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Romano F, Haanpää MK, Pomianowski P, Peraino AR, Pollard JR, Di Feo MF, Traverso M, Severino M, Derchi M, Henzen E, Zara F, Faravelli F, Capra V, Scala M. Expanding the phenotype of UPF3B-related disorder: Case reports and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63534. [PMID: 38318947 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
UPF3B encodes the Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3B protein, a core-member of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway, protecting the cells from the potentially deleterious actions of transcripts with premature termination codons. Hemizygous variants in the UPF3B gene cause a spectrum of neuropsychiatric issues including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia/childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). The number of patients reported to date is very limited, often lacking an extensive phenotypical and neuroradiological description of this ultra-rare syndrome. Here we report three subjects harboring UPF3B variants, presenting with variable clinical pictures, including cognitive impairment, central hypotonia, and syndromic features. Patients 1 and 2 harbored novel UPF3B variants-the p.(Lys207*) and p.(Asp429Serfs*27) ones, respectively-while the p.(Arg225Lysfs*229) variant, identified in Patient 3, was already reported in the literature. Novel features in our patients are represented by microcephaly, midface hypoplasia, and brain malformations. Then, we reviewed pertinent literature and compared previously reported subjects to our cases, providing possible insights into genotype-phenotype correlations in this emerging condition. Overall, the detailed phenotypic description of three patients carrying UPF3B variants is useful not only to expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of UPF3B-related disorders, but also to ameliorate the clinical management of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferruccio Romano
- Clinical Genomics and Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria K Haanpää
- Department of Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pawel Pomianowski
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Amanda Rose Peraino
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - John R Pollard
- Epilepsy Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Maria Francesca Di Feo
- Clinical Genomics and Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Epilepsy Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Traverso
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Derchi
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Henzen
- Genomics Facility, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Faravelli
- Clinical Genomics and Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Clinical Genomics and Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Pollard BS, Wen Z, Jacobson KA, Pollard JR. Stereospecific antiseizure activity in mouse and rat epilepsy models by a pyridinium inhibitor of TNFα/NFκB signaling. Eur J Med Chem Rep 2022; 6:100065. [PMID: 36003949 PMCID: PMC9395218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2022.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects over 50 million people worldwide and increases the risk of death. An intrinsic state of central inflammation, mainly driven by TNFα/NFκB signaling, may contribute to the refractory nature of some epilepsies. We have therefore hypothesized that inhibitors of this signaling pathway might be therapeutic. To test this hypothesis, we have measured the antiseizure properties of the enantiomeric compounds MRS-2481 and MRS-2485 in rodent seizure model systems. In the 6 Hz (44 mA) induced seizure test in mice, the (S) species, MRS-2485, was found to have higher protective potency and lower toxicity than the (R) species MRS-2481. However, neither of these enantiomers were protective in the MES-induced seizure test. MRS-2485 was also found to be protective in the corneal kindled mouse test. Finally, MRS-2485 reduced the post-kainate rat hippocampal slice electrical burst rate and duration. We conclude that MRS-2485, the (S)-enantiomer, is a potent inhibitor of seizure activity in mouse and rat models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John R. Pollard
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Epilepsy Center, Christiana Hospital, Christiana, DE, 19713, USA
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Gledhill JM, Brand EJ, Pollard JR, St Clair RD, Wallach TM, Crino PB. Association of Epileptic and Nonepileptic Seizures and Changes in Circulating Plasma Proteins Linked to Neuroinflammation. Neurology 2021; 96:e1443-e1452. [PMID: 33495377 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a diagnostic test that stratifies epileptic seizures (ES) from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) by developing a multimodal algorithm that integrates plasma concentrations of selected immune response-associated proteins and patient clinical risk factors for seizure. METHODS Daily blood samples were collected from patients evaluated in the epilepsy monitoring unit within 24 hours after EEG confirmed ES or PNES and plasma was isolated. Levels of 51 candidate plasma proteins were quantified using an automated, multiplexed, sandwich ELISA and then integrated and analyzed using our diagnostic algorithm. RESULTS A 51-protein multiplexed ELISA panel was used to determine the plasma concentrations of patients with ES, patients with PNES, and healthy controls. A combination of protein concentrations, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2), and tumor necrosis factor-receptor 1 (TNF-R1) indicated a probability that a patient recently experienced a seizure, with TRAIL and ICAM-1 levels higher in PNES than ES and MCP-2 and TNF-R1 levels higher in ES than PNES. The diagnostic algorithm yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.94 ± 0.07, sensitivity of 82.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 62.9-93.0), and specificity of 91.6% (95% CI 74.2-97.7). Expanding the diagnostic algorithm to include previously identified PNES risk factors enhanced diagnostic performance, with AUC of 0.97 ± 0.05, sensitivity of 91.3% (95% CI 73.2-97.6), and specificity of 95.8% (95% CI 79.8-99.3). CONCLUSIONS These 4 plasma proteins could provide a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate blood-based diagnostic test to confirm recent ES or PNES. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that variable levels of 4 plasma proteins, when analyzed by a diagnostic algorithm, can distinguish PNES from ES with sensitivity of 82.6% and specificity of 91.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gledhill
- From Cognizance Biomarkers (J.M.G., E.J.B., R.D.S., T.M.W.), Spring House, PA; Christiana Care (J.R.P.), Newark, DE; and Department of Neurology (P.B.C.), University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Elizabeth J Brand
- From Cognizance Biomarkers (J.M.G., E.J.B., R.D.S., T.M.W.), Spring House, PA; Christiana Care (J.R.P.), Newark, DE; and Department of Neurology (P.B.C.), University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - John R Pollard
- From Cognizance Biomarkers (J.M.G., E.J.B., R.D.S., T.M.W.), Spring House, PA; Christiana Care (J.R.P.), Newark, DE; and Department of Neurology (P.B.C.), University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Richard D St Clair
- From Cognizance Biomarkers (J.M.G., E.J.B., R.D.S., T.M.W.), Spring House, PA; Christiana Care (J.R.P.), Newark, DE; and Department of Neurology (P.B.C.), University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Todd M Wallach
- From Cognizance Biomarkers (J.M.G., E.J.B., R.D.S., T.M.W.), Spring House, PA; Christiana Care (J.R.P.), Newark, DE; and Department of Neurology (P.B.C.), University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Peter B Crino
- From Cognizance Biomarkers (J.M.G., E.J.B., R.D.S., T.M.W.), Spring House, PA; Christiana Care (J.R.P.), Newark, DE; and Department of Neurology (P.B.C.), University of Maryland, Baltimore.
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Acton EK, Gelfand MA, Hennessy S, Xie SX, Pollard JR, Kasner SE, Willis AW. Trends in oral anticoagulant co-prescription with antiepileptic drugs among adults with epilepsy, 2010-2018. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 113:107550. [PMID: 33242772 PMCID: PMC7780425 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Treatment considerations for epilepsy patients requiring anticoagulation are changing, and actual prescribing practices have not been characterized. We used the 2010-2018 Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart Database to estimate the annual prevalence and distinguish the patterns of oral anticoagulants (OACs) co-dispensed with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) among adults with epilepsy. Monotonic trends were assessed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ). Multivariable logistic regression models were built to evaluate the associations of sociodemographic characteristics. Among 345,892 adults with epilepsy (56.5% female; median age 61, IQR 46-74) on studied AEDs, the prevalence per thousand of concurrent OACs increased from 58.4 in 2010 to 92.0 in 2018 (OR 1.63, CI 1.58-1.69). Direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) use rapidly increased from 2010 to 2018 (ρ = 1.00; P < 0.001), with a corresponding decrease in warfarin use (ρ = -0.97; P < 0.001). Among OAC/AED dispensings in 2018, warfarin was more likely to be co-dispensed with potentially interacting, enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EI-AEDs) versus presumably non-interacting, non-enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs (OR 1.48, CI 1.38-1.59). Characteristics independently associated with concurrent OAC/EI-AED use included younger age, female sex, white race, net worth <$250 K, and lower education levels. Our findings demonstrate the expanding use and evolving patterns of OAC/AED co-dispensing, and ensuing critical need to further understanding regarding postulated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Acton
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US,Department of Neurology, Translational Center of Excellence for Neuroepidemiology and Neurology Outcomes Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | | | - Sean Hennessy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Sharon X. Xie
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | | | - Scott E. Kasner
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Allison W. Willis
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US,Department of Neurology, Translational Center of Excellence for Neuroepidemiology and Neurology Outcomes Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Pollard BS, BLANCOl JC, Pollard JR. Classical Drug Digitoxin Inhibits Influenza Cytokine Storm, With Implications for Covid-19 Therapy. In Vivo 2020; 34:3723-3730. [PMID: 33144490 PMCID: PMC7811644 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Influenza viruses, corona viruses and related pneumotropic viruses cause sickness and death partly by inducing cytokine storm, a hyper-proinflammatory host response by immune cells and cytokines in the host airway. Based on our in vivo experience with digitoxin as an inhibitor of TNFα-driven NFĸB signaling for cytokine expression in prostate cancer in rats and in cystic fibrosis in humans, we hypothesize that this drug will also block a virally-activated cytokine storm. Materials Methods: Digitoxin was administered intraperitoneally to cotton rats, followed by intranasal infection with 107TCID50/100 g of cotton rat with influenza strain A/Wuhan/H3N2/359/95. Daily digitoxin treatment continued until harvest on day 4 of the experiment. RESULTS The cardiac glycoside digitoxin significantly and differentially suppressed levels of the cytokines TNFα, GRO/KC, MIP2, MCP1, and IFNγ, in the cotton rat lung in the presence of influenza virus. CONCLUSION Since cytokine storm is a host response, we suggest that digitoxin may have a therapeutic potential not only for influenza and but also for coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John R Pollard
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA (USA) and Christiana Care Epilepsy Center, Newark, DE, U.S.A
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Albert DVF, Das RR, Acharya JN, Lee JW, Pollard JR, Punia V, Keller JA, Husain AM. The Impact of COVID-19 on Epilepsy Care: A Survey of the American Epilepsy Society Membership. Epilepsy Curr 2020; 20:316-324. [PMID: 32942901 PMCID: PMC7502678 DOI: 10.1177/1535759720956994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the delivery of care to people with epilepsy (PWE) in multiple ways including limitations on in-person contact and restrictions on neurophysiological procedures. To better study the effect of the pandemic on PWE, members of the American Epilepsy Society were surveyed between April 30 and June 14, 2020. There were 366 initial responses (9% response rate) and 337 respondents remained for analysis after screening out noncompleters and those not directly involved with clinical care; the majority were physicians from the United States. About a third (30%) of respondents stated that they had patients with COVID-19 and reported no significant change in seizure frequency. Conversely, one-third of respondents reported new onset seizures in patients with COVID-19 who had no prior history of seizures. The majority of respondents felt that there were at least some barriers for PWE in receiving appropriate clinical care, neurophysiologic procedures, and elective surgery. Medication shortages were noted by approximately 30% of respondents, with no clear pattern in types of medication involved. Telehealth was overwhelmingly found to have value. Among the limitation of the survey was that it was administered at a single point in time in a rapidly changing pandemic. The survey showed that almost all respondents were affected by the pandemic in a variety of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara V. F. Albert
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital/The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rohit R. Das
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John R. Pollard
- Department of Neurology, Cristiana Care, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vineet Punia
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Aatif M. Husain
- Duke University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DGA, DiVentura BD, Pollard JR, Krauss GL, Mizne S, French JA. Suppression of the photoparoxysmal response in photosensitive epilepsy with cenobamate (YKP3089). Neurology 2019; 93:e559-e567. [PMID: 31292226 PMCID: PMC6709996 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of cenobamate in patients with photoparoxysmal-EEG response (PPR) to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) as proof of principle of efficacy in patients with epilepsy. METHODS In this multicenter, single-blind study, adults with photosensitive epilepsy, with/without concomitant antiepileptic drug therapy, underwent IPS under 3 eye conditions after a single dose of placebo (day -1, day 2) or cenobamate (day 1; 100, 250, or 400 mg). Complete suppression was a standardized photosensitivity range reduction to 0 over ≥1 time points for all eye conditions. Partial suppression was a ≥3-point reduction over ≥3 testing times vs the same time points on day -1 in ≥1 eye condition. Pharmacokinetics and safety were assessed. RESULTS Of 6 evaluable patients, 5 reentered to receive higher doses. Cenobamate 100 mg produced partial suppression in 1 of 3 patients; 250 mg produced complete suppression in 1 of 4 and partial suppression in 4 of 4 patients; and 400 mg produced complete suppression in 1 of 4 and partial suppression in 2 of 4 patients. PPR was consistently reduced on days 1 and 2 (>24 hours after cenobamate) vs day -1 (placebo) with the 250- and 400-mg doses. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve (before dose to last measurable concentration) values between 201 and 400 μg/h/mL resulted in partial suppression in 4 of 6 (66%) patients. Most common adverse events were dizziness and somnolence. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-principle study demonstrated that cenobamate is a potentially effective product for epilepsy. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT00616148. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that, for patients with photosensitive epilepsy, cenobamate suppresses IPS-induced PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee G A Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite
- From the University Medical Center Utrecht (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), the Netherlands; Sapienza University (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), Rome, Italy; Epilepsy Study Consortium (B.D.D., J.A.F.), Reston, VA; University of Pennsylvania (J.R.P.), Philadelphia; Johns Hopkins University (G.L.K.), Baltimore, MD; MedVal Scientific Information Services (S.M.), Princeton, NJ; and NYU Langone Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.A.F.), New York, NY.
| | - Bree D DiVentura
- From the University Medical Center Utrecht (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), the Netherlands; Sapienza University (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), Rome, Italy; Epilepsy Study Consortium (B.D.D., J.A.F.), Reston, VA; University of Pennsylvania (J.R.P.), Philadelphia; Johns Hopkins University (G.L.K.), Baltimore, MD; MedVal Scientific Information Services (S.M.), Princeton, NJ; and NYU Langone Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.A.F.), New York, NY
| | - John R Pollard
- From the University Medical Center Utrecht (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), the Netherlands; Sapienza University (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), Rome, Italy; Epilepsy Study Consortium (B.D.D., J.A.F.), Reston, VA; University of Pennsylvania (J.R.P.), Philadelphia; Johns Hopkins University (G.L.K.), Baltimore, MD; MedVal Scientific Information Services (S.M.), Princeton, NJ; and NYU Langone Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.A.F.), New York, NY
| | - Gregory L Krauss
- From the University Medical Center Utrecht (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), the Netherlands; Sapienza University (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), Rome, Italy; Epilepsy Study Consortium (B.D.D., J.A.F.), Reston, VA; University of Pennsylvania (J.R.P.), Philadelphia; Johns Hopkins University (G.L.K.), Baltimore, MD; MedVal Scientific Information Services (S.M.), Princeton, NJ; and NYU Langone Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.A.F.), New York, NY
| | - Sarah Mizne
- From the University Medical Center Utrecht (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), the Netherlands; Sapienza University (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), Rome, Italy; Epilepsy Study Consortium (B.D.D., J.A.F.), Reston, VA; University of Pennsylvania (J.R.P.), Philadelphia; Johns Hopkins University (G.L.K.), Baltimore, MD; MedVal Scientific Information Services (S.M.), Princeton, NJ; and NYU Langone Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.A.F.), New York, NY
| | - Jacqueline A French
- From the University Medical Center Utrecht (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), the Netherlands; Sapienza University (D.G.A.K.- N.T.), Rome, Italy; Epilepsy Study Consortium (B.D.D., J.A.F.), Reston, VA; University of Pennsylvania (J.R.P.), Philadelphia; Johns Hopkins University (G.L.K.), Baltimore, MD; MedVal Scientific Information Services (S.M.), Princeton, NJ; and NYU Langone Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.A.F.), New York, NY
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French JA, Wechsler R, Gelfand MA, Pollard JR, Vazquez B, Friedman D, Gong LH, Kamemoto E, Isojarvi J, Cassella JV. Inhaled alprazolam rapidly suppresses epileptic activity in photosensitive participants. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1602-1609. [PMID: 31268555 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment options for seizure clusters are limited; the need for easy-to-administer treatments remains. The Staccato system delivers drug deep into the lung via inhalation. In this phase 2a study, we investigated the ability of three different doses of Staccato alprazolam to suppress the electroencephalographic (EEG) photoparoxysmal response (PPR) compared with placebo in participants with photosensitive seizures. METHODS Adults (18-60 years) with a diagnosis and history of PPR on EEG with or without an epilepsy diagnosis were eligible to participate. Participants received Staccato alprazolam 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg, and Staccato placebo (twice) in random order. Intermittent photic stimulation and clinical assessments were performed at one predose and seven postdose time points. The primary endpoint of the study was the change in standardized photosensitivity range (SPR) in participants receiving each dose of Staccato alprazolam. RESULTS Fifteen participants with a prior epilepsy diagnosis were screened; five were enrolled, randomized, and completed the study. All participants were white females with a mean (SD) age of 27.2 (6.8) years. All doses of Staccato alprazolam reduced the SPR at 2 minutes; the effect was sustained through 4 hours for the 0.5-mg dose and 6 hours for the 1.0- and 2.0-mg doses. The magnitude and duration of sedation and sleepiness were dose-related. Four participants (80%) experienced ≥1 adverse event (AE); none was severe or serious. Cough, diarrhea, dysgeusia, oral dysesthesia, sedation, and somnolence were experienced by two participants (40%) each. SIGNIFICANCE This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that Staccato alprazolam 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg rapidly suppressed epileptiform activity in photosensitive participants with epilepsy. The AE profile of Staccato alprazolam was similar to what has been reported for alprazolam for other indications. The results support further development of Staccato alprazolam as a rescue medication for the acute treatment of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A French
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Michael A Gelfand
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John R Pollard
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Blanca Vazquez
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lily H Gong
- Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, California
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Halford JJ, Sperling MR, Nair DR, Dlugos DJ, Tatum WO, Harvey J, French JA, Pollard JR, Faught E, Noe KH, Henry TR, Jetter GM, Lie OV, Morgan LC, Girouard MR, Cardenas DP, Whitmire LE, Cavazos JE. Detection of generalized tonic-clonic seizures using surface electromyographic monitoring. Epilepsia 2017; 58:1861-1869. [PMID: 28980702 PMCID: PMC5698770 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective A prospective multicenter phase III trial was undertaken to evaluate the performance and tolerability in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) of an investigational wearable surface electromyographic (sEMG) monitoring system for the detection of generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCSs). Methods One hundred ninety‐nine patients with a history of GTCSs who were admitted to the EMU in 11 level IV epilepsy centers for clinically indicated video‐electroencephalographic monitoring also received sEMG monitoring with a wearable device that was worn on the arm over the biceps muscle. All recorded sEMG data were processed at a central site using a previously developed detection algorithm. Detected GTCSs were compared to events verified by a majority of three expert reviewers. Results For all subjects, the detection algorithm detected 35 of 46 (76%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61–0.87) of the GTCSs, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.03 and a mean false alarm rate (FAR) of 2.52 per 24 h. For data recorded while the device was placed over the midline of the biceps muscle, the system detected 29 of 29 GTCSs (100%, 95% CI = 0.88–1.00), with a detection delay averaging 7.70 s, a PPV of 6.2%, and a mean FAR of 1.44 per 24 h. Mild to moderate adverse events were reported in 28% (55 of 199) of subjects and led to study withdrawal in 9% (17 of 199). These adverse events consisted mostly of skin irritation caused by the electrode patch that resolved without treatment. No serious adverse events were reported. Significance Detection of GTCSs using an sEMG monitoring device on the biceps is feasible. Proper positioning of this device is important for accuracy, and for some patients, minimizing the number of false positives may be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Halford
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Dileep R Nair
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Dennis J Dlugos
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - William O Tatum
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Jay Harvey
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Jacqueline A French
- Department of Neurology, New York University Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - John R Pollard
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Edward Faught
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Katherine H Noe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A
| | - Thomas R Henry
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Gina M Jetter
- Northeast Texas Neurology Associates, Tyler, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Octavian V Lie
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Lola C Morgan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A
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10
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Berg M, Welty TE, Gidal BE, Diaz FJ, Krebill R, Szaflarski JP, Dworetzky BA, Pollard JR, Elder EJ, Jiang W, Jiang X, Switzer RD, Privitera MD. Bioequivalence Between Generic and Branded Lamotrigine in People With Epilepsy: The EQUIGEN Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:919-926. [PMID: 28654954 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Switching between generic antiepileptic drugs is a highly debated issue that affects both clinical care and overall health care costs. Objective To evaluate the single-dose pharmacokinetic bioequivalence of 3 (1 branded and 2 generic drugs) on-market, immediate-release lamotrigine drug products. Design, Setting, and Participants The Equivalence Among Antiepileptic Drug Generic and Brand Products in People With Epilepsy (EQUIGEN) single-dose study is a crossover, prospective, sequence-randomized, replicate pharmacokinetic study conducted at 5 US academic epilepsy centers. Fifty adults (≥18 years) with epilepsy who were taking concomitant antiepileptic drugs and not currently receiving lamotrigine were enrolled between July 18, 2013, and January 19, 2015. Every participant was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 equivalent sequences, each comprising 6 study periods, during which they had blood draws before and after medication administration. Forty-nine participants were included in intention-to-treat analyses. Interventions Participants received a single 25-mg dose of immediate-release lamotrigine at the start of each period, with the branded and the 2 most disparate generic products each studied twice. Lamotrigine was selected as the antiepileptic drug of interest because of its wide use, publications indicating problems with generic switches, and complaints to the US Food and Drug Administration regarding generic products. Both participants and study personnel were blinded to the specific generic products selected. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was bioequivalence between products. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were compared, and average bioequivalence (ABE) was established if the 90% CIs of the ratios of the 2 products were within equivalence limits (80%-125%). Results Of the 50 randomized participants, 49 (98%) received all 3 lamotrigine products and completed at least 3 pharmacokinetic assessments and 46 (92%) completed all 6 pharmacokinetic assessments. Among the 49 participants, 28 (57%) were men and 21 (43%) were women, 42 (86%) self-identified as white, and 46 (16) years was the mean (SD) age. The 3 drug products were considered bioequivalent because the 90% CIs were within equivalence limits (lowest and highest CI limits for Cmax, 92.6% and 110.4%; for AUC0-96, 96.9% and 101.9%). Replicate testing demonstrated no significant differences in within-subject variability across the 3 products (likelihood ratios, χ22 for log-transformed variables: AUC0-96, 2.58; Cmax, 0.64; and AUC0-∞, 4.05; P ≥ .13) and that the 3 products were also bioequivalent according to scaled ABE and individual bioequivalence criteria with no subject × formulation interaction (Cmax, 0.00; AUC0-96, 0.54; and AUC0-∞, 0.36; P ≥ .76). Conclusions and Relevance This study provides evidence that the disparate lamotrigine products studied are bioequivalent when tested in people with epilepsy taking concomitant antiepileptic drugs. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01733394.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Berg
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Timothy E Welty
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa
| | - Barry E Gidal
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Francisco J Diaz
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Ron Krebill
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | | | - Barbara A Dworetzky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John R Pollard
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Edmund J Elder
- Zeeh Pharmaceutical Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD
| | | | - Michael D Privitera
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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11
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Pollard JR. Abstract IA11: Discovery and characterization of potent and selective inhibitors of ATR kinase as anti-cancer agents. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.pmccavuln16-ia11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
DNA damaging agents, such as cisplatin, gemcitabine or ionizing radiation (IR), represent the cornerstone for the treatment of cancer. However, for many patients they provide only modest benefit. One reason for this is the presence of highly effective cellular processes that detect and repair damaged DNA. The kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and rad3 related (ATR) is a key mediator for one such cellular repair process that responds to replication stress (RS). RS arises when the DNA replication machinery stalls, leading to production of ssDNA, which directly recruits ATR. This occurs at difficult to replicate sites of the genome, when nucleotides are limiting, or when the replication machinery encounters DNA lesions. RS levels are often elevated in cancer cells, for example due to expression of oncogenes that drive unregulated proliferation, an hypoxic environment, or from treatment with DNA damaging drugs and ionizing radiation (IR). Once recruited to sites of RS ATR mediates activation of cell cycle checkpoints, stabilization of the stalled replication fork and repair of damaged DNA by homologous recombination (HR). Unresolved RS often leads to lethal double strand breaks.
Over the past few years a number of potent and selective inhibitors of ATR have been reported and are widely used as pre-clinical tools to assess ATR inhibition as an anti-cancer approach. In vitro, inhibition of ATR potentiates the cytotoxic activity of many DNA damaging drugs and IR in many cancer cell lines. In stark contrast non-cancer cells tolerate inhibition of ATR with just transient and rapidly reversible growth arrest. This ability to tolerate ATR inhibition has been attributed to activation of a compensatory damage response mediated by the ATR homolog ATM. Accordingly, defects in ATM pathway function, for example from loss of expression in ATM or defects in a principle ATM substrate, p53, can confer cell sensitivity to ATR inhibition. In human cancer cell line, and patient-derived tumor, mouse xenografts, ATR inhibition markedly enhances the efficacy of a range of DNA damaging chemotherapies and IR with minimal impact on body weight loss. ATR inhibition has also shown single agent activity in certain cancer cell lines that have high background RS levels from expression of oncogenes such as Ras, defects elsewhere in the DNA repair network (e.g., ERRC1), or reliance on the HR-dependent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism of telomere maintenance. Finally, ATR inhibition has recently been shown to have benefit when combined with targeted agents that impair other components of the DNA damage response. The best characterized of these are inhibitors of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), which is involved in the repair of single strand breaks and replication fork dynamics.
Three ATR inhibitors are in clinical development, progressing as monotherapy and in combination with DNA damaging drugs and IR. Preliminary evidence of clinical activity has recently been reported for the first-in-class agent VX-970.
Citation Format: John R. Pollard. Discovery and characterization of potent and selective inhibitors of ATR kinase as anti-cancer agents. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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12
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Williamson CT, Miller R, Pemberton HN, Jones SE, Campbell J, Konde A, Badham N, Rafiq R, Brough R, Gulati A, Ryan CJ, Francis J, Vermulen PB, Reynolds AR, Reaper PM, Pollard JR, Ashworth A, Lord CJ. ATR inhibitors as a synthetic lethal therapy for tumours deficient in ARID1A. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13837. [PMID: 27958275 PMCID: PMC5159945 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying genetic biomarkers of synthetic lethal drug sensitivity effects provides one approach to the development of targeted cancer therapies. Mutations in ARID1A represent one of the most common molecular alterations in human cancer, but therapeutic approaches that target these defects are not yet clinically available. We demonstrate that defects in ARID1A sensitize tumour cells to clinical inhibitors of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase, ATR, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ARID1A deficiency results in topoisomerase 2A and cell cycle defects, which cause an increased reliance on ATR checkpoint activity. In ARID1A mutant tumour cells, inhibition of ATR triggers premature mitotic entry, genomic instability and apoptosis. The data presented here provide the pre-clinical and mechanistic rationale for assessing ARID1A defects as a biomarker of single-agent ATR inhibitor response and represents a novel synthetic lethal approach to targeting tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T. Williamson
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rowan Miller
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Helen N. Pemberton
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Samuel E. Jones
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - James Campbell
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Asha Konde
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas Badham
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rumana Rafiq
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rachel Brough
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aditi Gulati
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Colm J. Ryan
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin
4, Ireland
| | - Jeff Francis
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Peter B. Vermulen
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium and Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Oosterveldlaan 24, Wilrijk Antwerp
2610, Belgium
| | - Andrew R. Reynolds
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Philip M. Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire
OX14 4RY, UK
| | - John R. Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire
OX14 4RY, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
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13
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Sharma RA, Plummer R, Stock JK, Greenhalgh TA, Ataman O, Kelly S, Clay R, Adams RA, Baird RD, Billingham L, Brown SR, Buckland S, Bulbeck H, Chalmers AJ, Clack G, Cranston AN, Damstrup L, Ferraldeschi R, Forster MD, Golec J, Hagan RM, Hall E, Hanauske AR, Harrington KJ, Haswell T, Hawkins MA, Illidge T, Jones H, Kennedy AS, McDonald F, Melcher T, O'Connor JPB, Pollard JR, Saunders MP, Sebag-Montefiore D, Smitt M, Staffurth J, Stratford IJ, Wedge SR. Clinical development of new drug-radiotherapy combinations. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 13:627-42. [PMID: 27245279 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In countries with the best cancer outcomes, approximately 60% of patients receive radiotherapy as part of their treatment, which is one of the most cost-effective cancer treatments. Notably, around 40% of cancer cures include the use of radiotherapy, either as a single modality or combined with other treatments. Radiotherapy can provide enormous benefit to patients with cancer. In the past decade, significant technical advances, such as image-guided radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy, and proton therapy enable higher doses of radiotherapy to be delivered to the tumour with significantly lower doses to normal surrounding tissues. However, apart from the combination of traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy with radiotherapy, little progress has been made in identifying and defining optimal targeted therapy and radiotherapy combinations to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment. The National Cancer Research Institute Clinical and Translational Radiotherapy Research Working Group (CTRad) formed a Joint Working Group with representatives from academia, industry, patient groups and regulatory bodies to address this lack of progress and to publish recommendations for future clinical research. Herein, we highlight the Working Group's consensus recommendations to increase the number of novel drugs being successfully registered in combination with radiotherapy to improve clinical outcomes for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky A Sharma
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin D Forster
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Julian Golec
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, UK
| | | | - Emma Hall
- The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin J Harrington
- The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fiona McDonald
- The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Staffurth
- Cardiff University and Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK
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14
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Davis KA, Nanga RPR, Das S, Chen SH, Hadar PN, Pollard JR, Lucas TH, Shinohara RT, Litt B, Hariharan H, Elliott MA, Detre JA, Reddy R. Glutamate imaging (GluCEST) lateralizes epileptic foci in nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:309ra161. [PMID: 26468323 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When neuroimaging reveals a brain lesion, drug-resistant epilepsy patients show better outcomes after resective surgery than do the one-third of drug-resistant epilepsy patients who have normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We applied a glutamate imaging method, GluCEST (glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer), to patients with nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy based on conventional MRI. GluCEST correctly lateralized the temporal lobe seizure focus on visual and quantitative analyses in all patients. MR spectra, available for a subset of patients and controls, corroborated the GluCEST findings. Hippocampal volumes were not significantly different between hemispheres. GluCEST allowed high-resolution functional imaging of brain glutamate and has potential to identify the epileptic focus in patients previously deemed nonlesional. This method may lead to improved clinical outcomes for temporal lobe epilepsy as well as other localization-related epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Adamiak Davis
- Penn Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi Prakash Reddy Nanga
- Center for Magnetic Resonance & Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandhitsu Das
- Penn Image Computing & Science Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie H Chen
- Penn Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter N Hadar
- Penn Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John R Pollard
- Penn Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy H Lucas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian Litt
- Penn Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hari Hariharan
- Center for Magnetic Resonance & Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Elliott
- Center for Magnetic Resonance & Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Center for Magnetic Resonance & Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Magnetic Resonance & Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Middleton FK, Patterson MJ, Elstob CJ, Fordham S, Herriott A, Wade MA, McCormick A, Edmondson R, May FEB, Allan JM, Pollard JR, Curtin NJ. Common cancer-associated imbalances in the DNA damage response confer sensitivity to single agent ATR inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32396-409. [PMID: 26486089 PMCID: PMC4741701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ATRis an attractive target in cancer therapy because it signals replication stress and DNA lesions for repair and to S/G2 checkpoints. Cancer-specific defects in the DNA damage response (DDR) may render cancer cells vulnerable to ATR inhibition alone. We determined the cytotoxicity of the ATR inhibitor VE-821 in isogenically matched cells with DDR imbalance. Cell cycle arrest, DNA damage accumulation and repair were determined following VE-821 exposure. Defectsin homologous recombination repair (HRR: ATM, BRCA2 and XRCC3) and baseexcision repair (BER: XRCC1) conferred sensitivity to VE-821. Surprisingly, the loss of different components of the trimeric non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) protein DNA-PK had opposing effects. Loss of the DNA-binding component, Ku80, caused hypersensitivity to VE-821, but loss of its partner catalytic subunit, DNA-PKcs, did not. Unexpectedly, VE-821 was particularly cytotoxic to human and hamster cells expressing high levels of DNA-PKcs. High DNA-PKcs was associated with replicative stress and activation of the DDR. VE-821 suppressed HRR, determined by RAD51 focus formation, to a greater extent in cells with high DNA-PKcs. Defects in HRR and BER and high DNA-PKcs expression, that are common in cancer, confer sensitivity to ATR inhibitor monotherapy and may be developed as predictive biomarkers for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Middleton
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Miranda J Patterson
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Claire J Elstob
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Fordham
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ashleigh Herriott
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark A Wade
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aiste McCormick
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard Edmondson
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Felicity E B May
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James M Allan
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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16
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Privitera MD, Welty TE, Gidal BE, Diaz FJ, Krebill R, Szaflarski JP, Dworetzky BA, Pollard JR, Elder EJ, Jiang W, Jiang X, Berg M. Generic-to-generic lamotrigine switches in people with epilepsy: the randomised controlled EQUIGEN trial. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:365-72. [PMID: 26875743 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients and clinicians share concerns that generic drug substitution might lead to loss of efficacy or emergence of adverse events. In this trial, we assessed US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) bioequivalence standards by studying the effects of switching between two disparate generic immediate-release lamotrigine products in patients with epilepsy. METHODS The Equivalence among Generic Antiepileptic Drugs (EQUIGEN) chronic-dose study was a randomised, double-blind, crossover study that enrolled adults (aged ≥18 years) with epilepsy from six epilepsy centres at academic institutions across the USA who were receiving immediate-release lamotrigine dosed at 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, or 400 mg twice daily. Eligible patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to one of two treatment sequences (sequence 1 or sequence 2), comprising four study periods of 14 days each. During each 14-day treatment period, patients received balanced doses of an oral generic lamotrigine product every 12 h (200-800 mg total, identical to lamotrigine dose prior to study enrolment); after each 14-day period, patients were crossed over to receive the other generic product. Computer-based randomisation was done using random permuted blocks of size two or four for each site to prevent sequence predictability. Both patients and study personnel were masked to the generic products selected, their predicted exposure (ie, "high" vs "low"), and their group allocation. The primary outcome of this trial was bioequivalence between the generic products, which was assessed at the end of the study through a comparison of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for each product in the analysis population (all patients who completed all four treatment periods). Bioequivalence was established if the 90% CIs of the ratios of these two parameters for the two products were within equivalence limits (80-125%) in the analysis population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov\, number NCT01713777. FINDINGS Between April 25, 2013, and Aug 12, 2014, 35 eligible patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to treatment sequence 1 (n=15) or treatment sequence 2 (n=20). 33 patients completed all four treatment periods and were included in the primary outcome analysis. The 90% CIs of the ratios of both Cmax and AUC were within equivalence limits (AUC 90% CI 98-103, Cmax 90% CI 99-105), showing that lamotrigine exposures were equivalent between the generic products. No significant changes in seizure frequency or adverse events were recorded. No deaths, study-related serious adverse events, or changes in clinical laboratory values or vital signs occurred during this study. INTERPRETATION Disparate generic lamotrigine products in patients with epilepsy showed bioequivalence with no detectable difference in clinical effects, confirming that US Food and Drug Administration bioequivalence standards are appropriate. FUNDING American Epilepsy Society, Epilepsy Foundation, and US Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy E Welty
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Barry E Gidal
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy and Department of Neurology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Francisco J Diaz
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ron Krebill
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Barbara A Dworetzky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John R Pollard
- Department of Neurology; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edmund J Elder
- Zeeh Pharmaceutical Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michel Berg
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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Sanjiv K, Hagenkort A, Calderón-Montaño JM, Koolmeister T, Reaper PM, Mortusewicz O, Jacques SA, Kuiper RV, Schultz N, Scobie M, Charlton PA, Pollard JR, Berglund UW, Altun M, Helleday T. Cancer-Specific Synthetic Lethality between ATR and CHK1 Kinase Activities. Cell Rep 2015; 14:298-309. [PMID: 26748709 PMCID: PMC4713868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ATR and CHK1 maintain cancer cell survival under replication stress and inhibitors of both kinases are currently undergoing clinical trials. As ATR activity is increased after CHK1 inhibition, we hypothesized that this may indicate an increased reliance on ATR for survival. Indeed, we observe that replication stress induced by the CHK1 inhibitor AZD7762 results in replication catastrophe and apoptosis, when combined with the ATR inhibitor VE-821 specifically in cancer cells. Combined treatment with ATR and CHK1 inhibitors leads to replication fork arrest, ssDNA accumulation, replication collapse, and synergistic cell death in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of CDK reversed replication stress and synthetic lethality, demonstrating that regulation of origin firing by ATR and CHK1 explains the synthetic lethality. In conclusion, this study exemplifies cancer-specific synthetic lethality between two proteins in the same pathway and raises the prospect of combining ATR and CHK1 inhibitors as promising cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hagenkort
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Manuel Calderón-Montaño
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Koolmeister
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip M Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sylvain A Jacques
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raoul V Kuiper
- Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Schultz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Scobie
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter A Charlton
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Ulrika Warpman Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Altun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chen HI, Bohman LE, Emery L, Martinez-Lage M, Richardson AG, Davis KA, Pollard JR, Litt B, Gausas RE, Lucas TH. Lateral Transorbital Endoscopic Access to the Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Entorhinal Cortex: Initial Clinical Experience. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2015; 77:321-32. [DOI: 10.1159/000438762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Salanova V, Witt T, Worth R, Henry TR, Gross RE, Nazzaro JM, Labar D, Sperling MR, Sharan A, Sandok E, Handforth A, Stern JM, Chung S, Henderson JM, French J, Baltuch G, Rosenfeld WE, Garcia P, Barbaro NM, Fountain NB, Elias WJ, Goodman RR, Pollard JR, Tröster AI, Irwin CP, Lambrecht K, Graves N, Fisher R. Long-term efficacy and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Neurology 2015; 84:1017-25. [PMID: 25663221 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report long-term efficacy and safety results of the SANTE trial investigating deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) for treatment of localization-related epilepsy. METHODS This long-term follow-up is a continuation of a previously reported trial of 5- vs 0-V ANT stimulation. Long-term follow-up began 13 months after device implantation with stimulation parameters adjusted at the investigators' discretion. Seizure frequency was determined using daily seizure diaries. RESULTS The median percent seizure reduction from baseline at 1 year was 41%, and 69% at 5 years. The responder rate (≥50% reduction in seizure frequency) at 1 year was 43%, and 68% at 5 years. In the 5 years of follow-up, 16% of subjects were seizure-free for at least 6 months. There were no reported unanticipated adverse device effects or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages. The Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale and 31-item Quality of Life in Epilepsy measure showed statistically significant improvement over baseline by 1 year and at 5 years (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Long-term follow-up of ANT deep brain stimulation showed sustained efficacy and safety in a treatment-resistant population. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This long-term follow-up provides Class IV evidence that for patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, anterior thalamic stimulation is associated with a 69% reduction in seizure frequency and a 34% serious device-related adverse event rate at 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicenta Salanova
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Thomas Witt
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Robert Worth
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thomas R Henry
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Robert E Gross
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jules M Nazzaro
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Douglas Labar
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael R Sperling
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ashwini Sharan
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Evan Sandok
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Adrian Handforth
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - John M Stern
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Steve Chung
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jaimie M Henderson
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jacqueline French
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gordon Baltuch
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - William E Rosenfeld
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Paul Garcia
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nicholas M Barbaro
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nathan B Fountain
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - W Jeffrey Elias
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Robert R Goodman
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - John R Pollard
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Alexander I Tröster
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Christopher P Irwin
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kristin Lambrecht
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nina Graves
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
| | - Robert Fisher
- From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN
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Chen T, Middleton FK, Falcon S, Reaper PM, Pollard JR, Curtin NJ. Development of pharmacodynamic biomarkers for ATR inhibitors. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:463-72. [PMID: 25459351 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATR, which signals DNA damage to S/G2 cell cycle checkpoints and for repair, is an attractive target in cancer therapy. ATR inhibitors are being developed and a pharmacodynamic assay is needed to support clinical studies. METHODS Phosphorylation of ATR targets, Chk1 and H2AX, was evaluated in MCF7 and K562 cells, human volunteer PBMCs and whole blood by Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after DNA damage. The effect of cell cycle phase, ATR knockdown and inhibition on these phosphorylation events was determined. RESULTS Hydroxyurea, UV and 4NQO induced Chk1 and H2AX phosphorylation in MCF7 and K562 cells. UV/4NQO activation of ATR was detectable in non-cycling cells. Chk1 phosphorylation was reduced by ATR knockdown and reflects ATR activity for 3 h, H2AX phosphorylation after UV/4NQO is ATR-dependent for 1 h but increasingly ATM and DNA-PK-dependent at later time points. In isolated PBMCs both phospho-targets were detectable after UV/4NQO but in PBMCs from whole blood treated with 4NQO only H2AX was detectable. CONCLUSION PhosphoChk1 and H2AX are useful biomarkers for ATR inhibition using a variety of immuno-detection methods, but timing may be critical. Importantly, ATR activity is detectable in non-cycling PBMCs allowing them to be used as a surrogate tissue for biomarker measurement. In PBMCs from whole blood treated with 4NQO phosphoH2AX was the most useful biomarker of ATR activity and a clinically viable pharmacodynamic assay for ATR inhibitors has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fiona K Middleton
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Susanna Falcon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Philip M Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Middleton FK, Chen T, Pollard JR, Curtin NJ. Abstract 2418: Investigating p53 and other potential determinants of cell sensitivity to ATR inhibition by VE-821. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Defects in the multifactorial DNA damage response (DDR) are common in cancer, making them vulnerable to inhibitors of other components of the DDR. ATR is a key component of the DDR, signalling ssDNA, arising from stalled replication forks, resected double strand breaks (DSBs) and NER intermediates to activate cell cycle arrest at the S/G2 checkpoints and initiate homologous recombination repair (HRR). Tumors often have a dysfunctional G1 checkpoint e.g. due to p53 mutations or other DDR defects. ATR inhibition of the S/G2 checkpoints and HRR has the potential to exploit these defects and selectively target cancer. VE-821 is a potent ATR inhibitor under advanced pre-clinical investigation
Hypotheses: 1) Cells with dysfunctional p53 will be more sensitive to ATR inhibition. 2) Defects in other DDR components will sensitise cells to ATR inhibition.
Methods: The survival of isogenic p53 mutant/null and wt/corrected human cell lines (HCT116 p53+/+ and p53-/- or U2OS p53WT and p53DN (dominant negative)) and a panel of repair defective Chinese hamster ovary and lung fibroblast cells was determined using colony formation after 24 hours exposure VE-821 alone or in the presence of gemcitabine or ionising radiation.
Results: There was no significant difference in sensitivity to VE-821 between p53 wt or mutant/null cells in either HCT116 (LC50 = 2.13 and 4.56 µM, respectively) or U2OS pairs (LC50 = 2.54 and 3.34 µM, respectively). However, 1 µM VE-821 significantly potentiated the antimetabolite, gemcitabine, in HCT116 p53-/- (4.3-fold) but not p53+/+ cells (1.5-fold), and enhanced cell kill by 100 nM gemcitabine 40-fold in U2OS p53DN cells but only 3-fold in U2OS p53WT cells. Chinese hamster ovary cells defective in XRCC1 (single stranded break repair) were more sensitive to single agent VE-821 than the parental wt cells (35% and 55% survival at 10 µM, respectively). Data on other repair-defective cell lines will be presented.
Conclusions: p53 status is not a determinant of sensitivity to VE-821 as a single agent but VE-821 preferentially sensitises cells lacking functional p53 to gemcitabine. This supports the hypothesis that p53 status may be predictive of cellular response to ATR inhibition in combination with certain chemotherapies. Furthermore, data using Chinese hamster cell lines indicate that DDR defects may be exploited by ATR inhibition.
Citation Format: Fiona K. Middleton, Tao Chen, John R. Pollard, Nicola J. Curtin. Investigating p53 and other potential determinants of cell sensitivity to ATR inhibition by VE-821. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2418. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2418
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Chen
- 1Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Jossé R, Martin SE, Guha R, Ormanoglu P, Pfister TD, Reaper PM, Barnes CS, Jones J, Charlton P, Pollard JR, Morris J, Doroshow JH, Pommier Y. ATR inhibitors VE-821 and VX-970 sensitize cancer cells to topoisomerase i inhibitors by disabling DNA replication initiation and fork elongation responses. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6968-79. [PMID: 25269479 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Camptothecin and its derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are specific topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors and potent anticancer drugs killing cancer cells by producing replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks, and the indenoisoquinoline LMP-400 (indotecan) is a novel Top1 inhibitor in clinical trial. To develop novel drug combinations, we conducted a synthetic lethal siRNA screen using a library that targets nearly 7,000 human genes. Depletion of ATR, the main transducer of replication stress, came as a top candidate gene for camptothecin synthetic lethality. Validation studies using ATR siRNA and the ATR inhibitor VE-821 confirmed marked antiproliferative synergy with camptothecin and even greater synergy with LMP-400. Single-cell analyses and DNA fiber combing assays showed that VE-821 abrogates the S-phase replication elongation checkpoint and the replication origin-firing checkpoint induced by camptothecin and LMP-400. As expected, the combination of Top1 inhibitors with VE-821 inhibited the phosphorylation of ATR and Chk1; however, it strongly induced γH2AX. In cells treated with the combination, the γH2AX pattern changed over time from the well-defined Top1-induced damage foci to an intense peripheral and diffuse nuclear staining, which could be used as response biomarker. Finally, the clinical derivative of VE-821, VX-970, enhanced the in vivo tumor response to irinotecan without additional toxicity. A key implication of our work is the mechanistic rationale and proof of principle it provides to evaluate the combination of Top1 inhibitors with ATR inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Jossé
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scott E Martin
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rajarshi Guha
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Pinar Ormanoglu
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas D Pfister
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Philip M Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julie Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Charlton
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Morris
- Drug Synthesis and Chemistry Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DTP-DCTD), NCI-NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James H Doroshow
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Drug Synthesis and Chemistry Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DTP-DCTD), NCI-NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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23
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Swan MK, Legris V, Tanner A, Reaper PM, Vial S, Bordas R, Pollard JR, Charlton PA, Golec JMC, Bertrand JA. Structure of human Bloom's syndrome helicase in complex with ADP and duplex DNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1465-75. [PMID: 24816114 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471400501x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bloom's syndrome is an autosomal recessive genome-instability disorder associated with a predisposition to cancer, premature aging and developmental abnormalities. It is caused by mutations that inactivate the DNA helicase activity of the BLM protein or nullify protein expression. The BLM helicase has been implicated in the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway, which is essential for the limitless replication of some cancer cells. This pathway is used by 10-15% of cancers, where inhibitors of BLM are expected to facilitate telomere shortening, leading to apoptosis or senescence. Here, the crystal structure of the human BLM helicase in complex with ADP and a 3'-overhang DNA duplex is reported. In addition to the helicase core, the BLM construct used for crystallization (residues 640-1298) includes the RecQ C-terminal (RQC) and the helicase and ribonuclease D C-terminal (HRDC) domains. Analysis of the structure provides detailed information on the interactions of the protein with DNA and helps to explain the mechanism coupling ATP hydrolysis and DNA unwinding. In addition, mapping of the missense mutations onto the structure provides insights into the molecular basis of Bloom's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Swan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
| | - Valerie Legris
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
| | - Adam Tanner
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
| | - Philip M Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
| | - Sarah Vial
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
| | - Rebecca Bordas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
| | - John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
| | | | | | - Jay A Bertrand
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
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Hamilton KT, Anderson CT, Dahodwala N, Lawler K, Hesdorffer D, French J, Pollard JR. Utilization of care among drug resistant epilepsy patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Seizure 2014; 23:196-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hesdorffer DC, French JA, Posner K, DiVentura B, Pollard JR, Sperling MR, Harden CL, Krauss GL, Kanner AM. Suicidal ideation and behavior screening in intractable focal epilepsy eligible for drug trials. Epilepsia 2013; 54:879-87. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale C. Hesdorffer
- GH Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology; Columbia University; New York; New York; U.S.A
| | - Jacqueline A. French
- Epilepsy Study Consortium and Department of Neurology; New York University; New York; New York; U.S.A
| | - Kelly Posner
- Department of Psychiatry; Columbia University; New York; New York; U.S.A
| | - Bree DiVentura
- Department of Psychiatry; Columbia University; New York; New York; U.S.A
| | - John R. Pollard
- Department of Neurology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia; Pennsylvania; U.S.A
| | | | - Cynthia L. Harden
- Department of Neurology; Long Island Jewish Medical Center; North Shore; New York; U.S.A
| | - Gregory L. Krauss
- Department of Neurology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore; Maryland; U.S.A
| | - Andres M. Kanner
- Department of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry; Rush Medical College at Rush University; Chicago; Illinois; U.S.A
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Hudson CS, Knegtel RM, Brown K, Charlton PA, Pollard JR. Kinetic and mechanistic characterisation of Choline Kinase-α. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1834:1107-16. [PMID: 23416529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Choline Kinase is a key component of the Kennedy pathway that converts choline into a number of structural and signalling lipids that are essential for cell growth and survival. One member of the family, Choline Kinase-α (ChoKα) is frequently up-regulated in human cancers, and expression of ChoKα is sufficient to transform cells. Consequently ChoKα has been studied as a potential target for therapeutic agents in cancer research. Despite great interest in the enzyme, mechanistic studies have not been reported. In this study, a combination of initial velocity and product inhibition studies, together with the kinetic and structural characterisation of a novel ChoKα inhibitor is used to support a mechanism of action for human ChoKα. Substrate and inhibition kinetics are consistent with an iso double displacement mechanism, in which the γ-phosphate from ATP is transferred to choline in two distinct steps via a phospho-enzyme intermediate. Co-crystal structures, and existing site-specific mutation studies, support an important role for Asp306, in stabilising the phospho-enzyme intermediate. The kinetics also indicate a distinct kinetic (isomerisation) step associated with product release, which may be attributed to a conformational change in the protein to disrupt an interaction between Asp306 and the phosphocholine product, facilitating product release. This study describes a mechanism for ChoKα that is unusual amongst kinases, and highlights the availability of different enzyme states that can be exploited for drug discovery.
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Pollard JR, Eidelman O, Mueller GP, Dalgard CL, Crino PB, Anderson CT, Brand EJ, Burakgazi E, Ivaturi SK, Pollard HB. The TARC/sICAM5 Ratio in Patient Plasma is a Candidate Biomarker for Drug Resistant Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2013; 3:181. [PMID: 23293627 PMCID: PMC3535822 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common affliction that involves inflammatory processes. There are currently no definitive chemical diagnostic biomarkers in the blood, so diagnosis is based on a sometimes expensive synthesis of clinical observation, radiology, neuro-psychological testing, and interictal and ictal EEG studies. Soluble ICAM5 (sICAM5), also known as telencephalin, is an anti-inflammatory protein of strictly central nervous system tissue origin that is also found in blood. Here we have tested the hypothesis that plasma concentrations of select inflammatory cytokines, including sICAM5, might serve as biomarkers for epilepsy diagnosis. To test this hypothesis, we developed a highly sensitive and accurate electrochemiluminescent ELISA assay to measure sICAM5 levels, and measured levels of sICAM5 and 18 other inflammatory mediators in epilepsy patient plasma and controls. Patient samples were drawn from in-patients undergoing video-EEG monitoring, without regard to timing of seizures. Differences were defined by t-test, and Receiver Operating Condition (ROC) curves determined the ability of these tests to distinguish between the two populations. In epilepsy patient plasmas, we found that concentrations of anti-inflammatory sICAM5 are reduced (p = 0.002) and pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-8 are elevated. TARC (thymus and activation regulated chemokine, CCL17) concentrations trend high. In contrast, levels of BDNF and a variety of other pro-inflammatory mediators are not altered. Based on p-value and ROC analysis, we find that the ratio of TARC/sICAM5 discriminates accurately between patients and controls, with an ROC Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 1.0 (p = 0.034). In conclusion, we find that the ratio of TARC to sICAM5 accurately distinguishes between the two populations and provides a statistically and mechanistically compelling candidate blood biomarker for drug resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pollard
- Penn Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Fokas E, Prevo R, Pollard JR, Reaper PM, Charlton PA, Cornelissen B, Vallis KA, Hammond EM, Olcina MM, Gillies McKenna W, Muschel RJ, Brunner TB. Targeting ATR in vivo using the novel inhibitor VE-822 results in selective sensitization of pancreatic tumors to radiation. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e441. [PMID: 23222511 PMCID: PMC3542617 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combined radiochemotherapy is the currently used therapy for locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but normal tissue toxicity limits its application. Here we test the hypothesis that inhibition of ATR (ATM-Rad3-related) could increase the sensitivity of the cancer cells to radiation or chemotherapy without affecting normal cells. We tested VE-822, an ATR inhibitor, for in vitro and in vivo radiosensitization. Chk1 phosphorylation was used to indicate ATR activity, γH2AX and 53BP1 foci as evidence of DNA damage and Rad51 foci for homologous recombination activity. Sensitivity to radiation (XRT) and gemcitabine was measured with clonogenic assays in vitro and tumor growth delay in vivo. Murine intestinal damage was evaluated after abdominal XRT. VE-822 inhibited ATR in vitro and in vivo. VE-822 decreased maintenance of cell-cycle checkpoints, increased persistent DNA damage and decreased homologous recombination in irradiated cancer cells. VE-822 decreased survival of pancreatic cancer cells but not normal cells in response to XRT or gemcitabine. VE-822 markedly prolonged growth delay of pancreatic cancer xenografts after XRT and gemcitabine-based chemoradiation without augmenting normal cell or tissue toxicity. These findings support ATR inhibition as a promising new approach to improve the therapeutic ration of radiochemotherapy for patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fokas
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - R Prevo
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - J R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - P M Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - P A Charlton
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - B Cornelissen
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - K A Vallis
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - E M Hammond
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - M M Olcina
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - W Gillies McKenna
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - R J Muschel
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - T B Brunner
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Prevo R, Fokas E, Reaper PM, Charlton PA, Pollard JR, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ, Brunner TB. The novel ATR inhibitor VE-821 increases sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to radiation and chemotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1072-81. [PMID: 22825331 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaging agents such as radiotherapy and gemcitabine are frequently used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. However, these treatments typically provide only modest benefit. Improving the low survival rate for pancreatic cancer patients therefore remains a major challenge in oncology. Inhibition of the key DNA damage response kinase ATR has been suggested as an attractive approach for sensitization of tumor cells to DNA damaging agents, but specific ATR inhibitors have remained elusive. Here we investigated the sensitization potential of the first highly selective and potent ATR inhibitor, VE-821, in vitro. VE-821 inhibited radiation- and gemcitabine-induced phosphorylation of Chk1, confirming inhibition of ATR signaling. Consistently, VE-821 significantly enhanced the sensitivity of PSN-1, MiaPaCa-2 and primary PancM pancreatic cancer cells to radiation and gemcitabine under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. ATR inhibition by VE-821 led to inhibition of radiation-induced G 2/M arrest in cancer cells. Reduced cancer cell radiosurvival following treatment with VE-821 was also accompanied by increased DNA damage and inhibition of homologous recombination repair, as evidenced by persistence of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci and inhibition of Rad51 foci, respectively. These findings support ATR inhibition as a novel approach to improve the efficacy and therapeutic index of standard cancer treatments across a large proportion of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko Prevo
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Schelleman H, Pollard JR, Newcomb C, Markowitz CE, Bilker WB, Leonard MB, Hennessy S. Exposure to CYP3A4-inducing and CYP3A4-non-inducing antiepileptic agents and the risk of fractures. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011; 20:619-25. [PMID: 21538673 DOI: 10.1002/pds.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether exposure to Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 (CYP3A4)-inducing antiepileptics increases fracture risk compared to CYP3A4-non-inducing antiepileptics. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of initiators of antiepileptic agents using a UK medical record database (The Health Improvement Network) from 1995 to 2007. We considered an antiepileptic user an initiator if he or she had not received a prescription for an antiepileptic agent within the first year after entry in the database. Proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios for fracture during long-term (≥ 6 months) exposure to CYP3A4 inducing versus CYP3A4 non-inducing antiepileptics. RESULTS We identified 4077 initiators of CYP3A4-inducing antiepileptics and 6433 initiators of CYP3A4-non-inducing antiepileptics with at least 6 months of antiepileptic exposure. During 6006 person-years exposed to CYP3A4-inducing antiepileptics, 118 fractures were identified for an incidence rate of 1.96 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.63-2.35) fractures per 100 person-years. During 7184 person-years exposed to CYP3A4-non-inducing antiepileptics, 127 fractures were identified, for an incidence rate of 1.77 (95% CI: 1.47-2.10) fractures per 100 person-years. The adjusted hazard ratio for CYP3A4-inducing antiepileptic versus CYP3A4-non-inducing antiepileptic was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.93-1.56). No duration-response relationship was evident. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the hypothesis that CYP3A4 induction by antiepileptic agents increases the fracture risk. Further research will be needed to evaluate whether mechanisms other than CYP3A4 induction might explain some of the elevated risk of fractures associated with long-term use of antiepileptic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Schelleman
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104‐6021, USA
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Pollard JR, Caron P, Charlton P, Charrier JD, Golec J, Griffiths M, Hall A, Hare B, Long J, MacCormick S, Milton S, Murcko M, Murphy C, Peek A, Reaper P, Takemoto D. Abstract 5491: Evaluation of the first potent and highly selective inhibitor of ATR kinase: An approach to selectively sensitize cancer cells to genotoxic drugs. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
DNA damaging agents have been the cornerstone of solid cancer therapy for decades yet they provide only modest benefit for patients with many tumor types. This reflects, in part, the efficient repair of DNA damage via a complex signaling and repair network known as the DNA damage response (DDR). Key regulators of the DDR are the phosphoinositol 3-kinase-like serine/threonine protein kinase (PIKK) family members ATR, ATM and DNA-PK. The DDR acts to detect DNA lesions, enforce checkpoints to halt cell cycle progression, and stimulate repair. Recent data have shown that elements of the DDR are commonly defective in cancer cells. It is widely believed that these cells become dependent on the remaining DDR pathways for survival from DNA damage. Inhibitors have been reported for a number of DDR enzymes, including ATM, DNA-PK, CHK1 and PARP, however there are no reports of drug-like ATR inhibitors.
Here we disclose the in vitro characterization of a potent and highly selective ATR inhibitor (VE-821). This compound selectively blocks ATR signaling in cells (IC50 = 0.7 µM), but has little impact on ATM or DNA-PK signaling (IC50 >10 µM). Treatment with 10 µM VE-821 for 144 h causes little cell death in normal cell lines (5-11 %) but markedly higher death in cancer cell lines (28-46 %). VE-821 also dramatically sensitizes many cancer cells to multiple classes of genotoxic agents including antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors and crosslinking agents; with over 10-fold increases genotoxic potency observed in some cases. In a panel of 36 lung cancer cell lines, VE-821 sensitized the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin to a far greater magnitude and over a broader subset of these lines than potent inhibitors of ATM, Chk1, or PARP. In over half of these cell lines, the IC50 of cisplatin was reduced by greater than 5 fold upon the addition of VE-821.
We show that a basis for the cancer-selective effects of VE-821 is a synthetic lethal interaction between loss of ATM signaling (a frequent event in cancer resulting from loss of function of proteins such as ATM or p53) and ATR inhibition when cells encounter DNA damage. In keeping with this, ATR inhibition does not sensitize normal cells (with functional ATM) to the cytotoxic effects of genotoxic therapy. In this case a compensatory DDR is activated that is associated with marked activation of ATM, which in turn leads to reversible checkpoint arrest and a strong survival response.
These studies show for the first time that a selective ATR inhibitor can preferentially sensitize cancer cells to genotoxic drugs by exploiting a synthetic lethal interaction between ATM and ATR signaling. This underpins the broad potential of ATR inhibition as a highly promising new strategy to improve the efficacy of genotoxic therapy.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5491. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5491
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Pollard
- 1Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Caron
- 2Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA
| | - Peter Charlton
- 1Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julian Golec
- 1Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy Hall
- 2Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA
| | - Brian Hare
- 2Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA
| | - Joanna Long
- 1Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Adele Peek
- 1Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Reaper
- 1Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom
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Reaper PM, Griffiths MR, Long JM, Charrier JD, Maccormick S, Charlton PA, Golec JMC, Pollard JR. Selective killing of ATM- or p53-deficient cancer cells through inhibition of ATR. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:428-30. [PMID: 21490603 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a comprehensive biological characterization of a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of the DNA damage response (DDR) kinase ATR. We show a profound synthetic lethal interaction between ATR and the ATM-p53 tumor suppressor pathway in cells treated with DNA-damaging agents and establish ATR inhibition as a way to transform the outcome for patients with cancer treated with ionizing radiation or genotoxic drugs.
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Charrier JD, Durrant SJ, Golec JMC, Kay DP, Knegtel RMA, MacCormick S, Mortimore M, O'Donnell ME, Pinder JL, Reaper PM, Rutherford AP, Wang PSH, Young SC, Pollard JR. Discovery of potent and selective inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related (ATR) protein kinase as potential anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2320-30. [PMID: 21413798 DOI: 10.1021/jm101488z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents are among the most frequently used anticancer drugs. However, they provide only modest benefit in most cancers. This may be attributed to a genome maintenance network, the DNA damage response (DDR), that recognizes and repairs damaged DNA. ATR is a major regulator of the DDR and an attractive anticancer target. Herein, we describe the discovery of a series of aminopyrazines with potent and selective ATR inhibition. Compound 45 inhibits ATR with a K(i) of 6 nM, shows >600-fold selectivity over related kinases ATM or DNA-PK, and blocks ATR signaling in cells with an IC(50) of 0.42 μM. Using this compound, we show that ATR inhibition markedly enhances death induced by DNA-damaging agents in certain cancers but not normal cells. This differential response between cancer and normal cells highlights the great potential for ATR inhibition as a novel mechanism to dramatically increase the efficacy of many established drugs and ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Damien Charrier
- Chemistry Department, Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., 88 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Many patients with epilepsy are on lifelong therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and AEDs are used for other conditions such as mood stabilization and headache prophylaxis. These drugs have high potential for clinically significant interaction with nonepilepsy drugs. Interactions occur largely through altered pharmacokinetics. One drug may increase the hepatic clearance of another, leading to attenuated efficacy of the affected drug. Alternatively, inhibition of liver metabolism by one drug can cause acute toxicity by reducing clearance of another drug. To identify potential drug interactions before they lead to toxicity or therapy failure, the treating clinician should combine knowledge of the patient's overall history with a general knowledge of comorbid conditions in which significant interactions involving AEDs are most likely to occur. Treatments susceptible to interactions include anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, antiretroviral drugs, immunosuppressives, antineoplastics, and contraceptives. Therefore, it is important to obtain periodically a thorough history of medical problems, use of medications or herbal remedies, and adverse effects of medications. Physicians managing epilepsy patients should also strive to avoid potential drug interactions by favoring low-interaction AEDs in patients taking many other types of drugs. There is quite a large degree of patient heterogeneity in the extent of any given interaction between an AED and another drug. Indeed, some groups of patients may have different susceptibilities to such interactions because of genetic and environmental influences on drug metabolism. Effective treatment with AEDs should include attention to drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Mani
- John R. Pollard, MD Penn Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3 West Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., 88 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, UK.
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Glass RS, Pollard JR, Schroeder TB, Lichtenberger DL, Block E, Deorazio R, Guo C, Thiruvazhi M. Spectroscopic, Theoretical, and Electrochemical Studies of 1,2-Dithiins. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509708545587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Glass
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- e Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A
| | - John R. Pollard
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- e Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A
| | - T. Benjamin Schroeder
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- e Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A
| | - Dennis L. Lichtenberger
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- e Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A
| | - Eric Block
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- e Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A
| | - Russell Deorazio
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- e Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A
| | - Chuangxing Guo
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- e Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A
| | - Mohan Thiruvazhi
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721
- e Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A
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Pollard JR. Seletracetam, a small molecule SV2A modulator for the treatment of epilepsy. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 9:101-107. [PMID: 18183537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UCB SA was developing the high-affinity synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ligand, seletracetam, an analog of levetiracetam, for the potential oral treatment of epilepsy. Phase II epilepsy trials were underway, but in July 2007, the company stated that development of seletracetam had been put on hold and it is unknown whether planned phase IIb/III trials will begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pollard
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Liow
- Via Christi Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, KS 67214-3800, USA.
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Cheetham GMT, Charlton PA, Golec JMC, Pollard JR. Structural basis for potent inhibition of the Aurora kinases and a T315I multi-drug resistant mutant form of Abl kinase by VX-680. Cancer Lett 2007; 251:323-9. [PMID: 17240048 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The small molecule inhibitor of the Aurora-family of protein kinases VX-680 or MK-0457, demonstrates potent anti-cancer activity in multiple in vivo models and has recently entered phase II clinical trials. Although VX-680 shows a high degree of enzyme selectivity against multiple kinases, it unexpectedly inhibits both Flt-3 and Abl kinases at low nanomolar concentrations. Furthermore VX-680 potently inhibits Abl and the Imatinib resistant mutant (T315I) that is commonly expressed in refractory CML and ALL. We describe here the crystal structure of VX-680 bound to Aurora-A and show that this inhibitor exploits a centrally located hydrophobic pocket in the active site that is only present in an inactive or "closed" kinase conformation. A tight association of VX-680 with this hydrophobic pocket explains its high affinity for the Aurora kinases and also provides an explanation for its selectivity profile, including its ability to inhibit Abl and the Imatinib-resistant mutant (T315I).
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Affiliation(s)
- G M T Cheetham
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., 88 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the success of several new antiepileptic drugs, about one third of patients with epilepsy are not seizure free on medication. Improvement in this situation might lie in drugs that are currently in development. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Some new antiepileptic drugs are modifications of those already available, referred to in this Rapid Review as evolutionary drugs. These modifications of existing drugs are developed to improve effectiveness, often by increasing tolerability. Other drugs work by new mechanisms and are usually discovered through screening of animal models. WHERE NEXT? The large number of drugs currently in clinical trials provides a measure of hope for patients whose epilepsy is not controlled with currently available medication. In the future, this range of antiepileptic drugs will probably increase because of the use of new animal models, discovery of new basic mechanisms of epileptogenesis, acceleration of proof of principle studies in people, and development of new methods of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pollard
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kizer JR, Silvestry FE, Kimmel SE, Kasner SE, Wiegers SE, Erwin MB, Schwalm SA, Viswanathan MN, Pollard JR, Keane MG, Sutton MGSJ. Racial differences in the prevalence of cardiac sources of embolism in subjects with unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90:395-400. [PMID: 12161229 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the distribution of cardiac sources of embolism among African-Americans with cryptogenic cerebrovascular events. We compared the prevalence of potential cardiac sources of embolism between black and white patients referred to our laboratory for transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) evaluation of unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack. Records were reviewed to exclude subjects with high-risk cardiac or vascular disorders likely to explain the index event. Of 297 patients satisfying the inclusion criteria, 196 were white and 87 black. Potential cardioembolic sources were significantly less common in blacks than in whites (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26 to 0.75), and related largely to the difference in prevalence of interatrial communication (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.74). In contrast, African-Americans had a higher prevalence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (OR 3.50; 95% CI 1.97 to 6.22), and particularly, moderate or severe hypertrophy (OR 4.03; 95% CI 1.88 to 9.65) compared with whites. In conclusion, in African-Americans with unexplained cerebrovascular events, the yield of TEE for potential cardioembolic sources, and especially interatrial communication, is lower than in their white counterparts. African-Americans exhibit a substantially higher prevalence of LV hypertrophy, which may be a marker for a higher burden of subclinical cerebrovascular disease involved in the pathogenesis of cryptogenic cerebral ischemia in this population.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Black People
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Echocardiography, Transesophageal
- Female
- Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/complications
- Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/ethnology
- Humans
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/complications
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/diagnostic imaging
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/ethnology
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/ethnology
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/etiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Retrospective Studies
- Statistics as Topic
- Stroke/ethnology
- Stroke/etiology
- White People
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Kizer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
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Abstract
The use of thrombolytic agents in the setting of established cerebral infarction is limited by concerns for hemorrhagic transformation. Novel thrombolytic approaches, which have received minimal consideration, may be associated with lower risks of hemorrhage. We illustrate vertebrobasilar thrombolysis with intravenous tirofiban, a selective platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, and discuss the potential thrombolytic properties of this class of antithrombotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Liebeskind
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
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Glass RS, Gruhn NE, Lichtenberger DL, Lorance E, Pollard JR, Birringer M, Block E, DeOrazio R, He C, Shan Z, Zhang X. Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of 1,2-Dichalcogenins: Ionization Energies, Orbital Assignments, and an Explanation of Their Color. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9941330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Glass
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Nadine E. Gruhn
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Dennis L. Lichtenberger
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Edward Lorance
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - John R. Pollard
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Marc Birringer
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Eric Block
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Russell DeOrazio
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Chunhong He
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Zhixing Shan
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Xing Zhang
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222
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Lichtenberger DL, Pollard JR, Lynn MA, Cotton FA, Feng X. Metal−Metal Bonding in Rh2(O2CCF3)4: Extensive Metal−Ligand Orbital Mixing Promoted by Filled Fluorine Orbitals. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993618l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L. Lichtenberger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, and Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding and Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 300012, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - John R. Pollard
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, and Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding and Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 300012, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - Matthew A. Lynn
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, and Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding and Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 300012, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - F. A. Cotton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, and Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding and Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 300012, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - Xuejun Feng
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, and Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Bonding and Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 300012, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
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Gani D, Archer CH, Botting NP, Pollard JR. The 3-methylaspartase reaction probed using 2H- and 15N-isotope effects for three substrates: a flip from a concerted to a carbocationic amino-enzyme elimination mechanism upon changing the C-3 stereochemistry in the substrate from R to S. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:977-90. [PMID: 10400349 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the elimination of ammonia from (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acid, (2S)-aspartic acid and (2S,3R)-3-methylaspartic acid, catalysed by the enzyme L-threo-3-methylaspartase ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.2) have been probed using 15N-isotope effects. The 15N-isotope effects for V/K for both (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acid and aspartic acid are 1.0246 +/- 0.0013 and 1.0390 +/- 0.0031, respectively. The natural substrate, (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acid, is eliminated in a concerted fashion such that the C(beta)-H and C(alpha)-N bonds are cleaved in the same transition state. (2S)-Aspartic acid appears to follow the same mechanistic pathway, but deprotonation of the conjugate acid of the base for C-3 is kinetically important and influences the extent of 15N-fractionation. (2S,3R)-3-Methylaspartic acid is deaminated via a stepwise carbocationic mechanism. Here we elaborate on the proposed model for the mechanism of methylaspartase and propose that a change in stereochemistry of the substrate induces a change in the mechanism of ammonia elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gani
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
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Pollard JR, Richardson S, Akhtar M, Lasry P, Neal T, Botting NP, Gani D. Mechanism of 3-methylaspartase probed using deuterium and solvent isotope effects and active-site directed reagents: identification of an essential cysteine residue. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:949-75. [PMID: 10400348 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the L-threo-3-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.2) reaction has been probed using deuterium and solvent isotope effects with three different substrates, (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acid, (2S)-aspartic acid and (2S,3R)-3-methylaspartic acid. Each substrate appears to form a covalent adduct with the enzyme through the amination of a dehydroalanine (DehydAla-173) residue. The true substrates are N-protonated and at low pH, the alkylammonium groups are deprotonated internally in a closed solvent-excluded pocket after K+ ion, an essential cofactor, has become bound to the enzyme. At high pH, the amino groups of the substrates are able to react with the dehydroalanine residue prior to K+ ion binding. This property of the system gives rise to complex kinetics at pH 9.0 or greater and causes the formation of dead-end complexes which lack Mg2+ ion, another essential cofactor. The enzyme-substrate adduct is subsequently deaminated in two elimination processes. Hydrazines act as alternative substrates in the reverse reaction direction in the presence of fumaric acid derivatives, but cause irreversible inhibition in their absence. Borohydride and cyanide are not inhibitors. N-Ethylmaleimide also irreversibly inactivates the enzyme and labels residue Cys-361. The inactivation process is enhanced in the presence of cofactor Mg2+ ions and Cys-361 appears to serve as a base for the removal of the C-3 proton from the natural substrate, (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acid. The dehydroalanine residue appears to be protected in the resting form of the enzyme by generation of an internal thioether cross-link. The binding of the substrate and K+ ion appear to cause a conformational change which requires hydroxide ion. This is linked to reversal of the thioether protection step and generation of the base for substrate deprotonation at C-3. The deamination reaction displays high reverse reaction commitments and independent evidence from primary deuterium isotope effect data indicates that a thiolate acts as the base for deprotonation at C-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pollard
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
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Pollard JR, Rialland D, Bugg TD. Substrate selectivity and biochemical properties of 4-hydroxy-2-keto-pentanoic acid aldolase from Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:4093-4. [PMID: 9758851 PMCID: PMC106610 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.10.4093-4094.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-keto-pentanoic acid aldolase from Escherichia coli was identified as a class I aldolase. The enzyme was found to be highly selective for the acetaldehyde acceptor but would accept alpha-ketobutyric acid or phenylpyruvic acid in place of the pyruvic acid carbonyl donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pollard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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50
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Pollard JR, Bugg TD. Purification, characterisation and reaction mechanism of monofunctional 2-hydroxypentadienoic acid hydratase from Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem 1998; 251:98-106. [PMID: 9492273 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2510098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxypentadienoic acid hydratase is found on many bacterial catabolic pathways responsible for the degradation of aromatic compounds. Monofunctional 2-hydroxypentadienoic acid hydratase from Escherichia coli has been purified 3800-fold to homogeneity, using enzymatically generated 2-hydroxypentadienoic acid as substrate. The purified 28-kDa protein requires a divalent metal ion for activity, optimum activity being obtained with Mn2+. Steady-state kinetic parameters were measured (Km = 41 +/- 4 microM, k(cat) = 450 s(-1)), the enzyme exhibiting substrate inhibition at high substrate concentrations. The pH/rate profile and inhibition by group-specific reagents were examined, and evidence was obtained for essential cysteine and tryptophan residues. An amino acid sequence alignment of the inferred amino acid sequence with nine other sequences was carried out and revealed several conserved sequence motifs. The substrate for the enzymatic reaction was found to be the dienol tautomer of 2-hydroxypentadienoic acid. Analysis of the reaction products by HPLC confirmed the identity of the 4-hydroxy-2-ketopentanoic acid product. Analogues of possible reaction intermediates were tested as inhibitors, and sodium oxalate was found to act as a potent enzyme inhibitor (Ki = 4.9 +/- 0.7 microM). The potent inhibition by oxalate is consistent with a mechanism in which tautomerisation to 2-ketopent-3-enoic acid takes place at the active site, followed by conjugate addition of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pollard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
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