAP scores was -0.617 (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS mfVEP, SAP, and OCT provided complementary information for detecting visual pathway abnormalities in patients with PAs. Good agreement was demonstrated between SAP and mfVEP and quantitative analysis of structure-function measurements revealed a moderate correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidan Qiao
- Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, HuaShan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12# Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
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Wu GF, Brier MR, Parks CAL, Ances BM, Van Stavern GP. An Eye on Brain Integrity: Acute Optic Neuritis Affects Resting State Functional Connectivity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:2541-6. [PMID: 25813992 PMCID: PMC4416526 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the ability for imaging to capture brain adaptations to injury that occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS) is limited. In particular, how the brain initially contends with the earliest clinical manifestations of white matter injury has yet to be defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of acute optic neuritis (ON) on resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI). METHODS Fifteen patients with a clinically isolated syndrome of acute ON were evaluated at an academic center in a prospective study. Subjects were assessed with structural and functional vision measures, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), high- and low-contrast letter acuity testing, and visual fields and quality-of-life measures (VFQ-25). The rs-fcMRI was compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS We observed reduced functional connectivity within the visual system and a loss of anticorrelations between the visual system and nonvisual networks. Stronger functional connectivity between visual regions correlated with better quality of life, as measured by the VFQ-25, and better acuity scores for both high- and low-contrast testing in the affected eye. CONCLUSIONS The rs-fcMRI functional connectivity changes within (intranetwork) and between (internetwork) resting state networks occur after acute ON, indicating immediate cortical responses to focal inflammatory demyelination. Thus, focal white matter injury in the central nervous system acutely results in widespread network alterations that may lead to functional neurologic changes seen in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F. Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Matthew R, Brier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Cassie A.-L. Parks
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Gregory P. Van Stavern
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To calibrate and standardise an animal model of graded optic nerve injury (ONI) in rats to facilitate future inter-laboratory data comparisons, focussing on quantification of injury intensity, injury severity, and the correlation between them. METHODS A pair of cross-action forceps or a pair of artery clips was used to induce optic nerve (ON) crush injuries. A lever principle and a simplified method were used to measure the crushing force. The simplified method directly measured weights as an external force exerted on the tip of the forceps or clips, which was just sufficient to maintain a gap and was equivalent to the closing (crush) force. The impulse and averaged impulse were explored as physical quantities to compare injury intensities. Graded ONIs were made by crushing the ON for 3, 6, 12, 30 or 60 seconds by the cross-action forceps, or 5, 10 or 15 seconds by the artery clips. The injury severity was evaluated by counting surviving retinal ganglion cell (RGC) through applied FluoroGold to the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body before ON crush, intact RGC counting by applied FluoroGold after ON crush, and ON axon counting. RESULTS Similar results were obtained by the lever principle method and the simplified method. The crushing force of the cross-action forceps and the artery clips was 148.0 gram force (gf) and 32.4 gf, respectively. The graded ONI animal models were successfully created in rats without retinal ischaemia post-trauma. The averaged impulse produced by the artery clips for 15 seconds was equal to that produced by a 3-second crush of the cross-action forceps. The correlation between injury intensity and injury severity was fitted for a power function. DISCUSSION Our results provide a simplified and effective means to quantify and analyse data from ON crush studies compared with previously reported animal models.
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Hana A, Dooms G, Boecher-Schwarz H, Hertel F. Diffusion tensor imaging--arcuate fasciculus and the importance for the neurosurgeon. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2015; 132:61-7. [PMID: 25795162 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumors in eloquent areas of the brain like Broca or Wernicke might have disastrous consequences for patients. We intended to visualize the arcuate fasciculus (AF) and to demonstrate his relation with the corticospinal tract and the visual pathway using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS We depicted between 2012 and 2014 the AF in 71 patients. Men and women of all ages were included. Eleven patients had postoperative controls also. We used a 3DT1-sequence for the navigation. Furthermore T2- and DTI-sequences were performed. The FOV was 200 × 200 mm(2), slice thickness 2mm, and an acquisition matrix of 96 × 96 yielding nearly isotropic voxels of 2 × 2 × 2 mm. 3-Tesla-MRI was carried out strictly axial using 32 gradient directions and one b0-image. We used Echo-Planar-Imaging (EPI) and ASSET parallel imaging with an acceleration factor of 2. b-Value was 800 s/mm(2). Additional scanning time was less than 9 min. RESULTS AF was portrayed in 63 patients bilaterally. In one glioblastoma patient it was impossible to visualize the left AF and in seven other patients we could not portray the right one. The lesions affected AF by disrupting or displacing the fibers. CONCLUSIONS DTI might be a useful tool to portray AF. It is time-saving and can be used to preserve morbidity in patients with lesions in eloquent brain areas. It might give deeper insights of the white matter and the reorganization of AF-fibers postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardian Hana
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Neurosurgery, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Georges Dooms
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Neurosurgery, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | | | - Frank Hertel
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Neurosurgery, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Elliott KL, Houston DW, Fritzsch B. Sensory afferent segregation in three-eared frogs resemble the dominance columns observed in three-eyed frogs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8338. [PMID: 25661240 PMCID: PMC4648447 DOI: 10.1038/srep08338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of proper sensory afferent connections during development is essential for brain function. Activity-based competition is believed to drive ocular dominance columns (ODC) in mammals and in experimentally-generated three-eyed frogs. ODC formation is thus a compromise of activity differences between two eyes and similar molecular cues. To gauge the generality of graphical map formation in the brain, we investigated the inner ear projection, known for its well-defined and early segregation of afferents from vestibular and auditory endorgans. In analogy to three eyed-frogs, we generated three-eared frogs to assess to what extent vestibular afferents from two adjacent ears could segregate. Donor ears were transplanted either in the native orientation or rotated by 90 degrees. These manipulations should result in either similar or different induced activity between both ears, respectively. Three-eared frogs with normal orientation showed normal swimming whereas those with a rotated third ear showed aberrant behaviors. Projection studies revealed that only afferents from the rotated ears segregated from those from the native ear within the vestibular nucleus, resembling the ocular dominance columns formed in three-eyed frogs. Vestibular segregation suggests that mechanisms comparable to those operating in the ODC formation of the visual system may act on vestibular projection refinements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Manara R, Citton V, Maffei P, Marshall JD, Naggert JK, Milan G, Vettor R, Baglione A, Vitale A, Briani C, Di Salle F, Favaro A. Degeneration and plasticity of the optic pathway in Alström syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:160-5. [PMID: 25355816 PMCID: PMC7965932 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alström syndrome is a rare inherited ciliopathy in which early progressive cone-rod dystrophy leads to childhood blindness. We investigated functional and structural changes of the optic pathway in Alström syndrome by using MR imaging to provide insight into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven patients with genetically proved Alström syndrome (mean age, 23 years; range, 6-45 years; 5 females) and 19 age- and sex-matched controls underwent brain MR imaging. The study protocol included conventional sequences, resting-state functional MR imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging. RESULTS In patients with Alström syndrome, the evaluation of the occipital regions showed the following: 1) diffuse white matter volume decrease while gray matter volume decrease spared the occipital poles (voxel-based morphometry), 2) diffuse fractional anisotropy decrease and radial diffusivity increase while mean and axial diffusivities were normal (tract-based spatial statistics), and 3) reduced connectivity in the medial visual network strikingly sparing the occipital poles (independent component analysis). After we placed seeds in both occipital poles, the seed-based analysis revealed significantly increased connectivity in patients with Alström syndrome toward the left frontal operculum, inferior and middle frontal gyri, and the medial portion of both thalami (left seed) and toward the anterior portion of the left insula (right and left seeds). CONCLUSIONS The protean occipital brain changes in patients with Alström syndrome likely reflect the coexistence of diffuse primary myelin derangement, anterograde trans-synaptic degeneration, and complex cortical reorganization affecting the anterior and posterior visual cortex to different degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manara
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery (R.M., A.V., F.D.S.), Neuroradiology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - V Citton
- Department of Radiology (V.C.), Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venezia, Italy
| | - P Maffei
- Department of Internal Medicine (P.M., G.M., R.V.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - J D Marshall
- Jackson Laboratory (J.D.M., J.K.N.), Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - J K Naggert
- Jackson Laboratory (J.D.M., J.K.N.), Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - G Milan
- Department of Internal Medicine (P.M., G.M., R.V.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - R Vettor
- Department of Internal Medicine (P.M., G.M., R.V.), University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Baglione
- Department of Neurosciences (A.B., C.B., A.F.), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - A Vitale
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery (R.M., A.V., F.D.S.), Neuroradiology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - C Briani
- Department of Neurosciences (A.B., C.B., A.F.), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - F Di Salle
- From the Department of Medicine and Surgery (R.M., A.V., F.D.S.), Neuroradiology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - A Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences (A.B., C.B., A.F.), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Balcer LJ, Miller DH, Reingold SC, Cohen JA. Vision and vision-related outcome measures in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2015; 138:11-27. [PMID: 25433914 PMCID: PMC4285195 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment is a key manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Acute optic neuritis is a common, often presenting manifestation, but visual deficits and structural loss of retinal axonal and neuronal integrity can occur even without a history of optic neuritis. Interest in vision in multiple sclerosis is growing, partially in response to the development of sensitive visual function tests, structural markers such as optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and quality of life measures that give clinical meaning to the structure-function correlations that are unique to the afferent visual pathway. Abnormal eye movements also are common in multiple sclerosis, but quantitative assessment methods that can be applied in practice and clinical trials are not readily available. We summarize here a comprehensive literature search and the discussion at a recent international meeting of investigators involved in the development and study of visual outcomes in multiple sclerosis, which had, as its overriding goals, to review the state of the field and identify areas for future research. We review data and principles to help us understand the importance of vision as a model for outcomes assessment in clinical practice and therapeutic trials in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Balcer
- 1 Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | - David H Miller
- 2 Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Miranda-Herrero MC, Pascual-Pascual SI, Barredo-Valderrama E, Vazquez-Lopez M, de Castro-De Castro P. [Visuospatial functions and prematurity]. Rev Neurol 2014; 59:411-418. [PMID: 25342055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Visuospatial functions are very important in learning process and development of abstract thought during childhood. Several studies show that preterm and low birth weight infants obtain lower scores in test that assess cognitive functions, specially in the first year of life. These differences are attenuated over time, but a developmental delay that affects working memory and visuospatial process still persists. It is unclear what factors are involved in development of these functions, and pre- or perinatal factors may interfere with the proper conduct of the same, but have been described anatomical and physiological differences between the preterm and term brain that could explain somewhere in these alterations. The different selective vulnerability to hypoxia between immature brain in which preoligodendrocytes and subplate neurons predominate, and mature brain, determine differences in the pattern of injury from hypoxia with greater involvement of the periventricular white matter in preterm children. This lesional pattern leaves to a dysfunction in attentional and visuospatial process, due to the increased vulnerability of the regions involved in the dorsal pathway of visual processing.
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MESH Headings
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Cognition Disorders/pathology
- Cognition Disorders/physiopathology
- Fetal Hypoxia/pathology
- Fetal Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Humans
- Hypoxia, Brain/pathology
- Hypoxia, Brain/physiopathology
- Infant, Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature/growth & development
- Infant, Premature/physiology
- Infant, Premature/psychology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/pathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/psychology
- Learning Disabilities/etiology
- Learning Disabilities/physiopathology
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/pathology
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/physiopathology
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/psychology
- Nerve Net/pathology
- Nerve Net/physiopathology
- Neurons/pathology
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Space Perception/physiology
- Visual Pathways/pathology
- Visual Pathways/physiopathology
- Visual Perception/physiology
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Frezzotti P, Giorgio A, Motolese I, De Leucio A, Iester M, Motolese E, Federico A, De Stefano N. Structural and functional brain changes beyond visual system in patients with advanced glaucoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105931. [PMID: 25162716 PMCID: PMC4146554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), an important cause of irreversible blindness, a spreading of neurodegeneration occurs through the brain, we performed multimodal MRI and subsequent whole-brain explorative voxelwise analyses in 13 advanced POAG patients and 12 age-matched normal controls (NC). Altered integrity (decreased fractional anisotropy or increased diffusivities) of white matter (WM) tracts was found not only along the visual pathway of POAG but also in nonvisual WM tracts (superior longitudinal fascicle, anterior thalamic radiation, corticospinal tract, middle cerebellar peduncle). POAG patients also showed brain atrophy in both visual cortex and other distant grey matter (GM) regions (frontoparietal cortex, hippocampi and cerebellar cortex), decreased functional connectivity (FC) in visual, working memory and dorsal attention networks and increased FC in visual and executive networks. In POAG, abnormalities in structure and FC within and outside visual system correlated with visual field parameters in the poorer performing eyes, thus emphasizing their clinical relevance. Altogether, this represents evidence that a vision disorder such as POAG can be considered a widespread neurodegenerative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Frezzotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Giorgio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Motolese
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Leucio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Iester
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eduardo Motolese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Building on the anatomic and diagnostic approaches presented elsewhere in this issue of CONTINUUM, this article presents important differential considerations for chiasmal and retrochiasmal vision loss, useful strategies for confirming the underlying etiology, principles of their natural history, and, where appropriate, treatment strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Although a wide variety of pathologic processes can affect the optic chiasm and retrochiasmal visual pathways, those commonly seen in neurologic practice are comparatively fewer in number. This article updates current understanding of vision loss localizing to the optic chiasm, including pituitary adenoma, sellar meningiomas, and aneurysms. Important causes of retrochiasmal vision loss, including stroke and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, are also presented. SUMMARY The optic chiasm and retrochiasmal visual pathways are susceptible to various forms of injury, with resultant patterns of vision loss that can be precisely localized on the basis of clinical and neuroimaging findings. Accurate localization, in association with other clinical features, allows for consideration of relevant differential diagnoses, which can be confirmed through the judicious application of appropriate diagnostic studies. Accurate localization, diagnosis, and robust clinical surveillance are essential to the effective management and treatment of these causes of vision loss.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review emphasizes the differential diagnosis of visual loss for the neurologist. RECENT FINDINGS As an expert on the CNS, of which the eye is a part, the neurologist is expected to be able to evaluate a patient's report of visual loss and provide at least a cursory examination of the ocular apparatus and visual pathways. To appropriately localize the lesion within the eye and to generate a diagnosis, the neurologist must at least be aware of the other clinical entities that can cause visual loss, especially sudden visual loss, other than optic nerve damage. Once the problem has been localized to the optic nerve, a complete differential diagnosis will include all the pathophysiologic processes that can affect any tissue, specifically any piece of brain tissue. Intracerebral visual loss from damage to the chiasm or retrochiasmal pathways or to the downstream centers of higher visual processing is also common, given that the visual pathways constitute more than one-third of the supratentorial brain mass and are frequently affected by structural lesions and a wide range of neurologic disorders. The paucity of neuro-ophthalmologists makes it essential for neurologists to feel comfortable evaluating and managing patients with visual loss from presumed optic neuropathies or lesions of the intracranial visual pathways. SUMMARY The diagnosis of visual loss is not always easy, even for ophthalmologists. Good collaboration between neurologists and ophthalmologists is the key to a correct diagnosis and appropriate management when a neuro-ophthalmologist is not readily available.
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