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King D, Southgate HED, Roetschke S, Gravells P, Fields L, Watson JB, Chen L, Chapman D, Harrison D, Yeomanson D, Curtin NJ, Tweddle DA, Bryant HE. Increased Replication Stress Determines ATR Inhibitor Sensitivity in Neuroblastoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246215. [PMID: 34944835 PMCID: PMC8699051 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive high-dose multimodal therapy, high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) confers a less than 50% survival rate. This study investigates the role of replication stress in sensitivity to inhibition of Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) in pre-clinical models of high-risk NB. Amplification of the oncogene MYCN always imparts high-risk disease and occurs in 25% of all NB. Here, we show that MYCN-induced replication stress directly increases sensitivity to the ATR inhibitors VE-821 and AZD6738. PARP inhibition with Olaparib also results in replication stress and ATR activation, and sensitises NB cells to ATR inhibition independently of MYCN status, with synergistic levels of cell death seen in MYCN expressing ATR- and PARP-inhibited cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ATR inhibition increases the number of persistent stalled and collapsed replication forks, exacerbating replication stress. It also abrogates S and G2 cell cycle checkpoints leading to death during mitosis in cells treated with an ATR inhibitor combined with PARP inhibition. In summary, increased replication stress through high MYCN expression, PARP inhibition or chemotherapeutic agents results in sensitivity to ATR inhibition. Our findings provide a mechanistic rationale for the inclusion of ATR and PARP inhibitors as a potential treatment strategy for high-risk NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- David King
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (D.K.); (S.R.); (P.G.); (L.F.); (D.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Harriet E. D. Southgate
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (H.E.D.S.); (J.B.W.); (L.C.)
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Saskia Roetschke
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (D.K.); (S.R.); (P.G.); (L.F.); (D.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (D.K.); (S.R.); (P.G.); (L.F.); (D.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Leona Fields
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (D.K.); (S.R.); (P.G.); (L.F.); (D.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Jessica B. Watson
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (H.E.D.S.); (J.B.W.); (L.C.)
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Lindi Chen
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (H.E.D.S.); (J.B.W.); (L.C.)
| | - Devon Chapman
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (D.K.); (S.R.); (P.G.); (L.F.); (D.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Daniel Harrison
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (D.K.); (S.R.); (P.G.); (L.F.); (D.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Daniel Yeomanson
- Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK;
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Deborah A. Tweddle
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (H.E.D.S.); (J.B.W.); (L.C.)
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
- Correspondence: (D.A.T.); (H.E.B.)
| | - Helen E. Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (D.K.); (S.R.); (P.G.); (L.F.); (D.C.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.T.); (H.E.B.)
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Ward TH, Gilbert DC, Higginbotham G, Morris CM, Speirs V, Curtin NJ. Radiotherapy biobanking: current landscape, opportunities, challenges, and future aspirations. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 8:3-13. [PMID: 34658150 PMCID: PMC8682944 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Half of all cancer patients receive radiotherapy, which makes a substantial contribution to their long‐term disease control/cure. There are significant inter‐patient differences in response, both in terms of efficacy and toxicity (frequently delayed onset) which are difficult to predict. With the introduction of technological improvements (e.g. stereotactic body radiotherapy and proton therapy) and development of combination therapies (e.g. radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibition), predictive biomarkers are needed even more. Whilst genomic studies have contributed significantly to predictions of response to anticancer therapy, there is no doubt that more information can be gathered from patient tissue samples. Patients are willing to donate their tissues to biobanks and wish them to be used as widely as possible for high‐quality research. We report here a survey of the current practices in the UK from several groups collecting material from patients in radiotherapy trials and have identified barriers to collecting and sharing data and samples. We believe the current situation represents a significant missed opportunity to improve the personalisation of radiotherapy. We propose a greater involvement of patients and/or their advocates, a standardisation of the patient information leaflet, consent form content and data set, with easy linkage to clinical data, which would facilitate widespread sample and data discovery and availability to other researchers. The greater sharing of data and samples, nationally and internationally, would facilitate robust multicentre studies and avoid duplication of effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim H Ward
- Patient Advocate, National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI), London, UK
| | - Duncan C Gilbert
- Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK.,MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Chris M Morris
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
The process of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and the major enzyme that catalyses this reaction, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), were discovered more than 50 years ago. Since then, advances in our understanding of the roles of PARP1 in cellular processes such as DNA repair, gene transcription and cell death have allowed the investigation of therapeutic PARP inhibition for a variety of diseases - particularly cancers in which defects in DNA repair pathways make tumour cells highly sensitive to the inhibition of PARP activity. Efforts to identify and evaluate potent PARP inhibitors have so far led to the regulatory approval of four PARP inhibitors for the treatment of several types of cancer, and PARP inhibitors have also shown therapeutic potential in treating non-oncological diseases. This Review provides a timeline of PARP biology and medicinal chemistry, summarizes the pathophysiological processes in which PARP plays a role and highlights key opportunities and challenges in the field, such as counteracting PARP inhibitor resistance during cancer therapy and repurposing PARP inhibitors for the treatment of non-oncological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Curtin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Southgate HE, Chen L, Curtin NJ, Tweddle DA. Abstract 1374: Preclinical investigation of ATR inhibition alone and in combination with PARP inhibition in high risk neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:Neuroblastoma (NB) is the commonest extra-cranial malignant solid tumour of childhood and one of the most difficult to cure. DNA damage response (DDR) defects are frequently observed in high risk NB including allelic loss and loss of function mutations in key DDR genes, oncogene induced replication stress (RS) and cell cycle checkpoint dysfunction. Cancer cells with defective cell cycle checkpoint signalling and/or increased oncogene-driven RS are acutely dependent on the DNA damage sensor kinase ATR. This study aims to identify features of NB cell lines leading to ATR inhibitor sensitivity. As PARP inhibition causes RS through unrepaired single strand DNA breaks progressing to replication, we hypothesise that ATR inhibition will increase PARP inhibitor cytotoxicity.
Aims: 1) To determine which molecular features lead to sensitivity to VE-821 (ATR inhibitor) in cell lines derived from high-risk NB tumours. 2) To assess synergism between PARP inhibition with olaparib and ATR inhibition in high risk NB cell lines and to measure RS.
Materials and Methods: Cell proliferation in response to 72 hours treatment with VE-821 was assessed by XTT assay (Roche) in a panel of 11 NB cell lines and the effect of ATR inhibition on olaparib growth inhibition in 4 cell lines: SHSY5Y, SKNAS, NGP and N20_R1. CHK1S345 and H2AXS129 phosphorylation was assessed using Western blotting to determine ATR activity and RS respectively. RS was also measured by γH2AX foci formation using immunofluorescent microscopy.
Results: VE-821 caused significantly more growth inhibition in MYCN amplified cell lines and cell lines with low ATM protein expression by XTT assay (p<0.05 Mann-Whitney U test). Olaparib (5 µM) treatment increased CHK1S345 and H2AXS129 phosphorylation after 24 hours treatment in all cell lines. H2AXS129 phosphorylation and foci number was further increased with the addition of VE-821 (1 µM). ATR inhibition prevented CHK1S345 phosphorylation. In cell proliferation assays, combination index analysis (Calcusyn) showed that ATR inhibition by VE-821 is synergistic with olaparib at sub lethal concentrations (<1 µM) (CI value 0.04-0.89).
Conclusion: MCYN amplification and low ATM protein expression are determinants of ATRi sensitivity in NB cell lines. ATR inhibition by VE-821 is synergistic with olaparib at sub lethal concentrations (<1 µM) and further increases the replication stress caused by PARP inhibition.
Citation Format: Harriet E. Southgate, Lindi Chen, Nicola J. Curtin, Deborah A. Tweddle. Preclinical investigation of ATR inhibition alone and in combination with PARP inhibition in high risk neuroblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1374.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindi Chen
- Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Bradbury AM, Zenke FT, Drew Y, Curtin NJ. Abstract 4125: Investigating determinants of sensitivity to ATR inhibition, as predictive biomarkers to single agent ATR inhibitor, VE-821, in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction:
ATR is a key kinase in the DNA damage response (DDR) that signals replication stress to the S and G2/M checkpoints. Loss of G1 checkpoint control is almost ubiquitous in cancer cells, which, coupled with frequent activation of oncogenes makes them more reliant on their S and G2/M checkpoints. Therefore, ATR is an attractive anti-cancer target. Several determinants of sensitivity to ATR inhibitors (ATRi) have been identified in the literature, such as ATM, TP53, cyclin E and ARID1A. In high grade serous ovarian cancer, almost 100% of all tumours have lost TP53 function, around 20% have activation of cyclin E, and ARID1A mutations are found in nearly 50% of all clear cell ovarian cancers. Therefore, ATR inhibition may be a successful treatment strategy in ovarian cancer.
Experimental Procedures:
ATRi, VE-821, the preclinical candidate of VX-970 now known as M6620, was used throughout these experiments. The inhibition of ATR activity and the cytotoxicity of VE-821 was assessed in 13 ovarian cancer cell lines and related to the protein and mRNA expression of DDR proteins, oncogenes and other known determinants of sensitivity to ATRi. Growth inhibition by VE-821 was determined in patient derived primary cultures of malignant ovarian cancer ascites cells.
Results:
Ovarian cancer cell lines and patient samples display a range of sensitivities to VE-821. UWB1.289 cells lacking BRCA1 were the most sensitive to VE-821 (LC50 0.64 µM ± 0.06) and 1.5 times more sensitive than its BRCA1 corrected derivative, confirming previous reports of BRCA1 determining sensitivity to ATRi. NIH-OVCAR3 cells were the least sensitive to VE-821 (LC50 17.87 ± 1.86 µM) and CAOV3 were the second most sensitive to VE-821 (LC50 0.78 ± 0.55 µM), which did not correlate with ATR inhibition or expression of DDR proteins, oncogenes or other known determinants of sensitivity. There was a range of sensitivities to VE-821 in the 7 patient samples analysed to date, with the GI50 ranging from 0.78 µM to 29.08 µM, with no correlation between the growth rates of the sample to its sensitivity.
Conclusions:
These data show that determinants of sensitivity to ATRi, identified in isogenic cell line pairs, may not translate to the more complex molecular pathology of cancer cells where several determinants of sensitivity and resistance may be present simultaneously. More complex pathway analysis or functional readouts e.g. of replication stress, may be needed as predictive biomarkers for ATRi sensitivity.
Citation Format: Alice Mary Bradbury, Frank T. Zenke, Yvette Drew, Nicola J. Curtin. Investigating determinants of sensitivity to ATR inhibition, as predictive biomarkers to single agent ATR inhibitor, VE-821, in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4125.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yvette Drew
- 1Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Bradbury A, O’Donnell R, Drew Y, Curtin NJ, Sharma Saha S. Characterisation of Ovarian Cancer Cell Line NIH-OVCAR3 and Implications of Genomic, Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Functional DNA Damage Response Biomarkers for Therapeutic Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071939. [PMID: 32709004 PMCID: PMC7409137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to be effective models to identify biomarkers of chemotherapy response, cancer cell lines require thorough characterization. In this study, we characterised the widely used high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cell line NIH-OVCAR3 using bioinformatics, cytotoxicity assays and molecular/functional analyses of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in comparison to an ovarian cancer cell line panel. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed the HGSOC-like features of NIH-OVCAR3, including low mutation frequency, TP53 loss and high copy number alteration frequency similar to 201 HGSOCs analysed (TCGA). Cytotoxicity assays were performed for the standard of care chemotherapy, carboplatin, and DDR targeting drugs: rucaparib (a PARP inhibitor) and VE-821 (an ATR inhibitor). Interestingly, NIH-OVCAR3 cells showed sensitivity to carboplatin and rucaparib which was explained by functional loss of homologous recombination repair (HRR) identified by plasmid re-joining assay, despite the ability to form RAD51 foci and absence of mutations in HRR genes. NIH-OVCAR3 cells also showed high non-homologous end joining activity, which may contribute to HRR loss and along with genomic amplification in ATR and TOPBP1, could explain the resistance to VE-821. In summary, NIH-OVCAR3 cells highlight the complexity of HGSOCs and that genomic or functional characterization alone might not be enough to predict/explain chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bradbury
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Rachel O’Donnell
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
- Northern Cancer Alliance, Northern Centre for Gynaecological Surgery, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Yvette Drew
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care (NCCC), Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Sweta Sharma Saha
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Southgate HED, Chen L, Curtin NJ, Tweddle DA. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for the Treatment of High Risk Neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:371. [PMID: 32309213 PMCID: PMC7145987 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive multimodal therapy, the survival rate for high risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) remains <50%. Most cases initially respond to treatment but almost half will subsequently relapse with aggressive treatment resistant disease. Novel treatments exploiting the molecular pathology of NB and/or overcoming resistance to current genotoxic therapies are needed before survival rates can significantly improve. DNA damage response (DDR) defects are frequently observed in HR-NB including allelic deletion and loss of function mutations in key DDR genes, oncogene induced replication stress and cell cycle checkpoint dysfunction. Exploiting defects in the DDR has been a successful treatment strategy in some adult cancers. Here we review the genetic features of HR-NB which lead to DDR defects and the emerging molecular targeting agents to exploit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E D Southgate
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lindi Chen
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A Tweddle
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Mukhopadhyay A, Drew Y, Matheson E, Salehan M, Gentles L, Pachter JA, Curtin NJ. Evaluating the potential of kinase inhibitors to suppress DNA repair and sensitise ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 167:125-132. [PMID: 30342021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) represent a major advance in the treatment of ovarian cancer associated with defects in homologous recombination DNA repair (HRR), primarily due to mutations in BRCA genes. Imatinib and PI3K inhibitors are reported to downregulate HRR and, in some cases, sensitise cells to PARPi. We investigated the ability of imatinib, and the PI3K inhibitors: NVP-BEZ235 and VS-5584, to downregulate HRR and sensitise paired ovarian cancer cells with mutant and reconstituted BRCA1 to the PARPi, olaparib and rucaparib. Olaparib and imatinib combinations were also measured in primary cultures of ovarian cancer. NVP-BEZ235 and imatinib reduced RAD51 levels and focus formation (an indication of HRR function), but VS-5584 did not. In colony-forming assays none of the inhibitors sensitised cells to PARPi cytotoxicity, in fact there was a mild protective effect. These conflicting data were resolved by the observation that the kinase inhibitors reduced the S-phase fraction, when HRR proteins are at their peak and cells are sensitive to PARPi cytotoxicity. In contrast, in primary cultures in 96-well plate assays, imatinib did increase olaparib-induced growth inhibition. However, in one primary culture that could be used in colony-formation cytotoxicity assays, imatinib protected from olaparib cytotoxicity. The kinase inhibitors protect from PARPi cytotoxicity by arresting cell growth, but this may be interpreted as synergy on the basis of 96-well cell growth assays. We urge caution before combining these drugs clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Mukhopadhyay
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Tata Medical Center and Tata Translational Cancer Research Center, 14 MAR, Rajarhat, Kolkata, India
| | - Yvette Drew
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Matheson
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mo Salehan
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lucy Gentles
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Gentles L, Goranov B, Matheson E, Herriott A, Kaufmann A, Hall S, Mukhopadhyay A, Drew Y, Curtin NJ, O'Donnell RL. Exploring the Frequency of Homologous Recombination DNA Repair Dysfunction in Multiple Cancer Types. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030354. [PMID: 30871186 PMCID: PMC6468835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional homologous recombination DNA repair (HRR), frequently due to BRCA mutations, is a determinant of sensitivity to platinum chemotherapy and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). In cultures of ovarian cancer cells, we have previously shown that HRR function, based upon RAD51 foci quantification, correlated with growth inhibition ex vivo induced by rucaparib (a PARPi) and 12-month survival following platinum chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of measuring HRR dysfunction (HRD) in other tumours, in order to estimate the frequency and hence wider potential of PARPi. A total of 24 cultures were established from ascites sampled from 27 patients with colorectal, upper gastrointestinal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, breast, mesothelioma, and non-epithelial ovarian cancers; 8 were HRD. Cell growth following continuous exposure to 10 μM of rucaparib was lower in HRD cultures compared to HRR-competent (HRC) cultures. Overall survival in the 10 patients who received platinum-based therapy was marginally higher in the 3 with HRD ascites (median overall survival of 17 months, range 10 to 90) compared to the 7 patients with HRC ascites (nine months, range 1 to 55). HRR functional assessment in primary cultures, from several tumour types, revealed that a third are HRD, justifying the further exploration of PARPi therapy in a broader range of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Gentles
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Bojidar Goranov
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Matheson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ashleigh Herriott
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Angelika Kaufmann
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Northern Gynecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Sherriff Hill, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK.
| | - Sally Hall
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK.
| | - Asima Mukhopadhyay
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR (E-W), New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata 700 160, India.
| | - Yvette Drew
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK.
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Rachel L O'Donnell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. rachel.o'
- Northern Gynecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Sherriff Hill, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK. rachel.o'
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10
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Franklin M, Gentles L, Matheson E, Bown N, Cross P, Ralte A, Gilkes‐Immeson C, Bradbury A, Zanjirband M, Lunec J, Drew Y, O'Donnell R, Curtin NJ. Characterization and drug sensitivity of a novel human ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell line genomically and phenotypically similar to the original tumor. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4744-4754. [PMID: 30109783 PMCID: PMC6144150 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NUCOLL43 is a novel ovarian clear cell carcinoma (O-CCC) cell line that arose from a primary culture of a patient's malignant ascites. The cells grow reliably in cell culture with a doubling time of approx. 45 hours and form colonies at high efficiency. They have a very high degree of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) affecting approximately 85% of the genome, mostly copy neutral and almost identical to the original tumor. The cells express epithelial (pan-cytokeratin) and mesenchymal (vimentin) characteristics, CA125 and p16, like the original tumor. They also express ARID1A but not HNF-1β and, like the original tumor, and are negative for p53 expression, with no evidence of p53 function. NUCOLL43 cells express all other DNA damage response proteins investigated and have functional homologous recombination DNA repair. They are insensitive to cisplatin, the PARP inhibitor rucaparib, and MDM2 inhibitors but are sensitive to camptothecin, paclitaxel, and NVP-BEZ235. The NUCOLL43 cell line represents a distinct subtype of O-CCC that is p53 and HNF-1β null but expresses ARID1A. Its high degree of similarity with the original tumor genomically and proteomically, as well as the high level of LOH, make this an interesting cell line for O-CCC research. It has been deposited with Ximbio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Franklin
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Division of Cancer SciencesSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Lucy Gentles
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Elizabeth Matheson
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Nick Bown
- Northern Genetics ServiceInstitute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Paul Cross
- Pathology DepartmentQueen Elizabeth HospitalGatesheadUK
| | - Angela Ralte
- Pathology DepartmentQueen Elizabeth HospitalGatesheadUK
| | - Connor Gilkes‐Immeson
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Alice Bradbury
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Maryam Zanjirband
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
| | - John Lunec
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Yvette Drew
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Northern Centre for Cancer CareFreeman HospitalNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Northern Gynaecological Oncology CentreQueen Elizabeth HospitalGatesheadUK
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer ResearchMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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11
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Fordham SE, Blair HJ, Elstob CJ, Plummer R, Drew Y, Curtin NJ, Heidenreich O, Pal D, Jamieson D, Park C, Pollard J, Fields S, Milne P, Jackson GH, Marr HJ, Menne T, Jones GL, Allan JM. Inhibition of ATR acutely sensitizes acute myeloid leukemia cells to nucleoside analogs that target ribonucleotide reductase. Blood Adv 2018; 2:1157-1169. [PMID: 29789314 PMCID: PMC5965047 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinase promotes cancer cell survival by signaling stalled replication forks generated by replication stress, a common feature of many cancers including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here we show that the antileukemic activity of the chemotherapeutic nucleoside analogs hydroxyurea and gemcitabine was significantly potentiated by ATR inhibition via a mechanism involving ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) abrogation and inhibition of replication fork progression. When administered in combination with gemcitabine, an inhibitor of the M1 RNR subunit, the ATR inhibitor VX-970, eradicated disseminated leukemia in an orthotopic mouse model, eliciting long-term survival and effective cure. These data identify a synergistic interaction between ATR inhibition and RNR loss that will inform the deployment of small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of AML and other hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Fordham
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Blair
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J Elstob
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yvette Drew
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deepali Pal
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Jamieson
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Park
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Fields
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Milne
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Graham H Jackson
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Marr
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Menne
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gail L Jones
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - James M Allan
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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12
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Unterlass JE, Baslé A, Blackburn TJ, Tucker J, Cano C, Noble ME, Curtin NJ. Validating and enabling phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) as a target for fragment-based drug discovery in PHGDH-amplified breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13139-13153. [PMID: 29568346 PMCID: PMC5862567 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) has recently been identified as an attractive target in cancer therapy as it links upregulated glycolytic flux to increased biomass production in cancer cells. PHGDH catalyses the first step in the serine synthesis pathway and thus diverts glycolytic flux into serine synthesis. We have used siRNA-mediated suppression of PHGDH expression to show that PHGDH is a potential therapeutic target in PHGDH-amplified breast cancer. Knockdown caused reduced proliferation in the PHGDH-amplified cell line MDA-MB-468, whereas breast cancer cells with low PHGDH expression or with elevated PHGDH expression in the absence of genomic amplification were not affected. As a first step towards design of a chemical probe for PHGDH, we report a fragment-based drug discovery approach for the identification of PHGDH inhibitors. We designed a truncated PHGDH construct that gave crystals which diffracted to high resolution, and could be used for fragment soaking. 15 fragments stabilising PHGDH were identified using a thermal shift assay and validated by X-ray crystallography and ITC competition experiments to exhibit 1.5-26.2 mM affinity for PHGDH. A structure-guided fragment growing approach was applied to the PHGDH binders from the initial screen, yielding greater understanding of the binding site and suggesting routes to achieve higher affinity NAD-competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E. Unterlass
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Arnaud Baslé
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Timothy J. Blackburn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Julie Tucker
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Céline Cano
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Martin E.M. Noble
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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13
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Unterlass JE, Wood RJ, Baslé A, Tucker J, Cano C, Noble MM, Curtin NJ. Structural insights into the enzymatic activity and potential substrate promiscuity of human 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH). Oncotarget 2017; 8:104478-104491. [PMID: 29262655 PMCID: PMC5732821 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism and energy production to sustain increased growth, enable metastasis and overcome resistance to cancer treatments. Although primary roles for many metabolic proteins have been identified, some are promiscuous in regards to the reaction they catalyze. To efficiently target these enzymes, a good understanding of their enzymatic function and structure, as well as knowledge regarding any substrate or catalytic promiscuity is required. Here we focus on the characterization of human 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH). PHGDH catalyzes the NAD+-dependent conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to phosphohydroxypyruvate, which is the first step in the de novo synthesis pathway of serine, a critical amino acid for protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis. We have investigated substrate analogues to assess whether PHGDH might possess other enzymatic roles that could explain its occasional over-expression in cancer, as well as to help with the design of specific inhibitors. We also report the crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of human PHGDH, a dimer, solved with bound cofactor in one monomer and both cofactor and L-tartrate in the second monomer. In vitro enzyme activity measurements show that the catalytic subunit of PHGDH is still active and that PHGDH activity could be significantly inhibited with adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E. Unterlass
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Present address: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert J. Wood
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arnaud Baslé
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julie Tucker
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Céline Cano
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Martin M.E. Noble
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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14
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Almeida GS, Bawn CM, Galler M, Wilson I, Thomas HD, Kyle S, Curtin NJ, Newell DR, Maxwell RJ. PARP inhibitor rucaparib induces changes in NAD levels in cells and liver tissues as assessed by MRS. NMR Biomed 2017; 30:e3736. [PMID: 28543772 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are multifunctional proteins which play a role in many cellular processes. Namely, PARP1 and PARP2 have been shown to be involved in DNA repair, and therefore are valid targets in cancer treatment with PARP inhibitors, such as rucaparib, currently in clinical trials. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) was used to study the impact of rucaparib in vitro and ex vivo in liver tissue from mice, via quantitative analysis of nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate (NAD+ ) spectra, to assess the potential of MRS as a biomarker of the PARP inhibitor response. SW620 (colorectal) and A2780 (ovarian) cancer cell lines, and PARP1 wild-type (WT) and PARP1 knock-out (KO) mice, were treated with rucaparib, temozolomide (methylating agent) or a combination of both drugs. 1 H-MRS spectra were obtained from perchloric acid extracts of tumour cells and mouse liver. Both cell lines showed an increase in NAD+ levels following PARP inhibitor treatment in comparison with temozolomide treatment. Liver extracts from PARP1 WT mice showed a significant increase in NAD+ levels after rucaparib treatment compared with untreated mouse liver, and a significant decrease in NAD+ levels in the temozolomide-treated group. The combination of rucaparib and temozolomide did not prevent the NAD+ depletion caused by temozolomide treatment. The 1 H-MRS results show that NAD+ levels can be used as a biomarker of PARP inhibitor and methylating agent treatments, and suggest that in vivo measurement of NAD+ would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto S Almeida
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Carlo M Bawn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Martin Galler
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ian Wilson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Huw D Thomas
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Suzanne Kyle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - David R Newell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ross J Maxwell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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15
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McCormick A, Donoghue P, Dixon M, O'Sullivan R, O'Donnell RL, Murray J, Kaufmann A, Curtin NJ, Edmondson RJ. Ovarian Cancers Harbor Defects in Nonhomologous End Joining Resulting in Resistance to Rucaparib. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 27702817 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0564] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: DNA damage defects are common in ovarian cancer and can be used to stratify treatment. Although most work has focused on homologous recombination (HR), DNA double-strand breaks are repaired primarily by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Defects in NHEJ have been shown to contribute to genomic instability and have been associated with the development of chemoresistance.Experimental Design: NHEJ was assessed in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines and 47 primary ascetic-derived ovarian cancer cultures, by measuring the ability of cell extracts to end-join linearized plasmid monomers into multimers. mRNA and protein expression of components of NHEJ was determined using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Cytotoxicities of cisplatin and the PARP inhibitor rucaparib were assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays. HR function was assessed using γH2AX/RAD51 foci assay.Results: NHEJ was defective (D) in four of six cell lines and 20 of 47 primary cultures. NHEJ function was independent of HR competence (C). NHEJD cultures were resistant to rucaparib (P = 0.0022). When HR and NHEJ functions were taken into account, only NHEJC/HRD cultures were sensitive to rucaparib (compared with NHEJC/HRC P = 0.034, NHEJD/HRC P = 0.0002, and NHEJD/HRD P = 0.0045). The DNA-PK inhibitor, NU7441, induced resistance to rucaparib (P = 0.014) and HR function recovery in a BRCA1-defective cell line.Conclusions: This study has shown that NHEJ is defective in 40% of ovarian cancers, which is independent of HR function and associated with resistance to PARP inhibitors in ex vivo primary cultures. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 2050-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiste McCormick
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Donoghue
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Dixon
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O'Sullivan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L O'Donnell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - James Murray
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Angelika Kaufmann
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard J Edmondson
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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16
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Berger NA, Besson VC, Boulares AH, Bürkle A, Chiarugi A, Clark RS, Curtin NJ, Cuzzocrea S, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Moroni F, Pacher P, Radermacher P, Salzman AL, Snyder SH, Soriano FG, Strosznajder RP, Sümegi B, Swanson RA, Szabo C. Opportunities for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors for the therapy of non-oncological diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:192-222. [PMID: 28213892 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent clinical availability of the PARP inhibitor olaparib (Lynparza) opens the door for potential therapeutic repurposing for non-oncological indications. Considering (a) the preclinical efficacy data with PARP inhibitors in non-oncological diseases and (b) the risk-benefit ratio of treating patients with a compound that inhibits an enzyme that has physiological roles in the regulation of DNA repair, we have selected indications, where (a) the severity of the disease is high, (b) the available therapeutic options are limited, and (c) the duration of PARP inhibitor administration could be short, to provide first-line options for therapeutic repurposing. These indications are as follows: acute ischaemic stroke; traumatic brain injury; septic shock; acute pancreatitis; and severe asthma and severe acute lung injury. In addition, chronic, devastating diseases, where alternative therapeutic options cannot halt disease development (e.g. Parkinson's disease, progressive multiple sclerosis or severe fibrotic diseases), should also be considered. We present a preclinical and clinical action plan for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Berger
- Center for Science, Health and Society, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valerie C Besson
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Hamid Boulares
- The Stanley Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Headache Center - University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert S Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology and Department of Physiology and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Burn Center, University Hospital Medical Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Moroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Solomon H Snyder
- Department of Neurology and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Garcia Soriano
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Balázs Sümegi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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17
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de Bono J, Ramanathan RK, Mina L, Chugh R, Glaspy J, Rafii S, Kaye S, Sachdev J, Heymach J, Smith DC, Henshaw JW, Herriott A, Patterson M, Curtin NJ, Byers LA, Wainberg ZA. Phase I, Dose-Escalation, Two-Part Trial of the PARP Inhibitor Talazoparib in Patients with Advanced Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations and Selected Sporadic Cancers. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:620-629. [PMID: 28242752 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Talazoparib inhibits PARP catalytic activity, trapping PARP1 on damaged DNA and causing cell death in BRCA1/2-mutated cells. We evaluated talazoparib therapy in this two-part, phase I, first-in-human trial. Antitumor activity, MTD, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of once-daily talazoparib were determined in an open-label, multicenter, dose-escalation study (NCT01286987). The MTD was 1.0 mg/day, with an elimination half-life of 50 hours. Treatment-related adverse events included fatigue (26/71 patients; 37%) and anemia (25/71 patients; 35%). Grade 3 to 4 adverse events included anemia (17/71 patients; 24%) and thrombocytopenia (13/71 patients; 18%). Sustained PARP inhibition was observed at doses ≥0.60 mg/day. At 1.0 mg/day, confirmed responses were observed in 7 of 14 (50%) and 5 of 12 (42%) patients with BRCA mutation-associated breast and ovarian cancers, respectively, and in patients with pancreatic and small cell lung cancer. Talazoparib demonstrated single-agent antitumor activity and was well tolerated in patients at the recommended dose of 1.0 mg/day.Significance: In this clinical trial, we show that talazoparib has single-agent antitumor activity and a tolerable safety profile. At its recommended phase II dose of 1.0 mg/day, confirmed responses were observed in patients with BRCA mutation-associated breast and ovarian cancers and in patients with pancreatic and small cell lung cancer. Cancer Discov; 7(6); 620-9. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 539.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann de Bono
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ramesh K Ramanathan
- Clinical Trials Program, Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center at Scottsdale Healthcare/TGen, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Lida Mina
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rashmi Chugh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Glaspy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Saeed Rafii
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stan Kaye
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasgit Sachdev
- Clinical Trials Program, Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center at Scottsdale Healthcare/TGen, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - John Heymach
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David C Smith
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua W Henshaw
- Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., Novato, California
| | - Ashleigh Herriott
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda Patterson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Averett Byers
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zev A Wainberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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18
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Abstract
This chapter describes the approaches taken in the development of the first PARP inhibitor to enter clinical trial, rucaparib (now called Rubraca), in 2003. We describe the general principles of crystal-based drug design, the purification and crystallization of the PARP-1 catalytic domain and how this was used to develop highly potent PARP inhibitors, based on the nicotinamide pharmacophore. Several methods have been used to determine the inhibitory potency in cell-free and whole cell assays, each described with reference to its advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Canan
- Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Karen Maegley
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Dr, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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19
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Herriott A, Tudhope SJ, Junge G, Rodrigues N, Patterson MJ, Woodhouse L, Lunec J, Hunter JE, Mulligan EA, Cole M, Allinson LM, Wallis JP, Marshall S, Wang E, Curtin NJ, Willmore E. PARP1 expression, activity and ex vivo sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor, talazoparib (BMN 673), in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43978-91. [PMID: 26539646 PMCID: PMC4791280 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mutation and loss of p53 and ATM abrogate DNA damage signalling and predict poorer response and shorter survival. We hypothesised that poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity, which is crucial for repair of DNA breaks induced by oxidative stress or chemotherapy, may be an additional predictive biomarker and a target for therapy with PARP inhibitors. We measured PARP activity in 109 patient-derived CLL samples, which varied widely (192 – 190052 pmol PAR/106 cells) compared to that seen in healthy volunteer lymphocytes (2451 – 7519 pmol PAR/106 cells). PARP activity was associated with PARP1 protein expression and endogenous PAR levels. PARP activity was not associated with p53 or ATM loss, Binet stage, IGHV mutational status or survival, but correlated with Bcl-2 and Rel A (an NF-kB subunit). Levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in DNA (a marker of oxidative damage) were not associated with PAR levels or PARP activity. The potent PARP inhibitor, talazoparib (BMN 673), inhibited CD40L-stimulated proliferation of CLL cells at nM concentrations, independently of Binet stage or p53/ATM function. PARP activity is highly variable in CLL and correlates with stress-induced proteins. Proliferating CLL cells (including those with p53 or ATM loss) are highly sensitive to the PARP inhibitor talazoparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Herriott
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Susan J Tudhope
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Gesa Junge
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Natalie Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Oncoproteome, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miranda J Patterson
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Woodhouse
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Jill E Hunter
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Evan A Mulligan
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Michael Cole
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Lisa M Allinson
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jonathan P Wallis
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Scott Marshall
- Department of Haematology, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - Evelyn Wang
- Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, USA
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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20
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McCormick A, Donoghue P, Dixon M, O'Sullivan R, O'Donnell RL, Murray J, Kaufmann A, Curtin NJ, Edmondson RJ. Ovarian Cancers Harbor Defects in Nonhomologous End Joining Resulting in Resistance to Rucaparib. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2050-2060. [PMID: 27702817 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: DNA damage defects are common in ovarian cancer and can be used to stratify treatment. Although most work has focused on homologous recombination (HR), DNA double-strand breaks are repaired primarily by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Defects in NHEJ have been shown to contribute to genomic instability and have been associated with the development of chemoresistance.Experimental Design: NHEJ was assessed in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines and 47 primary ascetic-derived ovarian cancer cultures, by measuring the ability of cell extracts to end-join linearized plasmid monomers into multimers. mRNA and protein expression of components of NHEJ was determined using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Cytotoxicities of cisplatin and the PARP inhibitor rucaparib were assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays. HR function was assessed using γH2AX/RAD51 foci assay.Results: NHEJ was defective (D) in four of six cell lines and 20 of 47 primary cultures. NHEJ function was independent of HR competence (C). NHEJD cultures were resistant to rucaparib (P = 0.0022). When HR and NHEJ functions were taken into account, only NHEJC/HRD cultures were sensitive to rucaparib (compared with NHEJC/HRC P = 0.034, NHEJD/HRC P = 0.0002, and NHEJD/HRD P = 0.0045). The DNA-PK inhibitor, NU7441, induced resistance to rucaparib (P = 0.014) and HR function recovery in a BRCA1-defective cell line.Conclusions: This study has shown that NHEJ is defective in 40% of ovarian cancers, which is independent of HR function and associated with resistance to PARP inhibitors in ex vivo primary cultures. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 2050-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiste McCormick
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Donoghue
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Dixon
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O'Sullivan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L O'Donnell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - James Murray
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Angelika Kaufmann
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard J Edmondson
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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21
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Middleton FK, Patterson MJ, Elstob CJ, Fordham S, Herriott A, Wade MA, McCormick A, Edmondson R, May FEB, Allan JM, Pollard JR, Curtin NJ. Common cancer-associated imbalances in the DNA damage response confer sensitivity to single agent ATR inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32396-409. [PMID: 26486089 PMCID: PMC4741701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ATRis an attractive target in cancer therapy because it signals replication stress and DNA lesions for repair and to S/G2 checkpoints. Cancer-specific defects in the DNA damage response (DDR) may render cancer cells vulnerable to ATR inhibition alone. We determined the cytotoxicity of the ATR inhibitor VE-821 in isogenically matched cells with DDR imbalance. Cell cycle arrest, DNA damage accumulation and repair were determined following VE-821 exposure. Defectsin homologous recombination repair (HRR: ATM, BRCA2 and XRCC3) and baseexcision repair (BER: XRCC1) conferred sensitivity to VE-821. Surprisingly, the loss of different components of the trimeric non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) protein DNA-PK had opposing effects. Loss of the DNA-binding component, Ku80, caused hypersensitivity to VE-821, but loss of its partner catalytic subunit, DNA-PKcs, did not. Unexpectedly, VE-821 was particularly cytotoxic to human and hamster cells expressing high levels of DNA-PKcs. High DNA-PKcs was associated with replicative stress and activation of the DDR. VE-821 suppressed HRR, determined by RAD51 focus formation, to a greater extent in cells with high DNA-PKcs. Defects in HRR and BER and high DNA-PKcs expression, that are common in cancer, confer sensitivity to ATR inhibitor monotherapy and may be developed as predictive biomarkers for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Middleton
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Miranda J Patterson
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Claire J Elstob
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Fordham
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ashleigh Herriott
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark A Wade
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aiste McCormick
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard Edmondson
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Felicity E B May
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James M Allan
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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22
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Ogle LF, Orr JG, Willoughby CE, Hutton C, McPherson S, Plummer R, Boddy AV, Curtin NJ, Jamieson D, Reeves HL. Imagestream detection and characterisation of circulating tumour cells - A liquid biopsy for hepatocellular carcinoma? J Hepatol 2016; 65:305-13. [PMID: 27132171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The lack of progress in developing and delivering new therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is in part attributed to the risk related avoidance of tumour biopsy at diagnosis. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are a potential source of tumour tissue that could aid biological or biomarker research, treatment stratification and monitoring. METHODS An imaging flow cytometry method, using immunofluorescence of cytokeratin, EpCAM, AFP, glypican-3 and DNA-PK together with analysis of size, morphology and DNA content, for detection of HCC CTCs was developed and applied to 69 patient and 31 control samples. The presence of CTCs as a prognostic indicator was assessed in multivariate analyses encompassing recognised prognostic parameters. RESULTS Between 1 and 1642 CTCs were detected in blood samples from 45/69 HCC patients compared to 0/31 controls. CTCs positive for the epithelial markers cytokeratin and EpCAM were detected in 29% and 18% of patients respectively, while an additional 28% of patients had CTCs negative for all markers other than size and evidence of hyperploidy. CTC number correlated significantly with tumour size and portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The median survival of patients with >1 CTC was 7.5months versus >34months for patients with <1 CTC (p<0.001, log-rank), with significance retained in a multivariate analysis (HR 2.34, 95% CI 1.005-5.425, p=0.049) including tumour size and PVT. CONCLUSIONS The use of multiple parameters enhanced HCC CTC detection sensitivity, revealing biological associations and predictive biomarker potential that may be able to guide stratified medicine decisions and future research. LAY SUMMARY Characteristics of tumour tissues can be used to predict outcomes for individual patients with cancer, as well as help to choose their best treatment. Biopsy of liver cancers carries risks, however, and is usually avoided. Some cancer cells enter the blood, and although they are very rare, we have developed a method of finding and characterising them in patients with liver cancer, which we hope will provide a low risk means of guiding treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Ogle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - James G Orr
- The Liver Group, Department of Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Claire Hutton
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Stuart McPherson
- The Liver Group, Department of Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Alan V Boddy
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - David Jamieson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; The Liver Group, Department of Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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23
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Parrish KE, Cen L, Murray J, Calligaris D, Kizilbash S, Mittapalli RK, Carlson BL, Schroeder MA, Sludden J, Boddy AV, Agar NYR, Curtin NJ, Elmquist WF, Sarkaria JN. Efficacy of PARP Inhibitor Rucaparib in Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenografts Is Limited by Ineffective Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2735-43. [PMID: 26438157 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PARP inhibition can enhance the efficacy of temozolomide and prolong survival in orthotopic glioblastoma (GBM) xenografts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of the PARP inhibitor rucaparib with temozolomide and to correlate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies with efficacy in patient-derived GBM xenograft models. The combination of rucaparib with temozolomide was highly effective in vitro in short-term explant cultures derived from GBM12, and, similarly, the combination of rucaparib and temozolomide (dosed for 5 days every 28 days for 3 cycles) significantly prolonged the time to tumor regrowth by 40% in heterotopic xenografts. In contrast, the addition of rucaparib had no impact on the efficacy of temozolomide in GBM12 or GBM39 orthotopic models. Using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells stably expressing murine BCRP1 or human MDR1, cell accumulation studies demonstrated that rucaparib is transported by both transporters. Consistent with the influence of these efflux pumps on central nervous system drug distribution, Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) knockout mice had a significantly higher brain to plasma ratio for rucaparib (1.61 ± 0.25) than wild-type mice (0.11 ± 0.08). A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation after a single dose confirmed limited accumulation of rucaparib in the brain is associated with substantial residual PARP enzymatic activity. Similarly, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging demonstrated significantly enhanced accumulation of drug in flank tumor compared with normal brain or orthotopic tumors. Collectively, these results suggest that limited drug delivery into brain tumors may significantly limit the efficacy of rucaparib combined with temozolomide in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Parrish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ling Cen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James Murray
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Calligaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sani Kizilbash
- Department of Medical Oncology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark A Schroeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Alan V Boddy
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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24
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Alsubhi N, Middleton F, Abdel-Fatah TMA, Stephens P, Doherty R, Arora A, Moseley PM, Chan SYT, Aleskandarany MA, Green AR, Rakha EA, Ellis IO, Martin SG, Curtin NJ, Madhusudan S. Chk1 phosphorylated at serine345 is a predictor of early local recurrence and radio-resistance in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2015; 10:213-23. [PMID: 26459098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced DNA damage activates the DNA damage response (DDR). DDR up-regulation may predict radio-resistance and increase the risk of early local recurrence despite radiotherapy in early stage breast cancers. In 1755 early stage breast cancers, DDR signalling [ATM, ATR, total Ckh1, Chk1 phosphorylated at serine(345) (pChk1), Chk2, p53], base excision repair [PARP1, POLβ, XRCC1, FEN1, SMUG1], non-homologous end joining (Ku70/Ku80, DNA-PKcs) and homologous recombination [RAD51, BRCA1, γH2AX, BLM, WRN, RECQL5, PTEN] protein expression was correlated to time to early local recurrence. Pre-clinically, radio-sensitization by inhibition of Chk1 activation by ATR inhibitor (VE-821) and inhibition of Chk1 (V158411) were investigated in MDA-MB-231 (p53 mutant) and MCF-7 (p53 wild-type) breast cancer cells. In the whole cohort, 208/1755 patients (11.9%) developed local recurrence of which 126 (61%) developed local recurrence within 5 years of initiation of primary therapy. Of the 20 markers tested, only pChk1 and p53 significantly associated with early local recurrence (p value = 0.015 and 0.010, respectively). When analysed together, high cytoplasmic pChk1-nuclear pChk1 (p = 0.039), high cytoplasmic pChk1-p53 (p = 0.004) and high nuclear pChk1-p53 (p = 0.029) co-expression remain significantly linked to early local recurrence. In multivariate analysis, cytoplasmic pChk1 level independently predicted early local recurrence (p = 0.025). In patients who received adjuvant local radiotherapy (n = 949), p53 (p = 0.014) and high cytoplasmic pChk1-p53 (p = 0.017) remain associated with early local recurrence. Pre-clinically, radio-sensitisation by VE-821 or V158411 was observed in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and was more pronounced in MCF-7 cells. We conclude that pChk1 is a predictive biomarker of radiotherapy resistance and early local recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Alsubhi
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Fiona Middleton
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Clinical & Laboratory Sciences, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Peter Stephens
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Clinical & Laboratory Sciences, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rachel Doherty
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Arvind Arora
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Paul M Moseley
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Stephen Y T Chan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | | | - Andrew R Green
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Clinical & Laboratory Sciences, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG51PB, UK; Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG51PB, UK.
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25
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Massey AJ, Stephens P, Rawlinson R, McGurk L, Plummer R, Curtin NJ. mTORC1 and DNA-PKcs as novel molecular determinants of sensitivity to Chk1 inhibition. Mol Oncol 2015; 10:101-12. [PMID: 26471831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chk1 inhibitors are currently under clinical evaluation as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Understanding determinants of sensitivity and novel combinations is critical for further clinical development. METHODS Potentiation of mTOR inhibitor cytotoxicity by the Chk1 inhibitor V158411 was determined in p53 mutant colon cancer cells. DNA damage response, expression levels of repair proteins, cell cycle effects and the contribution of alternative DSB repair pathways were further evaluated by western blotting and high content analysis. RESULTS mTOR inhibitors AZD8055, RAD-001, rapamycin and BEZ235 induced synergistic cytotoxicity with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411 in p53 mutant colon cancer cells. Reduced FANCD2, RAD51 and RPA70, core proteins in homologous recombination repair (HRR) and interstrand crosslink repair (ICLR), following inhibition of mTOR was associated with increased V158411 induced DSBs and caspase 3-independent cell death. Dual mTOR and Chk1 inhibition activated DNA-PKcs. Cells defective in DNA-PKcs exhibited increased resistance to V158411 with Chk1 expression closely correlated to DNA-PKcs expression in various types of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Down regulation of proteins involved in HRR or ICLR by mTOR inhibitors is associated with increased sensitivity of human tumours to Chk1 inhibitors such as V158411. High levels of DNA-PKcs may be a potential biomarker to stratify patients to Chk1 inhibitor therapy alone or in combination with mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Stephens
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Lauren McGurk
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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26
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Dent BM, Ogle LF, O'Donnell RL, Hayes N, Malik U, Curtin NJ, Boddy AV, Plummer ER, Edmondson RJ, Reeves HL, May FEB, Jamieson D. High-resolution imaging for the detection and characterisation of circulating tumour cells from patients with oesophageal, hepatocellular, thyroid and ovarian cancers. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:206-16. [PMID: 26178530 PMCID: PMC4737101 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest has increased in the potential role of circulating tumour cells in cancer management. Most cell‐based studies have been designed to determine the number of circulating tumour cells in a given volume of blood. Ability to understand the biology of the cancer cells would increase the clinical potential. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a novel, widely applicable method for detection and characterisation of circulating tumour cells. Cells were imaged with an ImageStreamX imaging flow cytometer which allows detection of expression of multiple biomarkers on each cell and produces high‐resolution images. Depletion of haematopoietic cells was by red cell lysis, leukocyte common antigen CD45 depletion and differential centrifugation. Expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule, cytokeratins, tumour‐type‐specific biomarkers and CD45 was detected by immunofluorescence. Nuclei were identified with DAPI or DRAQ5 and brightfield images of cells were collected. The method is notable for the dearth of cell damage, recoveries greater than 50%, speed and absence of reliance on the expression of a single biomarker by the tumour cells. The high‐quality images obtained ensure confidence in the specificity of the method. Validation of the methodology on samples from patients with oesophageal, hepatocellular, thyroid and ovarian cancers confirms its utility and specificity. Importantly, this adaptable method is applicable to all tumour types including those of nonepithelial origin. The ability to measure simultaneously the expression of multiple biomarkers will facilitate analysis of the cancer cell biology of individual circulating tumour cells. What's new? Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are disseminated malignant cells from which biological and therapeutic information may be obtained non‐invasively. Detection of small CTC populations within the large number of normal blood cells is a challenge. This study describes a novel method for the detection and high‐resolution imaging of CTCs. Unlike most other studies, CTC detection is not reliant upon expression of a single biomarker. The method is applicable to all cancers; the authors present preliminary results from four tumour types. The high quality of the images allows biological characterisation of the tumour cells and increases the clinical potential of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Dent
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern Oesophago-Gastric Cancer Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Laura F Ogle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L O'Donnell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Hayes
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern Oesophago-Gastric Cancer Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ujjal Malik
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alan V Boddy
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - E Ruth Plummer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Edmondson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity E B May
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Jamieson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Unterlass JE, Aljufri N, Bex S, Cano C, Noble MEM, Curtin NJ. Abstract 2448: Towards structure-based drug design of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The NAD+-requiring enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) diverts glycolytic flux into serine production and folate metabolism by catalyzing the oxidization of 3-phosphoglycerate to phosphohydroxypyruvate. The PHGDH gene is located on chromosome 1(1p12), a region frequently amplified in melanoma and certain breast cancer forms. PHGDH knockdown in cells with amplified PHGDH or overexpressing PHGDH at the protein level resulted in cell growth inhibition. In addition ectopic overexpression of PHGDH in a non-tumorigenic cell line induced morphological changes characteristic of transformation. Therefore, inhibitors of PHGDH may be therapeutically valuable.
No PHGDH inhibitors have been reported to date, our aim is to develop PHGDH inhibitors targeting the cofactor (and substrate) binding site.
Methods
Full length PHGDH and the catalytic subunit (sPHGDH) were expressed in, and isolated from E. coli. PHGDH was found to co-purify with its cofactor, making it necessary to abolish the cofactor-protein interaction to investigate inhibitor binding at the co-factor site. To accomplish this, site-directed sPHGDH mutants were constructed and purified. To characterize the mutants, their enzymatic activity and ability to bind to NADH (assessed by thermal stability and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)) were measured, and their structures were characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and on-going x-ray crystallographic studies.
Results sPHGDH retained 60% of the enzymatic activity of the full length protein whereas introduction of single or double point mutations around the cofactor or substrate binding site resulted in complete abolition of enzymatic activity. The binding of NADH (1mM) to PHGDH and sPHGDH resulted in increases in melting temperature (ΔTm) of 8.4 ± 0.2 °C and 9.3 ± 0.5 °C respectively. Mutation of the cofactor binding site resulted in reduced ability to bind NADH (ΔTm = 0.8 ± 0.2 °C, 2.3 ± 0.1 °C) whereas mutation at the substrate binding site, directly adjacent to the cofactor binding site, had no significant effect on the ability to bind NADH. Congruent findings were obtained via ITC determining a binding affinity (Kd) of 0.66 μM for wt sPHGDH and a reduced binding affinity of 3-30 fold for the mutated proteins. CD measurements showed that the proteins mutated at the co-factor binding site had undergone minor changes in the secondary structure compared to the wt sPHGDH whereas mutation at the substrate binding site had no effect on the secondary structure elements.
Conclusion Although the mutations carried out were single or double point mutations only, cofactor binding could be reduced substantially, giving rise to markedly lower catalytic activity. These investigations illustrate a promising way of making proteins with large, tight binding ligands accessible to structure-based drug-design.
Citation Format: Judith E. Unterlass, Nabila Aljufri, Sophie Bex, Celine Cano, Martin E M Noble, Nicola J. Curtin. Towards structure-based drug design of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2448. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2448
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila Aljufri
- 1Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Bex
- 2Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Celine Cano
- 1Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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McCrudden CM, O’Rourke MG, Cherry KE, Yuen HF, O’Rourke D, Babur M, Telfer BA, Thomas HD, Keane P, Nambirajan T, Hagan C, O’Sullivan JM, Shaw C, Williams KJ, Curtin NJ, Hirst DG, Robson T. Vasoactivity of rucaparib, a PARP-1 inhibitor, is a complex process that involves myosin light chain kinase, P2 receptors, and PARP itself. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118187. [PMID: 25689628 PMCID: PMC4331495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), as monotherapy or to supplement the potencies of other agents, is a promising strategy in cancer treatment. We previously reported that the first PARP inhibitor to enter clinical trial, rucaparib (AG014699), induced vasodilation in vivo in xenografts, potentiating response to temozolomide. We now report that rucaparib inhibits the activity of the muscle contraction mediator myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) 10-fold more potently than its commercially available inhibitor ML-9. Moreover, rucaparib produces additive relaxation above the maximal degree achievable with ML-9, suggesting that MLCK inhibition is not solely responsible for dilation. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis using L-NMMA also failed to impact rucaparib’s activity. Rucaparib contains the nicotinamide pharmacophore, suggesting it may inhibit other NAD+-dependent processes. NAD+ exerts P2 purinergic receptor-dependent inhibition of smooth muscle contraction. Indiscriminate blockade of the P2 purinergic receptors with suramin abrogated rucaparib-induced vasodilation in rat arterial tissue without affecting ML-9-evoked dilation, although the specific receptor subtypes responsible have not been unequivocally identified. Furthermore, dorsal window chamber and real time tumor vessel perfusion analyses in PARP-1-/- mice indicate a potential role for PARP in dilation of tumor-recruited vessels. Finally, rucaparib provoked relaxation in 70% of patient-derived tumor-associated vessels. These data provide tantalising evidence of the complexity of the mechanism underlying rucaparib-mediated vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian M. McCrudden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kim E. Cherry
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Hiu-Fung Yuen
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Declan O’Rourke
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Babur
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian A. Telfer
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Huw D. Thomas
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Keane
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Hagan
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Joe M. O’Sullivan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kaye J. Williams
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Hirst
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Robson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Wang DD, Li C, Sun W, Zhang S, Shalinsky DR, Kern KA, Curtin NJ, Sam WJ, Kirkpatrick TR, Plummer R. PARP activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a predictive biomarker for PARP inhibition in tumor tissues - A population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of rucaparib. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2015; 4:89-98. [PMID: 27128213 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rucaparib is a potent Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) inhibitor currently under clinical development. The objectives of this analysis were to establish population PK and PK/PD models for rucaparib, and to evaluate the predictability of PARP activity in PBL for PARP activity in tumor tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Rucaparib concentrations and PARP activity in human PBLs and tumor issues were obtained from 32 patients with solid tumors in a Phase 1 First-in-Patient study. Simulations were conducted to evaluate different dosing regimens. RESULTS A 3-compartment PK model best described the PK of rucaparib. An Emax model best described the exposure and PARP inhibition relationship. The maximum PARP inhibition (Imax) achieved in PBLs and in tumors were 90.9% and 90.0% of the baseline PARP activity, and the IC50 values were 1.05 ng/mL and 1.10 ng/mL, respectively. PAR polymer baseline value was found to be a covariate of Emin. CONCLUSION Population PK and PK/PD models have been established to describe population PK of rucaparib and the relationship between rucaparib plasma concentration and PARP inhibition in both PBLs and tumor issues. Results from this trial indicated that PARP inhibition in PBLs can be used as a substitute for PARP inhibition in melanoma tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wan Sun
- Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Ruth Plummer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Cornell L, Munck JM, Alsinet C, Villanueva A, Ogle L, Willoughby CE, Televantou D, Thomas HD, Jackson J, Burt AD, Newell D, Rose J, Manas DM, Shapiro GI, Curtin NJ, Reeves HL. DNA-PK-A candidate driver of hepatocarcinogenesis and tissue biomarker that predicts response to treatment and survival. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:925-33. [PMID: 25480831 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapy resistance and associated liver disease make hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) difficult to treat with traditional cytotoxic therapies, whereas newer targeted approaches offer only modest survival benefit. We focused on DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PKcs, encoded by PRKDC and central to DNA damage repair by nonhomologous end joining. Our aim was to explore its roles in hepatocarcinogenesis and as a novel therapeutic candidate. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PRKDC was characterized in liver tissues from of 132 patients [normal liver (n = 10), cirrhotic liver (n = 13), dysplastic nodules (n = 18), HCC (n = 91)] using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 and 500 K Human Mapping SNP arrays (cohort 1). In addition, we studied a case series of 45 patients with HCC undergoing diagnostic biopsy (cohort 2). Histological grading, response to treatment, and survival were correlated with DNA-PKcs quantified immunohistochemically. Parallel in vitro studies determined the impact of DNA-PK on DNA repair and response to cytotoxic therapy. RESULTS Increased PRKDC expression in HCC was associated with amplification of its genetic locus in cohort 1. In cohort 2, elevated DNA-PKcs identified patients with treatment-resistant HCC, progressing at a median of 4.5 months compared with 16.9 months, whereas elevation of activated pDNA-PK independently predicted poorer survival. DNA-PKcs was high in HCC cell lines, where its inhibition with NU7441 potentiated irradiation and doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity, whereas the combination suppressed HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data identify PRKDC/DNA-PKcs as a candidate driver of hepatocarcinogenesis, whose biopsy characterization at diagnosis may impact stratification of current therapies, and whose specific future targeting may overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Cornell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Early Drug Development Center and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joanne M Munck
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Alsinet
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group (BCLC, Translational Research laboratory and Liver Unit), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group (BCLC, Translational Research laboratory and Liver Unit), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Institute of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation and Mucosal Biology, King's College, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ogle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine E Willoughby
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Despina Televantou
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Huw D Thomas
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair D Burt
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Newell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Rose
- Radiology Department, The Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Derek M Manas
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Team, The Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Early Drug Development Center and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Hepatopancreatobiliary Team, The Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Abdel-Fatah TMA, Middleton FK, Arora A, Agarwal D, Chen T, Moseley PM, Perry C, Doherty R, Chan S, Green AR, Rakha E, Ball G, Ellis IO, Curtin NJ, Madhusudan S. Untangling the ATR-CHEK1 network for prognostication, prediction and therapeutic target validation in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:569-85. [PMID: 25468710 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR-CHEK1 signalling is critical for genomic stability. ATR-CHEK1 signalling may be deregulated in breast cancer and have prognostic, predictive and therapeutic significance. We investigated ATR, CHEK1 and phosphorylated CHEK1 (Ser345) protein (pCHEK1) levels in 1712 breast cancers. ATR and CHEK1 mRNA expression was evaluated in 1950 breast cancers. Pre-clinically, biological consequences of ATR gene knock down or ATR inhibition by the small molecule inhibitor (VE-821) were investigated in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines and in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells (MCF10A). High ATR and high cytoplasmic pCHEK1 levels were significantly associated with higher tumour stage, higher mitotic index, pleomorphism and lymphovascular invasion. In univariate analyses, high ATR and high cytoplasmic pCHEK1 levels were associated with poor breast cancer specific survival (BCSS). In multivariate analysis, high ATR level remains an independent predictor of adverse outcome. At the mRNA level, high CHEK1 remains associated with aggressive phenotypes including lymph node positivity, high grade, Her-2 overexpression, triple negative, aggressive molecular phenotypes and adverse BCSS. Pre-clinically, CHEK1 phosphorylation at serine(345) following replication stress was impaired in ATR knock down and in VE-821 treated breast cancer cells. Doxycycline inducible knockdown of ATR suppressed growth, which was restored when ATR was re-expressed. Similarly, VE-821 treatment resulted in a dose dependent suppression of cancer cell growth and survival (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) but was less toxic in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells (MCF10A). We provide evidence that ATR and CHEK1 are promising biomarkers and rational drug targets for personalized therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona K Middleton
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Arvind Arora
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Devika Agarwal
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Paul M Moseley
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Christina Perry
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Rachel Doherty
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Stephen Chan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK; Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
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Chen T, Middleton FK, Falcon S, Reaper PM, Pollard JR, Curtin NJ. Development of pharmacodynamic biomarkers for ATR inhibitors. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:463-72. [PMID: 25459351 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATR, which signals DNA damage to S/G2 cell cycle checkpoints and for repair, is an attractive target in cancer therapy. ATR inhibitors are being developed and a pharmacodynamic assay is needed to support clinical studies. METHODS Phosphorylation of ATR targets, Chk1 and H2AX, was evaluated in MCF7 and K562 cells, human volunteer PBMCs and whole blood by Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after DNA damage. The effect of cell cycle phase, ATR knockdown and inhibition on these phosphorylation events was determined. RESULTS Hydroxyurea, UV and 4NQO induced Chk1 and H2AX phosphorylation in MCF7 and K562 cells. UV/4NQO activation of ATR was detectable in non-cycling cells. Chk1 phosphorylation was reduced by ATR knockdown and reflects ATR activity for 3 h, H2AX phosphorylation after UV/4NQO is ATR-dependent for 1 h but increasingly ATM and DNA-PK-dependent at later time points. In isolated PBMCs both phospho-targets were detectable after UV/4NQO but in PBMCs from whole blood treated with 4NQO only H2AX was detectable. CONCLUSION PhosphoChk1 and H2AX are useful biomarkers for ATR inhibition using a variety of immuno-detection methods, but timing may be critical. Importantly, ATR activity is detectable in non-cycling PBMCs allowing them to be used as a surrogate tissue for biomarker measurement. In PBMCs from whole blood treated with 4NQO phosphoH2AX was the most useful biomarker of ATR activity and a clinically viable pharmacodynamic assay for ATR inhibitors has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fiona K Middleton
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Susanna Falcon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Philip M Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Middleton FK, Chen T, Pollard JR, Curtin NJ. Abstract 2418: Investigating p53 and other potential determinants of cell sensitivity to ATR inhibition by VE-821. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Defects in the multifactorial DNA damage response (DDR) are common in cancer, making them vulnerable to inhibitors of other components of the DDR. ATR is a key component of the DDR, signalling ssDNA, arising from stalled replication forks, resected double strand breaks (DSBs) and NER intermediates to activate cell cycle arrest at the S/G2 checkpoints and initiate homologous recombination repair (HRR). Tumors often have a dysfunctional G1 checkpoint e.g. due to p53 mutations or other DDR defects. ATR inhibition of the S/G2 checkpoints and HRR has the potential to exploit these defects and selectively target cancer. VE-821 is a potent ATR inhibitor under advanced pre-clinical investigation
Hypotheses: 1) Cells with dysfunctional p53 will be more sensitive to ATR inhibition. 2) Defects in other DDR components will sensitise cells to ATR inhibition.
Methods: The survival of isogenic p53 mutant/null and wt/corrected human cell lines (HCT116 p53+/+ and p53-/- or U2OS p53WT and p53DN (dominant negative)) and a panel of repair defective Chinese hamster ovary and lung fibroblast cells was determined using colony formation after 24 hours exposure VE-821 alone or in the presence of gemcitabine or ionising radiation.
Results: There was no significant difference in sensitivity to VE-821 between p53 wt or mutant/null cells in either HCT116 (LC50 = 2.13 and 4.56 µM, respectively) or U2OS pairs (LC50 = 2.54 and 3.34 µM, respectively). However, 1 µM VE-821 significantly potentiated the antimetabolite, gemcitabine, in HCT116 p53-/- (4.3-fold) but not p53+/+ cells (1.5-fold), and enhanced cell kill by 100 nM gemcitabine 40-fold in U2OS p53DN cells but only 3-fold in U2OS p53WT cells. Chinese hamster ovary cells defective in XRCC1 (single stranded break repair) were more sensitive to single agent VE-821 than the parental wt cells (35% and 55% survival at 10 µM, respectively). Data on other repair-defective cell lines will be presented.
Conclusions: p53 status is not a determinant of sensitivity to VE-821 as a single agent but VE-821 preferentially sensitises cells lacking functional p53 to gemcitabine. This supports the hypothesis that p53 status may be predictive of cellular response to ATR inhibition in combination with certain chemotherapies. Furthermore, data using Chinese hamster cell lines indicate that DDR defects may be exploited by ATR inhibition.
Citation Format: Fiona K. Middleton, Tao Chen, John R. Pollard, Nicola J. Curtin. Investigating p53 and other potential determinants of cell sensitivity to ATR inhibition by VE-821. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2418. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2418
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Chen
- 1Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Znojek P, Willmore E, Curtin NJ. Preferential potentiation of topoisomerase I poison cytotoxicity by PARP inhibition in S phase. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1319-26. [PMID: 25003660 PMCID: PMC4183837 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topoisomerase I (Topo I) poisons (e.g., camptothecin (CPT)), used to treat cancer, cause DNA breaks that are most cytotoxic during S phase. PARP-1 promotes DNA repair and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) sensitise cells to Topo I poisons. We aimed to determine whether chemosensitisation is also S phase specific using rucaparib, a potent PARPi in advanced clinical evaluation. METHODS The impact of rucaparib, on CPT-induced cytotoxicity was measured in human colon cancer (LoVo) and leukaemic (K562) cells in asynchronous and cell cycle phase-separated cultures. Topoisomerase I and PARP levels and activity and the effect of rucaparib on DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), double-strand breaks (DSBs) and collapsed replication fork induction and repair were determined in cell cycle phase-separated cells. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of CPT was greatest during S phase, partially attributable to high Topo I activity, and rucaparib preferentially sensitised S-phase cells. Rucaparib increased CPT-induced DNA SSBs in all phases of the cell cycle, and increased DSB and γH2AX foci in S and G2, with γH2AX foci being highest in S-phase cells. Repair of SSBs and DSBs was most rapid during S then G2 phases and was substantially hindered by rucaparib. CONCLUSIONS Rucaparib preferentially sensitises S-phase cells by increasing the frequency of collapsed replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Znojek
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - E Willmore
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - N J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Patterson MJ, Sutton RE, Forrest I, Sharrock R, Lane M, Kaufmann A, O'Donnell R, Edmondson RJ, Wilson BT, Curtin NJ. Assessing the function of homologous recombination DNA repair in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) samples. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:94-100. [PMID: 24867690 PMCID: PMC4090730 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) generally have advanced disease with poor survival and few therapeutic options. Cells within MPEs may be used to stratify patients for targeted therapy. Targeted therapy with poly(ADP ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) depends on identifying homologous recombination DNA repair (HRR)-defective cancer cells. We aimed to determine the feasibility of assaying HRR status in MPE cells. Methods: A total of 15 MPE samples were collected from consenting patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mesothelioma and ovarian and breast cancer. Primary cultures were confirmed as epithelial by pancytokeratin, and HRR status was determined by the detection of γH2AX and RAD51 foci following a 24-h exposure to rucaparib, by immunofluorescence microscopy. Massively parallel next-generation sequencing of DNA repair genes was performed on cultured MPE cells. Results: From 15 MPE samples, 13 cultures were successfully established, with HRR function successfully determined in 12 cultures. Four samples – three NSCLC and one mesothelioma – were HRR defective and eight samples – one NSCLC, one mesothelioma, one sarcomatoid, one breast and four ovarian cancers – were HRR functional. No mutations in DNA repair genes were associated with HRR status, but there was probable loss of heterozygosity of FANCG, RPA1 and PARP1. Conclusions: HRR function can be successfully detected in MPE cells demonstrating the potential to stratify patients for targeted therapy with PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Patterson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - R E Sutton
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - I Forrest
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - R Sharrock
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - M Lane
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - A Kaufmann
- 1] Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK [2] The Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead Foundation Trust, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK
| | - R O'Donnell
- 1] Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK [2] The Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead Foundation Trust, Gateshead NE9 6SX, UK
| | - R J Edmondson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - B T Wilson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - N J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Murray J, Thomas H, Berry P, Kyle S, Patterson M, Jones C, Los G, Hostomsky Z, Plummer ER, Boddy AV, Curtin NJ. Tumour cell retention of rucaparib, sustained PARP inhibition and efficacy of weekly as well as daily schedules. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1977-84. [PMID: 24556618 PMCID: PMC3992512 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) exploit tumour-specific defects in homologous recombination DNA repair and continuous dosing is most efficacious. Early clinical trial data with rucaparib suggested that it caused sustained PARP inhibition. Here we investigate the mechanism of this durable inhibition and potential exploitation. Methods: Uptake and retention of rucaparib and persistence of PARP inhibition were determined by radiochemical and immunological assays in human cancer cell lines. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rucaparib were determined in tumour-bearing mice and the efficacy of different schedules of rucaparib was determined in mice bearing homologous recombination DNA repair-defective tumours. Results: Rucaparib accumulation is carrier mediated (Km=8.4±1.2 μM, Vmax=469±22 pmol per 106 cells per 10 min), reaching steady-state levels >10 times higher than the extracellular concentration within 30 min. Rucaparib is retained in cells and inhibits PARP ⩾50% for ⩾72 h days after a 30-min pulse of 400 nM. In Capan-1 tumour-bearing mice rucaparib accumulated and was retained in the tumours, and PARP was inhibited for 7 days following a single dose of 10 mg kg−1 i.p or 150 mg kg−1 p.o. by 70% and 90%, respectively. Weekly dosing of 150 mg kg−1 p.o once a week was as effective as 10 mg kg−1 i.p daily for five days every week for 6 weeks in delaying Capan-1 tumour growth. Conclusions: Rucaparib accumulates and is retained in tumour cells and inhibits PARP for long periods such that weekly schedules have equivalent anticancer activity to daily dosing in a pre-clinical model, suggesting that clinical evaluation of alternative schedules of rucaparib should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Murray
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - H Thomas
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Berry
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Kyle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Patterson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C Jones
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Los
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Z Hostomsky
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - E R Plummer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A V Boddy
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Curtin NJ. Inhibiting the DNA damage response as a therapeutic manoeuvre in cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1745-65. [PMID: 23682925 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The DNA damage response (DDR), consisting of an orchestrated network of proteins effecting repair and signalling to cell cycle arrest, to allow time to repair, is essential for cell viability and to prevent DNA damage being passed on to daughter cells. The DDR is dysregulated in cancer with some pathways up-regulated and others down-regulated or lost. Up-regulated pathways can confer resistance to anti-cancer DNA damaging agents. Therefore, inhibitors of key components of these pathways have the potential to prevent this therapeutic resistance. Conversely, defects in a particular DDR pathway may lead to dependence on a complementary pathway. Inhibition of this complementary pathway may result in tumour-specific cell killing. Thus, inhibitors of the DDR have the potential to increase the efficacy of DNA damaging chemotherapy and radiotherapy and have single-agent activity against tumours with a specific DDR defect. This review describes the compounds that have been designed to inhibit specific DDR targets and summarizes the pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of these inhibitors of DNA damage signalling and repair. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Therapeutic Aspects in Oncology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Curtin
- a Newcastle University; Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Medical School ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK ;
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Henshaw JW, Zhou H, Herriott A, Patterson M, Wang EW, Musson D, de Bono J, Mina LA, Ramanathan RK, O'Neill C, Dorr A, Curtin NJ. Abstract A220: Inhibition of PBMC PARP activity with the novel PARP 1/2 inhibitor BMN 673 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-a220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: BMN 673 is a novel, potent (IC50 < 1.0 nM) inhibitor of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and PARP 2 in clinical development for the treatment of genetically defined cancers.
Methods: The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of BMN 673 were evaluated in a Phase 1 dose-escalation study in patients with advanced solid tumors. Oral doses evaluated ranged from 0.025 to 1.1 mg/day, with 3-6 patients evaluated at each dose level in a standard 3+3 design. The first dose in Cycle 1 was followed for 7 days without dosing for collection of serial PK and PD samples. Thereafter BMN 673 was administered once daily on Days 8 to 35, with predose PK and PD samples collected on Days 15 and 22. Following the last dose in Cycle 1 on Day 35, serial PK and PD samples were collected for 7 and 3 days, respectively, without dosing. In subsequent cycles, BMN 673 was administered daily in contiguous 28-day cycles. The PD activity of BMN 673 was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using assay methods previously described (Clin Cancer Res 2008 14:7917023, Biochem J 2011 436:671-679). Correlations between systemic BMN 673 exposure and inhibition of PBMC PARP activity were investigated across dose levels.
Results: BMN 673 demonstrated good oral bioavailability and a long half-life supporting daily dosing (ASCO 2013 Abstract 2580). While variable across and within patients, overall PBMC PARP activity decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Within individual patients at higher dose levels, PBMC PARP activity decreased soon after the first dose of BMN 673, and activity remained at suppressed levels with daily dosing. PBMC PARP activity rebounded when dosing was stopped, indicating the return of PARP function. Correlations between the mean percent baseline PARP activity with daily BMN 673 dosing and measures of steady-state BMN 673 exposures within individuals (i.e., Day 35 Cmin, Cmax, and AUC0-24) showed decreased PARP activity with increasing exposure. This correlation was well described using an Imax model with IC50 values based on an interim analyses of 1140 pg/mL, 3090 pg/mL, and 26700 pg-hr/mL for Cmin, Cmax, and AUC0-24, respectively.
Conclusions: PBMC PARP activity was rapidly and continuously inhibited with daily dosing of BMN 673. A positive correlation between systemic BMN 673 exposure and inhibition of PARP activity in PBMCs was demonstrated. This effect on a relevant pharmacodynamic marker provides in vivo proof of an on-target effect of BMN 673 and may be an initial step with potential to inform BMN 673 dose selection.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A220.
Citation Format: Joshua W. Henshaw, Huiyu Zhou, Ashleigh Herriott, Miranda Patterson, Evelyn W. Wang, Don Musson, Johann de Bono, Lida A. Mina, Ramesh K. Ramanathan, Charles O'Neill, Andrew Dorr, Nicola J. Curtin. Inhibition of PBMC PARP activity with the novel PARP 1/2 inhibitor BMN 673 in patients with advanced solid tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A220.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- 1BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA
| | | | | | | | - Don Musson
- 1BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA
| | - Johann de Bono
- 3Institiue of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
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Murray JC, Thomas HD, Berry P, Kyle S, Jones C, Plummer R, Boddy AV, Curtin NJ. Abstract C75: Rucaparib (CO-338) accumulation and persistence of PARP inhibition in vitro and in vivo and efficacy of intermittent vs continuous schedules. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-c75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Preclinical studies show that both duration and extent of PARP inhibition is critical for synthetically lethality in tumors with defects in homologous recombination repair (HRR). Rucaparib is undergoing clinical evaluation in HRR-defective tumors. Our aim was to determine whether multiple daily doses or an intermittent schedule will give the required “coverage” for anticancer activity.
Methods: The accumulation of 14C-rucaparib and duration of PARP inhibition was determined in SW620 and BRCA2 mutant Capan-1 cells after a 30 minute pulse. Rucaparib concentration in plasma brain and Capan-1 tumor xenografts and PARP inhibition in brain and tumor was determined at intervals up to 1 week after a single dose of rucaparib. The efficacy of continuous and discontinuous schedules of rucaparib was determined in mice bearing Capan-1 xenografts.
Results: Rucaparib accumulates in cells via a carrier-mediated transporter (Km of 8.4 ± 1.2 μM and Vmax of 469 ± 22 pmol/106cells/10 min) PARP activity in Capan-1 cells was suppressed by 80% for 72 hr after a pulse of 50 or 400 nM rucaparib, and still 40% reduced 7 days after 400 nM. Rucaparib was cleared rapidly from the plasma but it was detectable for up to 72 hr and suppressed PARP activity in the tumors for 7 days, being 25% and 10% of control after 10 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, respectively. Peak levels in the brain were 2-10% of those in the tumor and only modest, transient PARP inhibition was observed in the brain. Tumor growth was suppressed by rucaparib at 150 mg/kg po on a weekly schedule as effectively as 10 mg/kg po on a daily x5 every week for 6 weeks.
Conclusion: Rucaparib accumulates in human tumor cells and PARP inhibition by rucaparib is durable after a 30 min pulse. PARP is inhibited in tumor xenografts for up to 1 week after a single dose and when the drug concentrations are no longer detectable. Weekly dosing with rucaparib inhibits tumor growth.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C75.
Citation Format: James C. Murray, Huw D. Thomas, Philip Berry, Suzanne Kyle, Christopher Jones, Ruth Plummer, Alan V. Boddy, Nicola J. Curtin. Rucaparib (CO-338) accumulation and persistence of PARP inhibition in vitro and in vivo and efficacy of intermittent vs continuous schedules. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C75.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huw D. Thomas
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Berry
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Kyle
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth Plummer
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alan V. Boddy
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Eccles SA, Aboagye EO, Ali S, Anderson AS, Armes J, Berditchevski F, Blaydes JP, Brennan K, Brown NJ, Bryant HE, Bundred NJ, Burchell JM, Campbell AM, Carroll JS, Clarke RB, Coles CE, Cook GJR, Cox A, Curtin NJ, Dekker LV, dos Santos Silva I, Duffy SW, Easton DF, Eccles DM, Edwards DR, Edwards J, Evans DG, Fenlon DF, Flanagan JM, Foster C, Gallagher WM, Garcia-Closas M, Gee JMW, Gescher AJ, Goh V, Groves AM, Harvey AJ, Harvie M, Hennessy BT, Hiscox S, Holen I, Howell SJ, Howell A, Hubbard G, Hulbert-Williams N, Hunter MS, Jasani B, Jones LJ, Key TJ, Kirwan CC, Kong A, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Leach MO, Mann DJ, Marshall JF, Martin LA, Martin SG, Macdougall JE, Miles DW, Miller WR, Morris JR, Moss SM, Mullan P, Natrajan R, O’Connor JPB, O’Connor R, Palmieri C, Pharoah PDP, Rakha EA, Reed E, Robinson SP, Sahai E, Saxton JM, Schmid P, Smalley MJ, Speirs V, Stein R, Stingl J, Streuli CH, Tutt ANJ, Velikova G, Walker RA, Watson CJ, Williams KJ, Young LS, Thompson AM. Critical research gaps and translational priorities for the successful prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R92. [PMID: 24286369 PMCID: PMC3907091 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer remains a significant scientific, clinical and societal challenge. This gap analysis has reviewed and critically assessed enduring issues and new challenges emerging from recent research, and proposes strategies for translating solutions into practice. METHODS More than 100 internationally recognised specialist breast cancer scientists, clinicians and healthcare professionals collaborated to address nine thematic areas: genetics, epigenetics and epidemiology; molecular pathology and cell biology; hormonal influences and endocrine therapy; imaging, detection and screening; current/novel therapies and biomarkers; drug resistance; metastasis, angiogenesis, circulating tumour cells, cancer 'stem' cells; risk and prevention; living with and managing breast cancer and its treatment. The groups developed summary papers through an iterative process which, following further appraisal from experts and patients, were melded into this summary account. RESULTS The 10 major gaps identified were: (1) understanding the functions and contextual interactions of genetic and epigenetic changes in normal breast development and during malignant transformation; (2) how to implement sustainable lifestyle changes (diet, exercise and weight) and chemopreventive strategies; (3) the need for tailored screening approaches including clinically actionable tests; (4) enhancing knowledge of molecular drivers behind breast cancer subtypes, progression and metastasis; (5) understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumour heterogeneity, dormancy, de novo or acquired resistance and how to target key nodes in these dynamic processes; (6) developing validated markers for chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity; (7) understanding the optimal duration, sequencing and rational combinations of treatment for improved personalised therapy; (8) validating multimodality imaging biomarkers for minimally invasive diagnosis and monitoring of responses in primary and metastatic disease; (9) developing interventions and support to improve the survivorship experience; (10) a continuing need for clinical material for translational research derived from normal breast, blood, primary, relapsed, metastatic and drug-resistant cancers with expert bioinformatics support to maximise its utility. The proposed infrastructural enablers include enhanced resources to support clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo tumour models; improved access to appropriate, fully annotated clinical samples; extended biomarker discovery, validation and standardisation; and facilitated cross-discipline working. CONCLUSIONS With resources to conduct further high-quality targeted research focusing on the gaps identified, increased knowledge translating into improved clinical care should be achievable within five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Jo Armes
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicola J Brown
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Charlotte E Coles
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gary JR Cook
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Angela Cox
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen W Duffy
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Diana M Eccles
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Deborah F Fenlon
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Claire Foster
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | | | - Julia M W Gee
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andy J Gescher
- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 4RH, UK
| | - Vicky Goh
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ashley M Groves
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Michelle Harvie
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Ingunn Holen
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bharat Jasani
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Louise J Jones
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Kong
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Martin O Leach
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - David J Mann
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lesley Ann Martin
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sue M Moss
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paul Mullan
- Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Rachel Natrajan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | | | | | - Carlo Palmieri
- The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Princess Alice Hospice, West End Lane, Esher KT10 8NA, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Peter Schmid
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9PX, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Stein
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine J Watson
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Leonie S Young
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Cano C, Saravanan K, Bailey C, Bardos J, Curtin NJ, Frigerio M, Golding BT, Hardcastle IR, Hummersone MG, Menear KA, Newell DR, Richardson CJ, Shea K, Smith GCM, Thommes P, Ting A, Griffin RJ. 1-substituted (Dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl)-2-morpholino-4H-chromen-4-ones endowed with dual DNA-PK/PI3-K inhibitory activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6386-401. [PMID: 23855836 DOI: 10.1021/jm400915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of (dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl)-2-morpholino-4H-chromen-4-one (NU7441), a potent inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK; IC50 = 42 ± 2 nM), have been synthesized in which water-solubilizing groups [NHCO(CH₂)nNR¹R², where n = 1 or 2 and the moiety R¹R²N was derived from a library of primary and secondary amines, e.g., morpholine] were placed at the 1-position. Several of the newly synthesized compounds exhibited high potency against DNA-PK and potentiated the cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation (IR) in vitro 10-fold or more (e.g., 2-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-morpholino-4-oxo-4H-chromen-8-yl)dibenzo[b,d]thio-phen-1-yl)acetamide, 39; DNA-PK IC₅₀ = 5.0 ± 1 nM, IR dose modification ratio = 13). Furthermore, 39 was shown to potentiate not only IR in vitro but also DNA-inducing cytotoxic anticancer agents, both in vitro and in vivo. Counter-screening against other members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) related kinase (PIKK) family unexpectedly revealed that some of the compounds were potent mixed DNA-PK and PI-3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cano
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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Batey MA, Zhao Y, Kyle S, Richardson C, Slade A, Martin NMB, Lau A, Newell DR, Curtin NJ. Preclinical evaluation of a novel ATM inhibitor, KU59403, in vitro and in vivo in p53 functional and dysfunctional models of human cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:959-67. [PMID: 23512991 PMCID: PMC3736091 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase signals DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) to cell-cycle arrest via p53 and DNA repair. ATM-defective cells are sensitive to DSB-inducing agents, making ATM an attractive target for anticancer chemo- and radiosensitization. KU59403 is an ATM inhibitor with the potency, selectivity, and solubility for advanced preclinical evaluation. KU59403 was not cytotoxic to human cancer cell lines (SW620, LoVo, HCT116, and MDA-MB-231) per se but significantly increased the cytotoxicity of topoisomerase I and II poisons: camptothecin, etoposide, and doxorubicin. Chemo- and radiosensitization by ATM inhibition was not p53-dependent. Following administration to mice, KU59403 distributed to tissues and concentrations exceeding those required for in vitro activity were maintained for at least 4 hours in tumor xenografts. KU59403 significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of topoisomerase poisons in mice bearing human colon cancer xenografts (SW620 and HCT116) at doses that were nontoxic alone and well-tolerated in combination. Chemosensitization was both dose- and schedule-dependent. KU59403 represents a major advance in ATM inhibitor development, being the first compound to show good tissue distribution and significant chemosensitization in in vivo models of human cancer, without major toxicity. KU59403 provides the first proof-of-principle preclinical data to support the future clinical development of ATM inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Batey
- Newcastle University, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yan Zhao
- Newcastle University, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Suzanne Kyle
- Newcastle University, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Caroline Richardson
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Andrew Slade
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Niall MB Martin
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Alan Lau
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - David R Newell
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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De Bono JS, Mina LA, Gonzalez M, Curtin NJ, Wang E, Henshaw JW, Chadha M, Sachdev JC, Matei D, Jameson GS, Ong M, Basu B, Wainberg ZA, Byers LA, Chugh R, Dorr A, Kaye SB, Ramanathan RK. First-in-human trial of novel oral PARP inhibitor BMN 673 in patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2580 Background: BMN 673 is the most potent and specific inhibitor of PARP1/2 in clinical development (IC50<1nM). In tumors genetically dependent on DNA repair by homologous recombination PARP inhibition induces synthetic lethality. Methods: Pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), safety and anti-tumor activity of BMN 673 were evaluated in a 2-stage dose-escalation study with 3-6 patients (pts)/dose level. In dose escalation (Stage 1) cycle 1 was 6 wks, with drug taken on days 1 and 8-35, for PK and PD assays, followed by daily continuous dosing in 4-wk cycles. Stage 2 (expansion at MTD) recruits pts with tumors defective in DNA repair: Ewing sarcoma, small cell lung cancer or tumors associated with BRCA mutation (mut). Results: 39 pts (33F/6M) were enrolled in 9 cohorts from 25 to 1100 µg/d that defined a MTD of 1000 µg/d. Median (range) age was 58 (19-81), PS 0 (0-1) and # of prior therapies 4 (1-13). Tumors (# with deleterious BRCA 1/2 mut) included 23 ovarian/primary peritoneal (17); 8 breast (6); 3 pancreas; 2 colon; 1 prostate (1), and 1 mullerian carcinosarcoma. 17 and 8 pts had BRCA 1 and 2 mut, respectively. Dose-limiting thrombocytopenia occurred in 1/6 and 2/5 pts at 900 and 1100 µg/d, respectively. Potentially-related adverse events in >10% of pts (# grade 1 and 2/grade 3 and 4) included fatigue (10/0); nausea (10/0); flatulence (4/0); anemia (5/2); neutropenia (4/3); thrombocytopenia (1/3); and grade 1 alopecia (10). Inhibition of PARP activity in PBMCs was observed at doses ≥ 100 µg/d. BMN 673 plasma concentrations peaked 1-2 hrs post-dose; exposure increased dose proportionally. Steady state plasma concentrations were reached by the end of the 2nd week of daily dosing; mean Cmax: 0.30 - 25.4 ng/mL and AUC0-24: 3.96 - 203 ng-hr/mL across the 25 to 1100 µg/d dose range after 28d of daily dosing. RECIST and/or CA-125 responses occurred at doses ≥ 100 µg/d in 11/17 BRCA carrier ovarian/peritoneal cancer pts. Objective responses occurred in 2/6 BRCA-carrier breast cancer pts. Conclusions: BMN 673 is well tolerated with impressive anti-tumor activity in pts with BRCA mut with a single agent recommended Phase II trial dose of 1000 µg/d due to dose-limiting thrombocytopenia. Clinical trial information: NCT01286987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Sebastian De Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Gonzalez
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Manpreet Chadha
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center at Scottsdale Healthcare/TGen, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Jasgit C. Sachdev
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center at Scottsdale Healthcare, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Daniela Matei
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gayle S. Jameson
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center at Scottsdale Healthcare, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Michael Ong
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Bristi Basu
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Zev A. Wainberg
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | - Stanley B. Kaye
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh K. Ramanathan
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center Clinical Trials at Scottsdale Healthcare/TGen, Scottsdale, AZ
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Abstract
Dysregulation of DNA damage repair and signalling to cell cycle checkpoints, known as the DNA damage response (DDR), is associated with a predisposition to cancer and affects responses to DNA-damaging anticancer therapy. Dysfunction of one DNA repair pathway may be compensated for by the function of another compensatory DDR pathway, which may be increased and contribute to resistance to DNA-damaging chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, DDR pathways make an ideal target for therapeutic intervention; first, to prevent or reverse therapy resistance; and second, using a synthetic lethal approach to specifically kill cancer cells that are dependent on a compensatory DNA repair pathway for survival in the context of cancer-associated oxidative and replicative stress. These hypotheses are currently being tested in the laboratory and are being translated into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Mukhopadhyay A, Plummer ER, Elattar A, Soohoo S, Uzir B, Quinn JE, McCluggage WG, Maxwell P, Aneke H, Curtin NJ, Edmondson RJ. Clinicopathological features of homologous recombination-deficient epithelial ovarian cancers: sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, platinum, and survival. Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23066035 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0324] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Up to 50% of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) display defects in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. We sought to determine the ramifications of the homologous recombination-deficient (HRD) status on the clinicopathologic features, chemotherapy response, and survival outcomes of patients with EOCs. HR status was determined in primary cultures from ascitic fluid in 50 chemotherapy-naïve patients by a functional RAD51 immunofluorescence assay and correlated with in vitro sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor (PARPi), rucaparib. All patients went on to receive platinum-based chemotherapy; platinum sensitivity, tumor progression, and overall survival were compared prospectively in HR-competent versus HRD patients. Compared with HR-competent patients, the HRD group was predominantly serous with a higher median CA125 at presentation. HRD was associated with higher ex vivo PARPi sensitivity and clinical platinum sensitivity. Median follow-up duration was 14 months; patients in the HRD group had lower tumor progression rates at 6 months, lower overall/disease-specific death rates at 12 months, and higher median survival. We therefore suggest that HRD as predicted by a functional RAD51 assay correlates with in vitro PARPi sensitivity, clinical platinum sensitivity, and improved survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Mukhopadhyay
- Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, N Ireland, United Kingdom
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Mukhopadhyay A, Plummer ER, Elattar A, Soohoo S, Uzir B, Quinn JE, McCluggage WG, Maxwell P, Aneke H, Curtin NJ, Edmondson RJ. Clinicopathological Features of Homologous Recombination–Deficient Epithelial Ovarian Cancers: Sensitivity to PARP Inhibitors, Platinum, and Survival. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5675-82. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Munck JM, Batey MA, Zhao Y, Jenkins H, Richardson CJ, Cano C, Tavecchio M, Barbeau J, Bardos J, Cornell L, Griffin RJ, Menear K, Slade A, Thommes P, Martin NMB, Newell DR, Smith GCM, Curtin NJ. Chemosensitization of cancer cells by KU-0060648, a dual inhibitor of DNA-PK and PI-3K. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1789-98. [PMID: 22576130 PMCID: PMC3428850 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most cytotoxic lesions induced by topoisomerase II poisons. Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is a major pathway for DSB repair and requires DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity. DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is structurally similar to PI-3K, which promotes cell survival and proliferation and is upregulated in many cancers. KU-0060648 is a dual inhibitor of DNA-PK and PI-3K in vitro. KU-0060648 was investigated in a panel of human breast and colon cancer cells. The compound inhibited cellular DNA-PK autophosphorylation with IC(50) values of 0.019 μmol/L (MCF7 cells) and 0.17 μmol/L (SW620 cells), and PI-3K-mediated AKT phosphorylation with IC(50) values of 0.039 μmol/L (MCF7 cells) and more than 10 μmol/L (SW620 cells). Five-day exposure to 1 μmol/L KU-0060648 inhibited cell proliferation by more than 95% in MCF7 cells but only by 55% in SW620 cells. In clonogenic survival assays, KU-0060648 increased the cytotoxicity of etoposide and doxorubicin across the panel of DNA-PKcs-proficient cells, but not in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells, thus confirming that enhanced cytotoxicity was due to DNA-PK inhibition. In mice bearing SW620 and MCF7 xenografts, concentrations of KU-0060648 that were sufficient for in vitro growth inhibition and chemosensitization were maintained within the tumor for at least 4 hours at nontoxic doses. KU-0060648 alone delayed the growth of MCF7 xenografts and increased etoposide-induced tumor growth delay in both in SW620 and MCF7 xenografts by up to 4.5-fold, without exacerbating etoposide toxicity to unacceptable levels. The proof-of-principle in vitro and in vivo chemosensitization with KU-0060648 justifies further evaluation of dual DNA-PK and PI-3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M. Munck
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Michael A. Batey
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yan Zhao
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Helen Jenkins
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Caroline J. Richardson
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Celine Cano
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Michele Tavecchio
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jody Barbeau
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Julia Bardos
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Liam Cornell
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roger J. Griffin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Keith Menear
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Andrew Slade
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - Pia Thommes
- AstraZeneca Oncology iMed, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Niall MB Martin
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 410 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0PE, UK
| | - David R Newell
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Graeme CM Smith
- AstraZeneca Oncology iMed, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Cornell L, Munck JM, Reeves HL, Curtin NJ. Abstract 3122: The DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 inhibits non-homologous end joining, enhances radio- and chemosensitivity and increases dependence on homologous recombination in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the most cytotoxic lesions induced by ionizing radiation (IR) and anticancer drugs such as topoisomerase II poisons (e.g., doxorubicin), are repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which initiates NHEJ, is up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (GEO profiles), possibly contributing to anticancer therapy resistance. To assess DNA-PK as a potential therapeutic target for chemo- and radio-sensitisation in HCC we determined the effect of the DNA-PK inhibitor, NU7441, on DSB repair and cytotoxicity in HCC cells. Methods DNA-PK protein levels and activation by IR (Western blot), DSB levels (y-H2AX foci), HR (RAD51 foci), cell growth (DAPI fluorescence) and cytotoxicity (colony formation) following exposure to IR or doxorubicin was determined in a panel of 6 hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, Huh7, SNU-182, SNU475 and PLC/PRF/5). Results DNA-PK protein concentration and activity did not vary significantly across the panel (±24% and ±37%, respectively) but there were cell-specific sensitivities to IR and doxorubicin (e.g. HepG2 2-fold more resistant than Hep3B). NU7441 significantly sensitised all cells to both doxorubicin (average PF50 4.3±3.0) and IR (average PF50 3.9±1.1) in growth inhibition assays and significantly reduced survival (4.8 to 3.3-fold) in colony forming assays. Following exposure to IR, NU7441 significantly delayed yH2AX focus clearance in all cell lines (e.g. only 13% cleared at 4 hr compared to 50% in control), but increased RAD51 focus formation (3-fold). Conclusion While chemo- and radio-sensitivity in HCC cells was not dependent on DNA-PK expression or activity, NU7441 causes greater than 2-fold chemo- and radiosensitisation in all cells. This was accompanied by a substantial reduction in the rapid phase of DNA repair (NHEJ-dependent) and a shift to a greater reliance on the slower HR repair. DNA-PK inhibitors may have potential as chemo- and radio-sensitisors in hepatoma patients.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3122. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3122
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Cornell
- 1Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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50
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Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) are critical enzymes that reduce genomic damage caused by DNA lesions. They are both activated by DNA strand breaks generated by physiological and environmental factors, and they have been shown to interact. Here, we report in vivo evidence that DNA-PK and PARP1 are equally necessary for rapid repair. We purified a DNA-PK/PARP1 complex loaded on DNA and performed electron microscopy and single particle analysis on its tetrameric and dimer-of-tetramers forms. By comparison with the DNA-PK holoenzyme and fitting crystallographic structures, we see that the PARP1 density is in close contact with the Ku subunit. Crucially, PARP1 binding elicits substantial conformational changes in the DNA-PK synaptic dimer assembly. Taken together, our data support a functional, in-pathway role for DNA-PK and PARP1 in double-strand break (DSB) repair. We also propose a NHEJ model where protein-protein interactions alter substantially the architecture of DNA-PK dimers at DSBs, to trigger subsequent interactions or enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Spagnolo
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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